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  • Data  (55)
  • analogue models of geologic processes
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We present videos and figures from 22 scaled analogue models used to investigate the interactions between a density anomaly rising in the mantle and the lithosphere in a Newtonian system.The experimental setup consists of a two layers viscous lithosphere-upper mantle system obtained by using silicone putty-glucose syrup in a tank sized 40 cm × 40 cm× 50 cm. Glucose syrup (i.e., mantle) is a Newtonian, low viscosity, high-density fluid while silicone putty (i.e., lithosphere) is a visco-elastic material that behaves in a quasi-Newtonian fashion. The mantle upwelling (i.e., plume head) is produced by a high viscosity, low-density silicone sphere with a constant radius (15 mm) rising through the mantle at an average rise velocity of ~2.6 mm/s. A side-view camera images the ascending path of the sphere, allowing to track the sphere location and compute its velocity. A top-view, 3-D scanner records the evolution of topography from which the lithospheric uplift rate is inferred. All details about the model set-up, modeling results and interpretation are detailed in Sembroni et al. (2017).The additional material presented in this publication includes 2 tables, 5 figures, and 23 time-lapse movie. The rheological properties of materials used in each model are listed in Table 1.Table 2 is an excel file where the raw data of the models are specified (i.e., bulge width, topography, and uplift rate). Such data have been obtained by the 3-D scanner and then processed by a MATLAB code.Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 represent the 2-D topography evolution of the bulge in each experiment. Images have been grouped by considering the different experimental setups (i.e., homogeneous continental lithosphere - Figure 1, homogeneous oceanic lithosphere - Figure 2, low viscous decoupling layer - Figure 3, intermediate viscous decoupling layer - Figure 4, high viscous decoupling layer - Figure 5). Such figures consist of topographic profiles extracted from the surface obtained by the 3-D scanner in four different time steps (red numbers in the figures). 22 side-view videos (from Movie 1 to Movie 22) show the progress of the models from the releasing to the impingement of the sphere beneath the plate. The velocity of the video has been accelerated by a factor of 7.While, the first 22 movies show the evolution of the experiments, Movie 23 shows the mantle convective flow associated to the ascending path of the mantle upwelling. Such flow has been detected by tracking the bubbles inside the syrup. In this model, no lithosphere has been placed on top of the syrup.
    Keywords: Mantle Plume ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 1594259 Bytes
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains ten movies corresponding to five analog experiments of double subduction systems with opposite polarity in adjacent plate segments. The laboratory model consists of two viscous layers of silicone putty representing the lithospheric plates, on top of a tank of syrup representing the mantle. Different setups have been designed to test the influence of the width of the plates and the initial separation between them on the resulting trench retreat velocities, deformation of plates and mantle flow.The movies show the time evolution of each experiment from the top and an oblique position of the camera (indicated by "_top" and "_ob" suffixes in the file names). Model 1 and 2 consist of two plates of 30 cm width spaced 10 cm and 0.5 cm, respectively. These models are designed to study the influence of the initial separation between plates on the dynamics of the mantle flow and plates interaction. Model 3 consists of two 20 cm wide plates with an initial separation of 0.5 cm. We use this model to show the mantle flow pattern in a double subduction system. Model 4 is composed of two 10 cm wide plates with an initial separation of 0.5 cm. This model is designed to analyze the effects of the plate width on the dynamics of the system. Finally, Model 5 is designed to study the interaction of two near subducting plates with different widths (30 cm and 10 cm wide plates).For details of the model set-up and results obtained please refer to the data description file and Peral et al. (2018).
    Keywords: Subduction analog models ; ananlogue models ; double subduction system ; trench curvature ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 949939 Bytes
    Format: 2 Files
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    Format: video/mp4
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides internal and basal (wall) friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on a quartz sand material that has been used in tectonic experiments in Zwaan et al. (2016, 2017), Zwaan and Scheurs (2017) and in the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (CH) as an analogue for brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere. The material has been characterized by means of internal and basal friction coefficients μ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam for the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (UB).According to our analysis the material behaves as a Mohr-Coulomb material characterized by a linear failure envelope. Internal peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients are μP = 0.73, μD = 0.61, and μR = 0.66, respectively. Internal cohesions C are in the range of 10 to 70 Pa. Basal peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients are μP = 0.41, μD = 0.35, and μR = 0.36, respectively, whereas basal cohesions C are in the range of 120 to 150 Pa. The rate dependency of the internal dynamic friction coefficient is insignificant (〈1%).
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 2237044 Bytes
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides rheometric data of silicone (Polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS SGM36)-corundum sand mixtures used for analogue modelling in Zwaan et al. (2016, 2017), Zwaan and Schreurs (2017) and in the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the Institute of Geological Sciences at the University of Bern (CH). The PDMS is produced by Dow Corning and its characteristics have been described by e.g. Rudolf et al. (2016a,b). The corundum sand (Normalkorund Braun 95.5% F120 by Carlo Bernasconi AG: https://www.carloag.ch/shop/catalog/product/view/id/643), has a grainsize of 0.088-0.125 mm and a specific density of 3.96 g cm^-3. Further rheological characteristics are described by Panien et al. (2006). The density of the tested materials ranges between 1 (pure PDMS) and 1.6 g cm^-3 (increasing corundum sand content in mixture). The material samples have been analysed in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam using an Anton Paar Physica MCR 301 rheometer in a plate-plate configuration at room temperature. Rotational (controlled shear rate) tests with shear rates varying from 10^-4 to 10^-1 s^-1 were performed.According to our rheometric analysis, the material is quasi Newtonian at strain rates below 10^-3*s^-1 and weakly shear rate thinning above. Viscosity and stress exponent increase systematically with density from ~4*10^4 to ~1*10^5 Pa*s and from 1.06 to 1.10, respectively. A first application of the materials tested can be found in Zwaan et al. (2016). Detailed information about the data, methodology and a list of files and formats is given in the "data description" and "list of files" that are included in the zip folder and also available via the DOI landing page.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 1316271 Bytes
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on feldspar sand and quartz sand, which are used to simulate brittle behaviour in crust- and lithosphere-scale analogue experiments at the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab), Utrecht University (NL) (Willingshofer et al., 2005; Willingshofer & Sokoutis, 2009; Athmer et al., 2010; Luth et al., 2010; Fernández-Lozano et al., 2011; Leever et al., 2011; Sokoutis & Willingshofer, 2011; Fernández-Lozano et al., 2012; Luth et al., 2013; Munteanu et al., 2013; Willingshofer et al., 2013; Munteanu et al., 2014; Calignano et al., 2015a, b; Ortner et al., 2015; Gabrielsen et al., 2016; Calignano et al., 2017; van Gelder et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017; Beniest et al., 2018 ). The materials have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam.According to our analysis both materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the feldspar sand are µP = 0.68, µD = 0.55, and µR = 0.61, respectively. Friction coefficients of the quartz sand are µP = 0.63, µD = 0.48, and µR = 0.52, respectively. Cohesions of the feldspar sand and the quartz sand are in the order of few tens of Pa. A minor rate-weakening of 1% per ten-fold rate change is evident for the feldspar sand, whereas the quartz sand shows a significant rate weakening of ~5%.Further information about materical characteristics, measurement procedures, sample preparation, the RST (Ring-shear test) and VST (Velocity stepping test) procedure, as well as the analysed method is proviced in the data description file. The list of files explains the file and folder structure of the data set.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Iron Powder ; Ring-shear tester ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on different types of quartz sand used in the Laboratorio de modelización analógica of the Universidad de Zaragoza (UZ, Spain) as an analogue for brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere (Izquierdo-Llavall & Casas-Sainz, 2012; Calvín et al., 2013; Pueyo Anchuela et al., 2016; Peiro et al., 2018; Pueyo et al., 2018; Izquierdo-Llavall et al., submitted). The materials (quartz sand, green coloured quartz sand mixture, black coloured quartz sand) have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam.According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Friction coefficients of the pure quartz sand and the green quartz sand mixture are similar (µP = 0.74 – 0.76, µD = 0.56 – 0.60, µR = 0.61 – 0.64), whereas friction coefficients of the black coloured quartz sand are lower (µP = 0.48, µD = 0.39, µR = 0.45). Cohesions of all sands range between 40 and 150 Pa. A minor rate-weakening of ~1 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v is evident.The tested materials are quartz sands with a grain size of 0.063 – 0.4 mm and bulk densities of ρ = 1610-1800 kg m^-3. The data presented here are derived by ring shear testing using a SCHULZE RST-01.pc (Schulze, 1994, 2003, 2008) at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The RST is specially designed to measure friction coefficients µ and cohesions C in loose granular material accurately at low confining pressures and shear velocities similar to sandbox experiments.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; wrench fault ; thrust fault ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Ring-shear tester ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on an iron powder – quartz sand mixture (weight ratio 1:3). This material is used in particular as marker material in analogue experiments that are monitored with CT-scanners in the Tectonic Laboratory (TecLab) at Utrecht University (NL) (Pueyo et al., 2017; 2018). The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam in the framework of the EPOS (European Plate Observing System) Transnational Access (TNA) call of the Thematic Core Service (TCS) Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) in 2017.According to our analysis the material behaves as a Mohr-Coulomb material characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients are µP = 0.65, µD = 0.53, and µR = 0.62, respectively. Cohesions C are in the range of 70 to 100 Pa. A minor rate-weakening of ~3% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v is evident.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; software tools ; transnational access ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Iron Powder ; Ring-shear tester ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes the results of digital image correlation of ten brittle-viscous experiments on crustal extension and four benchmark experiments performed at the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (UB). The experiments demonstrate the differences in rift development in orthogonal versus rotation extension. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2019) to which this data set is supplementary. Additional background information concerning the general modelling approach are available in Zwaan et al. (2016).. The data presented here consist of movies displaying digital image correlation (DIC) derived surface and internal displacement fields as well as profiles of the lateral cumulative surface displacements.Digital photographs of the experimental surface and digital image cross section of the computed CT-scans were analyzed with DIC (Adam et al., 2005, 2013) techniques to quantify displacements in the image plane at high precision (〈0.1 mm). DIC was undertaken with the software DaVis 8.0 (LaVision) applying 2D-DIC (FFT-legacy) multipass processing with a final interrogation window size of 32x32 (CT: 12x12) pixels and 50% (CT: 25%) overlap.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue modelling results ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting 〉 continental rift setting ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup 〉 rifting ; rift valley ; depression ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sand 〉 Corundum Sand ; Extension box ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; X-ray computed tomographic scanner (CT-scan) ; SLR camera ; Surface image
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for a quartz sand (“A”). This material is used in various types of analogue experiments in Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern as an analogue for brittle layers in the crust or lithosphere. The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients μ and cohesions C. Three sub-datasets represent a systematic increase of the sieving height from 10 cm to 20 cm to 30 cm into a shear cell of type No. 1, following the same protocol. This dataset shows that packing density of quartz sand is dependent on the chosen sieving height. However, the effect of the sieving height on internal friction coefficients μ as well as cohesion C is minor and thus negligible in sandbox experiments. According to our analysis the material shows for a sieving height of 10 cm a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope and peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of μP = 0.70, μD = 0.60 and μR = 0.65, respectively. Cohesions C are in the order of 40 – 80 Pa.
    Keywords: EPOS ; analogue models of geologic processes ; Multi-scale Laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; Cohesion ; Friction coefficient ; Ring-shear tester ; Sand 〉 Quartz sand ; Deformation 〉 fracturing ; tectonic and structural features ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 PHYSICAL/LABORATORY MODELS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; Force sensor ; Shear Box ; Analogue Material ; sand ; Density ; Friction 〉 Imposed Stress
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 3 Files
    Format: application/octet-stream
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on natural and artificial granular materials used for analogue modelling in the experimental laboratory of the Chengdu University of Technology (CDUT, China). Six samples, four types of quartz sands and two types of glass beads, have been characterized by means of friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. The material samples have been analysed at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam in the framework of the EPOS (European Plate Observing System) Transnational Access (TNA) call of the Thematic Core Service (TCS) Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) in 2017 as a remote service for the CDUT.According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of the quartz sand samples range between 0.62 and 0.79 and µP of the glass beads between 0.61 and 0.64. Except for one quartz sand sample, peak cohesions CP of all materials are smaller than or around zero meaning that these materials are cohesionsless. All materials show a minor rate-weakening of 1-2 % per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; transnational access ; TNA ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; fault ; tectonic and structural features ; Microspheres ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Ring-shear tester ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Cohesion
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 2134326 Bytes
    Format: 3 Files
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