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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (581)
  • Waves  (7)
  • 1935-1939  (588)
  • 1
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    In:  Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik, Milano, Gustav Fischer, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 280-360, pp. L24306, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1935
    Keywords: Waves ; Seismology ; Review article
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  • 2
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    In:  Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik, Milano, Gustav Fischer, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 73-131, pp. L24306, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1936
    Keywords: Waves ; Seismology ; Review article
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  • 3
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    In:  Nature, Milano, Gustav Fischer, vol. 141, no. 6, pp. 371, pp. L24306, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1938
    Keywords: Waves ; Seismology ; earth Core
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  • 4
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    In:  Month. Notices Royal astr. Soc., Geophys. Suppl., Milano, Gustav Fischer, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 363-372, pp. L24306, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1938
    Keywords: Waves ; earth Core ; P-waves ; Diffraction
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  • 5
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    In:  Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., Beijing, Pergamon, vol. 20, no. 3-4, pp. 421-426, pp. 1246
    Publication Date: 1939
    Keywords: Waves ; Electromagnetic methods/phenomena ; Instruments ; Meteorology
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  • 6
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    In:  Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik, Milano, Gustav Fischer, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 94-136, pp. L24306, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1939
    Keywords: Waves ; Seismology ; Review article
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  • 7
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    Gauthier-Villars
    In:  Paris, Gauthier-Villars, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 275-291, (ISBN 0-415-24328-9 (hb), 0-203-47128-8 (pb))
    Publication Date: 1939
    Keywords: Waves ; Refraction seismics ; Reflection seismics
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  • 8
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 1-29 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two kinds of spermatozoa are formed in the testis of Goniobasis laqueata, typical (eupyrene) and atypical (apyrene); a similar dimorphism is noted in several other related genera. The development of each type of spermatozoon is described in Goniobasis. The apyrene spermatozoa do not appear in the testis until eupyrene spermatogenesis has progressed to the formation of mature eupyrene spermatozoa. After this time apyrene spermatogenesis becomes predominant. It is suggested that this condition is indicative of a modified protandric hermaphroditism, according to a recent theory of spermic dimorphism. The anatomy of the reproductive system of Goniobasis is described briefly, and the behavior and fate of the two types of spermatozoa are noted. Only the eupyrene spermatozoa are inclosed in a spermatophore formed in a special organ of the male, the apyrenes being somehow excluded. Thus the latter do not reach the female in copulation and can have no necessary functional relationship to the ova at the time of fertilization. The delayed formation of the apyrene spermatozoa, and other facts, indicate that they are probably not concerned with the nutrition or transport of the eupyrene spermatozoa.
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  • 9
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 31-59 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The little capsules in which snails of this family deposit eggs are so durable as sometimes to be found adherent to museum specimens; hitherto, however, detailed descriptions of such capsules have been restricted to the capsules long known as made by Neritina fluviatilis in fresh waters of Europe. The present paper adds descriptions, with measurements and sketches, of Neritina reclivata from Florida, Neritina virginea, Neritina punctulata, Theodoxus mneleagris, Nerita peloronta, Nerita alticola, Nerita tesselata and Neritilia succinea from Jamaica, British West Indies.These capsules are found to be remarkable in that the digestive tract aids in their formation; that is, the capsules are made as secretions of the lower oviduct to which mineral particles are added, and these mineral particles are supplied from the intestine and stored up in a special sac opening into the oviduct. Moreover, the mineral particles are of twofold origin; in some Neritinas they come from the ooze taken in with the food and passed through the intestine; in some Neritas they come from the liver as calcospherites, to be passed through the intestine.It is hoped that the data given will aid future descriptions of capsules from other species till a firm foundation is built for utilization of these capsules as aids in taxonomy.
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  • 10
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There is as yet no proof that the prepollex and postminimus ever occurred as actual digits. Romer's discovery of previous confusion of the preaxial with the postaxial fin border of Sauripterus allows a more accurate interpretation of primitive conditions. The latter involved essential asymmetry. The carpal cartilages of the Sauripterus type offin must have split into transverse rows. When the radius and ulna had become of equal length there was redistribution of the most proximal carpals, thus displacing elements in the other rows. It seems that eventually the original first carpale assumed the position and function of a first metacarpal, while the original fifth metacarpale assumed the position and function of a fifth carpale.
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  • 11
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 113-129 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The external genitalia of female termites are readily homologized with those of female roaches. Mastotermes and other representative termites from every family are compared and their phylogenetic relationships within the group are found to agree, with the exception of the Hodotermitidae, with those based on studies of other structures.
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  • 12
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 131-145 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A hitherto unknown secondary sex character in male frogs consists of a series of connective tissue bands which extends the entire length of both layers of the Obliquus muscle, at both their dorsal and ventral borders. Extensions of the ventral bands may be carried inward toward the midline at certain of the inscriptiones tendinae. These bands are named the Lineae masculinae. They are clearly visible in specimens from which the skin has been removed, and are visible even through the skin in living specimens of certain species of Kaloula.Ninety-one genera and 553 species of the frogs and toads of the world were examined for the presence or absence of this structure. It is distinct in the common American and European ranids, such as Rana pipiens and Rana esculenta. It is entirely absent in many genera. When present it is found only in adult males, being absent in sexually immature males and females of all ages. Examination revealed no seasonal variations in males of Rana pipiens. This indicates that there is some correlation between the expression of this character and the sexual hormones. No function is assigned to the Linea masculina, although it is suggested that it may be associated in some way with voice production. A discussion of the taxonomic distribution of the character is included.
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  • 13
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 213-251 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hyobranchial apparatus and throat musculature of the plethodontid salamanders are examined. The interhyoideus is thought to be the homologue of the intermandibularis posterior and the posterior part of the intermandibularis anterior. The quadrato-pectoralis is found only in Desmognathus (Leurognathus?), and Aneides. Its presence in the former is a primitive condition; in the latter, secondary. The gularis had its phylogenetical origin as a slip from the quadrato-pectoralis. The lingual cartilage is found only in Gyrinophilus, Pseudotriton, Eurycea, and Manculus. It is the homologue of the [sehnenplatte] of Salamandra; not the otoglossal. The presence of the suprapeduncularis and the absence of the genioglossus is not peculiar to adult free tongued genera. The anatomical evidence allies Batrachoseps with Hydromantes and Oedipus. The latter two genera are derived from ancient Plethodon stock, not from Gyrinophilus stock. Stereochilus, Typhlotriton, and Typholomolge are the degenerate descendants from ancient Gyrinophilus stock.
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  • 14
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 429-459 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Accounts of binary fission for two species of Chilomastix by Bélar ('21) and Boeck and Tanable ('26) differ. Consequently, investigations were initiated to study the cytology and to determine the nature of binary filssion in Chilomastix mesnili of man, Chilomastix mesnili (?) of anthropoid apes and monkeys, and Chilomastix intestinalis of guinea pigs.The material used for the study included the following: four heavily infected human cases of Chilomastix mesnili, twenty-one infections of Chilomastix mesnili (?) from a survey of thirty-six anthropoid apes and monkeys at the Philadelphia Zoölogical Gardens, and Chilomastix intestinalis from six guinea pigs.The results of the investigations indicate that binary fission of the above three species of Chilomastix are similar in essential details. Encystment is described for the species from man and from anthropoid apes and monkeys. No evidence for mitosis within the cysts was obtained for C. mesnili of man. In C. mesnili (?) from primates other than man, the appearance of cyst nuclei resembling mitotic processes is explained as variations occurring in nuclei. Binucleate cysts are believed to be formed by the encystment of abnormal binucleate individuals which never had undergone plasmotomy after division of the nuclei.
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  • 15
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 275-302 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sexual dimorphism of Chinese cobitids consists of peculiar structures of the pectoral fins and of variations in the lengths of these as well as of the ventral fins. In all groups the paired fins are, as a rule, longer in the male sex, and the female has no lamina circularis, enlargement of pectoral rays or dilation of lateral muscles.In males of Cobitis and Misgurnus, the second rays of the pectorals are enlarged and possess at their base a bony plate (lamina circularis). In other Chinese genera the lamina circularis is absent. Males of the Misgurnus group are easily recognized by the dilation of the lateral muscles in the region of the dorsal fin. Males of Barbatula have several enlarged inner rays in the pectoral fin and numerous nuptial tubercles on the head, arranged in prepercular and preorbital groups. In the European, B. barbatula, however, tubercles on the head are wanting.In males of the Leptobotia and probably Botia groups, the first pectoral ray is enlarged, and the membrane between several of the inner rays is covered with nuptial tubercles.In general, in the Chinese cobitids the differences in sexual dimorphism are correlated with the differences between genera, i.e., each genus possesses a quite different sexual dimorphism; thus the secondary sexual characters can be used for taxonomic purposes.
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  • 16
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 533-545 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The thyroid primordium is a solid median outgrowth from the pharynx which is attached to the truncus arteriosus at its bifuracation. The thyroid is soon detached from the pharynx and migrates to its definitive position ventral to the aorta between the bases of the third visceral pouches. After detachment the primary follicle appears in the lower part of the primordium; during migration and early growth it is divided apparently by stress and pressure to form secondary follicles. Independent follicles are formed also by secretion of colloid between solid masses of thyroid cells. Other secondary follicles are formed by pinching off evaginations from large follicles. Colloid appears soon after the primary follicle is divided. The adult thyroid is a group of follicles scatterd in a venous plexus in the ventral pharyngeal region, around the aorta.
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  • 17
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 617-653 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three to 5 minutes after implantation of a spermatophore in Placobdella parasitica there is a pronounced granulation of the tissues in the immediate region of the capsule. During the following 20 minutes a path 81 to 120 μ across communicating with the sinuses of the body cavity is established. By a mechanical shrinkage of the distended spermatophore the spermatozoa are injected through this path into the coelomic sinuses. They are dispersed through the body by the haemolymph and possibly by muscular contractions of the recipient. Fifty to 75 hours after their introduction into the body some of them arrive in the ventral sinus. From here they penetrate the walls of the ovisacs and take up a position in the lumina in preparation for fertilization. Two to 30 hours after implantation a plug of cells composed of migrating cellular elements of the recipient's body and of cells introduced along with the spermatozoan bundles forms in the subhypodermal region of the sperm path. Twenty to 45 hours later the wound is entirely repaired. Hypodermal epithelium is replaced by a migration into the affected region of similar reserve cells. The parenchymatous tissue is restored by a differentiation and growth of some of the cellular elements making up the plug.
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  • 18
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 1-39 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Flatfishes lying on one side and that blind and colorless, but having the upper side two-eyed and colored are abnormal fishes which in their own group are perfectly normal. Some normally lie right side up (dextral) others point left (sinistral). Any departure from these normal conditions constitutes such a specimen an abnormal flatfish. The simplest departure is reversal-i.e., a normal dextral fish lies on its right side and points left and vice-versa. Sixteen reversed fishes have been described, but in various species from 3 to 100 per cent reversals have been noted.Reversal might be thought dependent on the structure of the optic chiasma. The Psettodidae (lowest family) have a dimorphic chiasma (right or left nerve dorsal) and are indifferently dextral or sinistral. But the dextral Soleidae and the sinistral Cynoglossidae (highest families) have dimorphic chiasmas with only five recorded reversals. In between, the monomorphic sinistral Bothidae have the right nerve dorsal even in the five indifferent species. And the monomorphic dextral Pleuronectidae include three indifferent species (one having up to 100 per cent reversed) with the left nerve dorsal even in reversed fish. The explanation of reversal must be found in genetics.
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  • 19
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 157-172 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study reveals the existence of four distinct but genetically related types of upper jaw mechanisms:1. The non-protractile, with no mechanism for the protrusion of the pre-maxillae. The maxillaries form part of the upper margin of the mouth, as in Isospondyli, Apodes and Haplomi.2. The crossed ligaments in the snout as in Acanthopteri, Heterosomata and Anacanthini.3. The twisting action type in which the internal hook of the maxilla drives out the pre-maxilla as found in Cyprinodontes and Percesoces.4. The rostral or sigmoid ligament attached to the pre-maxilla as in Cyprinidae and Catostomidae.The three protractile types all possess an enlarged pre-maxilla with a medium dorsal process, suggesting a common origin of all from a single non-protractile form of upper jaw.
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  • 20
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 211-220 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The shell of Cardium corbis is composed of three layers, an outer periostracum of conchyolin and two layers of aragonite. The outer aragonitic layer presents a laminated appearance, but in reality is made up of fibers which extend across several of the curved lamellar lines. Each fiber is enclosed in an organic sheath which can be dissolved in potassium hydroxide. The inner aragonitic layer is composed of vertical prisms which are made up of two sets of fibers inclined to each other at an angle of 55 to 60°. The outer layer of aragonite is secreted by glands on the mantle edge outside the pallial line; the inner layer is secreted by glands on the mantle area within the pallial line. The dentition is formed of the same material as the inner aragonitic layer.The ligament is composed of two layers, the outer being less impregnated with calcium carbonate than the inner. Both layers are continuous with the organic matrix of the shell.
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  • 21
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 22
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 355-383 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: New dissections of the caudal and short posterior thigh muscles of the reptiles Iguana, Varanus, Crocodilus and Testudo, and the mammals Sciurus, Galago and Herpestes were made, and the findings correlated with those described in the literature. The condition in the lizards, Sphenodon and crocodiles is very constant; in each case there is a puboischiofemoralis externus and an ischiotrochantericus passing from the pelvis to the femur, a deep caudal mass passing from the tail to the femur, and a superficial caudal sheet attached to the ilium and ischium. In the Chelonia, with the specialization of the gait, the deep caudal musculature has lost its attachment to the femur, and has migrated onto the vertebral column and the inner surface of the pelvis, while the other muscles occupy their typical position. In the Mammalia the deep caudal musculature has undergone a change similar to that in the Chelonia, forming the pubo-, ilio-, sacro- and ischiococcygeus muscles, while the superficial caudal musculature has disappeared except for a part which forms a sphincter cloacae. The posterior part of the puboischiofemoralis externus has formed the quadratus femoris, and the ischiotrochantericus the obturator internus and the two gemelli. In specialized mammals with reduced tails the caudal musculature has taken over new functions and become respecialized in different ways.
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  • 23
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 419-437 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A histological study has been made of the developing mid-gut or mesenteron of Melanoplus differentialis from diapause until after hatching. The primitive mid-gut consists at first of a single laver os squamous epithelium surrounding the yolk; to this is added later an outer layer. These two layers give rise to the muscular and connective tissue elements of the definitivo mid-gut. Near the of hateching, vitellophanges which have been present in the yolk since earlier stages migrate peripherally to form a lining upon the inner surface of the primitive mid-gut. The vitellophage nuclei divide to form the smaller nuclei of the definitive epithelium of the mid-gut. The vitellophage nuclei divede to form the smaller nuclei of the definitive epithelium of the mid-gut. The development of the definitive mesenteron fron the primitive mid-gut takes place rapidly and occurs near the time of hatching.
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  • 24
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 91-112 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Increases in weight, total body length, and width and length of the head capsule of Japanese beetle larvae were studied. Since the progression factors decreased with succeeding molts and exhibited considerable variation it was concluded that Przibram's principle is inapplicable. Cells were counted in the mid-intestine and brain. Columnar cells of the mid-intestine were measured. The data show: (a) No increase in cell number occurs at the time of molting. (b) The progression in weight and length cannot be correlated with an increase in cell number. In the first instar the progression for increase in weight was 5.73; while for increase in cell number, it was 1.67 for the mid-intestine, and 1.19 for the brain. In the second instar, the corresponding figures were 5.24, 1.98 and 1.69. In the third instar average weight increased 3.18 times, but there was practically no increase in cell number. Thus, molting does not represent a definite increase in number of cells of the insect's body as suggested by Przibram and Megusar, and Bodenheimer's method of calculating cell divisions seems to have no factual basis. Increase in size of the larva is largely due to an increase in cell size. The ratio of increase in total cell volume of the columnar cells of the mid-intestine is approximately equal to the ratio of weight increase.
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  • 25
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 123-161 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An atypical euchromosome, characterized by the large size and deep stainability of its chromomeres during the meiotic prophase, occurs in representatives of seven genera of Acridinae, viz., Chorthippus curtipennis, Euchorthippus pulvinatus, Stenobothrus lineatus, Omocestus ventralis, Stauroderus biguttulus, Gomphocerus rufus, and Aeropedellus clavatus. This element, which is termed the ‘megameric chromosome,’ stains more deeply than the other euchromosomes also during interkinesis and early spermiogenesis. The megameric chromosomes of the individual exhibit striking similarity in the number, size, and arrangement of their chromomeres through successive stages of the meiotic prophase. All the evidence from cytological study indicates that these chromosomes are intergenerically homologous. This is chiefly significant in the support it gives to the theory of chromosome individuality. The heteromorphic megameric tetrad of one individual of S. biguttulus - unequal because of a deficiency - usually undergoes segregation in the second division. The megameric chromosomes display splits previous to synapsis. Pairing begins at their proximal ends and proceeds distally. All the euchromosomes of the spermatid nucleus show splits in preparation for the first cleavage division of the zygote.
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  • 26
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 485-494 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper presents an account of the morphology of the hypophysis and adjacent hypothalamic regions of young adult Amblystoma tigrinum. The description deals primarily with reconstructed models made from blotting paper; transverse and sagittal sections are also considered. A new term, hypophysis, pars subdistalis, is used to describe a discrete portion of the hypophysis embedded in the medial and ventral portion of the pars distalis. The other portions of the hypophysis also are described in detail.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Serial sections and dissections of the eye and orbit of Holocentrus ascensionis (Osbeck) reveal a relatively well-developed accommodation muscle (m. retractor lentis or campanula Halleri) supplied by a ramus of the short ciliary nerve which traverses the region of the vitreous humor in an invaginated fold of choroid, the processus falciformis. The ramus contains chiefly heavily myelinated nerve fibers with a few finely myelinated or unmyelinated fibers. The type, origin and probable function of these constituents follows: 1.Medullated postganglionic processes of ciliary ganglion cells about which end the preganglionic fibers of the oculomotor nerve.2.Medullated postganglionic fibers from the trigeminal sympathetic ganglion which traverse the ciliary ganglion to join the nerve. These and (4) may supply accompanying blood vessels.3.Medullated sensory fibers to the profundus ganglion.4.Unmedullated or finely medullated fibers from the trigeminal sympathetic ganglion.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation is intended to be the first of a contemplated series to study correlation of diet with morphological change. The material here reported is from grasshoppers on satisfactory diets. The gross anatomy shows a typically acridine arrangement. Fixation with B3 and staining with haematoxylin and eosin shows that peritoneum, muscle and chitin in different areas vary only in arrangement and relative development. The epithelial cells of the various regions differ in structure as well. Modifications of the cytoplasmic elements of these cells are correlated with cellular activity. The epithelial cells of the mid-gut and its six bi-lobed gastric caeca, and of the six rectal glands have a striated border of separate filaments which are cilia-like in appearance but devoid of motion. The caeca are most active in gastric secretion, which is merocrine or holocrine according to conditions. Essentially different granules and vacuoles are secreted, and extruded by rupture of the cells; which are replaced from nidi.
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  • 29
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 285-353 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The larval epithelium cells of Mycale syrinx (O. Schm.) unite syncytially with one another. The stratum so formed is continuous with the syncytial interior of the larva and into this interior the epithelial nuclei are drawn. Many of them degenerate and are digested by the syncytium or, eventually, by nucleolate cells. The syncytial cytoplasm breaks up into cell bodies, some surrounding epithelial nuclei and thus forming choanocytes, others surrounding nucleolate and non-nucleolate mesenchyme nuclei. The larval epithelial cells do not then become the choanocytes. Only their nuclei are specifically determined. The bodies of the choanocytes are picked out of the general syncytium in accordance with the location which the nuclei may occupy at the time. Non-nucleolate cells of the interior break through to the surface and form epidermis. Or non-nucleolate nuclei, usually not in special cell bodies but in the general syncytium, are drawn to the surface, the surface layer there condensing to form epidermis.There is a provisional formation of limiting membranes by the reticular syncytium around spaces of the interior and at the surface. The definitive cellular membranes, epidermis and canal epithelia, are only completed later. Some mesenchyme cells may be digested by the general syncytium. Such cells lie in vacuoles, as in a digesting protozoan.
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  • 30
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 385-417 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of the lymphatic system of the snake is described, together with some preliminary observations of the blood vascular system. Lymphatic vessels are numerous and thin-walled, chiefly periangious, but some are in close relation to the vertebral, column. The aortic lymphatic enlarges to form a sac in the abdominal region which encloses several of the viscera and in many cases communicates with their connective tissue sheaths. Lymph vessels in the skin and body musculature form a regularly arranged segmental network. The system communicates with the blood vascular system in two places: by means of a pair of posterior lymph hearts in the region of the cloaca, and at the jugular lymph sac just craniad to the heart. The arrangement and distribution of lymphatic structures is of interest in relation to phylogenetic development and because of the specialization of structure due to the elongate form of the snake.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 463-535 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: A histological study has been made of the developing mid-gut or mesenteron of Melanoplus differentialis from diapause until after hatching. The primitive mid-gut consists at first of a single layer of squamous epithelium surrounding the yolk; to this is added later an outer layer. These two layers give rise to the muscular and connective tissue elements of the definitive mid-gut. Near the time of hatching, vitellophages which have been present in the yolk since earlier stages migrate peripherally to form a lining upon the inner surface of the primitive mid-gut. The vitellophage nuclei divide to form the smaller nuclei of the definitive epithelium of the mid-gut. The development of the definitive mesenteron from the primitive mid-gut takes place rapidly and occurs near the time of hatching.
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  • 32
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    Notes: The ‘germinal crescent’ of the primitive streak stage chick embryo is located in the zone of junction anterior and lateral to the proamnion. The primordial germ cells supposedly arise from this area.The following experiments were carried out. 1. Complete removal of the germinal crescent. 2. Partial removal of the germinal crescent. 3. Removal of areas of corresponding size of the blastodisc other than the germinal crescent.The results are as follows: In experiment 1, a careful search of the entire specimen failed to reveal any primordial germ cells. Such embryos invariably died during or before the fifth day of incubation.In experiments 2 and 3, the presence of the primordial germ cells was quite obvious. Such embryos did not invariably die. Some from each group was brought through to hatching, with the exception of that group in which the piece was taken from the lateral region of the blastodisc. In this case the injury to the circulation was too great to overcome.As was to be expected, in those specimens in which the circulatory system was injured rather severely death always ensued and occurred before the third day of incubation regardless of the type of experiment.Both cauterization and removal with scissors were tried. Mechanical removal gave superior results and was used exclusively in the latter part of the experiment.
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  • 33
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 615-637 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Chordotonal organs are present in the prothoracic, mesothoracic and metathoracic femora of Melanoplus differentialis. These have been described and their development traced from ectodermal invaginations located at the proximal and distal ends of the prothoracic and mesothoracic and at the distal end of the metathoracic femora of the embryo.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 159-187 
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    Notes: The development of the nervous system is traced by stages and, in general, is found similar to that already described for other insects. Terms such as ganglionic gangliomeres, medullary masses, optic nerve, etc., are shown to have no significance. The intraganglionic thickening of Viallanes is shown to be a misnomer. A chronological table of the developmental processes is appended.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 191-209 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Differing from hitherto known spermatophores, these are found to have the form of a loop with a thick body and the slender ends twisted together.Also one end bears a spiral row of triradiate spicules, unique in being chitinoid secretions. Each is formed within a vacuole of a cell of a small gland found in the males. The ends of the spermatophores hold sperms, but the main mass consists of granules of problematical value. Spermatophores after discharge are stored up within the female, where remnants of them remain indefinitely.For the first time stages in the formation of spermatophores were found within the males. The head organ in the male is found to be more complex than hitherto known in this genus. A special head organ in the female is described for the first time in this family. An hypothesis is advanced as to the possible use of these male and female head organs in transfer of spermatophores. The suggestion is made that in this family the spermatophores and their organs of transfer and of storage may serve as generic characters.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 243-259 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: The post-embryonic growth of the notochord, sensory retinal cells, cartilage and gut epithelium in frog tadpoles, trout and lamprey is described. Increase in the number of notochord and sensory retinal cells results only from the mitotic division of cells which have not yet undergone the structural modifications characteristic for these cells. The specialized and functional cell does not divide. In the frog tadpole the cartilage cells increase by mitotic division of the fully-formed and functional cell: in addition there are centers of proliferation consisting of small, rapidly-dividing cells. The trout is similar except that there are no centers of proliferation, in addition amitotic division occurs. The gut epithelium grows by mitotic division of the functional constituent cells. During division the cell assumes a spherical shape and its functional activities are suspended.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 317-324 
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    Notes: The last muscle in the transverse superficial throat series in all genera of salamanders is here called ‘gularis.’ This eliminates a long list of synonyms. A description of its metamorphic changes in Dicamptodon (Ambystomidae) and comparison of the larval and adult conditions in this genus with those in other known genera clears up the homologies of the muscle throughout the series. The study is based on dissections and a survey of the literature covering all important groups except the Hynobiidae.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 351-399 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: During the quiescent fourth larval instar the larva of Drosophila becomes loosened from the puparium and takes on the form of a pupa. A large gas bubble is formed within the body during this prepupal period. At the end of this stadium, which lasts 11 1/2 hours at 25°C., it pupates, shedding the prepupal cuticle. The gas bubble is used as a mechanism to separate the cuticie from its hypodermis. Practically all of the tissues undergo histolysis and are replaced by imaginal structures derived from specialized cells. Some of the muscles persist longer than the general mass and perform special functions in the pupa. The sequence of histolytic and histogenetic changes is accurately timed at a constant temperature.
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  • 39
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    Notes: Since differential maturation has been used in explaining sex determination in Hymenoptera, the pertinent stages were studied cytologically in Habrobracon by using whole mounts of timed eggs stained by the Feulgen reaction.The egg is laid with the maturation figure in an arrested first anaphase close to the ventral egg surface, and with the spindle horizontal to the latter. Eggs from different stocks show differences in position of maturation figure. A single sperm enters during oviposition, the maturation spindle revolves to a vertical position and normal maturation and change of the sperm ensues. Nuclei of unfertilized eggs behave similarly. Ten chromosomes enter each of the three polar and the one matured egg nuclei, the latter being always the innermost of the four. Unfertilized eggs have ten chromosomes at first and eleventh cleavages; fertilized eggs have around the expected twenty. Chromosomes in maturation divisions are too small and round to show individual differences. There is no good evidence of chromosome elimination.
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 549-587 
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    Notes: The phytosaur of the Triassic exhibits many interesting adaptive modifications of the diapsid skull. The modifications of the muscle attachment areas for the jaw muscles have been examined in comparison with the musculature of the recent forms Sphenodon and Alligator. It has been determined that the development of the fleshy anterior pterygoid and of the intramandibular muscles is an adaptation concomitant with the elongation of the snout. The modification of the temporal region in the phytosaur with the posterior extension of the squamosal is also seen to be an adaptation to gain speed in closing the great mouth. The forward position of the head-neck joint would appear to gain advantage in the support of the heavy head. Such similarities as are seen between the phytosaur and the crocodilian may be accounted for as parallel adaptation.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936) 
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  • 42
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937) 
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  • 43
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 287-315 
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    Notes: The musculature of forearm and manus basically is divisible into dorsal matrix and ventral matrix of elbow, and dorsal matrix and ventral matrix of the podium. The former contributes to the present musculature of brachium and antibrachium, and the latter to the musculature of antibrachium and podium. The forearm muscles of the former category are divisible into humero-radial (carpi radialis), humero-podial (digitorum communis et sublimis), and humero-ulnar (carpi ulnaris) components. The deep muscles of the forearm (mm. abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis proprius; flexores digitorum profundus et pollicis longus) have been derived from podial matrices that have migrated proximally along the ulna. The short flexors of the hand have been derived from a superficial and a deep basic series: From the former have come mm. palmaris brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis, abductor et flexor digiti 5, and lumbricales. From the deep series have been derived mm. contrahentes (including adductor pollicis), interossei, opponens pollicis, deep head of flexor pollicis brevis, and opponens digiti 5.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 127-148 
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    Notes: The Gelgi bodies in Meretrix casta being visible in fresh eggs, an attempt was made to elucidate the nature of the contents of neutral red vacuoles. These are neo-formations which arise on treatment with neutral red Ringer. As recent researches have shown that neutral red forms compounds with enzymes, it is suggested that the new vacuoles in Meretrix are visible products of the attempt of the Golgi apparatus to eliminate neutral red which is a foreign substance to the egg. The function of Golgi bodies in the control of cell metabolism by production of intra-cellular enzymes is discussed.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 175-221 
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    Notes: The reproductive organs of Bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabr., and B. (Callosobruchus) chinensis L., including histology are described in detail. The role of the different parts of the male and female copulatory apparatus is discussed and the physical composition and function of the secretions of the accessory glands are indicated. The specific differences in the structure of the genitalia of the two species are shown.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. i 
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  • 47
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    Notes: Two sizes of cells are found in the mid-gut epithelium of late embryos. The larger cells contain nuclei having twice the number of prochromosomes and nearly twice the volume as compared with the nuclei of the smaller cells. During each larval instar, the nuclei of the functional mid-gut epithelium nearly double their volume and there is a corresponding increase in the amount of chromatin. It is suggested that chromosome division without nuclear division occurs in these epithelial cells during the pre-ecdysial periods of each instar. The mid-intestinal epithelial cells and their nuclei undergo characteristic changes during the feeding and pre-ecdysial periods of each instar. Prochromosomes as well as cytoplasmic globules, which represent a cytoplasmic diminution process, are visible in the latter period. The regeneration cells which give rise to the pupal and mid-gut epithelia have origin from the small embryonic mid-gut cells and from nuclei and cytoplasm derived from the larval epithelium by means of an apparent ‘pseudoreduction’ of the large larval nuclei during the late third and fourth instars.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 165-173 
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    Notes: Observations are reported which fully establish the aglomerular nature of the kidney in the following teleostean species: Hippocampus trimaculatus, Hippocampus kuda, Hippocampus hudsonius, Microphis boaja, Batrachus grunniens and Pterophryne histrio. It is possible that we are dealing with an additional aglomerular species (Microphis sp.), but this cannot be determined from the available material. All species were taken in sea water except Microphis boaja and Microphis sp., which were taken in fresh water.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 285-307 
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    Notes: The cytoplasm of Opalinid infusorians contains two principal components; the mitochondria and the vegetative granules of the endoplasm. A third component in the form of Golgi bodies has been previously described. Under the influence of radium radiations the mitochondria are re-orientated so that they assume a transverse polarity to the longitudinal axis of the organism. Later the mitochondria are segregated by the radiations so that they lie apart from the vegetative granules with which they are closely associated in the normal organism.
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  • 50
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    Notes: The development of the gonads of the marsh hawk, Circus hudsonius, Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperi, and the red-tailed hawk, Buteo borealis borealis has been investigated. The occurrence and relatively long persistence of the cortex on both testes of the marsh hawk is evidence of bilateral amphisexuality in this form. The embryonic condition of the ovaries is related to the degree of asymmetry in the adult organs. Nearly symmetrical, paired ovaries were found in three species and varying amounts of reduction of the right ovary in all others.The disappearance of the right oviduct in the ontogeny of the female red-tailed hawk and the occurrence of accessory gonad tissue in male embryos of the same species are described and figured. The extent of reduction of the right ovary of eleven species is described, figured and classified. The following species are listed in the above order of classification: Circus hudsonius, Accipiter cooperi, Accipiter velox velox, Accipiter atricapillus atricapillus, Falco sparverius sparverius, Aquila chrysaëtos canadensis, Buteo borealis borealis, Buteo lineatus lineatus, Buteo lagopus sancti-johannis, Cathartes aura septentrionalis, Buteo platypterus platypterus.It is concluded that two ways by which organs may disappear are realized in the right ovary and oviduct of the hawks. (1) by failure of an embryonic inductor in the case of the ovary, and (2) in the right oviduct by secondary atrophy of an originally well-developed embryonic structure.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 433-451 
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    Notes: The nasal capsule of the chameleon differs greatly from that of other lizards in several respects. Cartilage is extremely persistent, particularly in the roof. The anterior chamber is produced backward to form an accessory posterior chamber. This posterior extension lies lateral to the olfactory chamber, from which it is incompletely divided by a longitudinal fold which may represent the normal concha.The organ of Jacobson is extremely reduced and occupies an abnormal position with relation to other structures. The olfactory nerves and their branches are much reduced, and the olfactory epithelium is poorly developed. The chameleon is at best a microsmatic animal.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 489-519 
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    Notes: Plethodon cinereus is favorable for a study of the history of the germ line. The germ cells are large, while the gonads are small and show an almost diagrammatic structure. Germ cell degeneration is not extensive during ontogeny. As long as all the germ cells contain yolk during development, these cells are derived solely from germ cells. In Plethodon, yolk lasts in all germ celis through sex differentiation. A comparison of the number of mitoses necessary for the primordial germ cells to produce the numbers of germ cells in gonads where every germ cell contains yolk, with the mitoses necessary for the primordial cells to produce the adult complements of germ cells, shows that at least 72% of the increase of germ cells can be followed by yolk. A cytological study from the embryo through the adult sexual cycle gave no evidence that somiatic cells ever transform into germ cells. Mitoses are abundant in the testes of salamanders starved 4 months. This fact together with a statistical study on the adult male sexual cycle indicates that the germ cells present in the testis do not need to be augmented by transformed somatic cells. It is concluded that in Plethodon germ cells alone give rise to germ cells, and that the germ line is continuous.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 3-15 
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    Notes: Comparisons have been made of the weights of the suprarenals of 525 mature female dogs in dioestrus, oestrus, pregnancy and lactation. Tables and graphs show that there was a slight increase in the size of the suprarenals during oestrus. There was hypertrophy of both the cortex and the medulla in the oestrous dogs. Only slight increase was shown in the weights of the glands of pregnant animals when the net body weight was considered and no increase when the total body weight was used in the study. There was no hypertrophy of the glands of lactating animals.There was only a slight variation in the seasonal occurrence of oestrus. From 34 to 37% of the total numbers of mature females examined in the seasons were found to be in oestrus. From 13 to 16% of the total numbers were found to be pregnant.
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  • 54
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    Notes: Nucleoli in the germ cells of certain Orthoptera, Hemiptera and the crayfish have been studied. In Ceuthophilus (camel cricket) these bodies are found to be definitely connected with chromatin threads and are believed to be products of chromatin.The large structure in the ova of Nemobius (cricket) is interpreted as a nucleolus because of its very irregular behavior and apparent complete disappearance.It is found that some of the nucleoli of Gelastocoris (toad bug) arise within the chromatin threads.Observations on Cambarus (crayfish) fail to show nucleolar extrusion, a phenomenon which has formerly been reported for this form.The unique behavior and fate of the nucleolar material in Pselliopus (true bug) is described. In this species the nucleolar material is added to and becomes part of the general oxychromatin network of the nucleus.This study fully supports the opinion that nucleoli have a chromatin origin.
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  • 55
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    Notes: A new limb skeleton will form in regenerating limbs of the larval Amblystoma in which the humerus had been completely removed. The cartilage of the new limb skeleton develops out of a blastema in which there are no cells of cartilage origin. This regeneration blastema is a composite structure made up of cells derived from a dedifferentiation of the injured tissues of the limb. The tissues which have been observed as contributing to the regeneration blastema are: muscles, especially the muscles of the shoulder; connective tissue of the sheath of the brachial nerve plexus; muscle connective tissue; and, to a certain extent, subcutaneous connective tissue. The new cartilage of the limb skeleton develops out of this composite blastema by means of a differentiation of cells in the central axis of the blastema.The amount of cartilage regenerated appears to depend on the mass of the blastema. When the blastema does not extend fully into the glenoid cavity of the scapula, the head of the developing humerus is deficient in size and structure. However, a complete limb skeleton is regenerated when the blastema does extend fully into the glenoid cavity.Since the new cartilage of the regenerated limb has no genetic continuity with the old limb skeleton, it would appear that the limb field exerts some kind of histogenetic determining action.
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  • 56
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 263-297 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Artemia salina, a very widely distributed species in North America, Europe and Asia, breeds freely and rapidly under laboratory conditions, living in all salinities from fresh water to almost saturated brine. Its soft exoskeleton permits of easy sectioning.The morphology and embryology of the segmentally arranged excretory glands - the antennal, mandibular and maxillary glands, are described. The antennal gland, consisting of extracellular end sac and intracellular excretory duct, is located in the second antenna and opens to the exterior on the lateroposterior face of the protopodite. It attains its maximum development by the sixth instar, degenerating by the tenth. The vestigial mandibular gland consists only of an end sac surrounding a schizocoele, and a rudimentary duct. The large maxillary gland in the adult consists of an end sac, an excretory duct of three circular coils, and a terminal duct opening to the exterior. The maxillary gland develops from a mass of mesenchyme cells in the maxillary segment of the nauplius, becoming fully differentiated by the sixth instar.The vestigial second maxilla has two bristles. It serves only as a terminus for the maxillary gland. A pair of small ganglia are accepted as internal evidence for the presence of a maxillular segment.The presence of three pair of schizocoeles in three consecutive segments is interpreted as evidence of homology with the Annelid coelome, with the possibility of further homologizing the excretory ducts with the segmental nephridia.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 503-521 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In early embryonic stages of Passalus there are, in addition to the brain and suboesophageal ganglion, three thoracic and ten abdominal ganglia; one ganglion to each body segment. Before hatching the tenth, ninth and eighth abdominal ganglia coalesce. During the three larval instars the terminal ganglion remains in the sixth abdominal segment and only minor changes occur. By the end of the third day of pupal life the adult form of the nervous system is practically assumed. All abdominal ganglia are fused into a single, solid, elongated ganglionic mass. Connectives have disappeared between meso- and meta-thoracic and between metathoracic and abdominal ganglia; and with exception of the brain, sub-oesophageal and prothoracic ganglia, the entire ventral chain has come to lie in the mesothorax. The peripheral nerves still arise from the ganglia and ganglionic mass in their same relative positions and still supply the same segments in which they were originally located.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 599-607 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Analysis of measurements of the trunk region of the vertebral column and of the various segments of the wing and leg skeleton in sixty-four specimens (thirty-four males, thirty females) of Fulica americana shows that: The males average about 7% larger (longer) than females in all parts of the skeleton; the difference is uniform throughout the body. The coefficient of variability ranges from about 3.00 (humerus, et al.) to about 5.00 (hind toe). The correlation between lengths of parts is very high between different segments of the wing skeleton, or of the leg; it is somewhat less between homologous segments of the wing and leg; and it is still less between limbs and trunk. This decreasing order of correlation indicates an increasing order of independence of variability. The wing proportions in Fulica are those characteristic of the type of flight called flatterflug. The proportions of the leg are those of a bird moderately adapted for cursorial locomotion; the very long toes characterize a swimming bird.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 60
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 91-104 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Chlamydoselachus anguineus has, extending across the upper front mouth just behind the origin of the rear teeth of each row, a shelf of tissue forming a functional breathing valve. Valves of three types were found in five specimens. One has the hinder edge crescentic, another is like the head of a ‘broad arrow,’ and the third is intermediate in outline. A similar valve, crescentic in outline has been found in the upper front mouth of a 13-foot specimen of Cetorhinus maximus dissected in the American Museum.Breathing valves are briefly described in thirteen marine teleosts at Tortugas, Florida. Some fishes had only maxillary valves, some mandibular, and a few had both. These consist of thin folds of tissue which swing back and forth as the fish breathes. A brief summary is given of breathing valves in other teleosts and in sharks and rays.The function of breathing valves in fishes is to prevent regurgitation of water during expiration as the fish swims along with partly open mouth. It is also correlated with feeding where the food is impaled on the teeth and held for swallowing, or where the fish feeds on pelagic organisms collected by swimming along with open mouth.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 147-167 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoplasmic structures in the spermioteleosis of Bruchus quadrimaculatus were studied, using various fixatives and stains including vital and smear techniques.Mitochondria appear in all stages following spermatogonia, exhibiting characteristic appearances during mitoses and in the spermatids. The [central substance] in the halves of the nebenkern becomes localized along the edges of the outgrowing [ribbons] as the source of the marginal filament. The undulating membrane apparently is formed by the fusion of these [ribbons.] The axial filament arises from the distal centriole, being permanently attached thereto, and lies along one edge of the undulating membrane of the tail.Golgi bodies are first observed in the secondary spermatocyte; they behave characteristically during spermiogenesis, producing the acrosome and leaving a residuum, the Golgi remnant, to be sloughed off with the cytoplasm from the tail.Chromatoid bodies occur in some spermatids but not in others. They migrate backward along the axial filament to be rejected with the Golgi remnant.
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  • 62
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  • 63
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 303-316 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The left side of the coelom of the fish is occupied by the large liver and the right side by the remaining digestive organs. The alimentary tract makes one complete coil upon itself in the coelom and terminates in an anus behind the ventral fin. The spleen is in a position dorsolateral to the liver, and its typical histological structure is modified by the presence of pancreatic tissue. The pancreas is scattered through the mesenteries of the organs in this region.The swim bladder is dorsal to the visceral organs and outside of the abdominal peritoneum. It is extensively bifurcated in the male, but only slightly bifurcated in the female.The two kidneys lie posterior to the gills and ventral to the spinal column. Two wolffian ducts arise from their posterior ends and extend posteriorly, uniting near the end of the coelom to form one duct which extends to the urinary bladder which opens into the urogenital sinus.The gonads are posterior to the anterior portion of the digestive tract. Posteriorly, the gonads open into the urogenital sinus which opens anterior to the anal fin.The anatomy of the circulatory system is unusual in that the dorsal aorta is situated on the left side of the spinal column. The right posterior cardinal vein remains as the continuation of the caudal vein.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 317-333 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pigmentary system of Palaemonetes vulgaris contains four pigments. These are red, yellow, blue, and white. With the exception of the blue all are found exclusively within chromatophores and are capable of becoming either dispersed into chromatophore branches or concentrated into chromatophore centers. The state of dispersion or concentration of each pigment is quite independent of the state of any other pigment and is determined by the color of the background upon which the animal lies. It is by the mixing of appropriately colored pigments by dispersion of those pigments that the animal adapts itself to its background. The blue pigment appears to be in the same chromatophore with the red but its dispersal is not restricted by the confines of the pigment cells, and its disappearance from tissues seems to be a case of destruction in situ. The rates of measured in background changes. In the case of each pigment, concentration was more rapid than dispersion and the rates for the red and white pigments were approximately the same.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 353-427 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In ascidians the development of eggs and of buds are in sharp contrast. In bud development cell sizes are minimal throughout. Gross differentiation of form becomes apparent from the beginning, histological differentiation only when cell division is ending. The position of a cell relative to the whole determines its nature. Multiplication of cells continues until sufficient have been formed for the expression of all specific and other characters. In sexual development the egg is a large cell which divides until the minimal cell sizes characteristic of the species are obtained. The course of cleavage is a curve suggesting the attainment of a state of equlibrium. Commencing before fertilization and continuing during cleavage is a precocious differentiation of certain parts that inhibits further cell division and results in the formation of special larval structures that function when a mere fraction of the whole developmental period has elapsed. This differentiation may be suppressed, or may be retarded, without affecting the development of the rest of the egg. In the remaining parts cell division continues until minimal cell sizes are reached and only then does histological differentiation become apparent, as in asexual development. The number of cells thus formed is very small compared with that necessary for the expression of the full character of the species, and the newly functional postlarval organism is necessarily peculiar in structure.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 279-284 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The histological structure of the eye of the monotreme, Echidna hystrix is described with reference to its comparative relationships. The eye is primarily mammalian in character but its choroid contains a definite cartilaginous plate and its retina is anangiotic.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 555-571 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each contractile vacuole system of Paramecium multimicronucleata is made up of a number of components, some temporary and others permanent. The contracting vacuole with its membrane is a temporary structure as are the vesicles which fuse to form it. The vacuole discharges its contents to the exterior leaving a vestige closing the pore. The pore, with its discharging tubule and the feeding canals are permanent cell organelles. The feeding canals end in injection tubules which extend up to the pore. The vesicles, which later fuse to form the vacuole, are formed at the proximal end of the injection canals, leaving a membrane closing the canal, much as a food vacuole is formed at the gullet. The canal-fed contractile vacuole of Paramecium is very similar to the vesicle-fed vacuole of Euplotes both as to its origin and its fate. The Nassonov homology is rejected.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 501-531 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study is presented of the most anterior postotic somites in a series of embryos from the five-somite stage to 16 days. A gradual fading out of the somite forming tendency in this region seems to be indicated both by the formation of a rudimentary somite and by conditions found in the first true somites.There are, in the rabbit, three occipital somites, all of which form myotomes. The fate of the myotomes is traced until their identity is lost in the formation of definitive muscle masses.From the sclerotomes two occipital arches, comparable to those of vertebrae, are formed and can be identified as late as the time of beginning chondrification. There is a marked compression of the tissues in this region, the sclerotomal material being not only relatively but actually shorter in older embryos. This compression results in, 1) the approximation of the hypoglossal roots, and, 2) the fusion of the two occipital arches.The cartilaginous basal plate in rabbits begins development at its caudal end and differentiates anteriorly from this with little evidence of a primitive segmentation except as this posterior first center might be called a segment.
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  • 69
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    Notes: The female black scale possesses a pair of lateral ocelli. Each develops as a small disc of enlarged hypodermal cells which increases in size and invaginates. The disc finally becomes cut off from the hypodermis to form a vesicle lying between the regular hypodermis and the lateral margin of the brain. The vesicle becomes differentiated into two parts. The outer group of cells forms the vitreous body, the inner group gives rise to the retina. The vitreous body soon begins to secrete the lens which, during embryonic life, becomes biconvex. Pigment granules form only in the retinal cells; at first yellow, later black. The ocellus of the first instar is similar to that of the embryo. During first and second ecdyses the old lens is cast off and a new one secreted by the vitreous body. A large, irregularly shaped crystalline body forms between the vitreous body and the retina. The ocellus is of four parts: lens, vitreous body, crystallin body and retina. Retinal cells are at first nucleated but the nuclei probably pass to the nerve fibers each one of which is connected to a retinal cell. The ocellus does not change in structure throughout the life of the insect but finally disintegrates. The disintegration begins on the inner surface of the lens. Ocelli developed in the embryo remain unchanged throughout the insect's life.
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  • 70
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This article describes the structural features of the mantle and shell, particularly in the tiger snail, Anguispira alternata. The shell and the slime appear to be secreted simultaneously, probably from the same sources, and except for the mucus probably from the same materials, but certainly through very different structures.It is found that all the layers of the shell are secreted in a liquid or semi-liquid state by some part of the mantle. The periostracum is secreted from the supramarginal groove as a liquid which soon toughens as viscosity increases until it forms the organic covering of the shell. The inner layers are derived from epithelia beneath the shell, crystallizing out of a semi-liquid mass into the characteristic patterns, which we recognize as the layers of calcium carbonate. This process is traced from the synthetic viewpoint in the secretion from the mantle, also some of the stages can be detected from the analytic standpoint in the breakdown of shell materials.Some phases of the above structural states can be recognized in living mantles. A chemical analysis of the shell is also given.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 87-115 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From the first larval instar until the time of the final transformation into the adult the thoracic muscles are numerically the same. The muscles increase in fiber number with the growth of the larvae. There are two types of larval muscles: a. functional (striated and of considerable diameter) b. non-functional (unstriated and of narrow diameter). The non-functional muscles are mainly the prospective wing muscles of the adult. They grow most in diameter at the time of the final transformation. The positions of attachment of both types of muscles undergo no marked replacements during transformation, although the skeletal parts to which they are attached may become greatly modified. The larva has numerically more muscles than the adult. Extensive obliteration of the trunk leg muscles and of some neck muscles takes place. The intrinsic leg muscles of both the larva and the adult are the same.There are no anlagen of the adult muscles in the larval labium, and myoblasts probably form the adult musculature of this organ.The wing muscles of adult Anisopterid dragonflies insert close to the articulations of the wings on apodemes arising from membranes, or on discs arising as internal invaginations of detached, lateral, tergal plates.During the metamorphosis of its musculature, a dragonfly exhibits every essential phenomenon that a so-called ‘holometabolic’ insect does.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 189-209 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Although there has been much dispute in the past concerning the structure and function of the slit sense organs it is highly probable that they are chemoreceptors somewhat analogous to the pore-plate organs on the antennae of insects. The cuticular portion of a compound organ is made up of a number of more or less parallel slits in the outer cuticula. These slits are separated by thick laminae arranged as in a grid. A thin epicuticular membrane covers both laminae and slits between, while a thinner membrane is present at the inner ends of the slits. The hypodermal portion is composed of tall cells with a granular basal and a fibrillar distal cytoplasm. The sense cells are typical bipolar neurones, one for each slit of the organ. The distal sensory fiber traverses the fluid filled slit and ends at the epicuticula. It is never exposed directly to the outside. The structure of single slits is essentially similar to that of compound organs. In accordance with Schenk's well-known system of nomenclature for analogous structures in insects the term sensilla tomosa is suggested for both. The results of this study in fifteen species from nine families indicate that these organs are the same in all spiders, and that they are adapted for the function of chemoperception.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 221-256 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a paper published by the author in 1931 there was described a process of cell division called ‘modified mitosis.’ The present report adds quantitative studies of the process and a general evaluation of it and its role in the development of the embryo. Cell counts were made in various stages of chick embryos and the mitotic indices determined. In no cases can these mitotic indices account for the growth which the cell counts indicate. Periodicity in cell division in the chick cannot be established. Modified mitosis appears after careful study to be fundamentally mitotic in nature. Actual division of chromatin, nucleus, and cytoplasm occurs. Modified mitosis is not amitotic in character, but it is probable that it is what has been reported in the past as amitosis. It is very doubtful whether amitosis is found in the chick or in any of the vertebrates. Modified mitosis is part of the active phase of cell division and cannot be explained away as merely resting stages containing one or two nucleoli. It is probable that the division of chromatin nucleoli cannot be accounted for on any other basis than that of modified mitosis. In modified mitosis we undoubtedly see irreversible cell differentiation. The genetic implications of this process are not yet clear. If present interpretations of modified mitosis are in error a complete revision of our ideas of typical mitosis is in order.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 257-277 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The neuromotor system and associated organelles of Oxytricha have been studied in living specimens viewed with dark field illumination, and in whole mounts and sections stained with Heidenhain's hematoxylin or Mallory's stain. Microdissection has also been used in some cases.The neuromotor system has been found to consist of the adoral membranelles and coordinating fibrils, the undulating membrane and its basal fibril, two sets of cytostomal fibrils and two sets of postesophageal fibrils. The anal cirri may possibly be involved in the complex. No neuromotorium seems to be present.Motor and feeding organelles not morphologically connected with the above system are eight frontal and five ventral cirri, and a varying number of marginal cirri. The anal cirri, if not connected with the neuromotor system, would be included here. The minute structure of each type of cirrus has been studied, and the action and probable function has been determined from studies on normal, anesthetized, and dissected individuals. A brief comparison is made between the neuromotor system and organelles of Oxytricha and those of Euplotes and Paramecium that have previously been described in the literature.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 441-451 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Frog kidney, when fixed in 4 per cent formalin and subsequently treated with Kolatchev solutions, is found to contain osmiophilic bodies which not only appear identical to the Golgi substance of Kolatchev fixed controls but which also resist bleaching in hydrogen peroxide or potassium permanganate solutions. If a formalin fixed kidney is dehydrated and extracted with various fat solvents and subsequently fixed with the Kolatchev technique, Golgi bodies are usually completely removed but occasionally cells are found which contain spherical globules of osmiophilic substance scattered through the cytoplasm.Kidney tissue fixed in a mixture of 95 parts of alcohol plus 5 parts of formalin before application of the Kolatchev solutions does not contain Golgi bodies. The same results are obtained if benzene is used instead of alcohol and formalin. Striated muscle, when treated in a similar manner, contains darkly stained (Z) and (M) membranes, therefore the osmophilic substance present in muscle quite widely daerent, chemically and physically from that contained in kidney cells.It is apparently an established fact that formalin preserves phospholipids in tissues nnd this investigation has shown that Golgi bodies in kidney cells can be demonstrated following fixation in formalin. Moreover, the Golgi bodies, which are preserved by formalin, can be removed by extracting the tissue with fat solvents. This evidence, therefore, strengthens the hypothesis that true Golgi substance is phospholipid in nature.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 517-547 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The venous system of Ptyas mucosus (Linn.) presents the following features which appear to be hitherto undescribed in Ophidia: (1) Direct connection of the anterior azygos vein with the lateral cephalic vein just behind the head and also its anastomosis with either of the common jugular veins (right or left). (2) Anastomosis of the right and left common jugular veins with the epigastric vein in the neck region. (3) Left common jugular vein larger than the right. (4) Origin of the oviducal sinuses directly from the afferent renal veins and their termination on either side directly into the postcaval. (5) Persistence of the posterior cardinal veins in both the sexes. (6) Opening of most of the branches of the epigastric vein directly into the vena mesenterica in the liver region and of a few only into the right lobe of the liver. (7) Branches from the meso-rectum contributing to the formation of the vena mesenterica. (8) Opening of some veins into a branch of the epigastric vein lying just behind the heart, which carry blood from the dorsal surface of the right lung, trachea, pericardial wall, and also from the parietal layer of the body wall on the left side.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 243-261 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Collections of Campeloma rufum were made at all seasons of the year from the Salt Fork River at Homer Park, Illinois, for gross anatomical and histological studies. No males nor male reproductive cells were found, all individuals showing definite female structures. The gonad, found on the columellar surface of the digestive gland, shows ovarian cells. A U-shaped tube from the albumen gland to the uterus receives the oviduct near its proximal end. This duct leads into a glandular pocket, the shell gland, which in turn empties into the sac-like uterus. The uterus terminates near the edge of the mantle in a muscular vaginal tube. The previously undescribed kidney, a glandular, pyramidal organ, lies posterior and to the left of the upper end of the mantle cavity. The kidney possesses two orifices opening into the pericardium and ureter respectively. The ureter opens between the vagina and the anus. Intra-uterine young were observed during all seasons of the year varying progressively from small veliger to fully formed young. A later paper on oogenesis, will attempt to substantiate parthenogentic reproduction for C. rufum.
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  • 78
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed study of Wright's polydactylous monster (produced by a semi-dominant lethal gene) indicates that it belongs to a general type found also in rare human cases. The diagnostic characteristics are: clubbed feet and approximately double the usual number of digits, embryonic posture, microphthalmia and enlargement of the diencephalon, and missing tibia and telescoped sternum; all organ systems in the body except the genital and circulatory are grossly abnormal. The defects appear to be produced by an arrest of morphogenesis and an alteration of relative growth rates. It is indicated that a controlling center of digit formation exists on the lateral (postaxial) side of the foot, that skeletal and dermal structures are controlled by it, but that muscles are differentiated according to the area of the limb in which they lie. The gene itself is not atavistic, although its effects in the heterozygote have that appearance.
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 69-89 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper presents a study of the growth and histological development of the thyroid in three species of frogs, the small Pseudacris triseriata, the large Rana catesbeiana and the intermediate Rana palustris. It was found that the history of the gland in relation to metamorphosis is essentially the same in all. Previous to metamorphosis the gland is small, and the cells very poor in cytoplasm. At the beginning of metamorphosis (i.e., rapid hind leg growth) the thyroid shows a marked acceleration of growth and activity, which continues and reaches a peak at the time of the emergence of the front legs. Late in metamorphosis a regression occurs.The conclusion is drawn that there is a rising concentration of thyroid hormone during the course of metamorphosis. The author has previously shown that such a rising concentration will induce the normal pattern as to sequence and time spacing of metamorphic events.The beginning of metamorphosis is conceived as dependent upon the time of stimulation of the thyroid and the pattern of its subsequent continuance as dependent upon the pattern of response of this gland.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 113-122 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study was made of the changes in the mid-intestinal epithelium accompanying the growth of first and scond instar Japanese beetle larvae. The columnar cells were counted and measured in the region limited by the second and third rings of gastric caeca.During the first 4 days of each instar (at 25°C.), there is no increase in the number of columnar cells, growth being due entirely to an increase in the size of cells already present. The number of columnar cells begins to increase about the fifth day of each instar and continues to increase until the larva prepares for the succeeding molt. New columnar cells are produced by divisions of the basal or interstitial cells and their transformation into columnar cells. The new cells become elongated and push between adjacent columnar cells. They continue to grow until they have reached the size of columnar cells already present. Cell multiplication and differentiation occur simultaneously, and most rapidly near the end of each instar.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 82
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 225-263 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed study of the life history and cytology of Endamoeba blattae (Bütschli, 1878) has confirmed many of the findings of earlier workers and added to the knowledge of the processes of mitosis, excystation, metacystic and later development of this animal.Metacystic transformation has been seen to give rise to a form indistinguishable from E. thomsoni Lucas ('27). The number of chromosomes found in dividing stages of this trophozoite appears to be half that found in the large adults and indicates the possibility of a gametogenic type of reproduction differing from that described by Mercier ('10).Upon the basis of these findings and of a reclassification of the nuclear types found among the larger endozoic amoebae, it is proposed to erect, within the genus Endamoeba Leidy (1879), three sub-genera to serve until further knowledge permits a more permanent arrangement, as follows: Genus Endamoeba Leidy (1879). Type - E. blattae (Bütschli, 1878). Sub-genus Endamoeba. Type - E. (E.) blattae (Bütschli, 1878). Sub-genus Placoidia. Type - E. (P.) minchini Mackinnon ('14). Sub-genus Poneramoeba. Type - E. (P.) histolytica Schaudinn ('03).
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  • 83
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Separation of the mantle from the visceral mass on the right side in deeply cupped species of oyster provides a shorter channel for egress of water from the right demibranchs. Correlated with this change is reduction in size of the right epibranchial chamber beneath the adductor together with backward displacement of the adductor itself. This water passage, designated the promyal chamber, develops during the first week after attachment of the oyster larva. The greatest displacement of the adductor and the largest promyal chamber occur in O. frons. The mantle border shows three reduplications of which the innermost, the pallial curtain, controls the amount and the place of entrance and egress of water. The importance of pallial curtains and promyal chamber to survival in turbid waters is discussed; oysters with the promyal chamber have invaded the river mouths, the flat oysters without this chamber have remained in the clear waters of high salinity near the sea. The bearing of these factors on the disappearance of fossil oysters is considered. It is proposed to relate to the genus Ostrea all flat, larviparous oysters which lack the promyal chamber and to raise the subgenus Gryphaea to generic rank to include all deeply cupped oviparous oysters with the promyal chamber. Anatomical and histological features of the pallium and branchial chambers are considered in detail.
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  • 84
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Paramecium caudatum becomes much elongated upon centrifuging at 21,000 times gravity. The chromatin is sometimes forced from the achromatic matrix of the macronucleus. The materials in the cell are redistributed according to their relative specific gravities as follows: At the centrifugal end of the cell, crystals, layer of fluid, micronucleus and macronuclear chromatin, food vacuoles and neutral red inclusions, achromatic matrix of the macronucleus, endoplasm with large clear alveoli, and fat, at the centripetal end of the cell. The contracting vacuole is displaced sometimes but not the feeding canals or pore. In some cases the crystals, micronucleus and macronuclear chromatin may be extruded from the cell. Animals which survive centrifuging regain their usual shape and the disturbed materials return to their usual distribution rapidly. Sometimes the crystals remain in large compact masses and are so passed to the daughter cells upon fission. The two components of the macronucleus do not fuse the macronuclear chromatin regenerates an achromatic matrix, and division is somewhat delayed. The old macronuclear matrix persists over a long time and sometimes interferes with division. Animals which have no micronucleus may survive and divide, but no amicronucleate races have been established. Apparently macronuclear chromatin is necessary for the survival and division of P. caudatum; in the absence of the macronuclear chromatin no replacement occurs from the micronucleus. The membrane of the contracting vacuole is temporary.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 149-163 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermatozoon of Palaemon lamarrei is like a cricket ball having a small hole at the top. The outer leather covering of the ball represents the nucleus and the internal stuffing the cytoplasmic vesicle, in the formation of which almost the whole of the cytoplasm of the spermatid along with its mitochondrial and Golgi material is sacrificed. The hole is very efficiently plugged with a ring-like centrosome, which gives off inward a large number of axial filaments radiating through the vesicle toward the nucleus and outward a long prominent spine ending into a fine point. The acrosome is conspicuous by its absence. It has been suggested that, as in Paratelphusa spinigera, the cytoplasmic vesicle forms the mechanism, which is responsible for the explosion of the sperm at the time of fertilization. It has also been suggested that the bizarre structure of the sperm is closely associated with the necessity of ensuring the safety of this explosive vesicle until the time of fertilization. The chromatoid bodies described by Fasten in the crayfish, Cambarus virilis, must be interpreted as the Golgi masses.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The method of micro-injection was used in the study of a large number of tubules. The limits of the several parts of the tubule were determined with a high degree of accuracy without sectioning; the error of the measurements was small. Of 137 tubules studied the measurements of forty-nine comprised the entire length from renal corpuscle to collecting duct or ureter.The proximal tubule was found to be about twice as long as the distal. While the longest proximal tubule was nearly six times the length of the shortest, the great majority of tubules fell within a much shorter range. There was little or no correlation between proximal tubule length and weight of the animal.The proximal tubule is larger in diameter than the distal tubule. Calculations indicate that the area of exposed cell surface in the proximal tubule is nearly four times as great as in the distal; however, compared to tubule volume, a relatively greater cell surface is exposed in the distal tubule.
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  • 87
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study is made of the development of ovarian ova in mature rabbit does before and during various stages of pregnancy and after the injection of thyroid and anterior-pituitary-like hormones. No appreciable ovogenesis during sexual maturity was found. Nine types of ovarian follicle are distinguished according to size and degree of development. Full ovum size is reached in pre-antral follicles, and is marked by the formation of a dictyate nucleus and slight reduction in nuclear size. Full follicle size is attained much later. The nature of follicle migration in the course of development is described. Ovum migration within the follicle is found to be a consequence of the nature of the egg's attachments to the follicular epithelium. The least atresia is found in young oocytes (10%), the larger follicles showing about 60% atretic at all stages of the reproductive cycle. The hormone preparations administered affect only the largest follicles and their contained ova.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 309-319 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anlage of the swim bladder of the Atlantic salmon arises as a small mass of undifferentiated cells resting dorso-laterally on the posterior wall of the fore-gut. This mound of cells is proliferated from the narrow band of mesoderm which lies between the epithelium and the serosa of the alimentary canal. The concentration thus formed elongates slowly for 11 weeks. At the end of this time an evagination from the lumen of the right side of the oesophagus grows into it. This tube commences to elongate rapidly just previous to the time of hatching, and reaches the posterior end of the body cavity at approximately the time when the young salmon emerge from the gravel. Throughout the fresh water life of the fish this organ is a relatively large thin walled sac, lying dorsal to the body cavity. Microscopic examination reveals layers typical of those of the digestive tract.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 215-223 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a comparative study of the branchial epithelium of fishes we find the occurrence of three distinct types and seven subtypes of intra-epithelial glands which are in intimate association with the branchial epithelium of fishes.These glands have been classified according to their morphological patterns, cytoplasmic content and other features dealing with structural complexity.Although these structures arrange themselves in a graded series which become increasingly more and more complex, there does not appear to be any definite correlation between the structural complexity of the glands, and the apparent evolutionary history of the fishes.We conclude from the characteristic arrangement, relationships, and specific staining reactions that these structures are intra-epithelial mucous glands.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 313-325 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Parabrotula dentiens is a viviparous deep sea Brotulid fish. The embryos at the 6 mm. stage are held within the ovarian cavity as are the embryos of Zoarces, the Embiotocidae, the Goodeidae, the Jenynsiidae and the Anablepidae in the later stages. The embryos of Parabrotula dentiens are equipped with external processes which are attached around the anus and to the ventral wall of the embryo for a short distance in front of the anus. The processes have a spongy connective tissue stroma and are covered with a syncytial layer. It is assumed that the processes augment the body surface of the embryos and have a nutrition-absorbing and an oxygen-absorbing function.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 92
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 173-213 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The regeneration of the early fore limb bud of Amblystoma larvae has been prevented by exposure to x-radiation. Histological studies show that the failure to regenerate is due to a destruction of the undifferentiated mesenchyme cells which normally furnish the materials for regeneration. Data have also been gathered as to the minimal dosage of x-rays necessary to prevent the regeneration of the early limb bud.By properly governed radiations the development of unamputated limb buds can also be controlled; larvae with permanent two-, three- or four-digit limbs can be produced. The effect here is primarily on the differentiation processes of the limb. These limbs in which digit formation has been controlled by x-radiation also fail to regenerate if subsequently amputated. After amputation there is a complete dedifferentiation of all the formed structures of the limb stump. The dedifferentiated cells of the limb stump. The dedifferentiated cells of the limb stump regain their power of mitotic cell division 30 to 35 days after amputation, but are never able to differentiate into the components of a new limb. The primary effects of radiation in this case appears to be on cellular differentiation rather than on cellular proliferation.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 265-311 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the dorsal axial musculature is traced from Eryops, through Diadectes, to Dimetrodon. lguana, a modern form, is used for comparison. The axial muscles of a primitive form, such as Eryops, were thick, fleshy, and metameric; those of more advanced types, such as Dimetrodon, were light, highly tendinous, and largely unsegmented. Diadectes represents an intermediate stage. The changes in the muscles and related changes in the axial skeleton are closelyassociated with the development of active, terrestrial animals.
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  • 94
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The skins of normal and x-rayed tadpoles and frogs were compared. Almost no mitotic figures occurred after the tenth day of larval life. The number of mitoses and the length of the period during which mitosis occurred were reduced by x-rays in proportion to the exposure. Spindle-shaped cells were found on the vertical connective tissue fiber bundles which connect the lower layer of the dermis with the under side of the epidermis in adult frogs. After exposure to 4000 r the number of these cells, which are believed to be traveling up the vertical strands to join the epidermis, was doubled. New, uninjured cells appeared in the basal epidermal layer following this increase. Since no appreciable number of mitotic divisions and no amitotic divisions were found in the epidermis, either normally or during the regeneration following exposure to x-rays, these ‘traveling-cells’ are held to be an important source of replacement in correlation with normal desquamation as well as desquamation caused by the irradiation.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 453-483 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two genera of the Phallostethid fishes were anatomized using both the clearing and the dissection methods. While resembling Poecillids and agreeing with them in numerous anatomical features, these fish are true Acanthopterygians and apparently are correctly placed by Myers in the suborder Phallostethoidea erected for them in the order Percesoces. The two divergent types of priapia found in the group are readily derivable one from the other, corresponding bone for bone. The priapial bones can be homologized with the missing pelvic fins and girdle plus, perhaps, the post cleithrum and some of the pectoral pterygials. A comparison is made between the Phallostethid priapial skeleton and the highly modified girdle complex of the Polynemids.
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  • 96
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The coleopteran Micromalthus debilis LeConte has two additional female reproductive forms besides the male and female adults. One of these is a paedogenetic viviparous female which produces female offspring by diploid parthenogenesis; the other is a paedogenetic ovoviviparous female which produces males by haploid parthenogenesis; The male has been shown to be somatically haploid in both early and late stages of development, while all three female types are diploid. The first spermatocyte division is completely abortive as regards division of chromosomes and cell. However, a very characteristic unipolar spindle is regularly formed. The chromosomes of the first spermatocyte anaphase move away from the single pole with their attachment regions hindermost. The spindle consists of ten fibers, each one connecting a chromosome with a single pole. They elongate during the anaphase. The second spermatocyte division is apparently normal in all respects and it ultimately results in two normal sperm. It has been shown that the theories of Belar, Bleier and Schaede concerning the problem of chromosome movement are deficient in view of the peculiarities of this monocentric mitosis.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 589-601 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The test consists of a clear matrix in which cells, fibrils, spicules and vascular tubes are embedded. It is supplied with two main blood vessels which ramify in the test substance and end in a large number of vascular ampullae near the outer surface of the test. Three different kinds of spicules are present. The test cells are of five different kinds. Besides these cells, the author has, for the first time in the history of our knowledge of the Tunicata, demonstrated the presence of nerve cells, nerve fibers and receptor cells in the test. The nerve cells are found throughout the test (except the foot) but are more numerous in the test of the siphons. The epithelial cells of the vascular ampullae act as receptor organs being supplied with nerve fibers that connect them with the nerve cells of the test. Receptor cells are also present in the regions of the test devoid of ampullae (except the foot). Stimuli are received by the receptor cells and conducted by nerve fibrils to the nerve cells, which are in turn connected with the nerve ganglion. The test, therefore, not only serves for the protection and attachment of the animal but also acts as a respiratory and receptor organ.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nuclei of columnar epithelia of vertebrate embryos move to the free epithelial surface before a division, the movement of the nucleus accompanying a shortening of the columnar cell. After division at the free surface the daughter cells elongate, the nuclei passing away from the free surface. This is illustrated by drawings and measurements of cells of the fore-gut it of the garter snake embryo. The elongation of these cells after mitosis is associated with an elongation of the spindle fibers to produce a prominent cytoplasmic fiber which persists through the interkinetic stage and into the next mitosis. The appearance of nests of nuclei in mitosis is accounted for by the fact that descendants of an earlier cell have kept approximately in step in their divisions.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 375-391 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study is made of the pancreatic islands in Rana clamitans, R. catesbiana, R. sylvatica and Hyla versicolor during various stages of development. The islands, which were first seen in the 8-mm. R. clamitans larvae, originate from the endodermal cells of the primitive pancreatic anlagen. Following early larval development in all of the species, new islands differentiate from the cells of the pancreatic ductules. During metamorphosis, much of the acinous tissue degenerates, but the islands persist. They become aggregated and the definitive islands are formed from the primary islands before the mature adult stage is reached.With the azure-eosin technique, two types of island cells were distinguishable before, or at the time of metamorphosis, in all of the anurans studied. They are designated as the red and blue types. The blue cells are considered the primitive or embryonic type, and may transform into the red type; or the red type may originate independently.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 523-557 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ovaries of bats, Myotis lucifugus lucifugus and M. grisescens, have been studied in all phases, except gestation, of the annual reproductive cycle. Oocytes arise in the germinal epithelium and grow with an orderly differentiation of the storage products of metabolism - chondriosomes, fat drops, and yolk vesicles. The evidence indicates that the zona pellucida is derived from the oocyte. Squamous cells of the primary follicle become cuboidal and then columnar as follicular growth begins (unilaminar secondary stage). The secondary follicle becomes multilaminar and in a very few cases gives rise to a tertiary follicle by antrum formation. Most growing follicles undergo retrogression by one of two methods. Degeneration of type I is common in multilaminar follicles and begins in the granulosa which is almost completely obliterated before the oocyte is affected. Spindles occur in some of these oocytes and fragmentation is common; phagocytes eliminate the contents of the zona. In type II, which is rare and has been found only in unilaminar secondary follicles, the oocyte degenerates, leaving an uninjured granulosa. Medullary cords are common embryonic vestiges in these ovaries; epithelial nodules are less frequent. Interstitial cells are very numerous in newborn bats, arise throughout life from the hypertrophied thecae internae of retrogressing follicles of type I, are phagocytized and, also, undergo hyaline degeneration, are hypertrophied in late pregnancy, and continue so during lactation.
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