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  • Articles  (36)
  • Rhizosphere  (36)
  • 1980-1984  (36)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (36)
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  • Articles  (36)
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (36)
  • Biology  (1)
  • 1
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    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calluna vulgaris ; Dark sterile forms ; Deschampsia flexuosa ; Fascicle ; Mycoflora ; Oidiospores ; Oxycoccus palustris ; Pernettya mucronata ; Reproductive ; structures ; Rhizosphere ; Root-inhabiting fungi ; Saprophytic survival ; Segmenting ; Vaccinium myrtillus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Many different species of fungi have been isolated from the root region of heath plants. In the absence of rapidly growing species,Dark Sterile forms predominated in culture plates. It is suggested that these have an important ecological role in the soil-root interface. AsDS forms do not appear in culture plates easily any floristic list of fungi from the root surface not mentioningDS forms must be accepted with caution. Attention is drawn to the fact that these are truly root-inhabiting fungi possessing some parasitic or mycorrhizal propensities.
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  • 2
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    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 369-380 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: French beans ; Nutrient uptake ; pH ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract French bean seedlings grown on choline, ammoniacal and nitrate forms of nitrogen together with equivalent basal application of P as KH2PO4 were tested for nutrient uptake from the rhizosphere. Statistical tests on soil (rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere) and plant (root and shoot) revealed that with the exception of P, levels of all other estimated macro-(Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and micro-nutrients (Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+) were significantly changed after 42 days growth as compared to 21 days growth period. The higher uptake into shoots of Na+, K+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and H2PO4 − and higher biomass accumulation in the rhizosphere were associated with lower rhizosphere pH. The uptake of Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased with higher rhizosphere pH. While ammoniacal and choline forms decreased rhizosphere pH and increased the P uptake, nitrate form reversed the trend showing significant inverse relationship between shoot phosphate and rhizosphere pH. Calcium and iron were associated with an inhibition of the translocation of P from root to shoot. However, no causal relationships could be established. Both shoot weight and shoot P content were closely associated with a number of rhizosphere soil parameters.
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  • 3
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    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Fixed ammonium ; Maize ; Mineralization ; Nitrate ; Nitrite ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Significantly lower amounts of exchaneable NH4, soluble NO3 and clay-fixed NH4 forms of N were observed in the unfertilized fields with high rather than low-density cropped plots. Irrespective of planting densitites, the fixed NH4 content in soil increased with increase in the period of crop growth. N uptake by plant and total bacterial population of rhizosphere soil were significantly higher in the plots with the high than with the low-density planting. Availability of native fixed NH4 + to crops and biological utilization of a considerable amount of recently mineralized NH4 + in fixed form is indicated.
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  • 4
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 187-197 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Apple monoculture ; Phytotoxins ; Replant problem ; Rhizoplane ; Rhizosphere ; Root exudates ; Soil micro-organisms ; Soil sickness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary One of the factors giving rise to soil sickness in apple orchards is the rhizosphere microflora. The composition of the microbial coenosis in the rhizosphere changes with increasing age of the apple trees. An increase in the counts of micromycetes and actinomycetes and a decrease in bacterial counts was found in agreement with the decreasing pH of the rhizosphere soil. The presence of fluorescent pseudomonads in the rhizosphere of old apple trees was rare, but the planting of apple seedling into sick soil induced their proliferation. The relative proportion of individual genera of micromycetes changed according to the tree age; fungi of the genus Mucor were more often found in the rhizosphere of younger trees than in that of older ones while fungi of the genus Penicillium had an opposite trend. Biological tests showed that Penicillium fungi form the majority of the phytotoxic microflora. The amount of phytotoxic micromycetes was higher in ‘sick’ soil as compared with control soil in which apple trees had not been grown for at least 15 years. Higher numbers of phytotoxic micromycetes were isolated also from the rhizosphere of apple seedlings grown in ‘sick’ soil as compared with those growing in control soil. An increase in the amount of phytotoxic micromycetes in apple tree rhizosphere could be induced by mere addition of 5% (w/w) ‘sick’ soil to the soil in which apple trees were grown for the first time. By adding sterilized ‘sick’ soil, the amount of phytotoxic micromycetes in the apple seedling rhizosphere was not affected. Increased numbers of phytotoxic micromycetes affected negatively the growth of apple trees and the morphology of apple tree roots. This demonstrated the possibility of transfer of a factor participating in the etiology of soil sickness in apple orchards.
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  • 5
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    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 43-52 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Allelopathy ; Ecophysiology ; Grassland ; Plantago ; Nitrate production ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrate uptake ; Nitrification ; Nitrifying bacteria ; Rhizosphere ; Root environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The production of nitrate in an old established dune grassland soil and its uptake by plants was studied by comparing amounts of mineral nitrogen and numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere on the one hand, and on the other accumulated nitrate and levels of nitrate reductase (NaR) of individual plants of three Plantago species,i. e., P. major, P. lanceolata andP. coronopus. For these three Plantago species andP. media basal levels of NaR in the absence of nitrate were determined in plants grown in culture solutions. The basal NaR levels ofP. major andP. media (species occurring on nutrient-rich soils) were significantly higher than those ofP. lanceolata andP. coronopus (species found on nutrient-poor soils). NaR activity increased in the presence of nitrate and was suppressed by ammonium. From the numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere and NaR activity in the leaves it was concluded that nitrate was produced in the root environments of the three Plantago species and that the compound was taken up by the plants. NaR activities and numbers of nitrifying bacteria were higher for individuals ofP. major than for those ofP. lanceolata andP. coronopus. No correlation was found between the ammonium levels and the numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the soil, and no indications of inhibition of nitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere were obtained. For individuals ofP. lanceolata a correlation was found between the numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the soil and NaR activity in the leaves. The results are discussed in relation to the ecological habitats of the three species.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aeration status ; Microorganisms ; Mucilage ; Rhizosphere ; Ultrastructure ; Wheat root
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Outer layers of wheat roots grown in aerated and unaerated nutrient solutions were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Root growth was considerably impaired in unaerated nutrient solution. In contrast to aerated roots, no mucilaginous layer but dense bacterial colonization were observed on the root caps of unaerated roots. The root cap mucilage had apparently been decomposed by the microorganisms. The peripheral root cap cells of the unaerated roots appeared to contain less cell organelles than those of the aerated roots, while the central cap cells and the meristematic cells of the root tip seemed not to be affected by lack of aeration. The bacterial population in the elongation, root hair, and lateral root zones, was also remarkably higher on roots grown in unaerated nutrient solution. In the lateral root zone of unaerated roots, even the cortical cells were invaded by bacteria.
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  • 7
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    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 445-454 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Clay type ; CEC ; Douglas-fir ; Hebeloma crustuliniforme ; Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen Phosphorus ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; Rhizosphere ; pH ; Root-soil interface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a greenhouse pot study, mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Douglas-fir seedling were grown in a forest soil amended with clays and ammonium or nitrate fertilizer. Mycorrhizal seedlings grew taller, increased root and shoot dry weight more, and accumulated more nitrogen and phosphorus than non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Mycorrhizal effects were most pronounced in the nitrate treatment. Ammonium enhancement of phosphorus uptake was demonstrated for both mycorrhizal and control seedlings. Rhizosphere pH was altered by nitrogen source and the presence of mycorrhizas. Ammonium fertilization decreased pH, while nitrate fertilization increased pH.
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  • 8
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 319-337 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aggregates ; Aluminium ; Bacterial mucilage ; Binding agents ; Calcium ; Cation bridges ; Complexing agents ; Dispersion ; Electron microscopy ; Electrophoretic mobility ; Fungal hyphae ; Glues Iron ; Management Periodate ; Polysaccharides ; Rhizosphere ; Roots ; Slaking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The stability of pores and particles is essential for optimum growth of plants. Two categories of aggregates macro- (〉 250 μm) and micro- (〈250 μm) depend on organic matter for stability against disruptive forces caused by rapid wetting. Dispersion of clay particles from microaggregates is promoted by adsorption of complexing organic acids which increase the negative charge on clays. The acids are produced by plants, bacteria and fungi. However, the dispersibility of clay in microaggregates is offset by the binding action of polysaccharides, mainly mucilages produced by bacteria, but also by plant roots and fungal hyphae. The stability of microaggregates is also enhanced by multivalent cations which act as bridges between organic colloids and clays. Macroaggregates are enmeshed by plant roots, both living and decomposing, and are thus sensitive to management, and increase in number when grasses are grown and the soil is not disturbed. Lack of root growth,i.e. fallow, has the opposite effect. Various implications for management of soil structure are discussed.
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  • 9
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 379-387 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Bacteria ; Chernozemic soil ; Fungi ; Rhizosphere ; Trifluralin herbicide ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study examined the effects of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), a soil incorporated herbicide, on soil microflora both in the general soil environment and in the rhizosphere of trifluralin damaged wheat roots. Two Dark Brown Chernozemic soils were treated with various trifluralin rates in the growth chamber and wheat [Triticum aestivum L. ‘Neepawa’] was seeded. Trifluralin generally had no effect on fungi, bacteria, or actinomycete populations in either the general soil or in the rhizosphere. CO2 evolution was unchanged when trifluralin was added to the soil. In wheat plots, at two field locations, there were no significant effects of trifluralin (1.0 kg ha−1) on soil fungi, bacteria, actinomycete, denitrifying bacteria, and nitrifying Nitrobacter propulations. A pure culture study with 42 soil microorganisms showed that many isolates were inhibited at 400 to 100,000 μg g−1 but not at concentrations 〈16 μg g−1. Similar data were obtained from tests on four different soils. These studies indicate that trifluralin is unlikely to cause changes in the numbers of soil microorganisms when used at recommended levels.
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  • 10
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    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 123-129 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glass wall method ; Observation chamber ; Rhizosphere ; Root dynamics ; Savanna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A relatively small, low cost root observation chamber of steel construction has been designed for replicated use in a natural plant community. An undisturbed soil profile, suitable for detailed study can be obtained by avoiding conventional backfilling methods and despite such factors as the recognized need for teh chamber roof to be below ground level. Installation procedure emphasizes preparation of the observation face in established woody plant communities. The technique incorporates microscopic study of roots and simultaneous recording of major soil climatic factors.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brackish water alluvial soil ; Crop-induced phosphate mobilization ; Flooded soils ; Immobilization ; Resin extractable phosphate ; Rhizosphere ; Rice ; Sandy loam soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Poor or lack of response of lowland rice to P fertilization is a well-known fact. Several studies were conducted in this direction however, our understanding regarding the underlying mechanism has been far from clear. A remarkable influence of rice plants on P transformation in submerged soil is identified in this experiment which may shed light on this problem. Accordingly, in presence of rice plants P was mobilized during the initial growing period followed by immobilization. The increased microbial activity in presence of physiologically active roots was responsible for P mobilization, while capacity of rice plants to reoxidize the rhizosphere, by secretion of oxygen from roots, during later growing period was responsible for P immobilization. The extent of P mobilization decreased while that of immobilization increased with increasing P levels in different soils. At a given P level the ratio of P mobilization to immobilization was higher in a soil where crop growth was better and P uptake was higher as compared to another soil where crop growth was poor with lower P uptake. Thus, lowland rice plants appear to possess an unique physiological mechanism, to regulate the contrasting changes in P availability in the rhizosphere depending on P requirement by the plants or P availability in soil, which in turn is responsible for the poor or lack of response to P fertilization. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber. Two soils with widely varying properties were used.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation ; Grasslands ; Rhizosphere ; Stripmined land reclamation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary From 36 to 71% of bacteria, depending on the sampling site, that were isolated from the soil or rhizosphere of undisturbed prairie soil or reclamation sites of strip-mined grassland areas in western North Dakota were capable of reducing acetylene. These bacteria generally could be divided into two populations; one capable of acetylene reduction under aerobic conditions and another capable of acetylene reduction under anaerobic conditions. The reclamation site to which no topsoil had been applied, pH 8.5, had a bacterial population which generally was capable of higher levels of acetylene reduction than individual bacteria isolated from other sites.
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  • 13
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    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 367-379 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity ; Aluminium ; Calcium ; Manganese ; Nodulation ; pH Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Root elongation ; Root hairs ; Trifolium repens ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of factors associated with soil acidity (low pH, low calcium, high aluminium and high manganese) on theTrifolium repens-Rhizobium trifolii symbiosis were investigted under laboratory conditions using an axenic solution-culture technique. 200 μM manganese increased root elongation in the range pH 4.3–5.5, but had no effect on root hair formation, the number of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere, or nodule formation. Root elongation and root hair formation were unaffected at pH 4.3 when 500 or 1000μM calcium was supplied, whereas multiplication of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere and nodulation were inhibited at pH 4.3 and 4.7.50–1000μM calcium had no effect either on the multiplication of Rhizobium in the range pH 4.3–5.5, or on nodule formation in the absence of aluminium. 50 μM aluminium inhibited, root elongation and root hair formation at pH 4.3 and 4.7; the effect on root elongation was reduced by increasing the calcium concentration from 50 to 1000μM. 50μM aluminium also inhibited Rhizobium multiplication in the rhizosphere and reduced nodule formation at pH 5.5 (at which aluminium precipitated out of solution), but root elongation and root hair formation were unaffected. These, effects of aluminium at pH 5.5 may explain the poor response to inoculation by white clover in acid mineral soils after liming.
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  • 14
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    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 13-29 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Exudation ; Lupins ; Lupinus albus L. ; Micro-organisms ; Proteoid roots ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A model predicted that the concentration profile of exudate would be less steep and its concentration values higher for larger diameter roots and that rhizosphere volume/g of root would be maximised at a particular root size for a given exudation rate. Root hairs, if active in secretion, would increase the rhizosphere volume/g of root and the substrate concentrations in it. Proteoid roots would increase the concentration of diffusing substance even further, although the rhizosphere volume per g of root may decline due to overlap effects. These effects are discussed in relation to the rate and extent of reactions between exudates and the soil.
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  • 15
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 127-137 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adenylate pool ; Biomass volume ; CO2 evolution ; Chitin ; DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Enzymes ; Fluorescent antibody ; Fumigation-respiration ; Fungi Histochemistry ; Imunofluorecence ; Jones-Mollison technique ; Microcosms ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Oxygen consumption ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxins ; Plate counts ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Sulphur ; Xenobiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There is an immense literature on biological and biochemical analyses of soils. Such analyses have revealed the enormous richness of species in soil and their vast range of metabolic potentials and ecological diversity. Accordingly, the approaches used to investigate the soil biota and its biochemistry usually have to be modified or adapted depending upon the purpose of the investigation. Studies of micro-organisms in the soil environment, are complicated because microbial cells are commonly attached to surfaces where they live side-by-side with other populations in consortia usually containing different morphological and physiological types. Such assemblages of organisms cannot be described quantitatively using cultural techniques, such as plate counts, which underestimate both cell numbers and viable biomass. The development of more powerful observational and staining techniques has improved our knowledge of the diverse morphological and biochemical composition of soil micro-communities. Such findings have been amplified at a grosser level by laboratory studies with multi-component systems (microcosms) to mimic field situations and to assess the range of biochemical potentials of microbial consortia. But despite notable advances in analytical methods we are still, with a few exceptions, unable to detect or identify those microorganisms which carry out specific biochemical transformations or determine whether particular cells are alive, dormant or dead at the time of observation. Considerable work has been done to define some of the fundamental ecological attributes of microbial assemblages in soil. Productive work on the metabolic activities of the soil microbiota, specially geochemical transformations of C, N, S and P, has been under way for more than a century. But only in more recent years have more sensitive and reproducible analytical methods become available to measure viable biomass in soil. This will enable some insight to be gained into the role that microbial biomass plays as a labile source and sink for plant nutrients.
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  • 16
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 307-318 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Autochthonous ; Biomass ; Cultivation ; Inoculation ; Lignocelluloses ; Polysaccharides ; Rhizosphere ; Soil stability ; Soil structure ; Zymogenous
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An inherent (autochthonous) biomass is characteristic of a soil while the input of substrates for plant roots or crop residues promotes the transient (zymogenous) biomass. However successful micro-organisms will show aspects of both types of ecological strategy. The biomass generated from plant residue substrates can include toxin-producing and pathogenic species but also beneficial organisms such as N-fixers and polysaccharide-producers. Rhizosphere activity can, depending on soil, plant and microbial species, stabilize or destabilize soils. Microbial activity should be considered in soil management and it may be possible to manipulate the soil population balance towards beneficial organisms.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus ; Aspergillus niger ; Aspergillus sydowi ; Capsicum annuum ; Chilli Citrulline ; Cladosporium cladosporioides ; Exudates ; Fusarium moniliforme ; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.Capsici ; Fusarium solani ; Inhibitory ; Methionine ; Penicillium janthocitrinum d-1-β ; phenylalanine ; Rhizoplane ; Rhizosphere ; Stimulatory ; Trichoderma viride ; d-Xylose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary From root exudates of three cultivars of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) 12 amino acids and 7 sugars were detected. Methionine, d-1-β phenylalanine, citrulline and d-xylose were detected only from the root exudates of resdistant cultivars. The root exudates of resistant variety inhibited spore germination of the pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.capsici), but that of susceptible variety enhanced spore germiantion of the same. Spore germiantion of antagonistic fungi (Trichderma viride andAspergillus sydowi) was also influenced by the root exudates of resistant and susceptible varieties, but the influence was different. Spore germiantion of a number of rhizosphere fungi was studied and in general root exudate of susceptible cultivar enhanced spore germiantion of majority of fungi, but spore germination of antagonistic fungi against the pathogen was inhibited. However, root exudate of resistant cultivar stimulated spore germination of antagonistic fungi.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Downy mildew ; Microflora ; Phyllosphere ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Analysis of phyllosphere microflora showed that in the resistant cultivar (PHB-14) there was a significantly higher population of fungi, gram positive and gram negative bacteria, compared to susceptible cultivar (NHB-3) under healthy and diseased situations. The cultivars during earhead stage supported maximum phyllosphere fungal and gram negative bacterial populations. The rhizosphere of the susceptible cultivar under downy mildew influence supported maximum fungal and gram negative bacterial populations and the rhizosphere effect was the highest in downy mildew colonized susceptible NHB-3 at the earhead stage (95 days after planting). Among the fungi isolated Cladosporium dominated the phyllosphere of resistant, susceptible and susceptible cultivar under the influence of downy mildew. Among the rhizosphere microflora the population ofAspergillus sp. was found to be greatest in resistant, susceptible and the susceptible cultivar under the influence of downy mildew.
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  • 19
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    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 169-182 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Antagonism ; Fallow period ; Inoculum potential ; Non-host plant ; Rhizosphere ; Root exudate ; Soil amendment ; Survival ; Tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies on the survival ofPseudomonas solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt of tomato, under laboratory conditions showed that soil amendments had little effect on the population of the pathogen. When the host plant was grown in amended soil there was a positive influence on growth of the pathogen. The population level of the pathogen incorporated into the soil was reduced to one-half within a period of 46 days. The pathogen survived in the rhizosphere of non-host plants belonging to the families Acanthaceae and Leguminosae even in the absence of the natural hosts, but its incidence in the rhizosphere of plants belonging to Graminae and Cyperaceae was comparatively low indicating possibilities of reducing the inoculum potential of the pathogen in tomato fields by allowing such plants to grow during fallow periods.
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  • 20
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    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 325-329 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cluster bean ; Cyanopsis tetragonoloba ; Rhizosphere ; Tobacco necrosis virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In TNV-bearing soils, the virus occurred adsorbed to soil colloids in low levels. By direct assay, the TNV could be more readily isolated from the rhizosphere of naturally infected cluster bean plants. The level of reaction of the TNV isolated from the rhizosphere soil was the same as TNV-D (cb isolate) in precipitin ring tests with antisera against TNV-A and TNV-D. The phenomenon of release of TNV from the infected roots into the soil and adsorption of TNV particles to colloidal particles in the soil are discussed from the point of ecology and stability of TNV in soils.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Intermediate deep water rice ; Nitrogenase ; Plant density ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogenase activity in the rhizosphere soil of intermediate deep water rice was investigated employing gas chromatographic acetylene reduction assay. A raise in the plant density decreased the rhizosphere nitrogenase. Moreover, nitrogen fixation in the rhizosphere soil varied among the three rice varieties under intermediate deep water situations. Results indicate that nitrogen fixation is affected by plant density and the rice variety.
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  • 22
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    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Phragmites communis ; Reed ; Rhizosphere ; Rice ; Roots ; Soil temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relation of nitrogenase activity (ethylene evolution) to soil temperature or incubation temperature of roots was determined on two genera of swamp plants, namely rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in tropical climate and reed (Phragmites communis) grown in temperate regions. For both intact rice plants and excised rice roots the optimum temperature was 35°C. On excised roots nitrogenase activity responded more sensitivity to changes in temperature. In contrast to intact rice plants no ethylene evolution occurred on excised roots at 17 and 44°C. On reed roots temperature optimum was between 26 and 30°C which is clearly lower than on rice (35°C). The temperature range in which nitrogen fixation occurred was, however, similar to that of rice, although on a lower level. The results suggest a higher potential of the tropics for associative N2 fixation, while in cooler climates the lower temperatures appear to be a major limiting factor.
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  • 23
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    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 391-394 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Concentration gradients ; Rhizosphere ; Soil-root interface ; Soil slicing method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of concentration gradients in the vicinity of plant roots. Plants are grown in small containers in which the roots are separated from the soil by a screen of nylon cloth. Root hairs but not roots penetrate the screen into the soil. In order to investigate the rhizospheric soil, the soil is frozen by liquid nitrogen and sliced into layers about 0.06 mm thick by means of a refrigerated microtome.
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  • 24
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 341-352 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizoplane ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aerobic and anaerobic N2-fixing bacteria developed in the rhizosphere of barley seedlings and exhibited N2ase activity when seedlings were grown in sterilized sand-nutrient cultures containing low levels of combined nitrogen. The source of the N2-fixing bacteria appeared to be the seed. Average daily rates up to 0.9 μmoles C2H4 h−1 g−1 dry root tissue were measured, but the intensity of the activity was affected by moisture levels and concentration of combined N in the rhizosphere. Removal and washing of the roots did not remove the activity, and roots remained active even after surface-sterilization. An unidentified aerobic N2-fixing bacterium was isolated from the rhizoplane of active barley roots. Inoculation of barley seedlings with the aerobic N2-fixing bacterium enhanced N2ase activity of excised roots 10-fold, with average rates of 0.9, 1.1 and 1.3 μmoles h−1 g−1 dry root assayed under pO2 of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 atm respectively. The aerobic N2-fixing bacterium also exhibited N2ase activity when inoculated into the rhizosphere of oat, rice and wheat seedlings. Microscopic observations of sterilized live and stained barley roots suggest that the aerobic N2-fixing bacterium is an endophyte which infects root tissue and metamorphoses into vesicle-like structures.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acridine orange ; Barley ; Cerelas ; Microdochium bolleyi ; Nuclear staining ; Phialophora radicicola ; Rhizosphere ; Root cortex death ; Take-all ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nuclear staining with acridine orange was used to assess cell viability in the cortex of wheat and barley seminal roots from glasshouse and field experiments. Results from this method correlated well with nuclear assessments made in unstained or Feulgen-stained roots, and other evidence is presented to support the validity of the method. The pattern of root cortex death (RCD) was similar in wheat and barley and consistent over a wide range of conditions. Behind the extending root tip and zone of nucleate root hairs, nuclei disappeared progressively from the outer five (of six) cortical cell layers of the root axes, starting in the epidermis. Stainable nuclei remained in the sixth cell layer, next to the endodermis, and in most cell layers around the bases of root laterals and in a small region immediately below the grain. The onset of cell death was apparently related more to the age of a root region than to its distance behind the root tip, and it was not closely correlated with endodermal or stelar development assessed by staining with phloroglucinol/HCl. The rate of RCD was much faster in wheat than barley in both glasshouse and field conditions, and faster in some spring wheat cultivars than in others in the glasshouse. RCD occurred in sterile vermiculite and perlite and was not enhanced by the presence of soil microorganisms; nor was it enhanced in soil by the addition of the non-pathogenic fungal parasitesPhialophora radicicola var..graminicola orMicrodochium bolleyi. RCD is suggested to be endogenously controlled by the amount of photosynthate reaching the cortex. Its implications for growth of soil microorganisms and especially for growth and biological control of root-infecting fungi are discussed.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arthrocnemum ; Nitrification ; Rhizosphere ; Salinity ; Suaeda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nitrification rate in the rhizosphere of Suaeda and Arthrocnemum plants growing in saline soils, as affected by microbial populations, temperature, pH, and organic matter, was examined in the field throughout the year. The genera Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter were most common in the rhizosphere soil. The bacterial counts in the rhizosphere of both plants fluctuated during the study period, reaching peak values during February–March and in August. The nitrate concentration in the rhizosphere soil could be related with the observed increase in the numbers of ammonium-oxidizers and nitrite-oxidizers in the latter part of the study period. The pH of the rhizosphere soils did not have any influence on the nitrification rate at the values measured. The rhizosphere organic content varied between 1.8 and 4% (w/w), showing the continuous availability of organic matter in the soil. The seasonal changes in bacterial populations in the rhizospheres of both plants was described as the result of the combination of several factors.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arthrobacter ; Blue grama ; Bouteloua gracilis ; Herbage removal ; Pseudomonas ; Rhizoplane ; Rhizosphere ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Streptomycin-resistant Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter were isolated from semi-arid grassland soil and their relative responses in the rhizosphere of blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) subjected to herbage removal were evaluated. Using plants grown in normal soil, the two bacteria showed differential responses to herbage removal, which were most marked in the rhizoplane, where the Pseudomonas showed a two-log unit increase over a 60 hour period, while Arthrobacter, in contrast, exhibited a one-log unit decrease in viable counts for at least 48 hours after defoliation, responses which are similar to those observed in root exudate medium experiments by earlier workers. These results suggest that the rhizoplane may be a critical environment for interaction of these two types of microorganisms, and that sequential responses of the root-associated soil microorganisms may occur after herbage removal from this important rangeland plant. These responses are most likely associated with increased exudate release following herbage removal, which has been best documented using blue grama grown under sterile conditions.
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  • 28
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Phytoalexin ; Phytophthora megasperma ; Salinity ; Soybean ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rhizosphere salinity decreased the capacity of soybean to accumulate a pterocarpanoid phytoalexin (glyceollin) in the stem in response toPhytophthora megasperma var.sojae. Rapid (48h) accumulation was depressed by NaCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2 and MgSO4 applications. Time-course accumulations was slowed by applications. Time-course accumulation was slowed by application of 0.131M NaCl. Glyceollin accumulation was also reduced in plants subjected to a period of high salinity stress (0.177M NaCl, 72 h) after a period of nonsalinized growth. Calcium chloride completely suppressed glyceollin accumulation in normally-resistant plants but no susceptibility to the fungus was observed.
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  • 29
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    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 431-435 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Antarctic ; Hyphomycetes ; Monacrosporium cionopagum ; Monacrosporium ellipsosporum ; Nematophagous ; Predaceous fungi ; Rhizosphere ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The present investigation examines the comparative growth rates, at various temperatures between 4 and 30°C, of two nematophagous fungiMonacrosporium ellipsosporum (Preuss), (Grove), Cooke and Dickinson andM. cionapagum (Drechsler), (Subramanian), Cooke and Dickinson, both isolated from the Antarctic and from Britain. No psychrophilic species were found although the results clearly show that both the Antarctic isolates were psychro-tolerant, displaying lower minimum, optimum and maximum temperatures for growth than the British isolates. A modified form ofM. ellipsosporum isolated from the Antarctic grew only between 4 and 15°C, indicating it to be much better adapted to such cold habitats than the other isolates examined.
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  • 30
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    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 381-391 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Caloium ; Nodulation ; pH Phosphate ; Polymeric hydrolysis ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Root elongation ; Root hairs ; Trifolium repens ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of aluminium on theTrifolium repens var Huia-Rhizobium trifolii strain HP3 symbiosis were studied using an axenic solution-culture system. With, 10 μM phosphate, 50 μM aluminium reduced or inhibited root elongation at pH〈5.0, root hair formation at pH〈 5.0–5.5, and Rhizobium multiplication in the rhizosphere and nodule formation at pH〈6.0. In the absence of aluminium, root elongation and root hair formation were reduced at pH〈4.3, and Rhizobium multiplication and nodule formation were inhibited at pH〈5.0. Root hair formation was more sensitive to aluminium at pH〈5 than was root elongation. No effect of aluminium on Rhizobium multiplication and nodule formation at pH〈5 was detected because both were sensitive to pH alone. At pH 5.5 most of the aluminium changed immediately to a form which was susceptible to low-speed centrifugation, but which was detected by the aluminon method of analysis, and after 24 h a precipitate formed. the concentration of phosphate was reduced also, to approximately 1μM. Toxicity was overcome by either increasing the phosphate concentration from 10 to 50 μM, or by increasing the pH to 6.0 and the calcium, concentration to 1000μM.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Rhizosphere ; Salt tolerance ; Soil solution ; Sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Junge Zuckerrübenpflanzen, deren Wurzeln wurzelnahen Bodenlösungen mit hohen Salzkonzentrationen (bis 〈−3,0 MPa) ausgesetzt waren, paßten sich dem Salzstreß durch Erhöhung ihrer Gehalte on osmotisch wirksamen Substanzen (OWS) an. Der OWS-Anstieg war in den Wurzeln deutlich geringer als in den Sprossen. In den wurzelnahen Bodenlösungen junger, welkender Zuckerrüben wurden maximale Salzkonzentrationen, die ψo-Werten von −1,6 bis 〈−3,0 MPa entsprachen, gefunden. Diese erheblichen Unterschiede standen in enger Beziehung mit den ψo-Werten der welkenden Sprosse. Es wird gefolgert, daß die maximale Salzkonzentration der wurzelnahen Bodenlösung, aus der eine wurzel kaum noch Wasser entziehen kann, in etwa dem ψo-Wert der welkenden Blätter entspricht.
    Notes: Summary When roots of young sugar beets were exposed to rhizospheric soil solutions of high salt concentrations (up to 〈−3,0 MPa) their adaption occurred by increasing their contents in osmotically effective substances (OES). The increase of the OES-contents was much smaller in the roots than in the shoots. In the rhizospheric soil solutions of young, wilting sugar beets there were found maximum salt concentrations ranging from −1,6 to 〈−3,0 MPa. These large differences were closely related to the ψo-values found in the wilting shoots. It is concluded that the maximum salt concentration of the rhizospheric soil solution preventing uptake of soil water corresponds to the ψo-values of the wilting shoot.
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  • 32
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    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 473-477 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hexachloroxyclohexane ; Nitrogenase activity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Redox potential ; Rhizosphere ; Rice plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of application of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH=gamma BHC), to a submerged tropical field soil at rates equivalent to recommended field rates (1–2.5kg a.i./ha) and twice this level, upon the rhizosphere soil nitrogenase, nitrogen fixers, and soil redox potential (Eh) was investigated. The rhizosphere soil from HCH-treated field exhibited significantly higher nitrogenase activity than that from untreated fields. HCH retarded the drop in redox potential of the field soil upto 80 days after transplantation under submerged conditions. Populations of nitrogen-fixingAzospirillum sp. and Azotobacter, to a greater extent, and anaerobic organisms, to a lesser extent, were stimulated in HCH-treated soils. Results indicate the stimulation of heterotrophic nitrogen-fixing bacteria by HCH in submerged paddy soils.
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  • 33
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    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 363-371 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fluorescence microscopy ; Exudates ; Microbial ecology ; Model root ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The construction and assembly of a model root region is described. The model was used to manipulate the soil matrix, soil microorganisms, and to simulate release of root exudates. The design of the apparatus facilitated long-term, direct microscopic observations of microbial activity in soil and on artificial roots. Preliminary studies indicate that microbial responses to osmotic stress and to changes in components of exudate solutions are easily monitored.
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  • 34
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    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 71-80 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fluorescent antibody ; Immunofluorescence ; Rhizobium japonicum ; Rhizosphere ; Root surfaces ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Populations of nativeRhizobium japonicum 123 in the rhizospheres of field and pot grown plants as determined by immunofluorescence were calculated on the basis of root surface area. The density ofR. japonicum 123 on the root fluctuated between a few hundred to over a thousand per square centimeter of root surface. As root volume expanded rapidly, the Rhizobium density fell to less than one hundred per unit area. There was no appreciable effect due to different plant, nitrogen amendment, or addition of another strain ofR. japonicum, on the surface density of the nativeR. japonicum population on roots. Nor did the native population influence the added strain. Direct examination of root surface segments revealed that naturalized rhizobia existed sparsely on root surfaces in the form of short rods. They were observed to be attached sideways or in a polar manner on root hairs, epidermal cells, and at junctions of tap and lateral roots. There was no evidence of specific stimulation of the homologous Rhizobium by the host plant as a prelude to nodulation.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Competition ; Inoculum potential ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium growth rates ; Rhizosphere ; Temperature ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The competition between slow- and fast-growing types of rhizobia for nodulation of cowpeas was studied using modified Leonard-jars. Rhizosphere populations of Rhizobium, mixed and pure populations, were examined on cowpea plants grown in large glass tubes. At 25°C and at a low level of inoculation, the fast-growing strain, NGR 234, dominated the rhizosphere but at 30°C, the slow-growing strain CB 756 dominated or was equally represented depending on its initial level in the mixed inoculum. At 25°C/23°C (day/night), the fast-growing strain from Lablab (NGR 234) was a superior competitor for nodule sites compared with three slow-growing strains of Rhizobium. When plants were grown at 30°/26°C, the slow-growing rhizobia were the better competitors for host nodulation. Fast-growing strains from Mimosa and Leucaena were poor competiors at both temperatures. The results were influenced by the proportions of the competing strains, as well as the total numbers of rhizobia, in the mixed inoculum. Other factors, including ‘host preferences’, host compatibility and time taken for nodule initiation, also contributed to the relative success of competing strains. The results reflect the persistent isolation in tropical regions of slow-growing cowpea-type of rhizobia from most tropical legumes. Dual occupancy of nodules by both fast- and slow-growing rhizobia occurred in 0–15% of the nodules formed for most paired inocula. However, the fast-growing Leucaena isolate NGR 14/1 was present in 73 to 83% of the nodules formed by the slow-grower CB 756.
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  • 36
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 77-91 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Microorganisms ; Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phosphate uptake ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary No root systems in nature are without a microbial population. These may be freeliving or symbiotic. The incidence and nutrition of the freeliving microorganisms is discussed. Shortage of substrate makes it unlikely that the N-fixers in the population can fix useful amounts of N. There is a possibility that P supply is improved, but an analysis of possible processes shows them to be rather unlikely, and evidence for them to be poor. Manganese and iron uptake can be altered by microbial activity. Growth of plants can be affected by non-nutritional bacterial effects. The ecology of Rhizobium in the soil is briefly discussed, and the varying needs of different identified strains is stressed. Mycorrhizal infection of plants leads to large growth increases in appropriate conditions. This is almost always linked to increased P uptake, but zinc and copper nutrition can also be improved. The processes involved are briefly discussed. Rapid and extensive infection is important; it is very sensitive to temperature. New modelling methods are now becoming available to measure the behaviour of the fungal infections. The microorganisms require C compounds from the plant, and new measurements of this cost are discussed. The possibility of practical use of mycorrhizal fungi seem to be improving.
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