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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (17.004)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (3.162)
  • ddc:330
  • 1995-1999  (17.636)
  • 1950-1954  (2.662)
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  • 1
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 2
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 3
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    Berlin : Birkhäuser | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-15
    Beschreibung: Ökoeffizienz ist die Grundlage eines zukunftsfähigen Managements, dessen Ziel es ist, Ökonomie und Ökologie zu vereinen. Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker und Jan-Dirk Seiler-Hausmann zeigen, daß diese Kombination den Unternehmen in Zukunft sogar mehr Gewinn bringen kann als herkömmliche Unternehmensführung.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: book , doc-type:book
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  • 4
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    Bonn : Bündnis 90/Die Grünen | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 5
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    Cheltenham : Elgar | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-30
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 6
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    Wiesbaden : Gabler | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-30
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 7
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    Leipzig : Brockhaus | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-15
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 8
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    Salzburg : Eigenverl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-10-13
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 10
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-15
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 11
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-15
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 12
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    Berlin : Birkhäuser | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: book , doc-type:book
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  • 13
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 14
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-21
    Beschreibung: Statisticians avoid getting involved in data analysis, leaving data users on their own in interpreting the results of their work. This is particularly unfortunate in a new area of applied statistics such as environmental accounting with which few are really familiar. Earlier this year data producers and users explored, in a national seminar, possible policy applications of the results of a "green accounting" project in the Philippines. The main findings of the author's contribution to the seminar, on which the present paper is based, are that environmental accounts: (1) present evidence of sustainable economic performance in the country during the relatively short-time period of 1988–1994; (2) provide information for environmental cost internalization; (3) may guide investment to environmentally sound production processes; (4) help to specify and monitor policies of natural wealth conservation, distribution and management; and (5) reveal major data gaps. The paper concludes that environmental accounts help to assess the sustainability of economic growth in terms of broadly defined capital maintenance. The sustainability of development, however, would have to be measured by alternative or supplementary physical indicators linked to quantifiable standards or targets.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: article , doc-type:article
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  • 15
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-30
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-30
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-30
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
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    Unbekannt
    Cheltenham : Elgar | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 21
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    Berlin : Birkhäuser | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-11
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 22
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: article , doc-type:article
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  • 23
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: article , doc-type:article
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  • 24
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    Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler : Europ. Academy for the Study of Consequences of Scientific and Technological Advance | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 25
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    München : Hampp | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-15
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 26
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-30
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 27
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 28
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-19
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 29
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    Gelsenkirchen : Inst. Arbeit und Technik | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-19
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 30
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-02-18
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 31
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-02-18
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 32
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-02-18
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 33
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-02-18
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 34
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    Gelsenkirchen : Inst. Arbeit und Technik | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-19
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 35
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    Berlin : Springer | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-30
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 36
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-15
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 37
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    Hamburg : S + W, Steuer- und Wirtschaftsverl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-30
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 38
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 39
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 40
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-26
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 41
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    Frankfurt/Main : Campus-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 42
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    Eskilstuna : Swedish National Energy Administration | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-15
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 43
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-18
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 44
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: conferenceobject , doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 45
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 46
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 47
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-15
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 48
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-18
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 49
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-15
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 50
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-26
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 51
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 52
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    Unbekannt
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-15
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 53
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 54
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Stockholm : Forskningsradsnämnden | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-06-29
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 55
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    Unbekannt
    Springfield, VA : National Technical Information Service | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 56
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    Unbekannt
    Baden-Baden : Nomos-Verl.-Ges. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-15
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 57
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-28
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 58
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    Unbekannt
    Bonn : Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-19
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 59
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    Unbekannt
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-21
    Beschreibung: Since the early 1980s, there has been a lively discussion about the rhetoric of economics. Ecological economists, however, so far have not tried to incorporate this discussion into their work. This paper is a first step towards including the discourse on rhetoric into the self-awareness of ecological economics. After a brief outline of what this discourse is about, the importance of metaphors as one aspect of rhetoric is examined. Connections of the rhetorical discourse to ecological economics as a post-normal science are shown. It is argued that two rhetorics of ecological economics can be distinguished: internal and external rhetoric. While the former refers mostly to methodological issues, the latter is of particular importance for the political impact that ecological economics can have. Finally, some suggestions for research are made.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: article , doc-type:article
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  • 60
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Fürth : Filander
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-19
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 61
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-19
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 62
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    Unbekannt
    Gelsenkirchen : Inst. Arbeit und Technik | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-19
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 63
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-02-18
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 64
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-02-18
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:330
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 703-712 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): synthesis ; homopolymerization ; block copolymerization ; N-ethyl-2-ethyl-pyridinium ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A novel acetylenic monomer 2-N-ethyl pyridinium trifluoromethane sulfonate (2EPyEtTf) was synthesized and polymerized. Diblock copolymers of 2EPyEtTf with styrene and with butadiene were prepared. Initiation of the polymerization by living anionic polystyryl--Li+ and polybutadienyl--Li+ (Scheme 1) resulted in polystyrene-block-poly(N-ethyl-2-ethynylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate) (PS57PA8), and polybutadiene -block-poly(N-ethyl-2-ethynylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate) (PB30PA8). These amphiphilic block molecules contain rigid, conjugated, and strongly hydrophilic polyacetylene chain fragments attached to hydrophobic polystyrene or flexible polybutadiene chain fragments. The structure of these copolymers was studied by FTIR, UV-visible, and NMR spectroscopy. GPC and viscometry were also used to obtain information on the molecular mass and the molecular mass distribution. Thermal behavior was investigated by means of TGA and DSC. Both block copolymers were shown to form stable monolayers at the air-water interface. The positively charged rigid polyacetylene portion of the copolymer is believed to be partially submerged, while the more flexible hydrophobic chains are forced out of the water. Multilayers of PB30PA8 deposited using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique were found to be less uniform than in the case of the previously reported polystyrene-block-poly(2EPyMeTf) (PS12PA4) copolymer (Balogh et al., Macromolecules, 29, 1996). Polycation-polyanion self-assembly deposition was also investigated, using polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) as polyanion. While PS57PA8/PSS layer-by-layer deposition was not uniform, it was found that PB30PA8/PSS gave homogenous and stable films on hydrophilic glass substrates. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 703-712, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 737-748 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): inverse microemulsion polymerization ; MADQUAT ; nucleation ; photopolymerization ; molecular weights ; flocculants ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The polymerization of inverse microemulsions of 2-methacryloyl oxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride stabilized by a blend of nonionic emulsifiers (a sorbitan sesquioleate and a sorbitan monooleate) and initiated by UV light in the presence of Azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) was investigated. The effect of initiator concentration, light intensity, emulsifier concentration, and dispersed phase weight fraction on the polymerization rate (Rp), number of polymer particles (Np), and polymer molecular weight (Mw) was studied. The application of this process to tubular reactors is discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 737-748, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1127-1156 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): emulsion polymerization ; crosslinking and long-chain branching ; molecular weight distribution ; compartmentalization ; gel formation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A kinetic model for evaluating the chain length distribution of a branched polymer produced in emulsion was developed. Chain branching occurring through any intermolecular mechanism is considered, namely, crosslinking, chain transfer to polymer and propagation to terminal double bond. The model accounts for active chain compartmentalization and, when coupled to a model able to describe the evolution of the polymerization system, allows evaluation of the cumulative properties of the produced polymer both in the pregel and postgel phases. The numerical difficulties related to the description of a rather wide polymer chain population and of gel formation are overcome by using the ‘numerical fractionation’ technique. A parametric analysis of both instantaneous and cumulative properties is reported and discussed, with special attention to the role of radical compartmentalization in determining the molecular weight properties of a polymer produced in emulsion. Significant differences with the molecular weights computed using models developed for homogeneous (non compartmentalized) systems have been found. A comparison with the predictions of Flory's statistical theory is also reported in terms of gel point and gel weight fraction. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1127-1156, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 861-871 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): 2-methylene-1,3-dioxane ; 4-methyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxane ; 4,4,6-trimethyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxane ; 2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane ; 4-methyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane ; 4,5-dimethyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane ; cationic copolymerization ; reactivity ratio ; relative reactivity ; ring-retained polymerization ; cyclic ketene acetals ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Cationic copolymerizations of 4-methyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxane, 2 (M1), with 2-methylene-1,3-dioxane, 1 (M2); of 4,4,6-trimethyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxane, 3 (M1), with 2-methylene-1,3-dioxane, 1 (M2); of 4-methyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane, 5 (M1), with 2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane, 4 (M2); and of 4,5-dimethyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane, 6 (M1), with 2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane, 4 (M2) were conducted. The reactivity ratios for these four types of copolymerizations were r1 = 1.73 and r2 = 0.846; r1 = 2.26 and r2 = 0.310; r1 = 1.28 and r2 = 0.825; r1 = 2.23 and r2 = 0.515, respectively. The relative reactivities of these monomers towards cationic polymerization are: 3 〉 2 〉 1; and 6 〉 5 〉 4. With both five- and six-membered ring cyclic ketene acetals, the reactivity increased with increasing methyl substitution on the ring. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 861-871, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 883-888 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): temperature sensitive ; particle ; emulsion polymerization ; morphology ; adsorption ; enzyme ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Two kinds of temperature-sensitive composite polymer particles were prepared by seeded emulsion copolymerizations of (dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate with 0.14 μm-sized polystyrene and 0.26 μm-sized poly(methylmethacrylate) seed particles. To evaluate the usefulness as a carrier for biomolecules, the enzymatic activities of trypsin adsorbed on these two composite polymer particles were measured at temperatures above and below each lower critical solution temperature (LCST). In both cases, adsorbed trypsin retained its enzymatic activity during repeated adsorption/desorption measurements. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 883-888, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): (1→6)-2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol ; HPLC ; optical resolution ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The cyclopolymerization of 3,4-di-O-allyl-1,2 : 5,6-dianhydro-D-mannitol (1) was carried out using BF3·OEt2 and t-BuOK. The polymer obtained by the polymerization with BF3·OEt2 mainly consisted of (1→6)-bonded 3,4-di-O-allyl-2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol as the five-membered constitutional repeating unit, though it contained a small amount of other cyclic repeating units. On the other hand, during the polymerization using t-BuOK, the stereoregular polymer (1→6)-linked 3,4-di-O-allyl-2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (2) was synthesized via a regio- and stereoselective mechanism. Cleavage of the allyl ether linkage in polymer 2 occurred to produce the polymer consisting of only 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol units, i.e., (1→6)-2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (3). Chromatographic enantioseparation of chloroquine and tröger base has been performed on (3,5-dimethylphenyl)carbamate and 4-methylbenzoate derivatives of 3 as a chiral stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 901-909, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 939-947 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): fluorine ; perfluoropolyether ; polyester ; segmented ; thermoplastic ; interfacial synthesis ; thermal transitions ; dynamic-mechanical properties ; chemical resistance ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Linear segmented polyesters containing soft perfluoropolyether (PFPE) and hard aromatic segments are obtained by an interfacial polycondensation reaction of an acyl chloride-ended fluorinated prepolymer with various aromatic diphenols in the presence of phase transfer catalysts (PTC) as accelerators. Experimental conditions for reaching high molecular weights are discussed. The calorimetric analysis (DSC) of all the polyesters synthesized shows a typical biphasic morphology, where a very low Tg (〈 -110°C) corresponding to the segregated PFPE moiety, is always accompanied by another Tg or a higher melting temperature, depending on the nature of the hard phase. Dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA) has been carried out confirming the DSC results and suggesting diversified mechanical behaviors at the various temperatures in line with the amorphous or semicrystalline nature of the polymer. Chemical resistance was finally tested by dipping in several solvents and chemicals. The new polyesters show high contact angles, a moderate swelling in many organic solvents and excellent stability in aggressive hydrolytic environments. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 939-947, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 979-984 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): lactitol ; hydrogel ; polyether polyol ; PEO and PPO linkage ; swelling degree ; thermosensitivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A series of new thermosensitive polymer hydrogels were prepared by reacting acylated poly(ethylene glycol) bis(carboxymethyl) ether (PEGBCOCl) with lactitol-based polyether polyols (LPEP). The polyether polyols were generated from propoxylation of lactitol and have molecular weights ranging from 1337 to 4055 g/mol. The hydrogels absorb water up to 1000% of their dry weight and expel free water at temperatures at and above 30°C. The wide ranging swelling behavior and excellent thermosensitivity depend closely on the degree of crosslinking and the propylene oxide lengths in the polyols. Differential scanning calorimetry of the hydrogels showed two endotherms associated with the phase transitions of PO and EO segments in the hydrogel structures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 979-984, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1017-1029 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: This paper discusses the poly(ethylene-co-p-methylstyrene) copolymers prepared by metallocene catalysts, such as Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 and [C5Me4(SiMe2NtBu)]-TiCl2, with constrained ligand geometry. The copolymerization reaction was examined by comonomer reactivity (reactivity ratio and comonomer conversion versus time), copolymer microstructure (DSC and 13C-NMR analyses) and the comparisons between p-methylstyrene and other styrene-derivatives (styrene, o-methylstyrene and m-methylstyrene). The combined experimental results clearly show that p-methylstyrene performs distinctively better than styrene and its derivatives, due to the cationic coordination mechanism and spatially opened catalytic site in metallocene catalysts with constrained ligand geometry. A broad composition range of random poly(ethylene-co-p-methylstyrene)copolymers were prepared with narrow molecular weight and composition distributions. With the increase of p-methylstyrene concentration, poly(ethylene-co-p-ethylstyrene)copolymer shows systematical decrease of melting point and crystallinity and increase of glass transition temperature. At above 10 mol % of p-methylstyrene, the crystallinity of copolymer almost completely disappears. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1017-1029, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1473-1480 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): thermotropic polymers ; liquid crystalline polymers ; semirigid spacers ; melt spinning ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A thermotropic, liquid crystalline copolyester, based on 2-chlorohydroquinone, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and terephthaloyl chloride, has been synthesized and melt spun. The cyclohexanedimethylene moiety acts as a semirigid spacer, introducing flexibility while preserving the thermotropic nature of the polymer. Melt-spun fibers were observed to have a high degree of molecular alignment owing to the nematic nature of the melt. Both polymer and fiber properties have been characterized. Characterization techniques used to this end include elemental analysis, hot-stage polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dilute solution viscometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1473-1480, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1481-1490 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): ibuprofen ; ketoprofen ; naproxen ; copolymer reactivity ; thermal stability ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Three nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid (ibuprofen), 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid (ketoprofen), and 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen), were covalently linked with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The drug-linked HEMA (M1) (ibuprofen-linked HEMA abbreviated as HI; ketoprofen-linked HEMA as HK, and naproxen-linked HEMA as HN), were respectively copolymerized with methacrylic acid (M2), MA, to obtain macromolecular prodrugs. The compositions of the copolymers were determined by means of a 1H-NMR spectroscopy and monomer reactivity ratios were estimated using the Kelen-Tüdös linear differential equation. The reactivity ratios are: r1 = 0.101 ± 0.012, r2 = 1.071 ± 0.065 for HI-MA; r1 = 0.344 ± 0.066, r2 = 0.966 ± 0.032 for HN-MA, and r1 = 0.650 ± 0.182, r2 = 1.032 ± 0.106 for HK-MA, respectively. The monomer reactivity toward to MA radical estimated from 1/r2 values is almost same for all three monomers (1/r2 ∼ 1). The glass transition temperatures of three drug-linked homopolymers go hand in hand with the steric hindrance of three drugs, i.e., ketoprofen 〉 naproxen ≫ ibuprofen calculated the minimum energy by computer molecular modeling. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1481-1490, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1363-1371 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): liquid chromatography ; column packing ; bare silica gel ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Liquid chromatography of macromolecules at the critical adsorption point (LC CAP) presents a potentially very powerful method for molecular characterization of complex polymers. However, LC CAP applicability is limited due to various experimental problems. The pore sizes and surface chemistry of the column packings belong to the most important weak points of the method. The LC CAP behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)s was investigated using bare silica gels of 6, 12, and 100 nm pore sizes and with various amounts of surface silanols. Tetrahydrofuran as the adsorption suppressing liquid and toluene as the adsorption promoting liquid were mixed to form the “nearly critical” eluents. Both pore size and surface chemistry of silica were found to strongly influence the retentive characteristics of the system in the critical adsorption area. Macromolecules that were large enough to be excluded from the packing pores hardly followed the LC CAP rules: their retention volumes changed irregularly with the polymer molar mass and their recovery dropped sharply. The narrow pore silica gel-packed column governed the elution patterns of the whole column set composed of silica gels with different pore sizes. This makes the conventional LC CAP characterization of common polymers with broader molar mass distribution impractical and even not feasible. A hybrid column system was proposed containing narrow pore nonadsorptive column added in series to the meso- and macroporous LC CAP silica gels. This narrow pore column would allow separation of gas, impurities, and system peaks from the polymer peaks. The possible successive changes of the surface of silica gel, e.g., due to formation of silanols by hydrolysis or due to irreversible adsorption of some admixtures from the sample or eluent may make the LC CAP irrepeatable. Pronounced peak broadening was observed in the critical adsorption area and this effect increased strongly with the polymer molar mass. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1363-1371, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1397-1405 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): hyperbranched polyesters ; nematic phase ; phloritic acid ; vectra ; melt rheology ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Two classes of liquid crystalline hyperbranched copolyesters were prepared by the copolycondensation of silylated 3,5-bis(acetoxy)benzoic acid with mixtures of mesogenic difunctional monomers. The first class of LC-copolyesters was obtained from 1 : 1 mixtures (molar ratio) of silylated β-(4-acetoxyphenyl)propionic acid and silylated 4-acetoxybenzoic acid (poly(HPPA/HBA)). The second class of LC-copolyesters was obtained by additional copolycondensation of silylated 6-acetoxy-2-naphthoic acid. The hyperbranched copolyesters of this ternary system poly(HPPA/HBA/HNA) proved to be less crystalline in contrast to the binary system. In both classes of LC-copolyesters the degree of branching was varied via the feed ratio of 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. A minimum segment length of 6 difunctional monomer units between the branching points is required to establish a nematic phase. However, a greater segment length is needed to obtain a homogeneous LC-phase. The poly(HPPA/HBA) copolyesters were also characterized by melt rheology. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1397-1405, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1417-1424 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate ; poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) ; atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) ; controlled free radical polymerization ; MALDI-MS ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The application of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to the homopolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, a functional monomer, is reported. The polymerizations exhibit first-order kinetics, and molecular weights increase linearly with conversion. Polydispersities remain low throughout the polymerization (Mw/Mn ≈ 1.2). Reactions were conducted in bulk and in 1 : 1 (by volume) aqueous solution; the latter demonstrates the resilience of ATRP to protic media. Analysis of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) by MALDI-MS and 1H-NMR shows Mn,exp to be much closer to Mn,th than those observed by SEC using polystyrene standards. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1417-1424, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1599-1606 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): bivalent organolanthanides ; polymerization ; methyl methacrylate ; stereomultiblock polymer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Bivalent organolanthanides with unbridged substituted indenyl or fluorenyl ligands (1-SiMe3Ind)2YTHF (I), (9-SiMe3Flu)2YTHF (II), were found to efficiently catalyze the stereoregular polymerization of methyl methacrylate. The microstructure of resultant polymers was shown to be dependent of a conformation that the ligands adopt at the polymerization temperature. The formation of isotactic rich PMMAs from complex II was proposed to be associated with the fluctuation of the 9-trimethylsilylfluorenyls around a C2 symmetric twisted-conformation. The formation of the multi(syndioPMMA-block-iso-PMMA) polymers from the mixture of rac- and meso-isomers of I was rationalized on the basis of competing conjugate addition and inversion of the metallocene conformation. Surprisingly, both rac- and meso-isomers of I were found to operate with similar activity and stereospecifity, although the stereospecific operation of the meso-form was not completely understandable. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1599-1606, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1491-1494 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): sulfonyl isocyanate ; acrylamide ; hydrogen-transfer polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: No abstract.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1495-1500 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): acryloyl-L-proline methyl ester (A-ProOMe) ; methacryloyl-L-proline methyl ester (MA-ProOMe) ; porous gel membranes ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Thermoresponsive porous gel membranes were synthesized by a simultaneously occurring process consisting of radiation-induced polymerization and crosslinking in aqueous solutions at various concentrations of acryloyl-L-proline methyl ester(A-ProOMe) without a crosslinker. Permeation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) through a thermoresponsive porous gel membrane obtained at a monomer concentration of 80% (w/w) drastically reduced around 14°C, the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of linear poly(A-ProOMe) in water, from 0.60 × 10-3 cm/min at 10°C to no permeation at 18°C, accompanied by changes in both size and shape of pores associated with gel shrinkage. Moreover, it was found that porous gel membranes with a porosity of approximately 60% had a greater PNP permeability constant through porous gel membranes with mutually connected pores obtained at a monomer concentration of 50% (w/w) than individually supported pores obtained at a monomer concentration of 70% (w/w). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1495-1500, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1509-1513 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): methylene blue ; dye-sensitized photopolymerization ; magnetic field ; triplet state ; acrylamide ; methyl methacrylate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Methylene blue sensitized photopolymerization of acrylamide (AM) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) using triethanolamine or the sodium salt of EDTA as a reducing agent has been investigated under the influence of a magnetic field (0-7.3 kG). There was no effect of the magnetic field (MF) on the polymerization of AM and MMA in aqueous medium. However, in the water-methanol mixture (1 : 1) the yield of polymer decreases and the molecular weight increases in both cases under MF. This has been explained on the basis of the triplet mechanism. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1509-1513, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1543-1551 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): polymer microspheres ; monodisperse ; crosslinked ; porosity ; porogen ; precipitation polymerization ; divinylbenzene ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The precipitation polymerization of commercial divinylbenzene in acetonitrile containing up to 40 vol. % toluene or other cosolvents is shown to produce novel porous monodisperse poly(divinylbenzene) microspheres. These microspheres have diameters between 4 and 7 μm, total pore volumes of up to 0.52 cm3/g, and surface areas of up to 800 m2/g. As no surfactant nor stabilizer was used in the preparation of these particles, their surfaces are free of any such residues. The particles were slurry-packed into stainless steel columns for size exclusion chromatography evaluation, and the results show an exclusion limit at molecular weights of 500 g/mol. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1543-1551, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1593-1597 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): MMA ; polymerization ; (diisopropylamido)bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)lanthanides ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: It was first found that (diisopropylamido)bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)lanthanides (MeC5H4)2LnN(i-Pr)2(THF) (Ln = Yb (1), Er (2), Y (3)) exhibit extremely high catalytic activity in the polymerization of methyl methacrylate. The reactions can be carried out over a quite broad range of polymerization temperatures from -78 to 40°C. The catalytic activity of the complexes increases with an increase of ionic radii of the metal elements, i.e. Y 〉 Er 〉 Yb. The results of GPC (gel permeation chromatography) indicate that the number-average molecular weights (Mn) of polymers obtained exceed 100 × 103 and the molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) becomes broad with the increase of temperature. Furthermore highly syndiotactic PMMA (87.7%) can be obtained by lowering the reaction temperature to -78°C. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1593-1597, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1607-1613 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; hybrid material ; poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) ; tetraethoxysilane ; (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)/silica hybrid material has been successfully prepared from styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in the presence of a coupling agent (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) by an in situ sol-gel process. It was observed that the gel time of sol-gel solution was dramatically influenced by the amount of APTES. The hybrid material exhibits optical transparency almost as good as both silica gel and the copolymer. The covalent bonds between organic and inorganic phases were introduced by the aminolysis reaction of the amino group with maleic anhydride units of copolymer to form a copolymer bearing trimethoxysilyl groups, which undergo hydrolytic polycondensation with TEOS. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the glass transition temperature of the hybrid materials increases with increasing of SiO2 composition. Photographs of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) inferred that the size of the inorganic particles in the hybrid materials was less than 20 nm. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1607-1613, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1639-1648 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) ; plasma ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The influence of different types of low and atmospheric pressure plasma on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been studied in terms of changes in molar mass and molar mass distribution. Apart from a variation of plasma gases (oxygen, helium) different types of plasma (microwave, radio frequency, corona discharge) were used for the plasma surface modification. The changes in molar mass and types of functional end groups of lower molar mass products were investigated by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS), whereas the high-molar mass fraction was analyzed by means of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The formation of crosslinked products during exposure to a helium plasma, which emits preponderately energy-rich and intense ultraviolet radiation, was proved by means of thermal field-flow fractionation (ThFFF). This method combined with a multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) detector allows detection of weakly crosslinked polymers and microgels. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1639-1648, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1657-1665 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): 2,6-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)naphthalene dianhydride ; poly(ether imide)s ; thermal behavior ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A new naphthalene unit-containing bis(ether anhydride), 2,6-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)naphthalene dianhydride, was synthesized in three steps starting from the nucleophilic nitrodisplacement reaction of 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene and 4-nitrophthalonitrile in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution in the presence of potassium carbonate, followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the intermediate bis(ether dinitrile) and subsequent dehydration of the resulting bis(ether diacid). High-molar-mass aromatic poly(ether imide)s were prepared using a conventional two-step polymerization process from the bis(ether anhydride) and various aromatic diamines. The intermediate poly(ether amic acid)s had inherent viscosities of 0.65-2.03 dL/g. The films of poly(ether imide)s derived from two rigid diamines, i.e. p-phenylenediamine and benzidine, crystallized during the thermal imidization process. The other poly(ether imide)s belonged to amorphous materials and could be fabricated into transparent, flexible, and tough films. These aromatic poly(ether imide) films had yield strengths of 104-131 MPa, tensile strengths of 102-153 MPa, elongation to break of 8-87%, and initial moduli of 1.6-3.2 GPa. The glass transition temperatures (Tg's) of poly(ether imide)s were recorded in the range of 220-277°C depending on the nature of the diamine moiety. All polymers were stable up to 500°C, with 10% weight loss being recorded above 550°C in both air and nitrogen atmospheres. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1657-1665, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1683-1683 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1847-1854 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): polyhydrazides ; poly-1,3,4-oxadiazoles ; thermal behavior ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Two flexible dicarboxylic acid monomers, 4,4′-[isopropylidenebis(1,4-phenylene)dioxy]dibenzoic acid (1) and 4,4′-[hexafluoroisopropylidenebis(1,4-phenylene)-dioxy]dibenzoic acid (3), were synthesized from readily available compounds in two steps in high yields. High molecular-weight polyhydrazides and poly(amide-hydra-zide)s were directly prepared from dicarboxylic acids 1 and 3 with terephthalic dihydrazide (5), isophthalic dihydrazide (6), and p-aminobenzhydrazide (7) by the phosphorylation reaction by means of diphenyl phosphite (DPP) and pyridine in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)/LiCl, or prepared from the diacyl chlorides of 1 and 3 with the hydrazide monomers 5-7 by the low-temperature solution polycondensation in NMP/LiCl. Less favorable results were obtained when using triphenyl phosphite (TPP) instead of DPP in the direct polycondensation reactions. Except for those derived from terephthalic dihydrazide, the resulting polyhydrazides and poly(amide-hydrazide)s could be cast into colorless, flexible, and tough films with good tensile strengths. All the hydrazide polymers and copolymers are amorphous in nature and are readily soluble in various polar solvents such as NMP and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Their Tgs were recorded in the range of 162-198°C and could be thermally cyclodehydrated into the corresponding polyoxadiazoles and poly(amide-oxadiazole)s approximately in the region of 300-380°C, as evidenced by the DSC thermograms. The oxadiazole polymers and copolymers showed a dramatically decreased solubility and higher Tg when compared to their respective hydrazide prepolymers. They exhibited Tgs of 190-216°C and were stable up to 450°C in air or nitrogen. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1847-1854, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1891-1899 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): polyisobutylene ; poly(dimethylsiloxane) ; hydrosilation ; bicomponent networks ; molecular weight between crosslinks ; network functionality ; sol fraction ; extractables ; model networks ; end-linking ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The synthesis of novel polyisobutylene (PIB)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) bicomponent networks is described. The synthesis strategy (see Figure 1) was to prepare well-defined and -characterized allyl-tritelechelic polyisobutylenes [φ(PIB - C - C=C)3] and SiH-ditelechelic poly(dimethylsiloxanes) (HSi-PDMS-SiH) and then crosslink these moieties by hydrosilation. The φ(PIB - C - C=C)3 was prepared by living isobutylene polymerization followed by end-quenching with allyltrimethylsilane, whereas the HSi-PDMS-SiH was obtained by equilibrium polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and tetramethyldisiloxane. The detailed structures of the starting polymers were characterized by GPC and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. A series of PIB/PDMS bicomponent networks of varying compositions and average molecular weights between crosslinks (Mc) of ∼ 20,000 g/mol were assembled. Optimum crosslinking conditions were defined in terms of H2PtCl6 catalyst concentration, nature of solvent, time, temperature, and stoichiometry of ∼ CH2CH=CH2/∼SiH groups, allowing for the convenient synthesis of well-defined model bicomponent networks. Swelling studies and elemental analysis confirm the correctness of the synthetic strategy. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1891-1899, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1901-1910 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): polyisobutylene ; poly(dimethylsiloxane) ; bicomponent networks ; network structure ; molecular weight between crosslinks ; network properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The first part of this series concerned the synthesis of novel polyisobutylene (PIB)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) bicomponent networks; the present paper concerns the structure and property characterization of a series of bicomponent networks of varying compositions (PIB wt %/PDMS wt % = 92/8, 70/30, 50/50, 35/65) having average molecular weights between crosslinks (Mc) of ˜ 20,000 g/mol. According to network structure analysis by uniaxial equilibrium stress-strain measurements, the experimental Mc's are in excellent agreement with theoretical values. Hydrosilation end-linking efficiency was quantitated by the amount of sol and functional group analysis by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. NMR evidence indicates double-bond isomerization during hydrosilation. Network compositions by elemental analysis together with the low sol fractions indicate efficient crosslinking. These data suggest highly efficient network formation and well-defined bicomponent network structures. While PIB and PDMS showed Tg's at -72 and -124°C, respectively, the bicomponent network did not exhibit clearly discernible phase transitions. The heat stability of bicomponent networks increased slightly with increasing PDMS content showing initial (10%) degradation temperatures at ˜ 380°C in nitrogen and ˜ 320°C in air. Tensile strengths and elongations were dependent on composition and varied in the 0.6-3.8 MPa and 600-1100% ranges, respectively. The swelling behavior was not much affected by composition. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1901-1910, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1785-1790 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): carbon monoxide ; norbornene ester ; glass transition temperature ; palladium catalyst ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In this article we will discuss the synthesis of the new copolymers of norbornene derivatives with an ester group and carbon monoxide, using Pd(CH3CN)4(BF4)2 as a catalyst and 2,2′-bipyridine as a ligand in nitromethane/methanol at 60°C. Elementary analysis, infrared spectra, and NMR spectra indicated that copolymers contain ketone, ester, and bicyclic structures. Methanol functions as the coinitiator and chain transfer agent in copolymerization. A decrease in the molar ratio of [CH3OH]/[Pd] caused an increase in molecular weight and a decrease in yield of the copolymer. The number-average molecular weight of copolymers (Mn) ranged from 3800 to 5300, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) ranged from -32 to 117°C. Thermal analysis revealed that both T10%d and Tmaxd exceeded 180 and 230°C, respectively. Linear long-chain substituents such as n-C11H23C(O)—O—CH2— drastically reduced Tg to a value of -32°C. In general, copolymers having a longer linear side-chain substituents of ester on norbornene have a more desirable solubility. Moreover, X-ray diffraction demonstrated that the degree of crystallinity decreases with an increasing length of side chain substituents. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1785-1790, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1813-1820 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): poly(ester-imide)s ; poly(ethylene terephthalate) ; transesterification, nematic phase ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Four series of copoly(ester-imide)s (co-PEIs) were prepared by transesterification of poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, with N-(4-carboxyphenyl)trimellitimide and an acetylated diphenol. Methylhydroquinone, tert. butylhydroquinone, phenylhydroquinone, and 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene were used as diphenols. The chemical structures of these co-PEIs were characterized by chemical analyses, 1H-, and 13C-NMR spectra. A low degree of crystallinity was observed when the PET content was above 85% mol %. Between 60 and 80 mol % PET all co-PEIs are biphasic, whereas below 60 mol % the co-PEIs form a homogeneous nematic melt and below the glass transition temperature (Tg) a nematic glass. The Tgs vary continously with the molar composition but the mechanical properties drop sharply when the nematic phase changes to an isotropic one. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1813-1820, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1821-1827 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): morphology ; grafting ; oxazoline-functionalized polymer particles ; carbolic acids ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Oxazoline-functionalized, crosslinked PMMA-particles, prepared by free radical nonaqueous dispersion polymerization, were grafted with n-decanoic acid and carboxylic acid-terminated polystyrene. Oxazoline groups, separated by an alkylspacer from the PMMA backbone, showed enhanced mobility with respect to the backbone, as evaluated by solid-state NMR spectroscopy using a dipolar filter. As a function of molecular mass of the carboxylic acid, the oxazoline conversion varied from 70 mol % for n-decanoic acid to 1% for monocarboxylate-terminated polystyrene CT-PS with Mn: 15,900 g/mol. Morphological studies, performed by TEM, showed that reaction with acid terminated polystyrene results exclusively in interfacial grafting at the particle surface. At low grafting levels a raspberry-like morphology was obtained, whereas grafting levels exceeding 14 wt % CT-PS resulted in core-shell morphology. Core-shell morphology was also verified by static light scattering using toluene solvent, which is isorefractive to the PMMA core. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1821-1827, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1573-1582 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): amic acid ; secondary amine ; maleic anhydride ; melt reaction kinetics ; model compounds ; polymer-bound functional groups ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: This study examines the legitimacy of using the reaction kinetics of low molecular weight model compounds in solution to predict the chemical kinetics of polymer-bound species in a homogeneous melt. The reaction under study takes place between an aliphatic secondary amine, diisooctadecylamine (DiOA), and a 5-membered anhydride ring, saturated maleic anhydride (MA), forming an amic acid product. The MA species was present as a pendant graft on either a model compound, dodecane-g-(maleic anhydride) (dodecane-g-MA), or a polymer chain, linear low-density polyethylene-g-(maleic anhydride) (LLDPE-g-MA). Pseudo-second-order kinetics of the anhydride consumption are followed by infrared spectroscopy, either in situ in dodecane solution or by scanning frozen film samples taken from a linear low-density polyethylene melt. It was found that the LLDPE-g-MA/DiOA system reacted at a slightly slower rate than the dodecane-g-MA/DiOA system in the low-viscosity solution at 140°C. In the melt, the dodecane-g-MA/DiOA system experienced a small decrease in the overall reaction rate compared to the same reaction carried out in dodecane. However, the LLDPE-g-MA/DiOA system underwent a 65% decrease in the observed second-order rate constant on going from a solution to the melt. To explain these phenomena, the effects of diffusion, miscibility, and chain entanglements in the melt are examined here. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1573-1582, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): triblock copolymers ; polycondensations ; telechelic character ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Telechelic oligo(ether-ketone)s containing two trimethylsiloxy end groups and one methyl group per repeating unit were prepared by polycondensation of 4-fluoro-2′-methyl-4′-(trimethylsiloxy)benzophenone. The telechelic character was achieved by cocondensation of a small amount of silylated bisphenol-P. The end groups of the silylated oligo(ether-ketone)s were acetylated by means of acetyl chloride. On the basis of 1H-NMR end group analyses two samples of α,ω-bis(acetoxy) oligo(ether-ketone)s with DP = 14 and DP ∼ 28 were obtained. These oligo(ether-ketone)s and a 70 or 140 fold molar amount of silylated 3,5-bis(acetoxy)benzoic acid were polycondensed at 270°C in bulk. The resulting A-B-A triblock copolymers were fractionated by dissolution in tetrahydrofuran. In three out of four experiments a small fraction of precipitated material rich in oligo(ether-ketone) was isolated. The purified triblock copolymers were characterized by inherent viscosities and NMR spectra. For those samples containing the long oligo(ether-ketone) block a low degree of crystallinity was observed after annealing. Four additional polycondensations were conducted with an initial reaction temperature of 290°C. In this way a completely soluble and amorphous triblock copolymer was obtained. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 31-38, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 21-29 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): liquid crystalline polymers ; epoxy resins ; thermotropic ; polymer chain extension ; catalytic polyaddition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: This work is a continuation of the authors' earlier investigations of liquid crystalline epoxy resins prepared from diglycidyl ether of 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl (DGE-DHBP), which was used as a mesogenic agent, and aliphatic dicarboxylic compounds, which were used as flexible spacers. In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of liquid crystalline epoxy resins, prepared from DGE-DHBP and difunctional aromatic compounds are described. Three series of liquid crystalline epoxy resins were prepared by chain extension of DGE-DHBP with isomeric hydroxybenzoic and benzenedicarboxylic acids as well as diphenols. An isophthalic-terminated polyether was applied to decrease the temperature of phase transitions. The syntheses were carried out by catalytic polyaddition in the melt. Triphenylphosphine was applied as the catalyst. The resulting epoxy resins were investigated by DSC, polarizing microscope as well as by X-ray and IR spectroscopy. The phase transition temperatures and the type of mesophase of the resulting products depend on the character of the functional groups in the chain extender and on the position of the functional groups in the aromatic ring. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 21-29, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 2021-2027 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): 2,2′-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)biphenyl dianhydride ; aromatic polyimides ; solubility ; thermal behavior ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A new aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride having a crank and twisted noncoplannar structure, 2,2′-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)biphenyl dianhydride, was synthesized by the reaction of 4-nitrophthalonitrile with biphenyl-2,2′-diol, followed by hydrolysis and cyclodehydration. The biphenyl-2,2′-diyl-containing aromatic polyimides having inherent viscosities up to 0.66 dL/g were obtained by the conventional two-step procedure starting from the dianhydride monomer and various aromatic diamines. Most of the polyimides were readily soluble in amide-type solvents such as N,N-dimethylacetamide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The aromatic polyimides had glass transition temperatures in the range of 205-242°C, and began to lose weight around 415°C, with 10% weight loss being recorded at about 500°C in air. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 36: 2021-2027, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 2069-2079 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): Candida antarctica lipase ; Novozym 435® ; polyester ; enzymatic polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Preliminary enzymatic polymerization studies in the simple stoichiometric adipic acid/butane-1,4-diol system using lipase B from Candida antarctica, immobilized as Novozym 435®, suggest that in solvent-free conditions a step-growth mechanism operates involving the sequential addition of an AB synthon by esterification mode only. Conversely, in toluene as solvent there is a change to the more facile transesterification mode in line with the conventional polyesterification procedure, pointing to a change in specificity of the lipase. Evidence is drawn from qualitative studies using a series of synthetic intermediates, enabling authentication of product mixtures together with an indication of the comparative reactivity of species along the proposed reaction pathway. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 2069-2080, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 2111-2117 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): dendritic polymer ; blends ; coatings ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Hybrid blends of poly(amidoamine) PAMAM dendrimers with two linear high polymers, poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, and poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc, are reported. The interaction between the blend components was studied using dynamic mechanical analysis, xenon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and tensile property measurements. The data suggest a much higher degree of interaction between components of PVAc-containing blends compared to those containing PVC. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 2111-2117, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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