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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (4,169)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (3,124)
  • Physics  (2,659)
  • 1980-1984  (9,198)
  • 1935-1939  (581)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    Mathematical and conceptual foundations of 20th-century physics (1984)
    Amsterdam ; New York : North-Holland Pub. Co
    Details
    Keywords: DDC 530.1 ; LC QC20 ; Mathematical physics ; Physics ; Quantum theory ; Relativity (Physics)
    ISBN: 9780444875853
    URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/publication?issn=03040208&volume=100
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050400301
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    The formation of the sex glands and germ cells of mammals I. The origin of the germ cells in the albino rat (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925), S. 517-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An early segregation of germ cells and migration through a germ track into the gonad does not occur in the albino rat. The germ cells are produced only from the peritoneum of the genital region and their earliest formation is coincident with the thickening of the coelomic epithelium to form the genital ridge. This takes place eleven days after insemination in embryos of approximately 18 somites. Germ cells continue to form from the peritoneum during the early development of the gonad. The peritoneum of this region also produces mesenchyme, smaller cells of the gonads, and the germinal epithelium.The argument for the specific character of the germ cells in vertebrates and their continuity from the egg is based largely upon assumption, and not upon substantial observations, and must be discarded. Germ-cell origin is a problem of cellular differentiatio, and not of early segregation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050400305
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Errata (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1925), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050410102
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  • 5
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    The growth and chemical composition of three species of turtles fed on rations of pure foods (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1925), S. 191-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Painted turtles, gopher tortoises, and terrapins were fed on various mixtures of sand, salts, dextrin, casein, cod-liver oil, wheat, eggs, lettuce, and meal worms. Each individual was weighted weekly for about a year and then killed for analysis, the water, ash, nitrogen, and fat being determined. Some individuals increased in weight as much as 75 per cent, others lost weight. Judged by growth and chemical analyses, the food requirements of chelonians, as representative poikilothermal vertebrates toward nutritive substances (including vitamines) are similar to those of homoiothermal animals.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050410109
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  • 6
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    Natural partial fertilization in fasciolaria (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1925), S. 267-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Of the eggs laid by Fasciolaria about 1 per cent develop into veligers, about 2 per cent more undergo a few cleavage divisions, and about 97 per cent do not divide at all. The 99 per cent that fail to develop normally are ‘swallowed’ by the veligers. This study concerns itself chiefly with the ova that do not divide. Notes on normal development and on the ova that undergo atypical cleavage are included.All of the ova are found to be typical when passed from the ovary. To each ovum one to several sperms become attached at the vegetal pole in the region of a mass of undifferentiated protoplasm - the ‘polar mass.’ A fertilization cone forms in each ovum and a fertilization membrane. In typical development a yolk lobe is formed, the sperm enters in the usual way, and fertilization is completed as in many other mollusks. In 97 per cent of the ova the yolk lobe is not formed and the sperm does not enter. In these cases the wall of the egg nucleus remains intact a long time. The nucleus itself and the ‘polar mass’ sink into the egg and meet at the center. Then the nuclear wall disappears and an atypical diaster is formed. However, cleavage is not begun and the chromosomes form vesicles that remain near the center of the ovum until it is ‘swallowed’ and digested by the veliger.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050410112
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  • 7
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    The histology of the blood of perophora viridis (ascidian)The observations here recorded were made at the United States Biological Station, Beaufort, North Carolina. I wish to express my gratitude to Hon. Henry O'Malley, Commissioner of Fisheries, for the privilege of using the laboratory, and to Mr. Charles Hatsell, acting director of the station, for the many courtesies extended to me during the course of the work. (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1926), S. 311-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The blood of Perophora viridis is found to contain six types of cells: (1) Green cells, which have green-colored fatty bodies embedded in clear cytoplasm. (2) Orange cells, with orange-colored bodies of unknown composition in the cytoplasm. (3) Colorless berry-like cells, with fluid-filled vesicles in the cytoplasm. (4) Granular amoeboid cells. (5) Compartmental amoeboid cells, which have box-like vacuoles containing brownian granules of a fatty substance. (6) Vesicular, signet-ring type of cell having a single large vacuole. The cytological structure of these cells and their reaction to various dyes are described.An effort has been made to homologize the types of cells found in the blood of other ascidians with those found in Perophora.It is concluded that the variety of colors found in the cells of ascidian blood is due to the varying chemical states of the vanadium-containing chromogen present in the cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050410203
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  • 8
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    Masthead (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 42 (1926) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050420101
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  • 9
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    The metabolic gradients of vertebrate embryos. II. The brook lamprey (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 42 (1926), S. 111-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Disintegration in killing agents was studied throughout development. In the unfertilized egg and cleavage stages the death gradient runs from animal to vegetal pole. In the late blastula stage the future dorsal surface and future point of gastrulation show heightened susceptibility. The gastrula has a gradient from anterior to posterior end along its dorsal surface, with a slight reverse gradient around the blastopore; lateral and ventral regions are least susceptible.Before and after the appearance of the neural groove, the dorsal surface shows increased susceptibility with gradient in it from anterior to posterior end. The neural tube is highly susceptible, with a death gradient from anterior to posterior end and a slight reverse gradient at its posterior end.During late stages and in the larva the double gradient is present; death begins at the two ends and progresses backward from head, forward from anus; from the former most rapidly. The least susceptible place is near the posterior end. The posterior reverse gradient is less developed in the lamprey than in other vertebrate embryos, due, probably, to its lack of a tail bud.Assuming that death differences indicate differences in rate of activity, it appears that such differences in activity may be causes and not results of developmental processes, for the development of certain parts (dorsal surface, blastopore, central nervous system) is indicated by heightened activity before it is evident morphologically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050420105
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  • 10
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    Branchiomerism and the theory of head segmentation (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 42 (1926), S. 83-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The summary of this paper is as follows:1A critical review of the developmental evidence shows that the branchial pouches are formed in cephalocaudal sequence subsequently to the segmentation of the dorsal mesoderm.2The pouches interrupt a continuous sheet of mesoderm to form the branchial arches.3The arches when formed do not correspond topographically to the dorsal somites.4Branchiomerism does not therefore coincide with somitic metamerism.3The branchial structures do not support the theory of head segmentation.3The nervi trigeminus, facialis, glossopharyngeus, and vagus cannot be regarded as segmental nerves.3There is no evidence that branchial pouches or arches have been elided from the series.3The problem of meristic homology is briefly discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050420104
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  • 11
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    Freezing and survival of insects at low temperatures (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 521-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The literature on the general subject of freezing and survival both in plants and in animals is briefly reviewed and a bibliography given. Insects representing three ecological groups, (1) the oak borers - exposed to temperature extremes normally; (2) stored-products insects representing supposedly a tropical or subtropical group, and, (3) aquatic insects never exposed to temperatures lower than 0°C., were chosen for this study. Determinations of the freezing and undercooling points were made during the yearly cycle.Both the stored-products insects and the aquatic insects studied showed no periodicity in freezing or undercooling. The oak borers showed marked periodicity. The freezing-point varies directly with the moisture content. Cold-hardiness was produced experimentally by, (1) exposure of insects to low temperatures and, (2) by dehydration. Loss of cold-hardiness was produced experimentally by combinations of high temperature, food, and high relative humidity. The freezing-point ordinarily found corresponds with that of the blood. Repeated freezings of the same insect or tissue showed no hysteresis. There exists in certain insects a secondary freezing-point below that ordinarily found. Oak borers in summer condition die at the first freezing-point; in fully hardened condition they die at the secondary freezingpoint.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050430209
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  • 12
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    Ant-mounds as to temperature and sunshine (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ant Formica exsectoides F. builds mounds with some reference to sunlight, and measurements of internal temperatures have shown them higher in upper parts of the mound, but different in different faces of the mound - all higher than the earth outside the mound.Inside temperatures are not constant; they are due to the sunshine. The mound is so fabricated that the internal temperatures are conserved during the night. The ants make use of the differential internal temperatures for rearing broods.Some mounds show bilateral symmetry dependent upon sun exposure.Measurements of rate of running of these ants show a falling off with lower temperatures, and possibly this is one factor in the smaller development of northerly aspects of these mounds.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050440102
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  • 13
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    Parental chromosome dimensions in Ascaris. A study of the effect of cellular environment on chromosome size (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 117-125 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the early cleavage stages of Ascaris the homologous chromosomes are of unequal length. Measurements show that these homologues fall into two sharply defined groups suggesting their biparental origin. The shorter are considered to have come from the male.As the age of the embryo increases, these differences between the chromosome mates tend to become less, and it is suggested that at some later period in the history of the animal this difference will entirely disappear in response to the effect of continued existence in a common environment. The length of the chromosomes is very slightly shortened during the early cleavage divisions, while the area of the equatorial cross-section of the cells becomes enormously reduced.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050440106
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  • 14
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    Oxygen consumption of individual pupae during metamorphosis (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 313-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rates of oxygen consumption of single pupae of blowflies (Phormia terraenovae, Phormia regina, Lucilia sericata), of the flesh fly (Sarcophaga sarracenioides Aldrich), of the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella), and of the bee moth (Galleria mellonella) during metamorphosis, until emergence, have been determined. The record for each pupa, with the exception of those of blowflies, is practically continuous day and night during the period of pupal development which lasted from 140 to 300 hours, according to the species, at the temperatures used. During pupal development there is first a period of decrease in rate, which is later followed by a steady increase until a short time before emergence, when a sudden decrease occurs.The ‘oxygen curves’ of the blowfly pupae (Diptera) are quite different from those of the flour-moth and bee-moth pupae (Lepidoptera), although all are of the same general U-shaped type. There are strong indications of a specific difference in the curves of the blow-fly pupae. The flour-moth pupae curves differ slightly from those of the bee-moth pupae. During the major part of development the rates of O2 consumption of pupae of both sexes of bee moth and flour moth are about the same, but near the end of metamorphosis the females have higher rates than the males. No such sex difference appears among the dipterous pupae used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050440205
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  • 15
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    The formation of contractile vacuoles in Amoeba proteus (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 363-372 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The history of investigations on the contractile vacuole is reviewed briefly and brought up to date.The study of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba proteus is considered from standpoints of origin, structure, behavior, and function. The results are obtained from a prolonged study of normal organisms and from their reactions when introduced into conductivity water.The origin of vacuoles is studied by means of dark-field illumination which reveals the vacuole to be formed from a fusion and coalescence of extremely minute droplets.The retaining ‘wall’ of the contractile vacuole is not a permanent structure, but is in the nature of a condensation membrane, totally disappearing with each contraction.The loci of the contractile vacuoles are not permanent, but vacuoles are formed more or less at random. It is unlikely that they are supported in gelated areas, for amoebae with a dozen vacuoles are quite active and there is no interference with amoeboid movement.Conductivity water increases the size, number, and rate of contraction of contractile vacuoles, which suggests that they may function in maintaining an osmotic gradient as well as in the elimination of metabolic waste.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050440207
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  • 16
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    Developmental modification and elimination of the larval stage in the ascidian, Corella willmeriana (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 467-514 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The eggs of Corella develop in the atrial chamber of the parent at a pH below that of normal sea-water (pH 7.4 ±). When removed to normal sea-water in early stages and under certain other experimental conditions, larval development is more or less inhibited, the tail being most inhibited, the dorsal region somewhat less. The free larval stage may be eliminated and later development and metamorphosis may proceed normally to an advanced stage in the chorion and give rise to normal ascidians. The region most inhibited are, in general, those which possess the highest reducing power, as indicated by KMnO4. Experiments made in the attempt to control development all agree in indicating that the early stages are adjusted to a certain CO2 concentration approximately that of the atrial chamber and presumably near that of the body. Solutions of the same pH may or may not inhibit development according to their CO2 content.The tail, the region of highest reducing power in the embryo during its development, is most inhibited; the dorsal region, the next most rapidly reducing region, is next in degree of inhibition. All differences in reducing power disappear when, or soon after, the animals are killed by other agents before treatment with KMnO4.
    Additional Material: 64 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050440305
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    The comparative morphology of the secondary sexual characters of elasmobranch fishes. The claspers, clasper siphons, and clasper glands, together with a dissertation on the Cowper's glands of Homo. Memoir XIThe figures are executed from the author's dissections and preparations by Miss Edith C. Humphreys, to whom best thanks are tendered. (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 42 (1926), S. 349-358 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The claspers of Centrina are adnate with the pelvic fin and bear a spine as in other Spinacidae. Mustelus canis resembles M. lunulatus rather than M. vulgaris. The claspers of Chiloscyllium end in a pointed spike. Pseudotriakis resembles the Carchariidae. The three North American Atlantic species of the genus Raia are considered, and R. laevis and R. erinacea are placed in the pseudogenus containing R. batis, and a new pseudogenus erected for R. ocellata. A gross and histological account is given of the Cowper's glands of Homo, and they are shown to be homoplastic with clasper glands, similar in structure, arrangement, development, and function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050420112
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    A new dorsal gland in the ground-squirrel, Callospermophilus, with a note on its anal glandThe author wishes here to acknowledge his gratitude to those who contributed to this investigation. The collection of dry skins in the American Museum of Natural History was placed at my disposal. The United States National Museum and the Museum of Vertebrate Zoölogy, University of California, kindly lent alcoholic specimens. The Museum of Zoölogy, University of Michigan, supported the field work. The use of the Alpine Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington was courteously granted. The author is indebted to Mr. C. H. Willey for his care in the preparation of the slides for microscopic study. (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 42 (1926), S. 441-451 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the golden-mantled ground-squirrel, Callospermophilus, a spatulate glandular area has been noted in the skin of the back. It has been found in the following species: C. l. lateralis, C. l. arizonensis, C. l. caryi, C. l. saturatus, C. l. tescorum, C. c. chrysodeirus, and C. bernardinus. Probably it is common to the genus.The individual glands making up this area are modified and enlarged sudoriparous glands. They are divided into a tightly coiled and branched fundus, a large sinus, and a duct which passes caudad and outward to its exit at the surface.The glands secrete a strongly smelling oil, which is probably left on vegetation and other objects in the animal's environment and serves as a source of information to other members of the species. The glands are more active in spring and summer than in winter. They are stimulated by excitement. While present in both sexes, both adult and juvenile, they are best developed in adult males.Callospermophilus has three anal glands. These have flat-topped, straight-sided nipples which are protruded from the anus if the animal is frightened. A milky substance with a very weak odor can be extruded.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050420204
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    Studies in mammalian spermatogenesis VI. The chromosomes of the rabbitContribution no. 201 from the Department of Zoölogy, University of Texas. The writer was aided in this study by a grant from The Committee for Research on Sex Problems of the National Research Council. (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1926), S. 1-43 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The study is divided into three parts. Part I deals with the chromosome number and morphology in the amniotic cells of rabbit embryos. The number of chromosomes has been found essentially constant in amniotic cells of young, but more variable in older embryos. The somatic number is 44. Part II deals with the chromosomes of race crosses (Flemmish Giant X Polish) in which the homologous chromosomes were found to be alike. Part III deals with spermatogenesis. There are forty-four chromosomes in spermatogonia, and twenty-two in primary spermatocytes. The sex chromosomes are of the usual X-Y type.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050430102
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    Reversal of ciliary action in paramecium caudatumContribution from the Zoological Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University and the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole. (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1926), S. 105-117 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: 1Monovalent cation salts induce reversal in the direction of the stroke of the cilia; bivalent and trivalent cation salts with a few exceptions do not. Some acids induce reversal, others do not.2The duration of reversed action varies with the kind of salt and with the concentration. As the concentration increases, the duration of reversed action increases to a maximum and then decreases to zero.3Bivalent and trivalent cation salts neutralize the effect of monovalent cation salts. The relative amount required varies with the kind of salt used and with the concentration.4The amount of a given salt required to neutralize another salt is not proportional to the concentration of the salt neutralized. Weber's law does not hold.5The results seem to indicate that ciliary reversal is associated with differential adsorption and consequent changes in electric potential, but that there are also other factors involved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050430106
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    Photoreceptors of Lumbricus terrestris, with special reference to their distribution, structure, and functionThis study was made at the zoölogical laboratory of The Johns Hopkins University and The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, though chiefly at the former. (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1925), S. 63-93 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A special type of cell, called ‘Lichtzellen’ by Hesse, was found in the photosensitive regions of the earthworm. Wherever the epidermis is most sensitive to light these cells are most abundant. They are found in the epidermis of all segments of the body and also in nerve enlargements of the prostomium and the caudal segment, but the intersegmental and ventral regions of the different segments, except the more distal ones, contain none of them. They are supplied by nerves and each contains a characteristic inner structure, the optic organelle, composed of a large central hyaline structure, the lens, which is surrounded by a dense network of nerve fibrillae, the retinella. In hanging drops the lens was found to focus light in the region of the retinella irrespective of the direction of the rays.These cells are similar in structure and function to the visual cells in leeches. Available data indicate that these cells function as photoreceptors and that the fibrillae of the retinella are the direct receptors of light stimuli.Pigment is not associated with the photoreceptors in a way that suggests direct functional relationship, but there is a subepidermal pigment layer through which pinhole windows admit light along the path of nerves to each of the nerve enlargements containing photoreceptor cells. These windows open in such directions as to determine the direction of withdrawal of the worm.
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    Studies on the physiology of the liver VI. The effect of total removal of the liver in lower vertebratesContribution from the United States Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa, and the Mayo Clinic. Read before Section F (Zoölogical Sciences) at the seventy-eighth meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Society of Zoölogists, Cincinnati, Ohio, December 27, 1923, to January 2, 1924. (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1925), S. 183-189 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of removal of the liver has been noted in fishes, frogs, and turtles. As in the higher vertebrates, removal of the liver produced a fall in blood sugar and a loss in muscular tone. The lower vertebrates failed to respond to intravenous injections of glucose, as do the birds and mammals. They also fail to respond to maltose or levulose. The liver maintained the blood-sugar level in the lower vertebrates, which is necessary for the maintenance of life.The mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism in the lower vertebrates may be different from that in the higher ones, in that glucose, when injected intravenously, apparently exercises a progressively less beneficial effect on the characteristic hypoglycemic condition which follows the removal of the liver of mammals and cold-blooded vertebrates.
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    Modification of development on the basis of differential susceptibility to radiation I. Fundulus heteroclitus and ultraviolet radiation (1925)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1925), S. 239-265 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper reports experiments with Fundulus heteroclitus to modify larval development by means of ultraviolet radiation. Eggs were exposed to radiation at various intervals after fertilization for varying periods of time. The results accord with previous work on fish teratology, and the developmental types obtained are essentially similar to those produced by chemicals, cold, and hybridization. The deviations from normal development occur in the same body regions as do those in other vertebrates whose early development has been modified by the action of radiation (x-rays, radium, etc.).The results of these experiments indicate that there is a non-specificity in susceptibility relations with the production of similar types of monsters for widely different reagents. That these eggs are differentially susceptible to the action of ultraviolet radiation is indicated by the fact that those regions which have the highest metabolic activity when an inhibiting influence is active are the ones most generally affected. Thus modifications of the nervous system, sense organs, circulatory system, tail region, and body axis result, respectively, in the production of varying degrees of cyclopia, inadequate circulation, short, stubby or bent, non-motile tails (some bifid), and anterior twinning.As these modifications may be produced by applying inhibiting influences during the first few minutes after fertilization, it is evident that there is in the egg at this stage some constitutional or physiological basis which determines early differences in susceptibility of its various parts.
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    The nature and inheritance of webbed toes in man (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 41 (1926), S. 427-439 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Webbing of toes or fingers in man is produced by a local arrest of development, causing retention of the normal embryonic webbing. This type of digital fusion involves only the skin, the skeleton being unaffected. The extensor tendons of the toes may sometimes be fused.Webbed digits occur normally in some marsupials, rodents, and insectivores, in a number of lemurs and catarrhines, and in the siamang and gorilla. They also may occur in varying degree in other Primates, notably Hylobates. An analysis of five new pedigrees together with those already published demonstrates that webbing of toes in man may be inherited in either a mendelian or sex-linked manner. In one case this character follows the course of the Y-chromosome.
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    Masthead (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The effects of certain physical and chemical factors on locomotion and others life-processes in Amoeba proteusThis investigation was suggested by Prof. S. O. Mast and carried out under his direction. He has also furnished valuable aid in the presentation of the results. For these favors, I am greatly indebted to him. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 97-119 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Amoeba proteus was raised in a modified and diluted Ringer solution. When the pH of this culture medium became less than 6.0, the normal activities of the amoebae were interfered with; and when a still lower pH was attained, the amoebae died off. The same was true when the pH became greater than 8.0. At neutrality the activities were subnormal, very dark, and rounded. The rate of locomotion of amoebae raised in solutions with a pH less than 7.0 showed a maximum rate of locomotion at pH 6.6, which decreased as the pH changed in either direction, dropping to a very low rate at pH 7.0 and above and also below 6.0. For amoebae raised at a pH above 7.0 the rate was maximum at pH 7.6 and decreased as the pH changed in either direction; it was low at pH 7.0 and below and also above 8.0.On increasing the external osmotic pressure of the medium it was found that the effects caused varied somewhat with the hydrogen-ion concentration. Small increases in osmotic pressure decreased the rate from the normal at pH 6.0 and 8.0, increased it at pH 6.6 and 7.6, and did not affect it at pH 7.0. Osmotic pressures above that produced by M/20 lactose caused locomotion to cease in a short time at all pH values.
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    The cranial musculature of the toadfish (Opsanus tau) (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 209-231 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The highly specialized cranial musculature of the toadfish is characterized by the following features: 1Absence of intermandibularis and branchiomandibularis muscles.2Presence of levator premaxillaris muscle.3Very large branchial chamber, the outer wall of which is formed by seven branchiostegal rays connected by a strong fascia provided with muscles (oblique levators and adductors).4Highly developed masticator muscles (adductor mandibularis and pterygoids).5The rectus abdominis, sternohyoid, and hyohyoid muscles are attached by a median aponeurosis to the hyoid and basibranchial elements and directly to the hypobranchial cartilages; this muscle complex depresses the buccal floor in opposition to the geniohyoid.6The pelvic fins are in the jugular position.7Two narrow muscles connect the cleithrum with the fourth ceratobranchial.8The cranial musculature is obviously adapted to a carnivorous habit and particularly for increasing respiratory capacity under asphyxial conditions.
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    Spiral movement in man (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 293-398 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Blindfolded persons walk, run, swim, row, and drive automobiles in clock-spring spiral paths of greater or less regularity when attempting a straightaway. The spirals turn either right or left in one and the same individual, and may do so even in one experiment. But either right or left turns predominate in the great majority of individuals, often to a high degree. The paths show marked individuality, and there is some ground for thinking there exists a correlation between temperamental differences and general character of path.The mechanism which produces the spiral path is not located in the locomotor organs, but in the central nervous system and is probably identical essentially with the spiral mechanism in other motile organisms, all of which move in spiral paths when there are no guiding senses to direct the path. The clock-spring spiral in man is interpreted as the expression in two dimensions of space of a helical spiral mechanism which seems to exist in all motile organisms moving in three dimensions of space and in amebas which move in two dimensions. In a large number of lower organisms the number of body lengths per spiral turn is almost constant, being about 4.5. The smallest regular swimming spirals in man are very close to this value, but the smallest regular walking spirals are somewhat larger. The fundamental spiral mechanism seems to be of molecular dimensions, and there seems to exist a demonstrable locomotor bilateral asymmetry in very nearly, if not quite, all organisms.
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    The anatomy and life-history of a freshwater mollusk of the genus sphaeriumContributions from the Zoölogical Laboratory of the University of Illinois, no. 317. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 473-503 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed study has been made of the anatomy of one of the fingernail shells, and preliminary observations on the life-history have been carried out. In its general organization Sphaerium notatum is very similar to the larger fresh-water lamellibranchs. A gastric shield, crystalline style, and style sac, very similar to those found in the stomach and intestine of Lampsilis, are present. A pair of slender muscles extending from the dorsal side of the body into the gills, and evidently not previously described, have been found. The nervous system consists of the typical three pairs of lamellibranchiate ganglia, with their connectives, accessory ganglia, and nerve fibers. Particular study was given to the statocysts and osphradia, and attention is called to the fact that the function commonly ascribed to the osphradia is incompatible with their position in the roof of the cloacal chamber.S. notatum, like all the Sphaeriidae, is hermaphroditic and viviparous. The gonads are paired racemose glands lying behind and below the stomach. The sperm-producing follicles form the anterior portion of each gonad and are somewhat smaller and more numerous than the ova-producing follicles which form the posterior portion. The young pass through the early stages of development in brood pouches in the gills and are expelled as relatively enormous individuals.Preliminary observations on the life-history indicate that reproduction reaches its height in the summer and that fertilization probably takes place during the late summer and fall.
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    Developmental factors in teleost hybrids. I. The early mitotic behavior in the cross between menidia menidia notata ♀ and Prionotus carolinus ♂ (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 45 (1928), S. 579-597 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When Menidia eggs are fertilized with Prionotus sperm, the Prionotus chromosomes react in the Menidia cytoplasmic medium just as they do in the cytoplasm of Fundulus eggs. There is lagging, non-disjunction, and elimination of chromosomes during the early cell divisions. The mitotic behavior of the Prionotus sperm in the Menidia egg also resembles the behavior of the sperm of Ctenolabrus in the same medium. This behavior which was expected from what was known concerning the mitotic behavior of the reciprocal crosses between Menidia and Fundulus and between Ctenolabrus and Prionotus and other intercrosses between the members of these two groups is regarded as a function of the physical state of the egg cytoplasm during the division phase of mitosis. This physical character forms the earliest differential factor in the development of these hybrids and shows no correlation with the width of the cross.A comparison of nine teleost crosses, in which both the development and the early mitotic behavior are known, with a rough numerical estimate of the width of the cross brought out the fact that development is most successful in crosses between nearly related species if mitosis is normal and in distantly related crosses if mitosis is abnormal. This indicates that nuclear relationship is also a factor in the development of hybrids.
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    Growth of paramecia in pure cultures of pathogenic bacteria and in the presence of soluble products of such bacteriaSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the University of Missouri. (1928)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 46 (1928), S. 85-129 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Virulent hay-infusion cultures of Bacillus pyocyaneus are toxic to pure-line races of three species of paramecia, but these races may acquire a tolerance for this toxic agent. Races with acquired tolerance have been grown for long periods of time in toxic, pure cultures of B. pyocyaneus by means of the daily-isolation culture method, and here the average division rate is as high as, or higher than, in the chance-mixed bacterial cultures in which these protozoa are usually maintained in the laboratory. The tolerance is lost, however, when the paramecia are removed from the toxic cultures and grown for a number of generations in cultures of non-toxic bacteria.The toxic agent that is lethal to paramecía is probably the soluble toxin of B. pyocyaneus. The investigation shows that the agent is soluble and either thermolabile or volatile. It also shows that all deleterious substances, other than the soluble toxin, known to be produced in cultures of this bacillus, are non-lethal to paramecia.Hay-infusion cultures of Bacillus enteritidis were lethal to paramecia. All attempts to develop tolerance in paramecia for the toxic agent in these cultures failed.Under the experimental conditions that prevailed, diphtheria toxin was found to have no appreciable effect upon the division rate or death rate in three species of paramecia.
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    Spermic dimorphism in Goniobasis laqueata (Say) (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 1-29 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two kinds of spermatozoa are formed in the testis of Goniobasis laqueata, typical (eupyrene) and atypical (apyrene); a similar dimorphism is noted in several other related genera. The development of each type of spermatozoon is described in Goniobasis. The apyrene spermatozoa do not appear in the testis until eupyrene spermatogenesis has progressed to the formation of mature eupyrene spermatozoa. After this time apyrene spermatogenesis becomes predominant. It is suggested that this condition is indicative of a modified protandric hermaphroditism, according to a recent theory of spermic dimorphism. The anatomy of the reproductive system of Goniobasis is described briefly, and the behavior and fate of the two types of spermatozoa are noted. Only the eupyrene spermatozoa are inclosed in a spermatophore formed in a special organ of the male, the apyrenes being somehow excluded. Thus the latter do not reach the female in copulation and can have no necessary functional relationship to the ova at the time of fertilization. The delayed formation of the apyrene spermatozoa, and other facts, indicate that they are probably not concerned with the nutrition or transport of the eupyrene spermatozoa.
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    The early development of the thymus glands in amia calvaContribution from the Zoölogical Laboratory, University of Illinois, No. 461. (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 61-89 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three pairs of thymus primordia are found at 6 to 6.5 mm. on the dorsal lateral ends of the second, third and fourth visceral pouches. Those on each side after fusing by growth and migratin come to lie above the third visceral pouch, whence the thymus migrates upward and backward; growing in size, it stretches above the ends of all the gill pouches. It pushes inward into the mesenchyme at 12 to 13 mm. and becomes perforated and surrounded by blood vessels and connective tissue which separate it almost completely from the epithelium. No septa are found; occasionally the third primordium fails to fuse and forms a separate lobe.The early thymus is a syncytium in which are found lymphoblasts, identified by structure of the cytosome and its behavior during mitosis. Evidence is presented that lymphoblasts migrate into the thymus where they increase in number with corresponding increase in length of cytoplasmic bridges and size of intercellular spaces. At 10 mm. begins a rapid increase in size of the thymus and in number of lymphoblasts and decrease in size of the latter, culminating at 12 to 13 mm. in their transformation into thymocytes. A medulla associated with blood vessels is unmistakable at 30 mm.
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    Development of the sense organs of the larva of Botryllus schlosseriA dissertation presented by the junior author to the Board of Graduate Studies of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of sceince. (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 185-211 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the development of the sense organs of the larva of Botryllus schlosseri to determine, if possible, any homologies between its sense organs and those of other types of ascidians such as Molgula and Ammaroucium, which have sense organs structurally very different.The statolith appears in the Botryllus embryo as a single club-shaped cell. The lightsensitive organs have their primordia slightly later as five small filaments, each developed from a ganglion cell. A cavity appears in the statolith into which the light-sensitive filaments penetrate. Later development is concerned with pigmentation of the statolith, and a twisting process which orients it into the position in which it is found in the free-swimming larva. The three tactile papillae develop from evaginations of ectoderm at the anterior end of the embryo. The ectodermal cells at the center of a papilla are differentiated into rod-shaped sensory receptors and ganglion-like masses of nerve tissue. Nervous connections are established between these peripheral ganglia and the central nervous system.Results of the investigation indicate that the statoliths of the different ascidian larvae are homologous; the direction eyes probably are not, but have evolved independently from a light-sensitive area in the primitive larva of a common ancestral ascidian. The larvae of Molgula and Ammaroucium possess no structures comparable to the sensory papillae of Botryllus.
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    Masthead (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    A comparative study of the branchial epithelium in fishes, with special reference to extrarenal excretion (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 335-351 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the brinchial epithelium in representative specimens of Cyclostomata Elasmobranchii and Teleostei fishes has been made, with special reference to the following: 1) the importance of physiological role of osmotic regulation effected by the gills; 2) the presence or absence of specialized secretory tissue; 3) progressive evolution of the fishes and the possible phylogenetic difference between them. In regard to these topics we find: 1) There is no indication of any specialization in the branchial epithelium of fishes indicating a special role in extrarenal excretion. 2) In the respiratory epithelium of fishes widely separated phylogenetically or in fishes in living in fresh or salt water, the only significant differences are that in general the teleosts have a squamous type of epithelium, whereas, the elasmobranchs have in general a thicker polyhedral investment. 3) Mucous cells appear large and numerous on the filament proper, smaller and less numerous in the interlamellar spaces, and on the free surface of the lamellae. These are the only specialized secretory cells which occur in the gills.
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    The excretory system of the trematode, Typhlocoelum cucumerinum, with notes on lymph-like structures in the family Cyclocoelidae (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 461-471 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The exeretory system of Typhlocoelum cucumerinum consists of three pairs of longitudinal channels communicating by a single ventral vessel with the excretory vesicle. Branches subdivide extensively and anastomose forming a dense network of tubules throughout the body. The vessele possess many of the features characteristic of lymph systems as described in amphistome trematodes. They have cuticular walls, come into intimate association with the intestine and contain a granular coagulum and cellular elements suspended in the lumen. The single system of vessels appears to be functioning as a combined lymph and excretory system. Typhlocoelum americanum Manter and Williams ('28) is regarded as a synonym of Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Rud. 1809).
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    The development of the thyroid gland in urodelesContribution from the Zoölogical Laboratories of the University of Illinois, no. 446 (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 597-615 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the thyroid has been briefly described from an example of each of the four urodele families and comparisons drawn. An attempt has been made toward clarifying previous and conflicting accounts. The thyroid arises as a solid bud from the floor of the pharynx in the region of the first visceral pouches. This bud grows backward until it reaches the pericardium. Division of the primordium into lateral portions is inaugurated and the anterior end of the splitting thyroid loses its connection with the pharynx before the separation of the parts is completed. Some of the undivided anterior portion may persist as an accessory thryroid. After the two lateral thyroid masses are separated the yolk disappears from the cells which then form cell columns and enlarge as a result of the fusion of adjacent vesicles. A thyroid [release] occurs at the time of metamorphosis except in Necturus. After the [release] the follicles refill. Similarities in development and general histological picture are closer between Necturus and Cryptobranchus as a pair than between either of these forms and Amblystoma or Eurycea. Amblystoma and Eurycea also resemble each other in histological picture. It is suggested that Necturus produces the thyroid hormone in sufficient quantity to induce metamorphosis but that some other factor or factors serve to inhibit the response.
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    Masthead (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The role of muscular contraction in the production of configurations in the insect skeleton (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 41-85 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Extensive measurements were made on skeletal configurations and muscles of several forms of Hemiptera-Homoptera from the early nymphal instars to the adults, inclusive. It has been shown that several of the muscles actually decrease in length (i.e., contract) as the animal grows as a whole. Such a state of affairs has never before been observed, so far as the writer knows. The most marked increase in length of a skeletal invagination often coincides with the greatest amount of contracture of the muscle which is attached to its extremity. The characteristics of the arthropod skeleton, which consist of invaginations and evaginations are probably, in the forms studied, due to muscular contraction or to the prolonged sustenance of muscular tonicity.The form of muscular contraction described probably belongs to the ‘catch’ type rather than to the metabolic type. The direct cause of these muscular contractions is probably due to changes in physico-chemical constitution of the haemolymph.
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    The anatomy and histology of the malpighian tubules and the adjacent alimentary canal in melanoplus differentialis (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 173-188 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The tubules vary in number from about 190 to 300. They gather into twelve groups each consisting of an anterior and a posterior division and each emptying into one of twelve ampullae arranged equi-distant from each other about the wall of the posterior mid-gut and in a transverse plane just anterior to the sphincter muscle which marks, externally, the junction of mid- and hind-gut, that is to say, the ‘pyloric valve.’ The lumen of each ampulla is continuous with one of twelve furrows formed by the gathering of the hindgut epithelium into as many folds.The wall of the digestive tube is made up of, (1) an inner epithelium (tall columnar cells), (2) an intermediate connective tissue layer, and (3) an outer muscular coat (inner circular and outer longitudinal layer). The mid-gut epithelium dips down at frequent intervals to form crypts at the bases of which are the ‘regeneration centers.’ This epithelium is covered, on its luminar surface, by a curious striated border. The epithelium of the hind-gut appears to be covered by chitin.A malpighian tubule consists of a single layer of large polygonal cells with indistinct borders. It is covered externally by a thin membrene made up of ‘peritoneal cells’ and internally by a striated border similar to that in the mid-gut. Spiralling about each tubule from origin (free end) to insertion (in the gut) is a slender tracheole.
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    Effects of the flexed-tailed gene on the development of the house mouseThe breeding stock of the flexed-tailed mutant was made available through the courtesy of Prof. H. R. Hunt (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 117-155 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The flexures in the flexed-tailed mouse consist of unilateral fusions of adjacent vertebrae. Fusions, if complete, produce straight stiff segments.In normal mouse embryogeny, the precartilage cells surrounding the developing nucleus pulposus of the embryonic intervertebral disk in the proximal tail region begin to elongate and become fiber-like at about 14 days after fertilization. In the flexed mouse, such differentiation fails to take place on one side of an affected disk, and these cells develop through cartilage to bone. At such a point there is frequently a bend in the notochordal axis. Other abnormalities of the notochord have been observed. These are not the cause of the flexures.The gene for flexed tail also produces two effects more general in their expression. First, it slows the growth of the vertebral column as indicated by the shorter vertebrae of the proximal tail region. This is observable 13 days after fertilization. Second, it produces an embryonic anemia which is already in existence at 14 days after fertilization. It is postulated that the flexures are due to the retardation of growth at a time which is critical for the intervertebral disks. Whether this retardation is the primary effect of the gene and produces the anemia, or whether the anemia is primary and produces the retardation, the data do not show.
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    The eye of the monotreme, Echidna hystrix (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 279-284 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The histological structure of the eye of the monotreme, Echidna hystrix is described with reference to its comparative relationships. The eye is primarily mammalian in character but its choroid contains a definite cartilaginous plate and its retina is anangiotic.
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    The contractile vacuole of paramecium multimicronucleata (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 555-571 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each contractile vacuole system of Paramecium multimicronucleata is made up of a number of components, some temporary and others permanent. The contracting vacuole with its membrane is a temporary structure as are the vesicles which fuse to form it. The vacuole discharges its contents to the exterior leaving a vestige closing the pore. The pore, with its discharging tubule and the feeding canals are permanent cell organelles. The feeding canals end in injection tubules which extend up to the pore. The vesicles, which later fuse to form the vacuole, are formed at the proximal end of the injection canals, leaving a membrane closing the canal, much as a food vacuole is formed at the gullet. The canal-fed contractile vacuole of Paramecium is very similar to the vesicle-fed vacuole of Euplotes both as to its origin and its fate. The Nassonov homology is rejected.
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    The effect of ultracentrifuging on Paramecium, with special reference to recovery and macronuclear reorganizationAided by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation for the study of cellular biology. (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 27-49 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Paramecium caudatum becomes much elongated upon centrifuging at 21,000 times gravity. The chromatin is sometimes forced from the achromatic matrix of the macronucleus. The materials in the cell are redistributed according to their relative specific gravities as follows: At the centrifugal end of the cell, crystals, layer of fluid, micronucleus and macronuclear chromatin, food vacuoles and neutral red inclusions, achromatic matrix of the macronucleus, endoplasm with large clear alveoli, and fat, at the centripetal end of the cell. The contracting vacuole is displaced sometimes but not the feeding canals or pore. In some cases the crystals, micronucleus and macronuclear chromatin may be extruded from the cell. Animals which survive centrifuging regain their usual shape and the disturbed materials return to their usual distribution rapidly. Sometimes the crystals remain in large compact masses and are so passed to the daughter cells upon fission. The two components of the macronucleus do not fuse the macronuclear chromatin regenerates an achromatic matrix, and division is somewhat delayed. The old macronuclear matrix persists over a long time and sometimes interferes with division. Animals which have no micronucleus may survive and divide, but no amicronucleate races have been established. Apparently macronuclear chromatin is necessary for the survival and division of P. caudatum; in the absence of the macronuclear chromatin no replacement occurs from the micronucleus. The membrane of the contracting vacuole is temporary.
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    Masthead (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The histology of the paraphysis of Amblystoma (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paraphysis of adult Amblystoma is made up of low columnar ependymal epithelit m which forms the paraphyseal tubules which end blindly and which communicate with one another by a common mouth with the third ventricle. Between the paraphyseal tubules venous sinusoids anastomose freely with one another forming a complicated rete. The sinusoids are made up entirely of endothelium. The blood supply to the paraphysis is entirely venous.Mitochondria were found in great abundance in the paraphysis of one female just previous to laying. Other specimens showed very few present. No conclusions can be drawn from these few observations as to the relationship between physiological activity and cellular structures.The Golgi apparatus was observed definitely localized between the nucleus and the ventricular end of the cell.Many large crystalloids were also observed to be localized between the nucleus and the ventricular end of the cell.Intercellular spaces are readily observed in sections stained with Mallory's connective tissue stain. Nassonow's osmic acid technique for the Golgi apparatus and Benda's crystal violet and alizarin stain clearly bring out the intercellular canals. Acid fuchsin stained particles within the intercellular spaces are more abundant toward the sinusoids than the cavities of the paraphyseal tubules. The intercellular canals have not been seen to communicate with either the sinusoids or the cavities of the paraphyseal tubules in any of the preparations observed.
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    Studies on cell number and the progression factor in the growth of Japanese beetle larvae (Popillia japonica Newman) (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 91-112 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Increases in weight, total body length, and width and length of the head capsule of Japanese beetle larvae were studied. Since the progression factors decreased with succeeding molts and exhibited considerable variation it was concluded that Przibram's principle is inapplicable. Cells were counted in the mid-intestine and brain. Columnar cells of the mid-intestine were measured. The data show: (a) No increase in cell number occurs at the time of molting. (b) The progression in weight and length cannot be correlated with an increase in cell number. In the first instar the progression for increase in weight was 5.73; while for increase in cell number, it was 1.67 for the mid-intestine, and 1.19 for the brain. In the second instar, the corresponding figures were 5.24, 1.98 and 1.69. In the third instar average weight increased 3.18 times, but there was practically no increase in cell number. Thus, molting does not represent a definite increase in number of cells of the insect's body as suggested by Przibram and Megusar, and Bodenheimer's method of calculating cell divisions seems to have no factual basis. Increase in size of the larva is largely due to an increase in cell size. The ratio of increase in total cell volume of the columnar cells of the mid-intestine is approximately equal to the ratio of weight increase.
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    The intergeneric homology of an atypical euchromosome in several closely related Acridinae (order orthoptera) (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 123-161 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An atypical euchromosome, characterized by the large size and deep stainability of its chromomeres during the meiotic prophase, occurs in representatives of seven genera of Acridinae, viz., Chorthippus curtipennis, Euchorthippus pulvinatus, Stenobothrus lineatus, Omocestus ventralis, Stauroderus biguttulus, Gomphocerus rufus, and Aeropedellus clavatus. This element, which is termed the ‘megameric chromosome,’ stains more deeply than the other euchromosomes also during interkinesis and early spermiogenesis. The megameric chromosomes of the individual exhibit striking similarity in the number, size, and arrangement of their chromomeres through successive stages of the meiotic prophase. All the evidence from cytological study indicates that these chromosomes are intergenerically homologous. This is chiefly significant in the support it gives to the theory of chromosome individuality. The heteromorphic megameric tetrad of one individual of S. biguttulus - unequal because of a deficiency - usually undergoes segregation in the second division. The megameric chromosomes display splits previous to synapsis. Pairing begins at their proximal ends and proceeds distally. All the euchromosomes of the spermatid nucleus show splits in preparation for the first cleavage division of the zygote.
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    Branchial glands in fishes (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 215-223 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a comparative study of the branchial epithelium of fishes we find the occurrence of three distinct types and seven subtypes of intra-epithelial glands which are in intimate association with the branchial epithelium of fishes.These glands have been classified according to their morphological patterns, cytoplasmic content and other features dealing with structural complexity.Although these structures arrange themselves in a graded series which become increasingly more and more complex, there does not appear to be any definite correlation between the structural complexity of the glands, and the apparent evolutionary history of the fishes.We conclude from the characteristic arrangement, relationships, and specific staining reactions that these structures are intra-epithelial mucous glands.
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    The early development of the hypoglossal musculature in the chick (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 473-499 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hypoglossal downgrowth is initiated at about the twenty-somite stage, as ventral extensions from the postotic (occipital) myotomes 3 and 4. At thirty somites, occipital myotomes 2, 3 and 4, and cervical 1 have developed ventral processes. These descending processes with contributions from posterior myotomes later form a common condensed area below myotomes 2 to 7, the submyotomic tract. There develops from this a cord of mesoderm, the hypoglossal cord or downgrowth.The anterior postotic myotomes are classed as indirect (numbers 1, 2, 6 and 7) or direct (numbers 3, 4 and 5) contributors to the hypoglossal downgrowth.Mechanical factors associated with this growth process are discussed.The hypoglossal nerve at 75 hours has six roots, four occipital (numbers 1 to 4) and two cervical. The first two occipitai roots fail to keep pace in development and are subsequently lost. A transïtory connection of the third cervical to the hypoglossal nerve is demonstrated at the age of 5 days. At 6 days the first occipital root is reduced to scattered fibers, the remaining occipital roots, numbers 2 to 4, increase in size, cervicals 1 and 2 join the hypoglossa.The correspondence of the myotomes providing the contributions to the hypoglossal cord and the nerves providing the major contributing roots of the hypoglossal nerve is commented on.
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    The development of the anterior post-otic somites in the rabbit (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 501-531 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study is presented of the most anterior postotic somites in a series of embryos from the five-somite stage to 16 days. A gradual fading out of the somite forming tendency in this region seems to be indicated both by the formation of a rudimentary somite and by conditions found in the first true somites.There are, in the rabbit, three occipital somites, all of which form myotomes. The fate of the myotomes is traced until their identity is lost in the formation of definitive muscle masses.From the sclerotomes two occipital arches, comparable to those of vertebrae, are formed and can be identified as late as the time of beginning chondrification. There is a marked compression of the tissues in this region, the sclerotomal material being not only relatively but actually shorter in older embryos. This compression results in, 1) the approximation of the hypoglossal roots, and, 2) the fusion of the two occipital arches.The cartilaginous basal plate in rabbits begins development at its caudal end and differentiates anteriorly from this with little evidence of a primitive segmentation except as this posterior first center might be called a segment.
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    The development and structure of the eyes, ocelli, of the female black scale, Saissetia oleae bernI desire to thank Prof. H. J. Quayle, of the University of California, for his kindness in sending me both preserved and living material of the black seale. (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 571-595 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The female black scale possesses a pair of lateral ocelli. Each develops as a small disc of enlarged hypodermal cells which increases in size and invaginates. The disc finally becomes cut off from the hypodermis to form a vesicle lying between the regular hypodermis and the lateral margin of the brain. The vesicle becomes differentiated into two parts. The outer group of cells forms the vitreous body, the inner group gives rise to the retina. The vitreous body soon begins to secrete the lens which, during embryonic life, becomes biconvex. Pigment granules form only in the retinal cells; at first yellow, later black. The ocellus of the first instar is similar to that of the embryo. During first and second ecdyses the old lens is cast off and a new one secreted by the vitreous body. A large, irregularly shaped crystalline body forms between the vitreous body and the retina. The ocellus is of four parts: lens, vitreous body, crystallin body and retina. Retinal cells are at first nucleated but the nuclei probably pass to the nerve fibers each one of which is connected to a retinal cell. The ocellus does not change in structure throughout the life of the insect but finally disintegrates. The disintegration begins on the inner surface of the lens. Ocelli developed in the embryo remain unchanged throughout the insect's life.
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    The formation of shell in the tiger snailAbridgment of the thesis submittd in partial fulfillmnt of the requirements for the degree, Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of Zoölogy in the Graduate School of Indiana University. Zoölogical Contribution no. 236, Indiana University.I appreciate the helpful suggestions of Dr. F. Payne and other members of the Zoölogy Department of Indiana University, also the help of members of the Departments of Chemistry, Anatomy, and Geology, and of several members of the American Malacological Union. (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 547-569 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This article describes the structural features of the mantle and shell, particularly in the tiger snail, Anguispira alternata. The shell and the slime appear to be secreted simultaneously, probably from the same sources, and except for the mucus probably from the same materials, but certainly through very different structures.It is found that all the layers of the shell are secreted in a liquid or semi-liquid state by some part of the mantle. The periostracum is secreted from the supramarginal groove as a liquid which soon toughens as viscosity increases until it forms the organic covering of the shell. The inner layers are derived from epithelia beneath the shell, crystallizing out of a semi-liquid mass into the characteristic patterns, which we recognize as the layers of calcium carbonate. This process is traced from the synthetic viewpoint in the secretion from the mantle, also some of the stages can be detected from the analytic standpoint in the breakdown of shell materials.Some phases of the above structural states can be recognized in living mantles. A chemical analysis of the shell is also given.
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    The postembryonic history of the somatic musculature of the dragonfly thorax (1935)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 87-115 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From the first larval instar until the time of the final transformation into the adult the thoracic muscles are numerically the same. The muscles increase in fiber number with the growth of the larvae. There are two types of larval muscles: a. functional (striated and of considerable diameter) b. non-functional (unstriated and of narrow diameter). The non-functional muscles are mainly the prospective wing muscles of the adult. They grow most in diameter at the time of the final transformation. The positions of attachment of both types of muscles undergo no marked replacements during transformation, although the skeletal parts to which they are attached may become greatly modified. The larva has numerically more muscles than the adult. Extensive obliteration of the trunk leg muscles and of some neck muscles takes place. The intrinsic leg muscles of both the larva and the adult are the same.There are no anlagen of the adult muscles in the larval labium, and myoblasts probably form the adult musculature of this organ.The wing muscles of adult Anisopterid dragonflies insert close to the articulations of the wings on apodemes arising from membranes, or on discs arising as internal invaginations of detached, lateral, tergal plates.During the metamorphosis of its musculature, a dragonfly exhibits every essential phenomenon that a so-called ‘holometabolic’ insect does.
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    Spermatophores of the snail Neritina reclivata (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 191-209 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Differing from hitherto known spermatophores, these are found to have the form of a loop with a thick body and the slender ends twisted together.Also one end bears a spiral row of triradiate spicules, unique in being chitinoid secretions. Each is formed within a vacuole of a cell of a small gland found in the males. The ends of the spermatophores hold sperms, but the main mass consists of granules of problematical value. Spermatophores after discharge are stored up within the female, where remnants of them remain indefinitely.For the first time stages in the formation of spermatophores were found within the males. The head organ in the male is found to be more complex than hitherto known in this genus. A special head organ in the female is described for the first time in this family. An hypothesis is advanced as to the possible use of these male and female head organs in transfer of spermatophores. The suggestion is made that in this family the spermatophores and their organs of transfer and of storage may serve as generic characters.
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    Cell division and differentiation in the growth of specialized vertebrate tissues (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 243-259 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The post-embryonic growth of the notochord, sensory retinal cells, cartilage and gut epithelium in frog tadpoles, trout and lamprey is described. Increase in the number of notochord and sensory retinal cells results only from the mitotic division of cells which have not yet undergone the structural modifications characteristic for these cells. The specialized and functional cell does not divide. In the frog tadpole the cartilage cells increase by mitotic division of the fully-formed and functional cell: in addition there are centers of proliferation consisting of small, rapidly-dividing cells. The trout is similar except that there are no centers of proliferation, in addition amitotic division occurs. The gut epithelium grows by mitotic division of the functional constituent cells. During division the cell assumes a spherical shape and its functional activities are suspended.
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    The gularis muscle in Urodela (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 317-324 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The last muscle in the transverse superficial throat series in all genera of salamanders is here called ‘gularis.’ This eliminates a long list of synonyms. A description of its metamorphic changes in Dicamptodon (Ambystomidae) and comparison of the larval and adult conditions in this genus with those in other known genera clears up the homologies of the muscle throughout the series. The study is based on dissections and a survey of the literature covering all important groups except the Hynobiidae.
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    Weights and linear dimensions of the skull and some of the long bones of the skunk (Mephitis mesomelas avia) (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 379-391 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The skull, mandible, atlas, scapula and the six long bones from seventy-four male and sixty-nine female skunk skeletons were weighed. Nine dimensions of the skull, two dimensions of the mandible and of the scapula, the length of the os coxa and the lengths of the same six long bones, were measured from 99 male and 109 female skeletons.The weights of the skull and of the nine bones are significantly heavier in the male skunks and all but one of the linear measurements are likewise significantly greater in the males. The weights and the linear dimensions of the skull and the mandible are more variable in the males but the lengths of the long bones are more variable in the females.The rather high positive correlations of the skull weight and the weights of the other parts of the skeleton studied, show that the weight of the skull is a good criterion of the weights of the other bones. These correlations are slightly higher in the males. The nineteen linear dimensions are likewise well correlated with the skull length. They average somewhat higher in the females.The data on the symmetry of the paired bones are not very conclusive, but there is a preponderance of heavier and longer right bones and a crossed symmetry is suggested.
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    Observations on sperm formation in the centrurid scorpions with especial reference to the Golgi material (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 407-443 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Mexican scorpion Centruroides shows exactly the same type of chondriokinesis (by ring formation) as that hitherto known only in the related form Centrurus, as earlier reported by one of us ('31). The Golgi bodies show no trace of ring formation but are distributed by random assortment like that of the chondriosomes in other scorpions. The Golgi bodies, clearly visible in vivo, show the typical plate-like or lamellar structure characteristic of them in other forms. In the first division, after Weigl, there appear to be two metaphase stages, an earlier one in which the dictyosomes are irregularly scattered and a later one in which they tend to mass near the mitotic poles. In the same division, after Champy-Kull, the (presumable) dictyosomes are regularly massed near the poles and may be traced through the whole mitosis. The neural red bodies (‘vacuome’) undergo an irregular distribution and are cast out in the slough. The problem of distribution and localization in the sperm-cell formation are discussed with reference to the principle of genetic continuity in the germ cell.
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    The development of the cortical adrenal in the four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum (Schlegel)Contribution from the Department of Zoölogy, University of Michigan. (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 521-561 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Accounts of cortical adrenal development in urodeles are few in number and mostly incomplete from the point of view of development. Hence, an investigation was initiated to fill in existing gaps and present a complete developmental history of the glands in one of the urodeles.The primary anlagen of the cortical adrenal (interrenal) were seen first in the 8.8-mm. embryo as paired or unpaired cell groups in the interrenal area of the 'tween zone lying either in contact with or just beneath the coelomic epithelium. It was not possible to determine definitely whether they originate from the coelomic mesothelium or from the subjacent mesenchyme. Subsequent primordia are formed continuously throughout the period of larval development in an antero-posterior time sequence. Almost immediately they become associated with the postcaval system and the relationship thus established persists throughout life. There is no evidence of a budding process as described by Albrand ('08).During development there is a progressive increase in the size and number of cortical masses, an increase in the total area occupied by them, and a posterior shifting of the tissue as a whole as determined by its position in relation to the spinal ganglia. The definitive distribution is attained at the time of metamorphosis. The tissue occurs abundantly along the postcava, but strands along the median edge of the mesonephroi, as in some urodeles, are only sparingly developed.
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    Panniculus carnosus and formation of the pouch in Didelphids (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 1-26 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Panniculus carnosus is well developed in the five Didelphids studied. It is described in three parts: pars dorsalis, pars thoracoabdominalis and pars pudenda, in Marmosa, Didelphis, Metachirops, Metachirus and Chironectes, and in Orolestes, a caenolestid marsupial. Pars dorsalis is well developed in all five genera, but not so well developed as in Orolestes; pars thoracoabdominalis is present in all five Didelphids, but not in Orolestes; and the degree of development of pars pudenda is correlated with the development of the pouch, being absent in Orolestes, weak in Marmosa and strong in both males and females of the other genera. In Chironectes, in which genus the male develops a pouch, pars pudenda is strikingly developed. The ‘sphincter marsupii’ of other writers is considered to be a portion of pars pudenda.In early development an epidermal ridge arises surrounding part of the mammary area. In Marmosa these ridges move laterally and posteriorly before the expanding mammary area. In Didelphis, Metachirops, Metachirus and Chironectes the ridges form the lips of the pouch. The pouch is formed when the ridges remain stationary and the expanding mammary area throws the skin into a double-walled fold.
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    Oogenesis of Meretrix casta (chemnitz) with a note on the nature of the contents of neutral red vacuoles (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 127-148 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Gelgi bodies in Meretrix casta being visible in fresh eggs, an attempt was made to elucidate the nature of the contents of neutral red vacuoles. These are neo-formations which arise on treatment with neutral red Ringer. As recent researches have shown that neutral red forms compounds with enzymes, it is suggested that the new vacuoles in Meretrix are visible products of the attempt of the Golgi apparatus to eliminate neutral red which is a foreign substance to the egg. The function of Golgi bodies in the control of cell metabolism by production of intra-cellular enzymes is discussed.
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    Reproductive system of the bruchid beetles bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabr., bruchus (callosobruchus) chinensis L., (bruchidae - Coleoptera) (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 175-221 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The reproductive organs of Bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabr., and B. (Callosobruchus) chinensis L., including histology are described in detail. The role of the different parts of the male and female copulatory apparatus is discussed and the physical composition and function of the secretions of the accessory glands are indicated. The specific differences in the structure of the genitalia of the two species are shown.
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    An analysis of the early development of the chick by means of the mitotic indexContributions from the Zoölogical Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, second series, no. 150. Summary of a thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Oklahoma in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, June, 1935. (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 257-284 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using the percentage of mitotic figures in the cells as an index, a study was made of the distribution of cell multiplication in the development of the chick embryo. Counts were made of all regions in embryos ranging from the embryonic shield stage to sixteen somites, and of the neural and sensory epithelia and axial mesoderm of older embryos. Figures are presented which are believed to establish the sufficiency of mitotic division in producing the cell increases in the early embryo. In the developing primitive streak, areas of superior division rate were found in the presumptive medullary plate ectoderm at the sides of the streak. The node and the primitive plate tend to exhibit lower rates than the axis of the streak. The posterior nerve cells multiply more rapidly than the average of the neural tube, and areas of activity in the mesoderm tend to be located near the posterior end. An antero-posterior gradient of the index is indicated in the anterior neural tube, meeting a transient postero-anterior gradient of the hinder cord in the yolk-sac region. A lower rate of division in the floor than in the sides of the neural ectoderm may be implicated in the inrolling of the medullary plate and in the ventral ourvature of older embryos. All indices drop progressively with advancing age and differentiation.
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    Masthead (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Oogenesis in a thelytokous wasp, Nemeritis canescens (Grav.) (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 453-471 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the fifty generations of reared Nemeritis, males have been totally lacking. Oogenesis is atypical in (1) the occurrence of a pronounced and lengthy prochromosome stage, (2) the partial fusion of the eleven tetrads at early first anaphase, (3) following first anaphase, a return of all dyads from both poles to form a common second metaphase plate consisting of twenty-two separate dyads, (4) a second division which forms a single polar nucleus and an egg nucleus, each with twenty-two chromosomes, (5) the parthenogenetic development of the egg nucleus with twenty-two chromosomes. Oviposition, which occurs at first anaphase, is followed by a pronounced swelling of the egg through osmosis. Oogonia, follicle cells, cleavage nuclei and somatic cells in later embryogeny all show twenty-two metaphase chromosomes, while pupai tissue shows also tetraploid and octoploid complexes.
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    Certain reproductive organs in the Neritidae (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 525-561 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Descriptions and figures of the subordinate sex-organs are given for thirty species taken at random throughout the entire family.It is found: that the higher genera have organs not present in the lower; that they have a storage sac for mineral particles to be added to the secreted capsules within which the eggs will develop; that the anus is more or less fused to the mouth of the oviduct to allow of easy passage of the above materials from anus to oviduct; that spermatophores grade from simple elongated tubes of the lower to stout double tubes with various forms, with spicules, or with spirals, in the higher forms; that the sacs for holding the spermatophores may be simple, when the spermatophores are cast out after discharge, but are more evolved when spermatophores are to be permanently retained and digested; that while lower forms have no sex organs upon the head, peculiar organs occur in the higher genera, in one or both sexes.These organs have value as aids in classification of genera within the family Neritidae. The very marked coordination among these organs may be better understood when further observation reveals how they are used in sperm transfer.
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    Studies on the amphibian digestive system II. Comparative histology of the pancreas, following early larval development, in certain species of anura (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 581-611 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anatomically, the structure of the pancreas in four species of anura studied, is very similar during various stages of development. The gland is greatly reduced in size during both artificially induced and natural metamorphosis. When metamorphosis is artificially induced, the regression of the pancreas occurs somewhat earlier and is a little more rapid than in the case of natural metamorphosis, but the condition exhibited at the end of the phenomenon is similar in each case. Correlated with the anatomical regression during metamorphosis, many of the acinous cells, small collecting ducts and sinusoidal capillaries, undergo degeneration. This histolysis occurs somewhat earlier in animals that undergo artificially induced metamorphosis, but regeneration occurs about the same time in both metamorphic types. Most of the degenerated elements are autolyzed in situ; some are sloughed into sinusoidal capillaries; while a small number are eliminated through pancreatic ducts. It is doubtful whether these elements are ingested by phagocytes. The pancreas, in certain cases during later stages of metamorphosis, appears to take on a temporary hematopoietic function leading to the differentiation of red blood cells. Zymogen granules, lipoid granules, and X-granules are demonstrated in the anuran pancreas. X-granules, found in the larvae, are indeterminate in nature and are quite probably remnants of vitelline material found in the early embryo.
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    Development of the gonads and gametes in the soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 91-111 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The clam Mya differs from other pelecypods which have been investigated in this respect in having most of the reserve nutritive materials formed within the vacuolated follicle cells of the gonads instead of within the very limited amount of mesenchymatous connective tissue of the visceral mass. The profusely branching tubular gonads originate from two groups of primordial germ cells situated in the position of the future genital apertures. The germinal primordia soon become differentiated into two types of nuclei, one of which becomes associated with the large, vacuolated follicle cells, which form the principal volume of the gonadal tissue, while the other type proliferates to form the primary gonia which become widely scattered along the walls of each alveolus.There is much degeneration and cytolysis during gametogenesis in both sexes, with the accumulation of characteristic inclusions within the follicle cells. Atypical spermatogenesis followed by cytolysis occurs throughout the year but the normal method only in preparation for spawning. No evidence of protandry or change of sex was obtained; only three hermaphrodites were found in the examination of more than 1000 individuals.
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    Erratum (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. i 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600109
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    The development and metamorphosis of the mid-intestinal epithelium of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera)The author is indebted to Prof. Wm. S. Marshall, University of Wisconsin, for helpful criticisms and suggestions throughout the course of this investigation. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 221-241 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two sizes of cells are found in the mid-gut epithelium of late embryos. The larger cells contain nuclei having twice the number of prochromosomes and nearly twice the volume as compared with the nuclei of the smaller cells. During each larval instar, the nuclei of the functional mid-gut epithelium nearly double their volume and there is a corresponding increase in the amount of chromatin. It is suggested that chromosome division without nuclear division occurs in these epithelial cells during the pre-ecdysial periods of each instar. The mid-intestinal epithelial cells and their nuclei undergo characteristic changes during the feeding and pre-ecdysial periods of each instar. Prochromosomes as well as cytoplasmic globules, which represent a cytoplasmic diminution process, are visible in the latter period. The regeneration cells which give rise to the pupal and mid-gut epithelia have origin from the small embryonic mid-gut cells and from nuclei and cytoplasm derived from the larval epithelium by means of an apparent ‘pseudoreduction’ of the large larval nuclei during the late third and fourth instars.
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    The bodies of Eberth as a source of connective tissue ground substance in Rana catesbiana, ShawThis study was aided by a grant from the National Research Council, Committee on Radiation. Grant administered by W. C. Curtis. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 279-285 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The bodies of Eberth in the skins of tadpoles appear in young stages as fine threads and develop into heavy, amorphous masses in close contact with the basal membranes of the epidermal cells. They possess extensions which pass from the epidermal cells through their membranes into the corium. During metamorphosis, when the amount of dermal connective tissue is greatly increased, the bodies disappear the more distal first and the most proximal latest. The processes which pass into the dermis are the last parts to remain visible. Examination of a series of stages suggests that they pass through the cell membranes of the epidermis and into the corium. The bodies then, may be regarded as reserve accumulations of secreted material which are used up in the formation of dermal connective tissue. This explanation accounts for three otherwise unexplained peculiarities of the skin of the developing frog: (1) the presence and growth of the bodies of Eberth; (2) their disappearance during metamorphosis; (3) the sudden large increase in connective tissue fibers of the dermis at metamorphosis.
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    The adrenal-autonomic complex in Alligator mississippiensis (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 361-377 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The adrenal-autonomic systems were studied in embryonic and juvenile alligators. In the class Reptilia virtually no previous work has been done on the adrenal-autonomic systems.The adrenals are definite bodies, distinct from the kidney. In young forms they are in close proximity to the gonads and in both the embryonic and young forms the adrenals lie against the wall of the inferior vena cava.Cortical cells predominate. In embryonic forms the medullary tissue is not dispersed as in older forms. The medullary tissue lies in close proximity to the blood sinuses or may completely surround them.The arterial supply is scanty there being only a few small arteries to the adrenal while the blood supply from the inferior vena cava is profuse.The innervation is segmental in nature with four or five consecutive sympathetic ganglia giving off sympathetic nerves to the adrenal. Parasympathetic innervation was not observed in the forms studied. The innervation suggests a transition from lower forms with their segmental diffuse medullary material to the higher forms that display concentration of nerve supply and adrenal tissue.
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    A comparative study of the contents of the gelatinous accumulations of the culture media and the contents of the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus and Arcella vulgaris (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 325-359 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Comparative data give the basis for reinterpreting alleged chromidia, mitochondria and Golgi material described for certain rhizopods.Three distinct groups of granules can be demonstrated in both Amoeba and Arcella by techniques ordinarily employed for revealing chromatin elements of a cell, mitochondria or Golgi material. With respect to physico-chemical properties the granules appear identical with certain forms of bacteria in the culture media. They are not destroyed by alcohol, ether, or Altmann's fluid containing 5% acetic acid.These granules are apparently bacteria; two groups representing permanent cytoplasmic entities either as symbionts or commensals, the third possibly temporary invaders.None of the cytoplasmic inclusions of these rhizopods have given the characteristic mitochondrial reaction when treated with Janus green. Spherules and granules, or alleged Golgi material, in Amoeba blackened with osmic acid can be revealed by techniques ordinarily employed for demonstrating the chromatin elements of a cell. Similar spherules and granules occur in the gelatinous material of the culture media, free or in bodies similar to those sometimes found in food vacuoles.In Arcella, neutral-red-stainable and osmiophilic bodies, apparently identical with granules or small globules found individually distributed in the cytoplasm, can be observed both in food bodies in food vacuoles and in similar food organisms in the medium. Those occurring in the cytoplasm may represent indigestible material.
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    Studies on the anatomy of the respiratory system of Drosophila melanogaster (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 445-458 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A description is given of the gross anatomy of the tracheal system of the larva of Drosophila melanogaster. Comparisons of findings are made with those of Lowne for Calliphora, Wahl for Eristalis, Simms for Hylemyia, Dufour for Sarcophaga, Wandolleck for Platycephala, Trägårdh for Ephydra, and De Meijere for Lonchoptera.
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    The continuity of the germ cells in the urodele, Plethodon cinereus (Green) (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 489-519 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Plethodon cinereus is favorable for a study of the history of the germ line. The germ cells are large, while the gonads are small and show an almost diagrammatic structure. Germ cell degeneration is not extensive during ontogeny. As long as all the germ cells contain yolk during development, these cells are derived solely from germ cells. In Plethodon, yolk lasts in all germ celis through sex differentiation. A comparison of the number of mitoses necessary for the primordial germ cells to produce the numbers of germ cells in gonads where every germ cell contains yolk, with the mitoses necessary for the primordial cells to produce the adult complements of germ cells, shows that at least 72% of the increase of germ cells can be followed by yolk. A cytological study from the embryo through the adult sexual cycle gave no evidence that somiatic cells ever transform into germ cells. Mitoses are abundant in the testes of salamanders starved 4 months. This fact together with a statistical study on the adult male sexual cycle indicates that the germ cells present in the testis do not need to be augmented by transformed somatic cells. It is concluded that in Plethodon germ cells alone give rise to germ cells, and that the germ line is continuous.
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    Division and conjugation in Nyctotherus cordiformis (EHr.) Stein (Protozoa, Ciliata) with special reference to the nuclear phenomenaA thesis in Zoölogy presented to the faculty of the graduate school of the University of Pennsylvania in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy.An abstract of this paper has appeared in the Biological Bulletin, vol. 71, 1936. (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 563-611 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A cytological study of the complete life cycle of Nyctotherus cordiformis (Ehr.) Stein, a heterotrichous ciliate from the large intestine of tadpole and adult Hyla versicolor hosts is presented. In division a partial dedifferentiation of parental ingestatory structures occurs, then redifferentiation, to be retained by the anterior daughter. For the posterior daughter, the ingestatory apparatus arises de novo. In conjugation, two ciliates fuse along their peristomes. The macronucles undergoes complete fragmentation while the micronucleus divides three times. The first pregamic division results in two micronuclear products; the second division, four micronuclear products, three of which degenerate. The remaining product enters into the third pregamic division to produce the two functional, migratory and stationary, pronuclei. Interchange of migratory pronuclei follows at the fused anterior ends of the conjugants to form the amphinucleus which divides once to produce the micronucleus and the macronuclear anlage. Development and behavior of the unusual macronuclear anlage (‘spireme-ball’ of Stein and Schneider) is described for the first time. At the end of the conjugation process, ingestatory structures of each conjugant completely dedifferentiate while a complete new set arises de novo posterior to the old ones. In this case, conjugation occurs only in tadpoles which are metamorphosing into frogs. Conjugation here is interpreted as an effort made by the ciliates to overcome a physiological crisis during the drastic host transformation changes.
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    Structural and vascular changes accompanying the resorption of the proctodaeal processes after birth in the embryos of the Goodeidae, a family of viviparous fishesI wish to express my appreciation for the kind advice and guidance of Dr. C. L. Turner, under whose direction this investigation was undertaken. (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 95-125 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The types of processes encountered in the various species investigated are described. There is included the topography and structure before birth of the gonads, mesonephric ducts, urinary sinus and gut. Following birth, there are but slight changes in the topography of these organs. The most important structural change involves a complete ectodermal reconstitution of the end of the gut to form a true rectum. The vascular supply to the processes in the different species is similar and varies only in the minute details. The arterial supply is furnished by an extension of a single mesenteric artery along the gut. The number of arteries and their position at the gut opening depends on the number and position of the processes at that point. Two venous channels drain the processes; one is somatic and drains into the caudal vein, the other is visceral and empties into the hepatic portal through the subintestinal vein. The former drains the posterior process, the latter, the anterior processes. This basic pattern is constant in all species investigated. A description of the rich capillary plexus on the surface of the processes is included. With the resorption of the processes after birth, vessels that supply them become variously modified. The vein to the anterior processes and the single artery are discontinued. The vein that drains the posterior processes either disappears or is retained in part, undergoing secondary connections.
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    Masthead (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050610201
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    A comparative study of the chromosomes of eight genera of Indian Pyrgomorphinae (Acrididae) (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 223-255 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the spermatogonia of all the genera studied, there are nineteen rod-shaped telomitic chromosomes, which differ considerably regarding their actual sizes in the different genera. However, an analysis of the measurements of second spermatocyte chromosomes shows that as regards proportional sizes and in seriation there is some degree of uniformity within the sub-family. In Aularches, Atractomorpha, Chrotogonus, Colemania and Pyrgomorpha, the members of the smallest pair of autosomes appear as roundish or oval bodies and are comparable in shape, relative size and behavior with the ‘small’ dot-like chromosomes of the general Acrididae, while in Orthacris and Zarytes they are not so and merge into the general series. The sex chromosome is the largest one in the complexes, or the second largest as in Poecilocerus. The usual forms of tetrads occur in the spermatocytes. It is found that the number of ring tetrads in any genus depends upon the length of its chromosomes; in genera with longer chromosomes there are more of them than in genera with shorter ones. While no final explanation has been offered regarding the chromosome relationship between this sub-family and the other Acrididae, some points arising out of the present study have been briefly discussed, and it is shown that a simple process of elimination of two pairs is not sufficient to explain the smaller chromosome number in Pyrgomorphinae.
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    Changes in the volume, form and internal architecture of the nuclei of the granular glands of the integument of the newt, Triturus viridescens (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 385-397 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Concomitant with the appearance of the early secretion granules the nucleus enlarges slightly, the basichromatin is reduced and discrete acidophilic granules appear within the nuclei. Some nuclei become vacuolated and in others the basichromatin is practically reduced to a thin shell reinforced with occasional chromatic strands. Such nuclei are filled with acidophilic granules.In many instances the portion of the nucleus adjacent to the secretion is greatly modified, the basichromatin is reduced and presents an alveolar pattern with the alveoli filled with acidophilic material and elongated at right angles to the nuclear membrane. This appearance suggests that material is passing from the nucleus into the cytoplasm but no cytological evidence of such a passage was obtained.During the storage phase giant nuclei are present. They appear to be the result of a simple hypertrophy but in a few instances it appeared that multiplication by direct division, followed by coalescence might be a contributory factor to their formation.Following thyroidectomy or hypophysectomy the production of secretion was retarded but no profound regression was observed. After treatment with implants or injections of anterior pituitary a mild stimulation was observed.The evidence for nuclear participation in the formation of secretion is not conclusive but many of the changes which occur strongly suggest such an activity.
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    A cytological study of the Golgi substance of striated muscle of vertebratesA dissertation presented to the Board of Graduate Studies of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 399-431 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The silver chromate method used by Cajal, Fusari, and others supporters of the ‘network’ theory, fixes the contraction bands and (M) membranes in contracted muscle and the (Z) membranes and borders of the (Q) discs in relaxed fibers. The same structures are preserved by fixation in gold chloride. Kolatchev, and Bouin solutions. Muscle tissue subjected, prior to fixation, to fat extractives: ether, chloroform, etc., and subsequently fixed by these methods has an appearance similar to control preparations. The Cajal-Fusari ‘network’ is therefore considered to result from an impregnation of the membranes and bands; the various types of ‘nets’ described by these observers being due to fixation of fibers in different stages of contraction.The true Golgi substance of striated muscle consists of osmiophilic bodies located in the sarcoplasm in proximity to the nuclei. Cone, saucer, or crescent-shaped osmiophilic bodies occur at the poles, and granules, rods or curved rods of similar staining material along the sides of the nuclei. The disposition of these structures varies from nucleus to nucleus. Heart muscle possesses a relatively larger amount of the substance than does skeletal muscle.
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    The trophotaeniaeThe term trophotaeniae, ‘growth ribbons,’ was introduced by Hubbs and Turner ('37). of the goodeidae, a family of viviparous cyprinodont fishes (1937)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 495-523 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The embryos of twenty-one species of the family Goodeidae have extensive rectal processes (trophotaeniae) which serve as absorptive organs, by means of which the embryos while they are retained in the ovarian cavity absorb substances dissolved in the ovarian fluid. Embryos of three species have not been available for study. No trophotaeniae are present in one species Ataeniobius toweri. There are three general types of trophotaeniae, rosette, sheathed and unsheathed. The structure of the trophotaeniae is sufficiently constant in each species to be used in species determination.
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    Editorial (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620102
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    The histogenesis of muscle in the regenerating fore limb of larval Amblystoma punctatumThesis presented to the faculty of Princeton University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 17-47 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The regeneration of muscle in larval Amblystoma punctatum is preceded by an extensive dedifferentiation of the old muscles of the limb stump. The process of muscle dedifferentiation consists in a separation of muscle nuclei, surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm, from the injured ends of the muscle fibers. The dedifferentiation of the cut muscles of the limb stump progresses proximad as far as the origin of the muscles on the humerus and results in a complete transformation of these muscles into undifferentiated cells which appear to contribute to the formation of the regeneration blastema. Shoulder muscles, which were attached to the humerus, also undergo a partial dedifferentiation when their points of insertion on the humerus are destroyed by the degeneration of the perichondrium. These muscles never dedifferentiate, however, for more than one-fourth their original length. The process of dedifferentiation in the shoulder muscles is similar to that found in the cut muscles of the limb stump.The regeneration of the injured muscles occurs in two ways. The shoulder muscles reconstitute themselves by means of terminal and lateral sarcoplasmic buds formed near the distal regions of the muscle fibers. The muscles of the limb proper, distal to the shoulder, differentiate out of local aggregations of blastema cells. No myoblasts were observed.The regeneration blastema arose chiefly from dedifferentiated cells of muscle, nerve connective tissue sheath, perichondrium and cartilage.
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620201
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    Morphogenesis of the architecture of hip and thigh (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 177-218 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The original innominate bone consisted of ischiopubis only. From this developed a dorsally-directed ilium, upon which the dorsal limb muscles, originally arising from fascia, settled, and which thrust dorsalward between roots of the limb plexus, thus dividing the nerves into prozonal (dorsal and ventral) and metazonal (dorsal and ventral) groups. The primitive muscles of the tetrapod hip and thigh comprised a dorsal mass, soon divisible into sheets, innervated by both prozonal and metazonal dorsal nerves, and a similar ventral mass comparably innervated. The original two elements thus became four basic elements, and probably in early mammals or mammal-like reptiles all dually innervated muscles split into singly innervated units. With this four-group basis as the chief criterion, but considering other factors as well, it is possible to homologize the muscles of urodeles (ventral components only), lacertilians, mammals, and birds in entirely satisfactory manner, except for doubt in several instances in which specialization has secondarily obscured the precise relationships. In different mammals there is shown a tendency toward a final fusion of certain unrelated muscle units (biceps plus gluteus longus, human type of biceps, adductor magnus, and tensor fasciae femoris with gluteus maximus).
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620301
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    The early development of the avian embryo. I. Endoderm formation (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 415-443 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the blastula stage the roof of the subgerminal cavity is composed of an irregular layer of cells, the nuclei of which lie in the upper or middle part of the cytoplasm.On the floor of the subgerminal cavity groups of already degenerating cells occur. They represent the vegetative pole of the blastula. Almost every cell contains glycogen, and mitotic cells show no special orientation.In the gastrula stage the cells of the area pellucida become regularly arranged as a single-layered, cylindrical epithelium with basally situated nuclei.The yolk endoderm cells are formed from the proliferating upper layer of the area opaca.The embryonic endoderm is formed at the posterior end of the area pellucida by outgrowth of single cells from a circumscribed area, the primitive plate.This plate eventually bends inward to form a typical archenteric canal, through which endoderm continues to invaginate from the epiblast.The endoderm spreads in a cranial and lateral direction until it has formed a complete layer.The epiblast cells lose their glycogen as they invaginate to form endoderm, which is free of glycogen.In the area opaca the upper layer and the yolk endoderm contain glycogen.The mitotic cells of the epiblast of the area pellucida are always orientated horizontally, but in the primitive plate and archenteric canal they are orientated vertically as well.
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    The morphology of the aortic arches in four genera of plethodontid salamanders (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 559-597 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The larval, metamorphosing and definitive aortic arches of Desmognathus fuscus, Plethodon cinereus, Eurycea bislineata, and Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, described in this paper, were investigated because it was thought possible that, if the fourth or pulmonary arch failed to develop in these lungless forms, a new factor associated with the loss of lungs might be revealed.The salient points of structure disclosed, so far as the problem involved is concerned, are: D. fuscus and P. cinereus develop fourth arches which remain functional in the larvae and adults and supply the pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and skin of the shoulder region. In some instances the fourth arch in the larvae of P. cinereus is reduced in length or entirely lacking in which cases correspondingly less of the fourth arch and more of the third arch is present in the adult. E. bislineata and undoubtedly G. porphyriticus fail to develop fourth arches and hence do not possess these in either the larval or adult states.It is concluded, therefore, that the failure of the fourth arch to develop has evidently not been a factor involved in the advent of lunglessness in plethodontid salamanders. Also, the fact that E. bislineata never develops a fourth arch, yet is able to transform, furnishes additional evidence against Figge's view that Necturus fails to metamorphose because the ventral portion of the fourth arch is absent.
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630101
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    Notes on the brain case of a therocephalian (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 75-86 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study is based on serial sections of the occipital and otic regions of a therocephalian from the Tapinocephalus zone. The occipital region as preserved consists of the basioccipitals and exoccipitals. The basioccipital is long and slender and is separated from the more anterior basisphenoid by an unossified zone. The exoccipitals are large and contain a part of the jugular foramen and two foramina for cranial nerve XII.The otic bones are fused together to form a periotic. The most striking feature of the inner ear is the medioventral position of the vestibule. Passing back into the periotic from the vestibule is a deep recessus scala tympani. This recess opens anteriorly into a ventral fenestra in the vestibule, the fenestra rotunda. These structures are similar to those of Dimetrodon and the gorgonopsian.The anterior part of the periotic is projected ventrally to form a basicranial process. This probably arose by intramembranous ossification. The unossified zone between the basioccipital and basisphenoid may represent a persistent basicranial fenestra.
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    The development of the imaginal eye in the larva of Drosophila melanogaster (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 63-73 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study has been made of the growth of the eye anlage, and of the increase in number of the elements of the dioptric system of larvae of Drosophila melanogaster.In newly hatched larvae the eye rudiment grows fast, but slows down later and becomes nearly stationary during the second half of larval life. The increase in number of elements in the eye disc parallels the growth of the whole anlage and reaches a maximum about 70 hours after hatching. The imaginal disc cells increase in number but not in size, in contrast to other larval cells which increase in size but not in number.
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    The comparative morphology of the vertebrate spinal column. Its form as related to function (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 87-117 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The form of the vertebral column is definitely related to its function as a supporting rod, a base for attachment of body and limb muscles, and a protection of the spinal cord and nerves. Primitively composed of a series of simple undifferentiated blocks, it progressively becomes complicated through development of articular processes giving added strength and greater mobility. Simultaneously, the centrum and the neural arch become adapted to withstand tension and compression stresses which vary with the movements possible in different regions of the column. These movements are partially determined by the plane of the zygapophyses and the nature of the intercentral articulation, together with the action of the axial muscles and ligaments.In fish and primitive tetrapods the axial musculature serves as the chief locomotor organ and consists of a series of myomeres extending with little interruption from the head to the tail. In tetrapods the locomotor function is taken over by the limbs and the axial muscles become progressively differentiated into long flexors and extensors of the column and gradually lose their external segmentation.
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    Sexual differentiation of urogenital ducts of Ambystoma tigrinumAided by grants from the national research council committee for research in problems of sex, as administered by Prof. E. Witschi. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 119-141 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Adult salamanders of Ambystoma tigrinum show a high degree of sexual dimorphism. The normal growth of the urogenital ducts system in relation to the development of the gonads is traced from the sexually indifferent period preceding metamorphosis to sexual maturity at 1 year. Differentiation and growth of secondary sex characters is correlated with spermatogenesis in the male and with growth of ovocytes in the female.Testicular hormone manifests its initial appearance in male differentiation of the wolffian and urinary collecting ducts following metamorphosis. Growth of ovocytes and oviducts begins before metamorphosis and may be assumed to indicate the initial appearance of the ovarian hormone. Females retain the larval arrangement of wolffian and urinary ducts. The oviducts of the male regress during the period of rapid male differentiation. This suggests the possibility of antagonistic activity of the male hormones in Ambystoma.
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    Blood-cell changes during experimental nutritional deficiency anemia and recovery in the newt, Triturus viridescens, with special reference to the erythrocytes (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 143-161 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A batch of fifty newts was subjected to complete food deprivation for a period of 4 months. During the experiment twenty-two individuals died and twenty-eight were killed at intervals. From the end of the second month the erythrocytes began to show in increasingly greater numbers a progressive alteration in the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. The nucleus of these atypical erythrocytes gradually enlarged and ultimately occupied the entire cytosome. Meanwhile the nuclear reticulum became extremely fine and closely meshed, eventually appearing practically homogeneous and relatively chromophobic. The end result was complete dissolution. The leukocytes became greatly reduced in number, the eosinophils disappearing completely. The neutrophils and basophils were agranular in the blood smears. The erythrocyte transformations represent late results of a chain of factors: cytoplasmic hypotonicity, nuclear endosmosis, attenuation and fenestration of nuclear membrane. The subcapsular lymphogranulocytopoietic tissue of the liver had almost completely disappeared. The spleen was greatly reduced in size; it was essentially lymphoid in character and erythrocytopoietic activity had ceased practically completely. Complete restoration of normal conditions in blood, liver and spleen was effected by the end of 2 weeks by feeding with earthworms. The regenerating blood showed many naked nuclei of disintegrating atypical erythrocytes, many immature erythrocytes in mitosis, increased number of small lymphocytes (lymphoid hemoblasts), large but variable numbers of microcytes, many giant thrombocytes and normal granulocytes.
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    The absorption of colloidal carbon from the body cavity of Ammocoetes. A study of the structure and function of the larval kidneys and blood forming tissuesContribution no. 249 from the zoological laboratories, indiana university. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 163-179 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Colloidal carbon injected into the coelom of the larval lamprey, Ammocoetes, is taken up directly by the pronephric tubules. Due to the absence of nephrostomes the mesonephric tubules do not function in a similar way. The tubules of neither show any intracellular deposition of carbon. The reticular elements which support both these kidneys exhibit pronounced phagocytic and hemocytopoietic activity. Carbon in either a free or included form reaches all the other organs both as a result of direct invasion or secondary distribution by the vascular system. The liver is the only organ whose vascular endothelium exhibits cytopoietic properties. To the diffuse spleen as a site of blood cell formation thus should be added the reticular tissue of the pronephros and mesonephros and the vascular endothelium of the liver. Playing a minor role in a similar way are the intestinal mucosa exclusive of that in the typhlosole and the spongy tissue dorsal to the neural tube.
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630201
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    Electronic Resource
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    A cytological study of the pleuropodia of Melanoplus differentialis (Orthoptera, Acrididae) which furnishes new evidence that they produce the hatching enzyme (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 181-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In an earlier paper (Slifer, '37) experiments were reported which showed that in Melanoplus differentialis eggs the hatching enzyme, which destroys the white cuticle, is secreted by the pleuropodia (appendages of the first abdominal segment of the embryo) during the last few days of incubation. In the present report the development and differentiation of the pleuropodia, together with the cytological changes which occur in them before, during and after they become functional, have been followed. The time at which the secretion granules are discharged from the pleuropodial cells was found to be closely correlated with the time at which the tough, white cuticle begins to disintegrate. The cytological evidence, then, supports the author's earlier conclusion, based upon experimental work, that the pleuropodia secrete the hatching enzyme.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630109
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