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  • Articles  (162)
  • Microbial biomass  (162)
  • Geosciences  (162)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of ecophysiological maintenance carbon requirements of soil microorganisms in a dormant state (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Dormant populations ; Maintenance carbon requirements ; Microbial biomass ; Biomass carbon loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An experimental approach was attempted for determining the maintenance carbon requirements of the dormant microbial biomass of two agricultural soils (I, II) and one, forest soil (III). The amount of carbon needed for preventing microbial-C loss during incubation expressed as coefficient m (mg glucose-C·mg-1 biomass-C·h-1) was 0.00031, 0.00017 and 0.00017 h-1 at 28°C and 0.000043, 0.000034 and 0.000016 h-1 at 15°C for soils I, II and III, respectively. Depending on the temperature, the determined m values of the dormant population were two to three orders of magnitude below known values from pure cultures or m values of metabolically activated biomasses under in situ conditions. Corresponding microbial-C loss quotients were comparable to the observed maintenance coefficients but were always above m. The metabolic quotient q for CO2 (mg CO2-C·mg-1 biomass-C·h-1) of the dormant populations in the three soils tested was at q = 0.0018 h-1 (22°C) one order of magnitude below metabolically activated cells but did not correspond to the low maintenance values determined, which implies that in addition to possible utilization of native soil organic matter dormant biomasses must largely have an endogenously derived respiratory activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255134
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the addition of municipal solid-waste compost on microbial biomass and enzyme activities in soil (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 10 (1990), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Arylsulphatase ; Deaminase ; Microbial biomass ; Municipal solid waste compost ; Phosphatase ; Protease ; Urease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Changes in the content of C, N, P, and S in the soil biomass and in phosphatase, urease, protease, deaminase, and arylsulphatase activity, induced by amendment with municipal solid-waste compost, were determined in a clay loam soil during 1 year of incubation at 25° and 35°C. In the unenriched soil (control) decreasing trends in biomass C, biomass N, and biomass S were observed at both temperatures. In the enriched soil, these values increased, reaching a maximum after 1 month. Biomass P, probably due to a slower process of P immobilization, showed different trends. Alkaline phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, and deaminase activity remained constant after reaching maximum values (3–5 months). Arylsulphatase, urease, and protease activity tended to return to baseline after reaching a maximum (2–3 months). Atrazine, though applied at a dose that was 10 times higher than the recommended field rate, did not modify the chemical and biochemical properties of either the control or the enriched soil. Significant positive and negative correlations between changes in biomass values and changes in enzyme activity were found. The negative correlations are attributed to the delay in the enzymatic response compared with the changes in microbial biomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336141
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of tillage on the proportion of organic carbon and nitrogen in the microbial biomass of medium-textured soils in a humid climate (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Organic matter dynamics ; Reduced tillage ; Podzolic soils ; Chloroform fumigation method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Microbial biomass C and N respond rapidly to changes in tillage and soil management. The ratio of biomass C to total organic C and the ratio of mineral N flush to total N were determined in the surface layer (0–5 cm) of low-clay (8–10%), fine sandy loam, Podzolic soils subjected to a range of reduced tillage (direct drilling, chisel ploughing, shallow tillage) experiments of 3–5 years' duration. Organic matter dynamics in the tillage experiments were compared to long-term conditions in several grassland sites established on the same soil type for 10–40 years. Microbial biomass C levels in the grassland soils, reduced tillage, and mouldboard ploughing treatments were 561, 250, and 155 μg g-1 soil, respectively. In all the systems, microbial biomass C was related to organic C (r=0.86), while the mineral N flush was related to total N (r=0.84). The average proportion of organic C in the biomass of the reduced tillage soils (1.2) was higher than in the ploughed soils (0.8) but similar to that in the grassland soils (1.3). Reduced tillage increased the average ratio of mineral N flush to total soil N to 1.9, compared to 1.3 in the ploughed soils. The same ratio was 1.8 in the grassland soils. Regression analysis of microbial biomass C and percent organic C in the microbial biomass showed a steeper slope for the tillage soils than the grassland sites, indicating that reduced tillage increased the microbial biomass level per unit soil organic C. The proportion of organic matter in the microbial biomass suggests a shift in organic matter equilibrium in the reduced tillage soils towards a rapid, tillage-induced, accumulation of organic matter in the surface layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336378
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recolonization of methyl bromide sterilized soils under four different field conditions (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 181-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Invasion ; Soil ; Recolonization ; Protozoa ; Rotifers ; Nematodes ; Microbial biomass ; Dehydrogenase activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The course of recovery in biological activity was assessed in the top 5 cm of undisturbed soil cores (29.7 cm diameter, 30 cm deep) that had been fumigated in the laboratory with methyl bromide. The cores were returned to their original pasture and forest sites, two with a moderate and two with a high rainfall, and untreated soils at all sites served as baselines. Sampling took place over 166 days (midsummer to midwinter). Microbial biomass (as measured by fumigation-extraction and substrate-induced respiration procedures) and dehydrogenase activity both recovered rapidly, but remained consistently lower in the fumigated than in untreated samples at both forest sites and at the moister of the two pasture sites. Bacterial numbers also recovered rapidly. Fungal hyphal lengths were, on average over 166 days, 25% lower in the fumigated soils. Levels of mineral N were initially highest in the fumigated soils, but declined with time. Fumigation generally had no detectable effects on the subsequent rates of net N mineralization and little effect on nitrification rates. Fumigation almost totally eliminated protozoa, with one to three species being recovered on day 0; the numbers recovered most rapidly in the moist forest soil and slowly in the dry pasture soil. The recoionization rate of protozoan species was similar in all soils, with species numbers on day 110 being 33 and 34 in the fumigated and untreated soils, respectively. Nematodes were eliminated by fumigation; recolonization was first detected on day 26 but by day 166, nematode numbers were still lower in fumigated than in untreated soils, the abundance being 10 and 62 g-1 soil and diversity 10 and 31 species, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that protozoan and nematode populations and diversities could provide a useful medium-term ecological index of the recovery in comprehensive soil biological activity following major soil pollution or disturbance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335765
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of soil biomass C, N, and P in a dry tropical forest in India (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Dry tropical forest ; Seasonal changes ; Biomass C ; Biomass N ; Biomass P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three dry tropical forest soils along a topographic sequence were examined to determine the seasonal dynamics of microbial C, N, and P. The lowest microbial biomass was found in forest soils at the foot of the hill followed by midslope forest soils. The hilltop soil, which had the most fine particles, water-holding capacity, organic C, and total N, reflected the presence of greater amounts of microbial C, N, and P. Mean annual microbial C, N, and P ranges were 466–662, 48–72 to 21–30 μg g-1, respectively. The seasonal pattern of microbial biomass, C, N, and P was similar at all sites, the values being greatest during the dry season and lowest during the wet season. The seasonal values for microbial biomass C, N, and P were positively correlated with each other and a negative correlation was found between microbial biomass and the fine root mass in these forest soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369388
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of long-term 2,4-D application on microbial populations and biochemical processes in cultivated soil (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Dehydrogenase activity ; DHA ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial populations ; 2,4-D ; Nitrification ; Soil respiration ; Urease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of 15 years of field applications of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetate (2,4-D) on soil microbial population and biochemical processes were studied in a field cropped with maize followed by potatoes. Amine or ester formulations at the rate of 0.95 kg 2,4-D per hectare applied in May and October every year. Fungal, bacterial, and actinomycete populations, and microbial biomass C and N were reduced by the 2,4-D treatment, the reduction being more marked where the ester was used. N mineralization, nitrification, and potentially mineralizable N were reduced by the 2,4-D ester only, while urease activity was depressed by both formulations. Dehydrogenase activity and soil microbial respiration tended to be temporarily increased by the amine, but were reduced substantially by the ester, indicating that the ester probably interfered with nutrient cycling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336278
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen mineralization and reorganization in casts of the geophagous tropical earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 14 (1992), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworm ; Pontoscolex corethrurus ; Nitrogen mineralization ; Microbial biomass ; Casts ; Ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Mineral N concentrations ranged from 133.1 to 167.8 μg g-1 dry soil in fresh casts of the endogeic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus fed on an Amazonian Ultisol; this was approximately five times the concentration in non-ingested soil. Most of this N was in the form of NH inf4 sup+ . N also accumulated in microbial biomass, which increased from a control value of 10.5–11.3 to 67.5–74.1 μg g-1 in fresh casts. During a 16-day incubation, part of the NH inf4 sup+ -N was nitrified and/or transferred to the microbial biomass. Total labile N (i.e., mineral+biomas N) decreased sharply at first (ca. 50% in the first 12 h), and then more slowly. The exact fate of this N (microbial metabolites, denitrification, or volatilization) is not known. After 16 days, the overall N content of the casts was still 28% higher than that of the control soil. Incubation of the soil before ingestion by the earthworms significantly increased the production of NH inf4 sup+ in casts. We calculate that in a humid tropical pasture, 50–100 kg mineral N may be produced annually in earthworm casts. Part of this N may be conserved in the compact structure of the cast where the cast is not in close contact with plant roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336302
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of freeze-thaw events on mineralization of soil nitrogen (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 14 (1992), S. 116-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Freezing and thawing of soils ; Nitrogen mineralization ; Microbial biomass ; Ninhydrin-reactive N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In humid regions of the United States there is considerable interest in the use of late spring (April–June) soil NO 3 − concentrations to estimate fertilizer N requirements. However, little information is available on the environmental factors that influence soil NO 3 − concentrations in late winter/early spring. The influence of freeze-thaw treatments on N mineralization was studied on several central Iowa soils. The soils were subjected to temperatures of-20°C or 5°C for 1 week followed by 0–20 days of incubation at various temperatures. The release of soluble ninhydrin-reactive N, the N mineralization rate, and net N mineralization (mineral N flush) were observed. The freeze-thaw treatment resulted in a significant increase in the N mineralization rate and mineral N flush. The N mineralization rate in the freeze-thaw treated soils remained higher than in non-frozen soils for 3–6 days when thawed soils were incubated at 25°C and for up to 20 days in thawed soils incubated at 5°C. The freeze-thaw treatments resulted in a significant release of ninhydrin-reactive N. These values were closely correlated with the mineral N flush (r 2=0.84). The release of ninhydrin-reactive N was more closely correlated with biomass N (r 2=0.80) than total N (r 2=0.65). Our results suggest that freeze-thaw events in soil disrupt microbial tissues in a similar way to drying and re-wetting or chloroform fumigation. Thus the level of mineral N released was directly related to the soil microbial biomass. We conclude that net N mineralization following a spring thaw may provide a significant portion of the total NO 3 − present in the soil profile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336260
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial biomass and respiratory activity in soil aggregates of different sizes from three beechwood sites on a basalt hill (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Substrate-induced respiration ; Microbial biomass ; Beech forest ; Soil aggregates ; Aggregate disruption ; Fagus sylvatica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effects of aggregates of different sizes on the soil microbial biomass. The distribution of aggregate size classes (〈2, 2–4, 4–10, 〉10 mm) in the upper mineral soil horizon (Ah layer) was very different in three sites (upper, intermediate, lower) in a beechwood (Fagus sylvatica) on a basalt hill (Germany). Aggregates of different sizes (〈2, 2–4, 4–10 mm) contained different amounts of C and N but the C:N ratios were similar. C and N contents were generally higher in smaller aggregates. The maximum initial respiratory response by microorganisms in intact aggregates and in aggregates passed through a 1-mm sieve declined with the aggregate size, but the difference was more pronounced in intact aggregates. Disruption of aggregates generally increased this response, particularly in 4- to 10-mm aggregates in the lower site. Basal respiration differed strongly among sites, but was similar in each of the aggregate size classes. Aggregate size did not significantly affect the specific respiration (μg O2 μg−1 microbial C h−1) nor the microbial: organic C ratio, but these parameters differed among sites. Microbial growth was increased strongly by passing the soil through a 1-mm sieve in each of the aggregate materials. The growth of microorganisms in disrupted aggregates was similar, and the effect of aggregate disruption depended on the growth of microorganisms in intact aggregates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335995
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interrelationship between extracellular enzyme activity, ATP content, total counts of bacteria and CO2 evolution (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 14 (1992), S. 288-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Extracellular enzymes ; Protease activity ; ATP content ; Bacteria ; Microbial biomass ; CO2 evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In an incubation experiment, soil was amended to induce changes in microbial growth and enzyme production. The soluble fraction of newly produced protease (extracellular enzyme) was separated from the soil by a sterilized millipore filter. The activity of total and soluble protease, ATP content, number of acridine orange-stained bacteria, and CO2 evolution in soils were measured during the incubation. Increases in soluble and total protease activities in soils amended with agar and glucose coincided with increases in ATP content, total counts of bacteria, growth of fungi, and CO2 evolution. In amended soils, the activity of soluble extracellular protease was about 30% of the total protease activity. Soluble extracellular protease activity was highly correlated with total protease activity (r=0.78, P〈0.01), ATP content (r=0.74, P〈0.01), and total counts of bacteria (r=0.94, P〈0.01) during the first 6 days of incubation. Hence measurement of microbial biomass appeared to be an index for the level of extracellular enzymes in soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395465
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