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  • 1
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    Our living oceans: report on the status of U.S. living marine resources, 6th edition (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Washington, D.C.
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14563 | 403 | 2014-02-19 22:20:21 | 14563 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is dedicated to the stewardship of living marine resources (LMR’s). This is accomplished through science-based conservation and management, and the promotion of healthy ecosystems. As a steward, NMFS has an obligation to conserve, protect, and manage these resources in a way that ensures their continuation as functioning components of healthy marine ecosystems, affords economic opportunities, and enhances the quality of life for the American public. In addition to its responsibilities within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), NMFS plays a supportive and advisory role in the management of LMR’s in the coastal areas under state jurisdiction and provides scientific and policy leadership in the international arena. NMFS also implements international measures for the conservation and management of LMR’s, as appropriate.NMFS receives its stewardship responsibilities under a number of Federal laws. These include the Nation’s primary fisheries law, the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act. This law was first passed in 1976, later reauthorized as the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act in 1996, and reauthorized again on 12 January 2007 as the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act (MSRA). The MSRA mandates strong action to conserve and manage fishery resources and requires NMFS to end overfishing by 2010 in all U.S. commercial and recreational fisheries, rebuild all overfished stocks, and conserve essential fish habitat.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Management
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 2
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    Age determination manual of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center Age and Growth Program (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  beth.matta@noaa.gov | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14559 | 403 | 2014-02-21 00:23:02 | 14559 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The Age and Growth Program at the Alaska Fisheries Science Center is tasked with providing age data in order to improve the basic understanding of the ecology and fisheries dynamics of Alaskan fish species. The primary focus of the Age and Growth Program is to estimate ages from otoliths and other calcified structures for age-structured modeling of commercially exploited stocks; however, the program has recently expanded its interests to include numerous studies on topics ranging from age estimate validation to the growth and life history of non-target species. Because so many applications rely upon age data and particularly upon assurances as to their accuracy and precision, the Age and Growth Program has developed this practical guide to document the age determination of key groundfish species from Alaskan waters. The main objective of this manual is to describe techniques specific to the age determination of commercially and ecologically important species studied by the Age and Growth Program. The manual also provides general background information on otolith morphology, dissection, and preparation, as well as descriptions of methods used to measure precision andaccuracy of age estimates. This manual is intended not only as a reference for age readers at the AFSC and other laboratories, but also to give insight into the quality of age estimates to scientists who routinely use such data.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Management
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  • 3
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    Marine Fisheries Stock Assessment Improvement Plan: report of the National Marine Fisheries Service National Task Force for Improving Fish Stock Assessments (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Silver Spring, MD
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14566 | 403 | 2014-02-20 18:26:54 | 14566 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This report argues for greatly increased resources in terms of data collection facilities and staff to collect, process, and analyze the data, and to communicate the results, in order for NMFS to fulfill its mandate to conserve and manage marine resources. In fact, the authors of this report had great difficulty defining the "ideal" situation to which fisheries stock assessments and management should aspire. One of the primary objectives of fisheries management is to develop sustainable harvest policies that minimize the risks of overfishing both target species and associated species. This can be achieved in a wide spectrum of ways, ranging between the following two extremes. The first is to implement only simple management measures with correspondingly simple assessment demands, which will usually mean setting fishing mortality targets at relatively low levels in order to reduce the risk of unknowingly overfishing or driving ecosystems towards undesirable system states. The second is to expand existingdata collection and analysis programs to provide an adequateknowledge base that can support higher fishing mortality targets while still ensuring low risk to target and associated species and ecosystems. However, defining "adequate" is difficult, especially when scientists have not even identified all marine species, and information on catches, abundances, and life histories of many target species, and most associated species, is sparse. Increasing calls from the public, stakeholders, and the scientific community to implement ecosystem-based stock assessment and management make it even more difficult to define "adequate," especially when "ecosystem-based management" is itself not well-defined. In attempting to describe the data collection and assessment needs for the latter, the authors took a pragmatic approach, rather than trying to estimate the resources required to develop a knowledge base about the fine-scale detailed distributions, abundances, and associations of all marine species. Thus, the specified resource requirements will not meet the expectations of some stakeholders. In addition, the Stock Assessment Improvement Plan is designed to be complementary to other related plans, and therefore does not duplicate the resource requirements detailed in those plans, except as otherwise noted.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries ; Management
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  • 4
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    2007 biennial report to Congress on the progress and findings of studies of striped bass populations (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14826 | 403 | 2014-02-28 21:18:46 | 14826 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The 1997 reauthorization of the Atlantic Striped Bass Conservation Act (Striped Bass Act) mandated biennial reports to Congress and to the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (Commission) from the secretaries of the Department of Commerce and the Department of the Interior concerning the progress and findings of studies of Atlantic striped bass (Morone saxatilis). The Striped Bass Act specifically requests updates on studies that include, but are not limited to: annual stock assessments, investigations on the causes of fluctuations in Atlantic striped bass populations, the effects of environmental factors on the recruitment, spawning potential, mortality, and abundance of Atlantic striped bass populations, and investigations of interactions between Atlantic striped bass and other fish. This document is the fifth such report to Congress and includes data available through 2007 with emphasis on the 2005 and 2006 calendar years.
    Description: Submitted by the National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to the Committee on Resources of the United States House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the United States Senate.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Management
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  • 5
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    Northeast Fisheries Observer Program manual, 2013 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Woods Hole, MA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14884 | 403 | 2014-03-07 19:48:28 | 14884 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) Fisheries Sampling Branch (FSB) collects, maintains, and distributes data for scientific and management purposes in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. FSB manages three separate but related observer programs: the Northeast Fisheries Observer Program (NEFOP), the Industry Funded Scallop (IFS) Observer Program, and the At Sea Monitoring (ASM) Program. For the purposes of this manual, “observers” refers to any observer/monitor working for the FSB.In 2011, FSB trained and deployed over 200 observers, provided coverage on a variety of fisheries, and completed over 15,000 sea days. Observed trips are required under many of the region's fishery management plans, and for some fisheries by other federal laws and authorities such as Amendment 16 and Framework 44, Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, Marine Mammal Protection Act, the Endangered Species Act, the and the Sustainable Fisheries Act.The purpose of this guide is to provide FSB observers, as well as end users of NEFSC Observer Program data, with a detailed description of each data field collected. In addition to this manual, the NEFSC Observer Program Biological Sampling and Catch Estimation Manual provides summaries and tables intended to enable observers to quickly determine the correct sampling protocols and methods while at sea.This manual represents a revision of the data forms, collection procedures, and protocols described in the 1996 NEFSC Observer Program Manual. For documentation of other changes see Documentation of changes made to the NEFSC Fisheries Observer Program Manual, 2013.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Management ; Policies
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 6
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    A guide to the Thalassinidea (Crustacea: Malacostraca: Decapoda) of the South Atlantic Bight (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2477 | 403 | 2011-09-29 19:06:51 | 2477 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Ghost shrimp and mud shrimp in the decapod infraorder Thalassinidea are ecologically important members of manybenthic intertidal and shallow subtidal infaunal communities, largely due to the sediment filtration and mixing that result from their burrowing and feeding behavior. These activities considerably modify their immediate environment and have made these cryptic animals extremely interesting to scientists in terms of their behavior, ecology, and classification.Over 20 years ago, seven species of thalassinideans were known from the South Atlantic Bight (Cape Hatteras, NC to Cape Canaveral, FL). During this study, the examinationof extensive collections from the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), the Southeastern Regional Taxonomic Center (SERTC), and regional institutions, resultedin the identification of 14 species of thalassinideanscurrently known to occur within this region. The family Axiidae is represented by three species: Axius armatus, Calaxius jenneri, and Paraxiopsis gracilimana; the Callianassidae by six: Biffarius biformis, B. cf. fragilis, Callichirus major, Cheramus marginatus, Gilvossius setimanus, and Necallianassa berylae; the Calocarididae by two: Calocaris templemani and Acanthaxius hirsutimanus; andthe families Laomediidae, Thomassiniidae, and Upogebiidae are each represented by one: Naushonia crangonoides, Crosniera wennerae, and Upogebia affinis, respectively. Anillustrated key is presented for species level identification and supplemental notes on the ecology, distribution, and taxonomy of the species are provided.(PDF file contains 38 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 7
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    Genetic and morphological identification of pelagic juvenile rockfish collected from the Gulf of Alaska (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2476 | 403 | 2014-02-21 01:10:02 | 2476 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Pelagic juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.) collected in surveys designed to assess juvenile salmonids and other species in the Gulf of Alaska in 1998 and 2000–2003provide an opportunity to document the occurrence of the pelagic juveniles of several species of rockfish. Often, species identification of rockfish is difficult or impossible at this stage of development (~20 to 60 mm),and few species indigenous to Alaska waters have been described. Use of mitochondrial DNA markers for rockfish species allowed unequivocal identification of ten species (S. aleutianus, S. alutus, S. borealis, S. entomelas, S.flavidus, S. melanops, S. pinniger, S. proriger, S. reedi, and S. ruberrimus) in subsamples from the collections. Other specimens were genetically assignable to groups of two or three species. Sebastes borealis, S. crameri, and S. reedi were identified using morphological data. Combining genetic and morphological data allowed successful resolution of the other species as S. emphaeus, probably S. ciliatus (although S. polyspinis cannot be totally ruled out), and S. polyspinis. Many specimens were initially morphologically indistinguishable from S. alutus, and several morphological groups included fish geneticallyidentified as S. alutus. This paper details the characteristics of these pelagic juveniles to facilitate morphological identification of these species in future collections. (PDF file contains 32 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 8
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    Emerging technologies for reef fisheries research and management [held during the 56th annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute meeting in Tortola, British Virgin Islands, November 2003] (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2480 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:56:12 | 2480 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: This publication of the NOAA Professional Paper NMFS Seriesis the product of a special symposium on “Emerging Technologies for Reef Fisheries Research and Management” held during the 56th annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute meeting in Tortola, British Virgin Islands, November 2003. The purpose of this collection is to highlight the diversity of questions and issues in reeffisheries management that are benefiting from applications of technology. Topics cover a wide variety of questions and issues from the study of individual behavior, distribution and abundance of groups and populations, and associations between habitats and fish and shellfish species.(PDF files contains 124 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 9
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    Distribution patterns of fish eggs in the U.S. Northeast Continental Shelf Ecosystem, 1977-1987 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2524 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:49:44 | 2524 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This atlas presents information on fish eggs and temperature data collected from broadscale ichthyoplankton surveys conducted off the U.S. northeast coast from ]977 to1987. Distribution and abundance information is provided for 33 taxa in the form of graphs and contoured egg-density maps by month and survey. Comments are included on interannual and interseasonal trends in spawning intensity. Data on 14 additional but less numerous taxa are provided in tabular form. (PDF file contains 316 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 10
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    Field guide to requiem sharks (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Carcharhinidae) of the Western North Atlantic (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2503 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:58:46 | 2503 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Identification problems are common for many sharks due to a general lack of meristic characteristics that are typicallyuseful for separating species. Other than number of vertebrae and number and shape of teeth, identifications are frequently based on external features that are often shared among species. Identification problems in the field are most prevalent when live specimens are captured and releasing them with a minimum of stress is a priority (e.g., shark tagging programs). Identifications mustbe accurate and conducted quickly but this can be challenging, especially if specimens are very active or too large to be landed without physical damage. This field guide was designed primarily for use during field studies and presents a simplified method for identifying the 21 species of western North Atlantic Ocean sharks belonging to the family Carcharhinidae (carcharhinids). To assist with identifications a dichotomous key to Carcharhinidae was developed, and for the more problematic Carcharhinus species (12 species), separation sheets based on importantdistinguishing features were constructed. Descriptive text and illustrations provided in the species accounts were developed from field observations, photographs, andpublished references. (PDF file contains 36 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 11
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    Synopsis of biological data on the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792), and the jewfish, E. itajara (Lichenstein, 1822) (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2523 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:49:02 | 2523 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: Information on the biology, fishery resources, explotiation patterns, management, and conservation status of two species of grouper-the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus, and the jewfish, Epinephelus itajara-is compiled, reviewed, and analyzed. (PDF file contains 68 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 12
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    Investigation of unusual mortalities of bottlenose dolphins along the mid-Texas coastal bay ecosystem during 1992 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2522 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:48:59 | 2522 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: An investigation was conducted into the deaths of more than 220 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) that occurred within the coastal bay ecosystem of mid-Texas between January and May 1992. The high mortality rate was unusual in that it was limited to a relatively small geographical area, occurred primarily within an inshore bay system separated from the Gulf of Mexico by barrier islands, and coincided with deaths of other taxa including birds and fish. Factors examined to determine the potential causes of the dolphin mortalities included microbial pathogens, natural biotoxins, industrial pollutants, other environmental contaminants, and direct human interactions. Emphasis was placed on nonpoint source pesticide runoff from agricultural areas, which had resulted from record rainfall that occurred during the period of increased mortality.Analytical results from sediment, water, and biota indicated that biotoxins, trace metals, and industrial chemical contamination were not likely causative factors in this mortality event. Elevated concentrations of pesticides (atrazine and aldicarb) were detected in surface water samples from bays within the region, and bay salinities were reduced to 〈10 ppt from December 1991 through April 1992 due to record rainfall and freshwater runoff exceeding any levels since 1939. Prolonged exposure to low salinity could have played a significant role in the unusual mortalities because low salinity exposure may cause disruption of the permeability barrier in dolphin skin. The lack of established toxicity data for marine mammals, particularly dermal absorption and bioaccumulation, precludes accurate toxicological interpretation of results beyond a simple comparison to terrestrial mammalian models. Results clearly indicated that significant periods of agricultural runoff and accompanying low salinities co-occurred with the unusual mortality event in Texas, but no definitive cause of the mortalities was determined. (PDF file contains 25 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 13
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    Ecosystem science capabilities required to support NOAA’s mission in the year 2020 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Silver Spring, MD
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2234 | 403 | 2011-09-29 19:24:58 | 2234 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-12
    Description: The mission of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is to understand and predict changes in the Earth’s environment and conserve and manage coastal and marine resources to meet our nation’s economic, social and environmental needs (NOAA, 2004). In meeting its marine stewardship responsibilities, NOAA seeks to ensure the sustainable use of resources and balance competing uses of coastal and marine ecosystems, recognizing both their human and natural components (NOAA, 2004). Authorities for executing these responsibilities come from over 90 separate pieces of Federal legislation, each with unique requirements and responsibilities. Few of these laws explicitly mandate an ecosystem approach to management (EAM) or supporting science. However, resource managers, the science community, and increasingly, the public, are recognizing that significantly greater connectedness among the scientific disciplines is needed to support management and stewardship responsibilities (Browman and Stergiou, 2004; 2005). Neither NOAA nor any other science agency can meet the increasing demand for ecosystem science products addressing each of its mandates individually. Even if it was possible, doing so would not provide the integration necessary to solve the increasingly complex array of management issues. This focus on the integration of science and management responsibilities into an ecosystem view is one of the centerpieces of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy’s report (USCOP, 2004), and the Administration’s response to that report in the U.S. Ocean Action Plan (CEQ, 2004). (PDF contains 100 pages)
    Keywords: Management ; Environment
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  • 14
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    Population characteristics of gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2520 | 403 | 2011-09-29 19:00:33 | 2520 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The status of the Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus, fishery was assessed with purse-seine landings data from 1946 to 1997 and port sampling data from 1964 to 1997. These data were analyzed to determine growth rates, biological reference points for fi shing mortality from yield per recruit and maximum spawning potential analyses, spawner-recruit relationships, and maximum sustainable yield (MSY). The separable virtual population approach was used for the period 1976–97 (augmented by earlier analyses for 1964–75) to obtain point estimates of stock size, recruits to age 1, spawning stock size, and fishing mortality rates. Exploitation rates for age-1 fi sh ranged between 11% and 45%, for age-2 fi sh between 32% and 72%, and for age-3 fi sh between 32% and 76%. Biological reference points from yield per recruit (F0.1: 1.5–2.5/yr)and spawning potential ratio (F20: 1.3–1.9/yr and F30: 0.8–1.2/yr) were obtained for comparison with recent estimates of F (0.6–0.8/yr). Recent spawning stock estimates (as biomass or eggs) are above the long-term average, while recent recruits to age 1 are comparable to the long-termaverage. Parameters from Ricker-type spawner-recruit relations were estimated, although considerableunexplained variability remained. Recent survival to age-1 recruitment has generally been below that expected based on the Ricker spawner-recruit relation. Estimates of long-termMSY from PRODFIT and ASPIC estimation of production model ranged between 717,000 t and 753,000 t, respectively. Declines in landings between 1988 and 1992 raised concerns about the status of the Gulf menhaden stock. Landings have fl uctuated without trend since 1992, averaging about 571,000 t. However, Gulf menhaden are short lived and highly fecund. Thus, variation in recruitment to age 1, largely mediated by environmental conditions, infl uences fi shing success over the next two years (as age-1 and age-2 fi sh). Comparisons of recent estimates of fi shingmortality to biological reference points do not suggest overfishing. (PDF file contains 22 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 15
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    Guide to the Identification of Larval and Early Juvenile Poachers (Scorpaeniformes: Agonidae) from the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2678 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:36:58 | 2678 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Developmental stages of 22 species representing 16 genera of agonid fishes occurring in the northeastern Pacific Ocean from San Francisco Bay to the Arctic Ocean are presented. Three of these species also occur in the North Atlantic Ocean. Larval stages of nine species are described for the first time. Additional information or illustrations intended to augment original descriptions are provided for eight species. Information on five other species is provided from the literature for comparative purposes.The primary objective of this guide is to present taxonomic characters to help identify the early life history stages of agonid fishes in field collections. Meristic, morphometric, osteological, and pigmentation characters are used to identify agonid larvae. Meristic features include numbers of median-fin elements, pectoral-fin rays, dermal plates, and vertebrae. Eye diameter, body depth at the pectoral-fin origin, snout to first dorsal-fin length, and pectoral-fin length are the most useful morphological characters. Presence, absence, numbers, and/or patterns of dermal plates in lateral rows or on the ventral surfaceof the gut are also useful. Other important characters are the presence, absence, numbers, and ornamentation of larval head spines. Lastly, distinct pigmentation patterns are often diagnostic. The potential utility of larval characters in phylogenetic analysis of the family Agonidae is discussed. (PDF file contains 92 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries
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  • 16
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    Stock Composition of Some Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, Catches in Southeast Alaska, Based on Incidence of Allozyme Variants, Freshwater Ages, and a Brain-Tissue Parasite (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2683 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:36:05 | 2683 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The incidence of four discrete characters of individual sockeye salmon -two genetically inherited proteins (PGM-1*and PGM-2*), freshwater age at migration, and the presenceof the brain-tissue parasite Myxobolus arcticus-in weekly samples from two Alaskan fisheries (Noyes Island in 1986 and Sumner Strait in 1987) were used to infer stockcomposition of the catches based on corresponding character samples from 73 Alaskan and Canadian stocks. Estimated contributions of 13 stock groups, formed on the basis ofcharacter similarity of their members, were roughly consistent with expectations from tagging experiments, knowledge of stock magnitudes, and similar assessments from scales. Imprecision of the estimated contributions by the 13 stock groups limited their practical value; but variability was much reduced for combined estimated contributions by two inclusive categories, namely stock groups whose members had either high or low brainparasiteprevalence. Noyes Island catches consisted predominantly of unparasitized fish, most of which were probably of Canadian origin. The majority of Sumner Strait catches consisted of parasitized fish, whose freshwater origins may have been in Alaska or Canada. (PDF file contains 27 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries
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  • 17
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    A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales, Orcinus orca, frOIll the Central Gulf of Alaska to the Southeastern Bering Sea (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2684 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:36:02 | 2684 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: In 1992 and 1993, researchers from the National Marine Mammal Laboratory initiated photo-identification studies on Alaskan killer whales, Orcinus orca. Waters from KodiakIsland west to the central and eastern Aleutian Islands and southeastern Bering Sea were surveyed. A total of 289 individual whales were identified. A photographic record of the whales encountered during these surveys is presented. When photographs of the 289 individual whales were compared among various regions in Alaska (Prince William Soundand Southeast Alaska) and areas outside Alaska (British Columbia, Washington, and California), 11 matches were found. The count is conservative because the 1992 and 1993surveys were limited in geographical range, restricted to summer periods, and whales may have been missed along the survey trackline. Future research incorporating both photoidentification studies and line transect surveys will provide reliable abundance estimates of Alaskan killer whales. (PDF file contains 58 pages.)
    Keywords: Conservation ; Management ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 18
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    Biology and Management of Sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria: Papers from the International Symposium on the Biology and Management of Sablefish, Seattle, Washington, 13-15 April 1993 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2685 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:35:51 | 2685 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: At its june 1990 annual meeting, the Technical Subcommittee(TSC) of the Canada-U.S. Groundfish Committee recommended that scientists and managers working on sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, issues convene to present and discuss the results of their recent research. Thorough knowledge of the biology and population dynamics of this species is essential for its effective management, especially considering its commercial importance. TSC representatives from both countries recognized that a great deal ofactive research has been conducted on this species since the International Sablefish Symposium was held in Anchorage, Alaska, in March 1983 (Melteff, 1983). As a result of this recommendation, the International Symposium on the Biology and Management of Sablefish (ISBMS) was convened April 13-15, 1993, at the Alaska Fisheries Science Center in Seattle, Washington. (PDF file contains 286 pages.)
    Keywords: Conservation ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 19
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    The History, Present Condition, and Future of the Molluscan Fisheries of North and Central America and Europe: Volume 2, Pacific Coast and Supplemental Topics (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2687 | 403 | 2020-08-23 23:57:43 | 2687 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Over 100 molluscan species are landed in Mexico. About 30% are harvested on the Pacific coast and 70% on the Atlantic coast. Clams, scallops, and squid predominate on thePacific coast (abalone, limpets, and mussels are landed there exclusively). Conchs and oysters predominate on the Atlantic coast. In 1988, some 95,000 metric tons (t) of mollusks were landed, with a value of $33 million. Mollusks were used extensively in prehispanic Mexico as food, tools, and jewelry. Their use as food and jewelry continues. Except in the States of Baja California and Baja California Sur, where abalone, clams, and scallops provide fishermen with year-round employment, mollusk fishing is done part time. On both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, many fishermen are nomads, harvesting mollusks wherever theyfind abundant stocks. Upon finding such beds, they build camps, begin harvesting, and continue until the mollusks become so scarce that it no longer pays to continue. They then look for productive beds in other areas and rebuild their camps. Fishermen harvest abalones, mussels, scallops, and clams by free-diving and using scuba and hooka. Landings of clams and cockles have been growing, and 22,000 t were landed in 1988. Fishermen harvest intertidal clams by hand at wading depths, finding them with their feet. In waters up to 5 m, they harvest them by free-diving. In deeper water, they use scuba and hooka. Many species ofgastropods have commercial importance on both coasts. All species with a large detachable muscle are sold as scallops. On the Pacific coast, hatchery culture of oysters prevails. Oyster culture in Atlantic coast lagoons began in the 1950's, when beds were enhanced by spreading shells as cultch for spat. (PDF file contains 228 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 20
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    The History, Present Condition, and Future of the Molluscan Fisheries of North and Central American and Europe: Volume 1, Atlantic and Gulf Coasts (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2688 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:35:15 | 2688 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This three-volume monograph represents the first majorattempt in over a century to provide, on regional bases, broad surveys of the history, present condition, and future of the important shellfisheries of North and Central America and Europe. It was about 100 years ago that Ernest Ingersoll wrote extensively about several molluscan fisheries of North America (1881, 1887) and about 100 years ago that Bashford Dean wrote comprehensively about methods of oyster culture in Europe (1893). Since those were published, several reports, books, and pamphlets have been written about the biology and management of individual species or groups ofclosely related mollusk species (Galtsoff, 1964; Korringa, 1976 a, b, c; Lutz, 1980; Manzi and Castagna, 1989; Shumway, 1991). However, nothing has been written during the past century that is comparable tothe approach used by Ingersoll in describing the molluscanfisheries as they existed in his day in North America or, for that matter, in Europe. (PDF file contains 224 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 21
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    Ecology of Juvenile Walleye Pollock, Theragra chalcogramma: Papers from the workshop "The Importance of Prerecruit Walleye Pollock to the Bering Sea and North Pacific Ecosystems" Seattle, Washington, 28-30 October 1993 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2689 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:35:26 | 2689 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC), NationalMarine Fisheries Service (NMFS), hosted an internationalworkshop, 'The Importance of Prerecruit Walleye Pollock to the Bering Sea and North Pacific Ecosystems," from 28 to 30 October 1993. This workshop was held in conjunction with the annual International North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) meeting held in Seattle. Nearly 100 representatives from government agencies, universities, and the fishing industry in Canada, Japan, the People's Republic of China, Russia, and the United States took part in the workshop to review and discuss current knowledge on juvenile pollock from the postlarval period to the time they recruit to the fisheries. In addition to its importance to humans as a major commercial species, pollock also serves as a major forage species for many marine fishes, birds, and mammals in the North Pacific region.(PDF file contains 236 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 22
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    Population Characteristics of Gulf Menhaden, Brevoortia patronus (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2690 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:34:33 | 2690 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The status of the gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus, fishery was assessed with purseseine landing data from 1946 to 1992 and port sampling data from 1964 to 1992. These datawere analyzed to determine growth rates, biological reference points for fishing mortality from yield per recruit and maximum spawning potential analyses, spawner-recruit relationships, and maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Virtual population approaches were used to obtain point estimates of stock size, recruits to age I, spawning stock size, and fishing mortality rates. Exploitation rates ranged between 14% and 45% for age-1 fish, between30% and 72% for age-2 fish, and between 36% and 71% for age-3 fish. Biological reference points from yield per recruit (FO. I: 0.7-0.9 yr-1) and maximum spawning potential (F20: 1.62.9 yr-l and F30: 1.0-2.1 yr-1) were obtained for comparison with recent estimates of F (0.4-0.8 yr-l). Parameters from Ricker-type spawner-recruit relations were estimated, although considerable unexplained variability remained. Estimates of long-term MSY from fits of thegeneralized production model ranged between 664,000 metric tons (t) and 897,000 t. Declines in landings since 1988 have raised concerns about the status of the gulf menhadenstock. However, gulf menhaden are short lived and highly fecund. Thus, variation in recruitment to age 1 largely mediated by environmental conditions influences fishingsuccess over the next two years (as age-1 and age-2 fish). Comparisons of recent estimates of fishing mortality to biological reference points do not suggest overfishing. (PDF file contains 26 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Ecology ; Fisheries
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  • 23
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    Effects of the Cessation of Sewage Sludge Dumping at the 12-Mile Site: Proceedings of the 12-Mile Dumpsite Symposium, Ocean Place Hilton Hotel, Long Branch, New Jersey, 18-19 June 1991 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2691 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:34:42 | 2691 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This study owes its inception to the wisdom and experienceof the staff of the Northeast Fisheries Science Center who, after several decades of surveys in the New York Bight, recognized a unique opportunity to capitalize on the decision to stop ocean dumping of sewage sludge and designed an innovative field study to evaluate effects on living marine resources and their habitats. For decades ocean dumping was viewed as a cheap and effective means for disposal of wastes generated by urbanized coastal areas. Even after the 12-mile site was closed, sewage sludge continued to be dumped at Deepwater Dumpsite 106. The 6-milesite off the NewJersey coast is still used as a dumpsitefor dredged material from New York Harbor areas. Discussions continue on the propriety of using thedeep ocean spaces for disposal of a variety of materialincluding low level radioactive wastes. Consequently,managers are still faced with critical decisions in this area. It is to be hoped that the results from the 12-mile study will provide the necessary information on which these managers can evaluate future risks associated with ocean waste disposal. (PDF file contains 270 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Pollution
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  • 24
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    The Summer Flounder, Scup, and Black Sea Bass Fishery of the Middle Atlantic Bight and Southern New England Waters (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2693 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:34:08 | 2693 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, scup, Stenotomus chrysops, and black sea bass, Centropristis striata, cooccur within the Middle Atlantic Bight and off southern New England and are important components of commercial and recreational fisheries. The commercial otter trawl fishery for these species is primarily a winter fishery, whereas the recreational fishery takes place between late spring and autumn. The otter trawl fishery generally targetssummer flounder, and less frequently scup, while black sea bass occurs as bycatch. Trips in which all three species were present yielded highest aggregate landings per unit of effort (LPUE) levels and occurred more often than trips landing only one or two species. More than 50% of the trips in the trawl fishery landed at least two of the three species. In contrast, greater than 75% of the recreational landings of each species occurred as a result of tripslanding only one species. Differences in the fisheries resulted from the interactions of seasonal changes in species distributions and gear selectivity. (PDF file contains 18 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries
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  • 25
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    NOAA Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP): Guidance for Regional Implementation (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2692 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:34:30 | 2692 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The Coastal Change Analysis Programl (C-CAP) is developinga nationally standardized database on landcover and habitat change in the coastal regions of the United States. C-CAP is part of the Estuarine Habitat Program (EHP) of NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program (COP). C-CAP inventories coastal submersed habitats, wetland habitats, and adjacent uplands and monitors changes in these habitats on a one- to five-year cycle. This type of information and frequency of detection are required to improve scientific understanding of the linkages of coastal and submersed wetland habitats with adjacent uplands and with the distribution, abundance,and health of living marine resources. The monitoringcycle will vary according to the rate and magnitude ofchange in each geographic region. Satellite imagery(primarily Landsat Thematic Mapper), aerial photography,and field data are interpreted, classified, analyzed,and integrated with other digital data in a geographicinformation system (GIS). The resulting landcoverchange databases are disseminated in digital formfor use by anyone wishing to conduct geographic analysisin the completed regions. C-CAP spatial information on coastal change will be input to EHP conceptual and predictive models to support coastal resource policy planning and analysis. CCAP products will include 1) spatially registered digital databases and images, 2) tabular summaries by state, county, and hydrologic unit, and 3) documentation. Aggregations to larger areas (representing habitats, wildlife refuges, or management districts) will be provided on a case-by-case basis. Ongoing C-CAP research will continue to explore techniques for remote determination of biomass, productivity, and functional status of wetlands and will evaluate new technologies (e.g. remote sensor systems, global positioning systems, image processing algorithms) as they become available. Selected hardcopy land-cover change maps will be produced at local (1:24,000) to regional scales (1:500,000) for distribution. Digital land-cover change data will be provided to users for the cost of reproduction.Much of the guidance contained in this document was developed through a series of professional workshopsand interagency meetings that focused on a) coastal wetlands and uplands; b) coastal submersed habitat including aquatic beds; c) user needs; d) regionalissues; e) classification schemes; f) change detectiontechniques; and g) data quality. Invited participantsincluded technical and regional experts and representativesof key State and Federal organizations. Coastal habitat managers and researchers were given an opportunity for review and comment. This document summarizes C-CAP protocols and procedures that are to be used by scientists throughout the United States to develop consistent and reliable coastal change information for input to the C-CAP nationwide database. It also provides useful guidelines for contributors working on related projects. It is considered a working document subject to periodic review and revision.(PDF file contains 104 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Environment
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  • 26
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    Stocks of Dolphins (Stenella spp. and Delphinus delphis) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific: A Phylogeographic Classification (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2696 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:34:00 | 2696 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Current information is reviewed that provides clues to the intraspecific structure of dolphin species incidently killed in the yellowfin tuna purse-seine fishery of the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP). Current law requires that management efforts are focused on the intraspecific level, attempting to preserve local and presumably locally adapted populations. Four species are reviewed: pantropical spotted, Stenella attenuata; spinner, S. longirostTis;striped, S. coeruleoalba; and common, Delphinus delphis, dolphins. For each species, distributional, demographic, phenotypic, and genotypic data are summarized, and theputative stocks are categorized based on four hierarchal phylogeographic criteria relative to their probability of being evolutionarily significant units. For spotted dolphins, the morphological similarity of animals from the south and the west argues that stock designations (and boundaries) be changed from the current northernoffshore and southern offshore to northeastern offshore and a combined western and southern offshore. For the striped dolphin, we find little reason to continue the presentdivision into geographical stocks. For common dolphins, we reiterate an earlier recommendation that the long-beaked form (Baja neritic) and the northern short-beaked form bemanaged separately; recent morphological and genetic work provides evidence that they are probably separate species. Finally, we note that the stock structure of ETP spinnerdolphins is complex, with the whitebelly form exhibiting characteristics of a hybrid swarm between the eastern and pantropical subspecies. There is little morphological basis at present for division of the whitebelly spinner dolphin into northern and southern stocks. However, we recommend continued separate management of the pooled whitebelly forms, despite their hybrid/intergrade status. Steps should be taken to ensure that management practices do not reduce the abundance of eastern relative to whitebelly spinner dolphins. To do so may lead to increased invasion of the eastern's stock range and possible replacement of the eastern spinner dolphin genome.(PDF file contains 24 pages.)
    Keywords: Conservation ; Management ; Fisheries ; pantropical spotted ; Stenella attenuata ; spinner ; Stenella longirostTis ; striped ; Stenella coeruleoalba ; and common ; Delphinus delphis ; dolphins
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  • 27
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    Control of Disease in Aquaculture: Proceedings of the Nineteenth U.S.-Japan Meeting on Aquaculture, Ise, Mie Prefecture, Japan, 29-30 October 1990, Satellite Symposium: 2 November (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2704 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:30:13 | 2704 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The United States and Japanese counterpart panels on aquaculture were formed in 1969 under the United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR). The panels currently include specialists drawn from the federal departments most concerned with aquaculture. Chargedwith exploring and developing bilateral cooperation, the panels have focused their efforts on exchanginginformation related to aquaculture which could be of benefit to both countries.The UJNR was begun during the Third Cabinet-Level Meeting of the Joint United States-Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs in January 1964, In addition to aquaculture, current subjects in the program include desalination of seawater, toxic microorganisms, air pollution, energy, forage crops, national park management, mycoplasmosis, wind and seismic effects, protein resources,forestry, and several joint panels and committees in marine resources research, development, and utilization.Accomplishments include increased communication and cooperation among technical specialists; exchanges of information, data, and research findings; annual meetings of the panels, a policy-coordinative body; administrative staff meetings; exchanges of equipment, materials, and samples; several major technical conferences; and beneficial effects on international relations. (PDF file contains 150 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture
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  • 28
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    Pictorial Guide to the Groupers (Teleostei: Serranidae) of the Western North Atlantic (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2697 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:34:04 | 2697 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This guide was developed to assist with the identification of western North Atlantic grouper species of the genera Alphestes, Cephalopholis, Dermatolepis, Epinephelus,Gonioplectrus, Mycteroperca, and Paranthias. The primary purpose for assembling the guide is for use with projects that deploy underwater video camera systems. The mostvital source of information used to develop the guide was an archive of underwater video footage recorded during fishery projects. These video tapes contain 348 hours ofsurvey activity and are maintained at the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Pascagoula, Mississippi. This footage spans several years (1980-92) and was recordedunder a wide variety of conditions depicting diverse habitats from areas of the western North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. Published references wereused as sources of information for those species not recorded on video footage during NMFS projects. These references were also used to augment information collected from video footage to provide broader and more complete descriptions. The pictorial guide presents information for all 25 grouper species reported to occur in the western North Atlantic. Species accounts provide descriptive text and illustrations depicting documented phases for the various groupers. In addition, species separation sheets based on important identification features were constructed to further assist with species identification. A meristic table provides information for specimens captured in conjunction with videoassisted fishery surveys. A computerized version enables guide users to amend, revise,update, or customize the guide as new observations and information become available. (PDF file contains 52 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 29
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    Genetics in Aquaculture: Proceedings of the Sixteenth U.S.-Japan Meeting on Aquaculture Charleston, South Carolina October 20 and 21, 1987 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2723 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:32:42 | 2723 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: The United States and Japanese counterpart panels on aquaculture were formed in 1969 under the United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR). The panels currently include specialists drawn from the federal departments most concerned with aquaculture. Charged with exploring and developing bilateral cooperation, the panels have focused their efforts on exchanging information related to aquaculture which could be of benefitto both countries.The UJNR was begun during the Third Cabinet-Level Meeting of the Joint United States-Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs in January 1964. In addition to aquaculture, current subjects in the program include desalination of seawater, toxic microorganisms, air pollution, energy, forage crops, national park management, mycoplasmosis, wind and seismic effects, protein resources, forestry, and several joint panels and committees in marineresources research, development, and utilization.Accomplishments include: Increased communication and cooperation among technical specialists; exchanges of information, data, and research findings; annual meetings of the panels, a policy-coordinative body; administrative staff meetings; exchanges of equipment, materials, and samples; several major technical conferences; and beneficial effects on international relations. (PDF file contains 88 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture
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  • 30
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    Distribution and Abundance of Juvenile Salmonids off Oregon and Washington, 1981-1985 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2722 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:32:32 | 2722 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: This report is a summary of the results of 883 purse seine sets made for juvenile salmonids during 15 cruises off the coasts of Oregon and Washington during the springs and summers of 1981-1985. Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) occurred most frequently, followed by chinook salmon (0. tshawytscha). The juveniles of these two species co-occurred more frequently than expected. Juvenile chum, pink and sockeye salmon (0. keta, O. gorbuscha, and O. nerka), steelhead (0. mykiss) and cutthroat trout (0. clarki clarki) were caught much less frequently and in lower numbers than coho or chinook salmon. We found no evidence of large schools ofjuvenile salmonids. A northerly movement of juvenile coho salmon wa~ suggested by decreased catches off Oregon and increased catches off Washington between early and late summer. Highest catch per set of juvenile coho salmon was usually found inshore of 37.2 km. Juvenile chinook salmon were usually found within 27.9 km of the coast. Juvenile salmonids were found over a broadrange of surface salinities and temperatures. High catches of juvenile coho salmon occurred in both the low salinity waters of the Columbia River plume and in adjacent higher salinity waters. Preferences for specific salinities or temperatures were not obvious for any species, although catch rates of juvenile coho salmon were highest in years when chlorophyll content was also high. Based on expansions of fish with coded wire tags, we estimated that hatchery coho salmon smolts comprised 74%, on average, of the juvenile coho salmon catches. The remaining 26% were presumably wild fish or hatchery fish released as fingerlings. Hatchery coho salmon were caught roughlyin proportion to the numbers released. However, hatchery fish from the Columbia River and private coastal facilities were caught at slightly higher rates while those from coastal Washington and public coastal Oregon hatcheries were caught at slightly lower rates than expected from thenumbers released. No juvenile coho salmon with coded wire tags were caught that had originated from either California or Puget Sound hatcheries. (PDF file contains 88 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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    Incidental Catch of Marine Mammals by Foreign and Joint Venture Trawl Vessels in the U.S. EEZ of the North Pacific, 1973-88 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2711 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:30:52 | 2711 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: During 1973-88, 3,661 marine mammals of 17 species were reported as incidental catch by U.S. fishery observers aboard foreign and joint venture trawl vessels in the U.S.Exclusive Economic Zone in the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Northern sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) accounted for 90% of the reported incidental mortality in the Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea. Nearly half of these sea lions were taken in trawl nets in the Shelikof Strait, Alaska, joint venture fishery during 1982-84. However, high incidental mortality rates (〉25 sea lions per 10,000 metric tons of groundfish catch) also occurred in the foreign fisheries near Kodiak Island and in the Aleutian Islands area in earlier years. Estimated annual mortality of incidentally caught northern sea lions inAlaska declined from 1,000 to 2,000 animals per year during the early 1970s and 1982 to fewer than 100 animals in 1988. In the Bering Sea most sea lions incidentally caught weremales, while in the Gulf of Alaska females were more frequently caught. Females may also have been dominant in the incidental catch of sea lions in the Aleutian Islands area, but age and sex composition data are limited. Incidental mortality of adult female sea lions by foreign trawl fisheries in these areas could have partially contributed to the reported declines in northern sea lion populations in Alaska during the 1970s, but it cannot aloneaccount for the present decline in population size. (PDF file contains 64 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries
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  • 32
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    Life history aspects of 19 rockfish species (Scorpaenidae: Sebastes) from the Southern California Bight (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2734 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:33:23 | 2734 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The authors investigated various life history aspects of 19rockfish species (Sebastes chlorostictus, S. constellatus, S. dalli, S. elongatus, S. ensifer, S. entomelas, S. flavidus, S. goodei, S. hopkinsi, S. levis, S. melanostomus, S. miniatus, S. ovalis, S. paucispinis, S. rosaceus, S. rosenblatti, S. rufus, s. saxicola, S. semicinctus) from the southern California Bight. These aspects included depth distribution, age-length relationships (of 7 species), length-weight relationships, size at first maturity, spawning season, and fecundity. Growth rates of female S. elongatus, S. hopkinsi, S. ova/is, S. saxicola, and S. semicinctus were higherthan male conspecifics. Multiple spawning per season was found in 12 species. Generally, most species spawned between late winter and early summer, though there was some spawning within the genus throughout the year. Spawning season duration ranged from 2 (S. flavidus) to 10 months (S. paucispinis). Spawning seasons tended to start earlier in the year and be of longer duration in the southern California Bight, compared to published data on central California conspecifics. Males matured at a smaller length in 7 of the 17 species studied. Maximum fecundities ranged from 18,000 (S. dalll) to about 2,680,000 (S. levis). (PDF file contains 44 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 33
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    Early-life-history profiles, seasonal abundance, and distribution of four species of Carangid larvae off Louisiana, 1982 and 1983 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2732 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:33:16 | 2732 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: We present data on ichthyoplankton distribution, abundance,and seasonality and supporting environmental information forfour species of coastal pelagics from the family Carangidae: blue runner Caranx crysos, Atlantic bumper Chloroscombrus chrysurus, round scad Decapterus punctatus, and rough scad Trachurus lathami. Data are from 1982 and 1983 cruises off Louisiana sponsored by the Southeastern Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP). Bioprofiles on reproductive biology, early life history, meristics, adult distribution, and fisheries characteristics are also presented for these species.Maximum abundances of larval blue runner, Atlantic bumper, and round scad were found in July inside the 4O-m isobath, although during the rest of the cruises these species wererarely found together. Larval Atlantic bumper were capturedin June and July only; blue runner in May, June, and July; and round scad in all seasons. Atlantic bumper larvae, concentrated mostly off western Louisiana, were by far the most abundant carangid in 1982 and 1983. Larval blue runner were the second most abundant summer-spawned carangid in 1982 and 1983, but their abundance and depth distribution varied considerably between years. Relative abundance of larval round scad off Louisiana was low, and they were captured only west of the Mississippi River delta, although they are reported to dominate carangid populations in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Rough scad were primarily winter/spring and outer-shelf (40-182 m) spawners. They ranked third in overall abundance, but were the most abundant target carangid on the outer shelf. Ecologicalparameters such as surface salinity, temperature, and station depth are presented from capture sites for recently hatched larvae 〈2.5 mm notochord length, except round scad) as well as for all sizes of fish below 14 mm standard length. (PDF file contains 44 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 34
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    Benthic macrofauna and habitat monitoring on the Continental Shelf of the northeastern United States: I. Biomass (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2735 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:33:26 | 2735 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Information on long-term temporal variability of and trends in benthic community-structure variables, such as biomass, is needed to estimate the range of normal variability in comparison with the effects of environmental change or disturbance. Fishery resource distribution and population growth will be influenced by such variability. This study examines benthic macrofaunal biomass and related data collected annually between 1978 and 1985 at 27 sites on the continental shelf of the northwestern Atlantic, from North Carolina to the southern Gulf of Maine. The study was expanded at several sites with data from other studies collected at the same sites prior to 1978. Results indicatethat although there was interannual and seasonal variability, as expected, biomass levels over the study period showed few clear trends. Sites exhibiting trends were either in pollution-stressed coastal areas or influenced by the population dynamics of one or a few species, especially echinoderms. (PDF file contains 34 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 35
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    Results of abundance surveys of juvenile Atlantic and gulf Menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus and B. patronus (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2737 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:33:34 | 2737 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The estuarine populations of juvenile Atlantic and gulf menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus and B. patronus) were sampledduring two-boat, surface-trawl, abundance surveys extensively conducted in the 1970s. Juvenile Atlantic menhaden were sampled in 39 estuarine streams along the U.S. Atlantic coast from northern Florida into Massachusetts. Juvenile gulf menhaden were sampled in 29 estuarine streams along the Gulf of Mexico from southeast Texas into western Florida. A stratified, two-stage, cluster sampling design was used. Annual estimates of relative juvenile abundance for each species ofmenhaden were obtained from catch-effort data from thesurveys. There were no significant correlations, for eitherspecies, between the relative juvenile abundance estimates and fishery-dependent estimates of year-class strength. From 1972 to 1975, the relative abundance of juvenile Atlantic menhaden in north Atlantic estuaries decreased to near zero. (PDF file contains 22 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries ; Brevoortia tyrannus ; Brevoortia patronus ; Atlantic menhaden ; Gulf menhaden
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  • 36
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    Cephalopods from the stomachs of sperm whales taken off California (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2738 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:22:55 | 2738 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Cephalopod remains (beaks, bodies, and parts of bodies) werecollected from the stomachs of 157 sperm whales (Physetermacrocephalus) taken off central California (lat. 37°-39°N). At least 24 species representing 14 families were identified. Frequencies of occurrence of the six most numerous taxa were Moroteuthis robusta 72.0%, Gonatopsis borealis 66.2%, Histioteuthis dofleini 36.9%, Galiteuthis spp. (including G. phyllura and G. pacifica) 36.3%, Octopoteuthis deletron 35.0%, and Vampyroteuthisinfernalis 27.4%. One find of two Mesonychoteuthishamiltoni beaks strongly suggests transequatorial migration by one large male sperm whale. (PDF file contains 18 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries
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  • 37
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    Marine farming and enhancement: Proceedings of the Fifteenth U.S.-Japan Meeting on Aquaculture, Kyoto, Japan October 22-23, 1986 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2736 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:33:32 | 2736 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The United States and Japanese counterpart panels on aquaculture were formed in 1969 under the United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR). Thepanels currently include specialists drawn from the federal departments most concerned with aquaculture. Charged with exploring and developing bilateral cooperation, the panelshave focused their efforts on exchanging information related to aquaculture which could be of benefit to both countries.The UJNR was begun during the Third Cabinet-Level Meeting of the Joint United States-Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs in January 1964. In addition to aquaculture, current subjects in the program include desalination of seawater, toxic microorganisms, air pollution, energy, forage crops, national park management, mycoplasmosis, wind and seismic effects, protein resources, forestry, and several joint panels and committees in marine resources research, development, and utilization.Accomplishments include: Increased communication and cooperation among technical specialists; exchanges of information, data, and research findings; annual meetings of the panels, a policy-coordinative body; administrative staff meetings; exchanges of equipment, materials, and samples; several major technical conferences; and beneficial effects on international relations. (PDF file contains 134 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 38
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    Early-life-history profiles, seasonal abundance, and distribution of four species of Clupeid larvae from the northern Gulf of Mexico, 1982 and 1983 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2733 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:33:19 | 2733 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: We present data on ichthyoplankton distribution, abundance,and seasonality and supporting environmental information forfour species of coastal pelagics from the family Clupeidae: round herring Etrumeus teres, scaled sardine Harengula jaguana, Atlantic thread herring Opisthonema oglinum, and Spanish sardine Sardinella aurita. Data are from 1982 and 1983 cruises across the northern Gulf of Mexico sponsored by the Southeastern Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP). This is the first such examination for these species on a multiyear and gulfwide scale. Bioproflles on reproductive biology, early life history, meristics, adult distribution, and fisheries characteristics are also presented for these species.During the summer, larval Atlantic thread herring and scaledand Spanish sardines were abundant on the inner shelf 〈40 mdepth), but were rare or absent in deeper waters. Scaled sardine and thread herring were found virtually everywhere inner-shelf waters were sampled, but Spanish sardines were rare in the north-central Gulf. During 1982, larval Atlantic thread herring were the most abundant of the four target c1upeid species, whereas Spanish sardine were the most abundant during 1983. On the west Florida shelf, Spanish sardine dominated larval c1upeid populations both years. Scaled sardine larvae were the least abundant of the four species both years, but were still captured in 25% of inner-shelf bongo net collections. Round herring larvae, collected February-early June (primarily March-April), were abundant on the outer shelf (40-182 m depth) and especially off Louisiana. Over the 2-year period, outer-shelf mean abundance for round herring was 40.2 larvae/10 m2; inner-shelf mean abundances for scaled sardine, Atlantic thread herring, and Spanish sardine were 14.9, 39.2, and 41.9 larvae/l0 m2, respectively. (PDF file contains 66 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 39
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    Illustrated key to the genera of free-living marine nematodes of the Order Enoplida (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2744 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:24:00 | 2744 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: A pictorial key to US genera of free-living marine nematodesin the order Enoplida is presented. Specific morphological and anatomical features are iUustrated to facilitate use of the key. The purpose of this work is to provide a single key to the genera of enoplid nematodes to facilitate identification of these organisms by nematologists and marine biologists working with meiofauna. (PDF file contains 32 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
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  • 40
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    Species composition, distribution, and relative abundance of fishes in the coastal habitat off the southeastern United States (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2742 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:23:45 | 2742 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Ichthyofauna of the coastal «10 m depth) habitat of the South Atlantic Bight were investigated between Cape Fear, North Carolina, and the St. John's River, Florida. Trawl collections from four nonconsecutive seasons in the period July 1980 to December 1982 indicated that the fish community is dominated by the family Sciaenidae, particularly juvenile forms. Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) were the two most abundant species and dominated catches during all seasons. Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortin tyrannus) was also very abundant, but only seasonally (winter and spring) dominant in the catches. Elasmobranch fIShes, especiallyrajiforms and carcharinids, contributed to much of the biomass of fishes collected. Total fish abundance was greatest in winter and lowest in summer and was influenced by the seasonality of Atlantic menhaden and Atlantic croaker in the catches. Biomass was highest in spring and lowest in summer, and was influenced by biomass of spot. Fish density ranged from 321 individuals and 12.2 kg per hectare to 746 individuals and 25.2 kg per hectare. Most species ranged widely throughout the bight, and showed some evidence of seasonal migration. Species assemblages were dominated by ubiquitous year-round residents of the coastal waters of the bight. Diversity (H') was highest in summer, and appeared influenced by the evenness of distributionof individuals among species. (PDF file contains 56 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
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  • 41
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    Codend selection of winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2746 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:24:04 | 2746 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Codend selection of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in 76-127 mm mesh codends was examined from experiments conducted in Long Island Sound during the spring of 1986-87. The results show a slightly larger size at selection than was found in earlier work as indicated by the selection factor, 2.31 in the present study compared with 2.2 and 2.24 from previous studies. Diamond mesh was found to have a length at 50% retention about 1 cm longer (Lso =22.6 cm), and a selection range (3.4 cm) about 1 cm narrower, than square mesh in 102-mm codends. Tow duration varied from 1 to 2 hours using 114-mm diamond mesh. As has been found in previous studies, tow duration and Lso are positively related, with I-hour tows averaging 24.6 cm and 2-hour tows averaging 26.6 cm. The importance of the slope of the selection curve was examined in yield-per-recruit analyses by comparing knife-edge and stepwise recruitment. In all mesh sizes, stepwise recruitment provides a more conservative estimate of yield in the presence of a minimum size limit. Differences in yield estimates between the two models were generally small (1-7%), except in the largestmesh size, 127 mm, where yield is overestimated by 10% whenassuming knife-edge recruitment. (PDF file contains 16 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 42
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    Catch-per-unit-effort and biological parameters from the Massachusetts coastal lobster (Homarus americanus) resource: Description and trends (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2740 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:23:21 | 2740 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Acomprehensive description of the Massachusetts coastal lobster (Homarus americanus) resou,rce was obtained by sampling commercial catches coastwide at sea and at dealerships between 1981 and 1986. Acommercial lobster sea-sampling program, wherein six coastal regions were sampled monthly, with an areal and temporal data weighting design, was the primary source of data.An improved index of catch per trap haul/set-over-day wasgenerated by modeling the relationship between catch and immersion time and standardizing effort. This 6-year time-series of mean annual catch rates tracked closely the landings trend for territorial waters.During the study period there was a gradual increase in indices of exploitation and total annual mortality which corresponded to a gradual decline in mean carapace length of marketable lobster. The frequency of culls escalated from 10.0% in 1981 to 20.9% in 1986, while the percentage of lobster found dead in traps was consistently less than 1%. The sex ratio (%F:%M) was significantly different from 50:50 and approximated a 60:40 relationship during the study period.Male and female weight-length relationships were significantly different. Females weighed more than males at smaller sizes and less than males at larger sizes. A north-south clinal trend was evident wherein lobster north of Cape Cod weighed less at length than those from regions south of Cape Cod.Functional size-maturity relationships were developed forfemale lobster by staging cement gland development. Proportions mature at size represent more realistic values than those obtained by analyses of percent of females ovigerous.Regional variation occurred in most of the parameters studied. Three lobster groups, differing in major population descriptors, are defined by our data.(PDF file contains 28 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
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  • 43
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    Proximate composition and fatty acid and cholesterol content of 22 species of northwest Atlantic finfish (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2747 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:24:20 | 2747 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The moisture, fat, ash, fatty acid profile, and cholesterol content are reported for cooked and raw fillets from 22 species of finfish found in the Northwest Atlantic. All but nine species had 1%or less fat. Ocean perch and a spring sampling of mackerel and wolffiSh had about 2% fat, followed by yellowfin tuna, whiting, silver hake, butterfish, and a summer -sampling of mackerel and wolffish with a range of 3-7% fat. Herring had a range of 5-12% fat representing a winter sampling on the low end and summer sampling on the high end of the range. Bluefin tuna (a summer sampling) contained the most fat with a high of 23% fat. Omega-3 fatty acids were present in excess of omega-6 fatty acids. The fattier fISh supplied the most omega-3fatty acids per gram of tissue. The mean cholesterol content for all species was 57 ± 16 mg/l00 g raw tissue. Finfish from the Northwest Atlantic would appear to fit into the regime for a healthy heart, being low in fat and cholesterol and rich in omega-3 fatty acids.(PDF file contains 42 pages.)
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Biology ; Chemistry
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  • 44
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    Synopsis of biological data on the cobia Rachycentron canadum (Pisces: Rachycentridae) (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2739 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:23:19 | 2739 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Information on the biology and fisheries of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, is compiled and reviewed in the FAD species synopsis style. Topics include taxonomy, morphology, distribution, reproduction, pre-adult and adult stages, food, growth, migration, population characteristics, and various aspects of exploitation.Data and information were obtained from unpublished aswell as published sources.Cobia, the only species in the family Rachycentridae, is amigratory pelagic fish that occurs in tropical and subtropical seas of the world, except in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. In the western Atlantic Ocean, spawning occurs during the warm months. Eggs and larvae are planktonic. Females grow faster than males: at 1 year, females are 36 cm FL and 0.4 kg; at 4 years, 99 cm and 11 kg; and at 8 years, 137 cm and 31 kg. Comparable data for males are: at 1 year, 31 cm and 0.3 kg; 4 years, 82 cm and 6 kg; and 8 years, 108 cm and 15 kg. Sexual maturity is attained by males at about 52 cm FL in their secondyear and by females at about 70 cm in their third year. Fecundity for females 100-125 cm FL varies from 1.9 to 5.4 million eggs. Cobia favor crustaceans for food, but will feed on other invertebrates and fishes as well. They attain a maximum size of over 60 kg. Cobia are fished both commercially and recreationally. Commercially, they are usually caught incidentally in both hook-and-Iine and net fISheries. In the United States, which ranks behind Pakistan, Mexico, and the Philippines in commercialproduction of cobia, recreational landings exceedcommercial landings by more than ten-fold. (PDF file contains 32 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
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  • 45
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    Survey of fishes and water properties of south San Francisco Bay, California, 1973-82 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2743 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:23:47 | 2743 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The objective of this study was to describe the physical andichthyological changes occurring seasonally and annually in the south San Francisco Bay, based on the results of 2,561 otter trawl and water samples obtained between February 1973 and June 1982. Temperature varied predictably among seasons in a pattern that varied little between years. Salinity also underwent predictable seasonal changes but the pattern varied substantially between years. The most abundant species of fish were northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), English sole (Parophrys vetulus), and shiner surfperch (Cymatogaster aggregata). The majority of the common fish species were most abundant during wet years and least abundant in dry years. Numeric diversity was highest during the spring and early summer, with no detectable interannual trends. Species composition changed extensivelybetween seasons and between years, particularly yearswith extremely high or extremely low freshwater inflows. Allthe common species exhibited clustered spatial distributions. Such spatial clustering could affect the interpretation of data from estuarine sampling programs. Gobies (Family Gobiidae) were more abundant during flood tides than during ebb tides. English sole were significantly more abundant in shallower areas. Shiner surfperch showed significant differences in abundancebetween sample areas.(PDF file contains 28 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; San Francisco Bay ; California ; fish diversity ; seasonal
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  • 46
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    Greenland turbot Reinhardtius hippoglossoides of the eastern Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2750 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:24:34 | 2750 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Greenland turbot (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) is a commercially important flounder in both the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. In the latter, its center of abundance is in the eastern Bering Sea and along the Aleutian Islands chain where its population is managed as a single stock. Harvest levels in this region of the North Pacific during the period 1970-81 were comparable with thosein the northwest and northeast Atlantic, with annual average catches of 53,000 metric tons (t). However, the catch in 1984 dropped sharply to 23,100 t, in partbecause of reduced quotas arising from concern over continued poor recruitment and declining catch-per-unit-effort.Recruitment failure was manifested in 1) the sharp decline in the catch rate of young flsh in annual research trawl surveys on the continental shelf of the eastern Bering Sea and 2) an increasing proportion of older and larger fish inthe commercial catch from the continental slope of both the eastern Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands. The cause ofthe decline in recruitment could not be clearly identifled.Greenland turbot of the Bering Sea-Aleutian Islands share certain distributional features with the North Atlantic form. There is an apparent bathymetric change in the size and age of fish, with younger animals occupying continentalshelf depths and the older individuals residing at depths of the continental slope. At shallow depths the young are exposed to temperature fluctuations, whereas older animals along the slope are exposed to relatively stable temperatures.A hypothesis is proposed for describing the temporal and spatial paths by which young animals reach the mature or spawning portion of the population. (PDF file contains 38 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 47
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    Index numbers and productivity measurement in multispecies fisheries: an application to the Pacific Coast Trawl Fleet (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2754 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:25:06 | 2754 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This study is concerned with the measurement of total factor prodnctivity in the marine fishing industries in general and in the Pacific coast trawl fishery in particular. The study is divided into two parts. Part I contains suitable empirical and introductory theoretical material for the examination of productivity in thePacific coast trawl Deet. It is self-contained, and contains the basic formulae, empirical results, and discussion. Because the economic theory of index numbersand productivity is constantly evolving and is widely scattered throughout the economics literature, Part D draws together the theoretical literature into one place to allow ready access for readers interested in more details.The major methodological focus of the study is upon the type of economic index number that is most appropriate for use by economists with the National Marine Fisheries Service. This study recommends that the following types ofeconomic index numbers be used: chain rather than fIxed base; bilateral rather than multilateral; one of the class of superlative indices, such as the Tornqvist or Fisher Ideal. (PDF file contains 40 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 48
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    Atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the Bering Sea and northeastern Pacific (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2755 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:25:20 | 2755 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The geographic and depth frequency distribution of 124 common demersal fish species in the northeastern Pacific were plotted from data on me at the Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center (NWAFC), National Marine Fisheries Service. The data included catch records of fishes and invertebrates from 24,881 samples taken from the Chukchi Sea, throughout the Bering Sea, Aleutian Basin, AleutianArchipelago, and the Gulf of Alaska, and from southeastern Alaska south to southern California. Samples were collected by a number of agencies and institutions over a 30-year period (1953-83), but were primarily from NWAFC demersaltrawls. The distributions of all species with 100 or more occurrences in the data set were plotted by computer.Distributions plotted from these data were then compared with geographic and depth-range limits given in the literature. These data provide new range extensions(geographic, depth, or both) for 114 species. Questionable extensions are noted, the depth ranges determined for 95% of occurrences, and depths of most frequent occurrence are recorded. Ranges of the species were classified zoogeographically, according to life zone, and with regard to the depth zone of greatest occurrence. Because most species examined have broad geographic ranges, they do not provide the best information for testing the validity of proposed zoogeographic province boundaries. Because of the location of greatest sampling effort and methods used in sampling,most fIShes examined were eastern boreal Pacific, sublittoral-bathyal (outer shelf) species. (PDF file contains 158 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 49
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    Stock assessment of the Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, fishery (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2758 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:25:30 | 2758 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: A stock assessment of the Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, fishery was conducted with purse-seine landings data from 1940 to 1984 and port sampling data from 1955 to 1984. These data were analyzed to determine growth rates,maximum sustainable yield (MSY), spawner-recruit relationships, and yield per recruit. Virtual population analysis was used to estimate stock size, year classsize, and fishing mortality rates.Surplus production models produced estimates of MSY from 450 to 490 kmt compared with yields of 416to 436 kmt based roughly on maximum recruitment from a weak spawner-recruit relationship. Recruitment to age-I ranged from 1.2 to 14.8 billion fish for year classes 1955-81. Recent mean recruitment to age-I for the 1975-81 year classes averaged 5.7 billion fish and compared favorably with the mean of 7.7 billion age-I fish recruited during the late 1950's. Mean recruitment from recent years suggests possible coastwide yields of 416 to 481 kmt. Continued dominance of late age-2 spawners among the spawning stock is of concern, since the stock is at greater risk through poor recruitment if recent favorable environmental conditions change.Yield-per-recruit estimates ranged from 46 g to 59 g since 1970. The high dependency of the modern fishery on prespawners has increased concerns about fluctuations in year-to-year availability and catches. To increase yield and enhance the stability of the resource, the number of age classes contributing significantly to the fishery should be increased, creating a butTer against future poorrecruitment years and lessening the year-to-year fluctuations in landings. (PDF file contains 24 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries
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  • 50
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    Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, Purse Seine Fishery, 1972-84, with a brief discussion of age and size composition of the Landings (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2763 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:03 | 2763 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This report summarizes (I) annual purse seine landings of Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, for 1972-84, (2) estimated numbers of fish caught by fishing area. (3) estimates of nominal fishing effort and catch-per-unit-effort, (4) mean fish length and weight, and (5) major changes in the fishery. During the 1970s stock size and recruitment increased and the age composition broadened. reversing trends witnessed during the fishery's decline in the 1960s. Landings steadily improved and by 1980 the total coast wide landings exceeded 400,000 metric tons.Nevertheless, the character of the fishery changed considerably. Eleven reduction plants processed fish at seven ports in 1972, but in 1984 only eight plantsoperated at live ports. Beginning in the mid-1960s the center of fishing aclivity shifted from the Middle Atlantic area to the Chesapeake Bay area, which has continued to dominate the fishery in landings and effort through the 1970s and 1980s. During this period the average size and age of fish in the catches declined. (PDF file contains 30 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 51
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    Stock assessment of the gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus, fishery (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2764 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:19 | 2764 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: A stock assessment of the gulf menhaden. Brevoortia patronus, fishery was conducted with data on purse-seine landings from 1946 to 1985 and port sampling data from 1964 to 1985. These data were analyzed to determine growth rates,yield-per-recruit, spawner-recruit relationships, and maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Virtual population analysis was used to estimate stock size, year-classsize, and fishing mortality rates. During the period studied, an average of 27% of age-l fish and 55% of age-2 and age-3 fish were taken by the fishery, and 54% for age-I and 38% for age-2 and -3 fish were lost annually to natural causes.Annual yield-per-recruit estimates ranged from 6.9 to 19.3 g, with recent mean conditions averaging 12.2 g since 1978. Surplus production models produced estimates of MSY from 620 to 700 kilometric tons. Recruits to age-I ranged from 8.3 to 41.8 billion fish for 1964-82. Although there was substantial scatter about the fitted curves, Ricker·type spawner-recruit relationships were found suitable for use in a population simulation model. Estimates of MSY frompopulation simulation model runs ranged from 705 to 825 kilometric tons with F -multiples of the mean rate of fishing ranging from 1.0 to 1.5.Recent harvests in excess of the historical MSY may not be detrimental to the gulf menhaden stock. However, one should not expect long-term harvesting above the historical MSY because of the short life span of gulf menhaden andpossible changes from currently favorable environmental conditions supporting high recruitment.(PDF file contains 24 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 52
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    Proximate composition, energy, fatty acid, sodium, and cholesterol content of finfish, shellfish, and their products (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2767 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:38 | 2767 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This document contains data concerning the proximate composition and energy, fatty acid, sodium, and cholesterol content of finfish, shellfish, and their products as listed in 228 articles published between the years of 1976 and 1984. Also included is a systematic index of the species as referenced in this document listed alphabetically by scientific name. (PDF file contains 60 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Chemistry
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  • 53
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    Some aspects of the ecology of the leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea at Laguna Jalova, Costa Rica (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2766 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:27 | 2766 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The ecology and reproductive biology of the leatherback turtle (Dennochelys coriacea) was studied on a high-energy nesting beach near Laguna Jalova, Costa Rica, between 28 March and 8 June 1985. The peak of nesting was between 15April and 21 May. Leatherbacks here measured an average 146.6 cm straightline standard carapace length and laid an average 81.57 eggs. The eggs measured a mean 52.12 mm diameter and weighed an average of 85.01 g. Significant positive relationships were found between the carapace lengths of nesters and their clutch sizes and average diameter and weight of eggs. The total clutch weighed between 4.02 and 13.39 kg, and yolkless eggs accounted for an average 12.4% of this weight. The majority of nesters dug shallow (〈24 cm) body pits and spent an average81 minutes at the nest site. A significant number of c1utcbes were laid below the berm crest. In a hatchery 42.2% of the eggs hatched, while in natural nests 70.2%hatched. The average hatchling carapace length was 59.8 mm and weight was 44.6 g. The longevity of leatherback tracks and nests on the beach was affected by weather. One nester was recaptured about one year later off the coast ofMississippi, U.S.A. Egg poaching was intense on some sections of the Costa Rican coast. Four aerial surveys in four different months provided the basis for comparingdensity of nesting on seven sectors of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. The beach at Jalova is heavily used by green turtles (Chelonia mydJJs) after the leatherback nesting season. The role of the Parque Nacional Tortuguero in conserving the leatherback and green turtle is discussed.(PDF file contains 20 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 54
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    Food habits and dietary variability of pelagic nekton off Oregon and Washington, 1979-1984 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2765 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:25 | 2765 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The food habits of 20 species of pelagic nekton were investigated from collections made with small-mesh purse seines from 1979-84 off Washington and Oregon. Four species (spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias; soupfin shark, Galeorhinus zyopterus; blue shark, Prionace glauca; and cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki) were mainly piscivorous. Six species (coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch; chinooksalmon, O. tshawytscha; black rockfish, Sebastes melanops; yellowtail rockfish, S. f1avidus; sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria; and jack mackerel, Trachurus symmetricus)consumed both nektonic and planktonic organisms. The remaining species (market squid, Loligo opalescens; American shad, Alosa sapidissima; Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi; northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax; pinksalmon, O. gorbuscha; surf smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus; Pacific hake, Merluccius productus; Pacific saury, Cololabis saira; Pacific mackerel, Scomber japonicus;and medusafish, Icichthys lockingtom) were primarily planktonic feeders. There were substantial interannual, seasonal, and geographic variations in the diets ofseveral species due primarily to changes in prey availability. Juvenile salmonids were not commonly consumed by this assemblage of fishes (PDF file contains 36 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 55
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    Proximate and fatty acid composition of 40 southeastern U.S. finfish species (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2768 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:43 | 2768 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This report describes the proximate compositions (protein, moisture, fat, and ash) and major fatty acid profiles for raw and cooked samples of 40 southeastern finfish species. All samples (fillets) were cooked by a standard procedure in laminated plastic bags to an internal temperature of 70'C (lS8'F). Both summarized compositional data, with means and ranges for each species, and individual sample data including harvest dates and average lengths and weights are presented. When compared with raw samples, cooked samples exhibited an increase in protein contentwith an accompanying decrease in moisture content. Fat content either remained approximately the same or increased due to moisture loss during cooking. Our results are discussed in reference to compositional data previouslypublished by others on some of the same species. Although additional data are needed to adequately describe the seasonal and geographic variations in the chemical compositions of many of these fish species, the results presented here should be useful to nutritionists, seafood marketers, and consumers.(PDF file contains 28 pages.)
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Biology ; Chemistry
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  • 56
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    Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus, Purse Seine Fishery, 1974-85, with a brief discussion of age and size composition of the landings (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2761 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:25:59 | 2761 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Routine biostatistical port sampling data and landings records collected from the gulf menhaden purse seine fishery between 1974 and 1985 are updated. During most of the period, a total of 11 menhaden reduction plants operated in Mississippi and Louisiana, and the number of vessels in the purse seine fleet varied from 71 to 82. Total annual landings ranged from 447,100 metric tons in 1977 to the record landings for the fishery of 982,800 metric tons in 1984. Age-I and -2 gulf menhaden annually comprised almost 96% of the landings. Estimated totalnumbers of menhaden landed varied from 4,510.5 million in 1975 to 11,154.9 million in 1985. Annual mean lengths and weights of sampled fish-at-age showed lillie variation. Nominal or observed fishing effort gradually increased through Ihe 1970s and 1980s, reaching 655,800 vessel-ton-weeks in 1983. (PDF file contains 14 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 57
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    Limited access alternatives for the Pacific groundfish fishery (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2770 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:57 | 2770 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Despite its wide acceptance in other fisheries, limited access remains a controversial topic among Pacific coast groundfish fishermen and fishery managers. It is controversial because it immediately opens a wide array of public policy issues. How should the public conservefish stocks, and who should benefit from harvesting thosefish? What are the costs and benefits to the public, the taxpayer, the fishing industry, and the coastal communities supporting the groundfish industry? Should the government push the industry to be economically efficient in harvesting; or should it discourage technical efficiency to conserve fish stocks? Should management preserve the economic status quo by protecting existing harvest shares? These are the broad issues occupying the discussions ofpolicy makers and academic writers concerned with resourcemanagement.The goal of this introductory section is to define limited access, to dispel some basic misunderstandings about limited access, to clarify the optional forms oflimited access, and to review the various resource management objectives addressed. This should set the stage for the following more lengthy discussions. By reducing the scopeof needless misunderstandings, it should also help to make future discussions of limited access more productive. (PDF file contains 52 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
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  • 58
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    Preparation of acetate peels of valves from the ocean quahog, Arctica islandica, for age determinations (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2772 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:27:13 | 2772 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Techniques are described for preparing acetate peels of sectioned valves of ocean quahogs, Arctica islandica, for age determinations. The respective sequence of preparation begins by sectioning left valves oriented to include a single hinge tooth, bleaching to remove the heavy periostracum, embedding the valves in an epoxy resin, grinding and polishing the embedments to a high luster, etching the exposed cut valve surfaces, and applying sheet acetate with acetone. Annuli are clearly defined relative to growth increments in the peel preparations for all sizes and ages of ocean quahogs. (PDF file contains12 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology ; Chemistry
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  • 59
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    Reproduction, maturation, and seed production of cultured species: Proceedings of the Twelfth U.S.-Japan Meeting on Aquaculture, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, October 25-29, 1983 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2775 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:27:38 | 2775 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The United States and Japanese counterpart panels on aquaculture were formed in 1969 under the United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR). The panels currently include specialists drawn from the federal departments most concerned with aquaculture. Charged with exploring and developing bilateral cooperation, the panels have focused their efforts on exchanging information related to aquaculture which could be of benefit to both countries.The UJNR was begun during the Third Cabinet-Level Meeting of the Joint United States-Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs in January 1964. In addition to aquaculture, current subjects in the program includedesalination of seawater, toxic microorganisms, air pollution, energy, forage crops, national park management, mycoplasmosis, wind and seismic effects, protein resources, forestry, and several joint panels and committees in marineresources research, development, and utilization.Accomplishments include: Increased communication and cooperation among technical specialists; exchanges ofinformation, data, and research findings; annual meetings of the panels, a policy-coordinative body; administrativestaff meetings; exchanges of equipment, materials, and samples; several major technical conferences; and beneficialeffects on international relations. (PDF file contains 79 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology ; Aquaculture
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  • 60
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    Guidelines for reducing porpoise mortality in tuna purse seining (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2809 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:22:42 | 2809 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: More than a decade has passed since the passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. During that time the U.S. tuna purse seine neet reduced its incidental porpoise mortality rate more than 10-fold. This was made possible through the development of gear and techniques aimed at reducing the frequency of many low probability events that contribute to the kill.Porpoise are killed by becoming entangled or entrapped in folds and canopies of the net and suffocating. The configuration of the net, both before and during the backdown release procedure, is a major determinant ofthe number of porpoise killed. Speedboats can be used to tow on the corkllne to prevent net collapse and also toadjust the net configuration to reduce net canopies prior to backdown. Deepening a net can reduce the probability of porpoise being killed by prebackdown net collapse. The effects of environmental conditions and mechanicalfailures on net configuration can result in high porpoise mortality unless mitigated by skilled vessel maneuvers orprevented by the timely use of speedboats to adjust the net.The backdown procedure is the only means to effectively release captured porpoise from a purse seine. It isalso the time during the set when most of the mortality occurs. The use of small mesh safety panels and aprons inthe backdown areas of nets reduces porpoise entanglement, and Increases the probability of an effective release.The tie-down points on the net for preparing the backdown channel must be properly located in order to optimize porpoise release. A formula uses the stretched depth of the net to calculate one of these points, making it a simple matter to locate the other. Understanding the dynamics of the backdown procedure permits a thorough troubleshooting of performance, thus preventing the repetition of poorly executed backdowns and thereby reducing mortality.Porpoise that cannot be released must be rescued by hand. A rescuer in a rigidly inflated raft can rescue porpoiseeffectively at any time during a net set. Hand rescue can make the difference between above average kill and zero kill sets. In all circumstances, the skill and motivation of the captain and his crew are the final determinants in the prevention of incidental porpoise mortality in tuna seining. (PDF file contains 22 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 61
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    Soviet-American Cooperative Research on Marine Mammals. Volume 1- Pinnipeds: Under Project V.6. Marine Mammals, of the US-USSR Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2810 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:22:47 | 2810 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Some 25 to 30 yr ago, when we as students were beginning our respective careers and were developing for the first time our awareness of marine mammals in the waters separating western North America from eastern Asia, we had visions of eventually bridging the communication gap which existed between our two countries at that time. Each of us was anxious to obtain information on the distribution,biology, and ecological relations of "our" seals and walruses on "the other side," beyond our respectivepolitical boundari~s where we were not permitted to go to study them. We were concerned that the resource management practices on the other side of the Bering and Chukchi Seas, implemented in isolation, on a purely unilateral basis, might endanger the species which we had come to know and were striving to conserve. At once apparent to both of us was the need for free exchange of biological information between our two countries and, ultimately, joint management of our shared resources. In a small way, we and others made some initial efforts to generate that exchange by personal correspondence and through vocal interchange at the annual meetings of the North Pacific Fur Seal Commission. By the enabling Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection, reached between our two countries in 1972, our earlier visions at last came true. Since that time, within the framework of the Marine Mammal Project under Area V of that Agreement, we and our colleagues have forged a strong bond of professional accord and respect, in an atmosphere of free intercommunication and mutual understanding. The strength and utility of this arrangement from the beginning of our joint research are reflected in the reports contained in this, the first compendium of our work.The need for a series of such a compendia became apparent to us in 1976, and its implementation was agreed on by the regular meeting of the Project in La Jolla, Calif., in January 1977. Obviously, the preparation and publication of this first volume has been excessively delayed, in part by continuing political distrust between our governments but mainly by increasing demands placed on the time of thecontributors. In this period of growing environmental concern in both countries, we and our colleagues have been totally immersed in other tasks and have experienced great difficulty in drawing together the works presented here. Much of the support for doing so was provided by the State of Alaska, through funding for Organized Research at the University of Alaska-Fairbanks. For its ultimate completion in publishable form we wish to thank Helen Stockholm, Director of Publications, Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, and her staff, especially Ruth Hand, and the numerous referees narned herein who gave willingly oftheir time to review each ofthe manuscripts critically and to provide a high measure of professionalism to the final product. (PDF file contains 110 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 62
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    Sampling statistics in the Atlantic menhaden fishery (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2813 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:18:28 | 2813 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Atlantic menhaden, Brrvoortia tyrannus, the object of a major purse-seine fishery along the U.S. east coast,are landed at plants from northern Florida to central Maine. The National Marine Fisheries Service has sampledthese landings since 1955 for length, weight, and age. Together with records of landings at each plant, thesamples are used to estimate numbers of fish landed at each age. This report analyzes the sampling design in terms of probablity sampling theory. The design is c1assified as two-stage cluster sampling, the first stage consistingof purse-seine sets randomly selected from the population of all sets landed, and the second stage consistingof fish randomly selected from each sampled set. Implicit assumptions of this design are discussed with special attention to current sampling procedures. Methods are developed for estimating mean fish weight, numbers of fish landed, and age composition of the catch, with approximate 95% confidence intervals. Based on specific results from three ports (port Monmouth, N.J., Reedville, Va., and Beaufort, N.C.) for the 1979 fishing season, recommendations are made for improving sampling procedures to comply more exactly with assumptions of the sampling design. These recommendatlons include adopting more formal methods for randomizing set and fish selection, increasing the number of sets sampled, considering the bias introduced by unequal set sizes, and developing methods to optimize the use of funds and personnel. (PDF file contains 22 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries
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  • 63
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    Configurations and relative efficiencies of shrimp trawls employed in southeastern United States waters (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2819 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:19:18 | 2819 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Common shrimp trawl designs employed in the southeastern United States shrimp fishery are the flat, balloon, semiballoon, jib, and super X-3. Recent innovations in trawl design and rigging, including the twin trawl rigging and tongue trawl design, have improved the efficiency of shrimp trawling gear. A description of the construction techniques for the different designs indicate differences which affect gear performance. Measurements of horizontal spread and vertical opening for 76 trawl configurations indicate the relative efficiencies of the different designs. Maximum horizontal spreading efficiency was achieved by the "twin" and "tongue" trawl designs followed by the super X-3, jib, balloon, and semiballoon designs. Designs having the greatest vertical openings were the tongue and flat trawl designs followed by the semiballoon. Maximum total gape dimension was demonstrated by the "Mongoose" tongue trawl. Comparison of trawl spreading efficiency and door area to headrope length ratio indicates that a range of 70-80 in square (per door) of door area is required for each foot of trawl headrope length for maximum efficiency with conventional trawl designs and 66-75 in square per foot of headrope for tongue trawl designs. (PDF file contains 18 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 64
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    Management of northern fur seals on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, 1786-1981 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2818 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:19:16 | 2818 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This paper includes information about the Pribilof Islands since their discovery by Russia in 1786 and the population of northern fur seals, Cailorhinus ursinus, that return there each summer to bear young and to breed. Russia exterminated the native population of sea Oilers, Enhydra lulris, here and nearly subjected the northern fur seal to the same fate before providing proper protection. The northern fur seal was twice more exposed to extinctionfollowing the purchase of Alaska and the Pribilof Islands by the United States in 1867. Excessive harvesting wasstopped as a result of strict management by the United States of the animals while on land and a treaty betweenJapan, Russia, Great Britain (for Canada), and the United States that provided needed protection at sea. In 1941,Japan abrogated this treaty which was replaced by a provisional agreement between Canada and the United Statesthat protected the fur seals in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Japan, the U.S.S.R., Canada, and the United Statesagain insured the survival of these animals with ratification in 1957 of the "Interim Convention on the Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals," which is still in force. Under the auspices of this Convention, the United States launched an unprecedented manipulation of the resource through controlled removal during 1956-68 of over 300,000 females considered surplus. The biological rationale for the reduction was that production of fewer pups would result in a higher pregnancy rate and increased survival, which would, in turn, produce a sustained annual harvest of 55,000-60,000 males and 10,000-30,000 females.Predicted results did not occur. The herd reduction program instead coincided with the beginning of a decline in the number of males available for harvest. Suspected but unproven causes were changes in the toll normally accounted for by predation, disease, adverse weather, and hookworms. Depletion of the animals' food supply by foreign fishing Heets and the entanglement of fur seals in trawl webbing and other debris discarded at sea became a prime suspect in altering the average annual harvest of males on the Pribilof Islands from 71,500 (1940-56) to 40,000 (1957-59) to 36,000 (1960) to 82,000 (1961) and to 27,347 (1972-81). Thus was born the concept of a research control area for fur seals, which was agreed upon by members of the Convention in 1973 and instituted by the United Stateson St. George Island beginning in 1974. All commercial harvesting of fur seals was stopped on St. George Islandand intensive behavioral studies were begun on the now unharvested population as it responds to the moratoriumand attempts to reach its natural ceiling. The results of these and other studies here and on St. Paul Island areexpected to eventually permit a comparison between the dynamics of unharvested and harvested populations, which should in turn permit more precise management of fur seals as nations continue to exploit the marine resources of the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. (PDF file contains 32 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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    Synopsis of biological data on the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2821 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:19:25 | 2821 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This synopsis reviews taxonomy, morphology, distribution, life history, commercial hard and soft shell crab fisheries, physiology, diseases, ecology, laboratory culture methodology, and influences of environmentalpollutants on the blue crab, Callinecles sapidus. Over 300 selected, published reports up to and including 1982are covered. (PDF file contains 45 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
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  • 66
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    Spawning, egg development, and early life history dynamics of arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) in the Gulf of Alaska (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2478 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:55:56 | 2478 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) has the highest biomass of any groundfish species in the Gulf of Alaska, is a voracious predator of age 1 walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), and is a major component in the diet of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Owing to its ecological importance in the Gulf of Alaska and the limitedinformation available on its reproduction, interest has intensified in describing its spawning and early life history.A study was undertaken in late January–February 2001–2003 in the Gulf of Alaska to obtain information on adult spawning location, depth distribution, and sexual maturity, and to obtain fertilized eggs for laboratory studies. Adults were found 200–600 m deep east of Kodiak Islandover the outer continental shelf and upper slope, and southwest along the shelf break to the Shumagin Islands. Most ripe females (oocytes extruded with light pressure)were found at 400 m and most ripe males (milt extruded with light pressure) were found at depths ≥450 m. Eggs werefertilized and incubated in the laboratory at 3.0°, 4.5°, and 6.0°C. Eggs were reared to hatching, but larvae did not survive long enough to complete yolk absorption and develop pigment. Eggs were staged according to morphological hallmarks and incubation data were used to produce a stage duration table and a regression model to estimate egg age based on water temperature and developmental stage.Arrowtooth flounder eggs (1.58–1.98 mm in diameter) were collected in ichthyoplankton surveys along the continentalshelf edge, primarily at depths ≥400 m. Early-stage eggs were found in tows that sampled to depths of ≥450 m. Larvae,which hatch between 3.9 and 4.8 mm standard length, increased in abundance with depth. Observations on arrowtooth flounder eggs and early-stage larvae wereused to complete the description of the published partial developmental series.(PDF file contains 34 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 67
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    The economic importance of marine angler expenditures in the United States. (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2491 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:57:25 | 2491 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: In 1998, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) began a series of marine angler expenditure surveys in thecoastal regions of the United States (U.S.) to evaluate marine recreational fishing expenditures and the financial impacts of these expenditures in each region and the U.S. as a whole. In this report, we use the previously estimated expenditure estimates to assess the total financial impactof anglers’ saltwater expenditures. Estimates are provided for sales, income, employment, and tax impacts for eachcoastal state in the U.S. Aggregate estimates are also provided for the entire U.S., excluding Alaska, Hawaii, and Texas. Direct, indirect, and induced effects associated with resident and non-resident angler expenditures were estimated using a regional input-output modeling systemcalled IMPLAN Pro. Nationwide, recreational saltwater fishing generated over $30.5 billion in sales in 2000, nearly $12.0 billion in income, and supported nearly350,000 jobs. Approximately 89 cents of every dollar spent by saltwater anglers was estimated to remain within the U.S. economy. At the state level, many of the goodsanglers purchased were imports, and, as such, as little as 44 cents of every dollar stayed in Rhode Island and as much as 80 cents of every dollar stayed in Georgia. In the Northeast, the highest impacts were generated in New Jersey, even though recreational fishing expenditures in Massachusetts and Maryland were considerably higher. In the Southeast, the highest impacts were generated in Florida, and on the Pacific Coast, the highest impacts weregenerated in California. Expenditures on boat maintenance/expenses generated more impacts than any other expenditure category in the U.S. Expenditures on rodsand reels was the single most important expense category in terms of generating impacts in most of the Northeast states.Expenditures on boat expenses generated the highest in most Southeast states, and expenditures for boat accessories produced the highest impacts in most Pacific Coast states.(PDF file contains 184 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 68
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    A taxonomic guide to the mysids of the South Atlantic Bight. (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2493 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:57:37 | 2493 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Following the examination of extensive collections from the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), the Southeastern Regional Taxonomic Center (SERTC), and other regional institutions, 18 species of the family Mysidae are recognized and described from the South Atlantic Bight(Cape Lookout, North Carolina to Cape Canaveral, Florida). This report includes synonymies of previous records, as well as new species distribution records. Previousregional accounts of Metamysidopsis munda and Metamysidopsis mexicana are attributed to Metamysidopsis swifti. New regional records are established for Amathimysis brattegardi, Heteromysis beetoni, and Siriella thompsonii. Two other species tentatively identified asAmathimysis sp. (nr. serrata) and Mysidopsis sp. (cf. mortenseni) may represent new taxa. Neobathymysis renoculata is included and discussed as a potential regional species. An illustrated key to the species currently known from the South Atlantic Bight is presented.Relevant taxonomic, distributional, and ecological information is also included for each species. (PDF file contains 45 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 69
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    Biology and fisheries of swordfish, Xiphias gladius: Papers from the International Symposium on Pacific Swordfish, Ensenada, Mexico, 11-14 December 1994 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2535 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:50:49 | 2535 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The swordfish, Xiphias gladius, is a large migratoryoceanic species. It is widely distributed in tropical,temperate, and sometimes cold waters of all oceans, and is usually found in areas with sea-surface temperatures above 13°C. It can reach a maximum size of 540 kg, and is a favorite food fish in many countries. It is excellent for steaks, canning, or teriyaki, the Japanese dish of meat grilled with sugar, soy sauce, and rice wine. Swordfish is harvested commercially throughout its distribution, in both coastal and high-seas fisheries. Sport fisheries for swordfish are very small compared to those for other billfishes, accounting for no more than a few hundred fish per year. (PDF file contains 284 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 70
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    Marine flora and fauna of the Eastern United States Anthozoa: Acitniaria, Corallimorpharia, Ceriantharia, and Zoanthidea (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2538 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:51:01 | 2538 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This key includes 60 species of sea anemones and their relatives in the orders Actiniaria, Corallimorpharia, Ceriantharia, and Zoanthidea. Species from the intertidal zone, continental slope, and deep sea are included over a geographic range from Atlantic Canada to approximately South Carolina. In addition to the illustrated key itself, characteristics of each species are summarized in tabular form, including morphology, distribution, and types and sizes of cnidae. Ecological and taxonomic information on each species are also included in an annotated species list. (PDF file contains 76 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Ecology ; Fisheries
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  • 71
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    Distribution of Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, purse-seine sets and catches from southern New England to North Carolina, 1985-96 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2533 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:50:30 | 2533 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: Sets and catches of Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, made in 1985-96 by purse-seine vessels from Virginia and North Carolina were studied by digitizing and analyzingCaptain's Daily Fishing Reports (CDFR's), daily logs of fishing activities completed by captains of menhaden vessels. 33,674 CDFR's were processed, representing 125,858 purse-seine sets. On average, the fleet made 10,488 sets annually. Virginia vessels made at least one purse-seine set on 67%-83% of available fishing days between May and December. In most years, five was the median number of sets attempted each fishing day. Mean set duration ranged from 34 to 43 minutes, and median catch per set ranged from 15 to 30 metric tons (t). Spotter aircraft assisted in over 83% of sets overall. Average annual catch in ChesapeakeBay (149,500 t) surpassed all other fishing areas, and accounted for 52% of the fleet's catch. Annual catch from North Carolina waters (49,100 t) ranked a distant second.Fishing activity in ocean waters clustered off the Mid-Atlantic states in June-September, and off North Carolina in November-January. Delaware Bay and the New Jersey coast were important alternate fishing grounds during summer. Across all ocean fishing areas, most sets and catch occurred within 3 mi. of shore, but in Chesapeake Bay about half of all fishing activity occurred farther offshore. In Virginia, areas adjacent to fish factories tended to beheavily fished. Recent regulatory initiatives in various coastal states threaten the Atlantic menhaden fleet's access to traditional nearshore fishing grounds. (PDF file contains 26 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Ecology ; Fisheries
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  • 72
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    Characteristics and causes of Texas marine strandings (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2534 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:50:34 | 2534 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: Three major mass mortality events occurred on theupper Texas coast during 1994, from January throughthe second week of May. These events were distinguishedby unusually large numbers of dead dolphins, sea turtles,and fishes washing ashore on Texas beaches. The beachstranding of dead animals began in January with bottlenosedolphins. By the end of March, 142 dolphins had washed ashore as compared to about 40 expected. By the latter part of April, dolphin mortalities declined but stranding of dead and comatose sea turtles increased. By the end of April, at least 127 sea turtles had stranded on the Texas coast since the beginning of the year, about double the expected number. Then, during May and June, a third mortality event began with a massive fish kill and more turtle deaths. By the middle of May, mortalities of all species as indicated by beach strandings returned to within expected levels. Nevertheless, 1994 stood out as a record year of marine mass mortalities in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. (PDF file contains 94 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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    Relationship between fish size and otolith length for 63 species of fishes from the Eastern North Pacific Ocean (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2511 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:59:39 | 2511 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Otoliths commonly are used to determine the taxon, age, and size of fishes. This information is useful for population management, predator-prey studies, and archaeological research. The relationship between the length of a fish and the length of its otoliths remains unknown for many species of marine fishes in the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, the relationships between fish length and fish weight, and between otolith length and fish length, were developed for 63 species of fishes caught in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. We also summarized similar relationships for 46 eastern North Pacific fish species reported in the literature. The relationship between fish length and otolith length was linear, and most of the variability was explained by a simple least-squares regression (r 2 〉 0.700 for 45 of 63 species). The relationship between otolith length and fish length was not significantly different between left and right otoliths for all but one fish species. Images of otoliths from 77 taxa are included to assist in the identification of species. (PDF file contains 38 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 74
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    The distribution and size composition of finfish, American lobster, and long-finned squid in Long Island Sound based on the Connecticut Fisheries Division Bottom Trawl Survey, 1984–1994 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2521 | 403 | 2011-09-29 19:00:39 | 2521 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The distribution, abundance, and length composition of marine finfish, lobster, and squid in Long Island Sound were examined relative to season and physical features of the Sound, using Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection trawl survey data collected from 1984 to 1994. The following are presented: seasonal distribution maps for 59 species, abundance indices for 41 species, and length frequencies for 26 species. In addition, a broader view ofhabitat utilization in the Sound was examined by mapping aggregated catches (total catch per tow, demersal catch per tow, and pelagic catch per tow) and by comparing species richness and mean aggregate catch/tow by analysis of variance (ANOVA) among eight habitat types defined by depth interval and bottom type. For many individual species, seasonal migration patterns and preference for particular areas within Long Island Sound were evident. The aggregate distribution maps show that overall abundance was lower in the eastern Sound than the central and western portions. Demersal and pelagic temporal abundance show opposite trends—demersals were abundant in spring and declined through summer and fall, whereas pelagic abundance was low in spring and increased into fall. The analysis of habitat types revealed significant differences for both species richness and mean catch per tow. Generally, species richness was highest in habitats within the central area of the Sound and lowest in eastern habitats. The aggregatemean catch was highest in the western and central habitats, and declined eastward. (PDF file contains 199 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 75
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    Quantitative composition and distribution of the macrobenthic invertebrate fauna of the Continental Shelf ecosystems of the Northeastern United States (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2540 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:51:32 | 2540 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: From the mid-1950's to the mid-1960's a series of quantitative surveys of the macrobenthic invertebrate fauna were conducted in the offshore New England region (Maine to Long Island, New York). The surveys were designed to 1) obtain measures of macrobenthic standing crop expressed in terms of density and biomass; 2) determine the taxonomiccomposition of the fauna (ca. 567 species); 3) map the general features of macrobenthic distribution; and 4) evaluate the fauna's relationships to water depth, bottom type, temperature range, and sediment organic carbon content. A total of 1,076 samples, ranging from 3to 3,974 m in depth, were obtained and analyzed.The aggregate macrobenthic fauna consists of 44 major taxonomic groups (phyla, classes, orders). A striking fact is that only five of those groups (belonging to four phyla)account for over 80% of both total biomass and number of individuals of the macrobenthos. The five dominant groups are Bivalvia, Annelida, Amphipoda, Echninoidea, andHolothuroidea.Other salient features pertaining to the macrobenthos of the region are the following: substantial differences in quantity exist among different geographic subareas within the region, but with a general trend that both density and biomass increase from northeast to southwest; both density and biomass decrease with increasing depth; the composition of the bottom sediments significantly influences both the kind and quantity of macrobenthic invertebrates, the largest quantities of both measures of abundance occurring in the coarser grained sediments and diminishing with decreasing particle size; areas with marked seasonalchanges in water temperature support an abundant and diverse fauna, whereas a uniform temperature regime is associated with a sparse, less diverse fauna; and no detectable trends are evident in the quantitative composition of the macrobenthos in relation to sediment organic carbon content. (PDF file contains 246 pages.)
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    Seasonal, horizontal, and vertical distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll a in the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf Ecosystem (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2543 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:51:49 | 2543 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The broad scale features in the horizontal, vertical, and seasonal distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll a on the northeast U.S. continental shelf are described based on57,088 measurements made during 78 oceanographic surveys from 1977 through 1988. Highest mean water column chlorophyll concentration (Chlw,) is usually observed innearshore areas adjacent to the mouths of the estuaries in the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB), over the shallow water on Georges Bank, and a small area sampled along the southeast edge of Nantucket Shoals. Lowest Chlw «0.125 ug l-1) is usually restricted to the most seaward stations sampled along the shelf-break and the central deep waters in the Gulf of Maine. There is at least a twofold seasonal variation in phytoplankton biomass in all areas, withhighest phytoplankton concentrations (m3) and highest integrated standing stocks (m2) occurring during the winter-spring (WS) bloom, and the lowest during summer, whenvertical density stratification is maximal. In most regions, a secondary phytoplankton biomass pulse is evident during convective destratification in fall, usually in October. Fall bloom in some areas of Georges Bank approaches the magnitude of the WS-bloom, but GeorgesBank and Middle Atlantic Bight fall blooms are clearly subordinate to WS-blooms.Measurements of chlorophyll in two size-fractions of the phytoplankton, netplankton (〉20 um) and nanoplankton «20 um), revealed that the smaller nanoplankton are responsiblefor most of the phytoplankton biomass on the northeast U.S. shelf. Netplankton tend to be more abundant in nearshore areas of the MAB and shallow water on Georges Bank, where chlorophyll a is usually high; nanoplankton dominate deeper water at the shelf-break and deep water in the Gulf of Maine, where Chlw is usually low. As a general rule, thepercent of phytoplankton in the netplankton size-fraction increases with increasing depth below surface and decreases proceeding offshore.There are distinct seasonal and regional patterns in the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a and percent netplankton, as revealed in composite vertical profiles of chlorophyll a constructed for 11 layers of the water column. Subsurface chlorophyll a maxima are ubiquitous during summer in stratified water. Chlorophyll a in the subsurface maximum layer is generally 2-8 times the concentration in the overlying and underlying water andapproaches 50 to 75% of the levels observed in surface water during WS-bloom. The distribution of the ratio of the subsurface maximum chlorophyll a to surface chlorophyll a(SSR) during summer parallels the shelfwide pattern for stability, indexed as the difference in density (sigma-t) between 40 m and surface (stability 40. The weakest stability and lowest SSR's are found in shallow tidally-mixed water on Georges Bank; the greatest stability and highest SSR's (8-12:1) are along the mid and outer MAB shelf, over the winter residual water known as the "cold band." On Georges Bank, the distribution of SSR and thestability40 are roughly congruent with the pattern for maximum surface tidal current velocity, with values above 50 cms-1 defining SSR's less than 2:1 and the well-mixed area.Physical factors (bathymetry, vertical mixing by strong tidal currents, and seasonal and regional differences in the intensity and duration of vertical stratification) appear to explain much of the variability in phytoplankton chlorophyll a throughout this ecosystem. (PDF file contains 126 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Ecology ; Fisheries
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    The Distribution of Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys kempi) Along the Texas Coast: An Atlas (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2705 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:30:16 | 2705 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Eight hundred sixty-five records of Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempi) reported from Texas between the late 1940's to April 1990 were compiled from six databases and the literature, then plotted on a series of Texas maps. Four categories of Kemp's ridleys are identified throughout the atlas: head-started (turtles that are raised in captivity their first year of life), wild, historical (pre-1980), and nesters. Geographic, seasonal, and size distributions of the turtle categories are plotted by regions. Most Kemp's ridleys were reported from the northeast and central Texas coast. They werereported from both inshore (landward of barrier islands) and offshore (seaward of barrier islands). Scattered nestings occurred in the central to southern regions. Kemp'sridleys were found more often during the spring and summer. A total of 546 turtle records contained measurements; most were 20-59.9 cm curved carapace length and considered sub-adults. Comparison of distributions of head-started and wild Kemp's ridleys suggests head-started Kemp's ridleys inhabit the same areas as wild Kemp's ridleys. (PDF file contains 56 pages.)
    Keywords: Conservation ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 78
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    Distribution, Abundance, and Biological Characteristics of Groundfish off the Coast of Washington, Oregon, and California, 1977-1986 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2698 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:29:19 | 2698 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: We compare results of bottom trawl surveys off Washington, Oregon, and California in 1977, 1980, 1983, and 1986 to discern trends in population abundance, distribution, andbiology. Catch per unit of effort, area-swept biomass estimates, and age and length compositions for 12 commercially important west coast groundfishes are presented to illustrate trends over the lO-year period. We discuss the precision, accuracy, and statistical significance of observed trends in abundance estimates. The influence of water temperature on the distribution of groundfishes is also briefly examined. Abundance estimates of canary rockfish, Sebastes pinniger, and yellowtail rockfish, S. Jlavidus, declined during the studyperiod; greater declines were observed in Pacific ocean perch, S. alutus, lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus, and arrowtooth flounder, Atheresthes stomias. Biomass estimates of Pacific hake, Merluccius productus, and English, rex, and Dover soles (Pleuronectes vetulus, Errex zachirus,and Microstomus pacificus) increased, while bocaccio, S. paucispinis, and chilipepper, S. goodei, were stable. Sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, biomass estimates increased markedly from 1977 to 1980 and declined moderately thereafter. Precision was lowest for rockfishes, lingcod, and sablefish; it was highest for flatfishes because they were uniformly distributed. The accuracy of survey estimates could be gauged only for yellowtail and canary rockfish and sablefish. All fishery-based analyses produced much larger estimates of abundance than bottom trawl surveys-indicative of the true catchability of survey trawls. Population trends from all analyses compared well except in canary rockfish, the species that presents thegreatest challenge to obtaining reasonable precision and one that casts doubts on the usefulness of bottom trawl surveys for estimating its abundance. (PDF file contains 78 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
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  • 79
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    Marine Ranching: Proceedings of the Eighteenth U.S.-Japan Meeting on Aquaculture Port Ludlow, Washington, 18-19 September 1989 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2709 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:30:43 | 2709 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Female reproduction in penaeid shrimp is carefully regulated by several different endocrine factors. Their precise modes of action have not yet been fully elucidated. Three endocrine factors, each representing a different chemical class of hormones, have been investigated in the penaeid shrimp Sicyonia ingentis in our laboratory: ecdysteroids, vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone (VIH) , and methyl farnesoate (MF). Ecdysteroids (the steroid molting hormones of arthropods; predominantly 20-hydroxyecdysone), are initially present in low levels (〈10 ng/mg) in shrimp embryos. As development of the embryos nears time of hatch, the ecdysteroid levels increase to approximately 150 ng/mg, indicating that they may be of embryonic origin and involved in embryonic development. An assay was developed for shrimp VIH, which presumably is a protein. Delay ofonset of the next reproductive cycle was observed following injection of sinus gland extracts into shrimp that had previously had their eyestalks removed. A photoaffinityanalog was synthesized for the putative shrimp reproductive hormone MF-a terpenoid. This analog, farnesyl diazomethyl ketone (FDK) , was used to demonstrate the presenceof specific binding proteins for MF in shrimp hemolymph. (PDF file contains 136 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture
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  • 80
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    Larvae of Nearshore Fishes in Oceanic Waters near Oahu, Hawaii (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2714 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:31:38 | 2714 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Larvae of over 50 families of nearshore fishes were taken in oceanic waters about 13 km offshore of the leeward (southwest) coast of Oahu, Hawaii during 1977-78, The five most frequently taken families (Labridae, Parapercidae, Serranidae, Gobiidae, and Carangidae) made up over 50% of the total nearshore larvae. Most other families were taken very infrequently. Comparison of catch data from three types of nets indicated that 1.25-m diameter bongo nets often sampled larvae as well or better than a 3-m Isaacs-Kidd trawl and that smaller, 70-cm diameter bongo nets were often as effective as the larger nets for certain abundant taxa. Only a few taxa showed evidence of seasonal patterns in abundance. Irregular temporal variability in abundance of some taxa may have been related to occasional recent influxes of surface water from closer to shore. Most larvae taken were late preflexion stage or older. Densities of even the most abundant taxa were rarely greater than 0.001 m-3. The nearshore fish larvae were not dominated by taxa with large larvae or with larvae possessing apparent specializations to pelagic existence, Most taxa taken were pelagic spawners as adults, but larvae of demersal spawners were roughly as well represented as demersal spawners are among the nearshore fish fauna. Previous studies of waterscloser to shore probably sampled insufficient volumes for any but a few exceptionally abundant taxa. Sampling with volumes filtered of the order of 104-105 m3 will be necessary to determine if the dominant taxa taken by the present study are ever more abundant closer to shore, (PDF file contains 23 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 81
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    Biology, Oceanography, and Fisheries of the North Pacific Transition Zone and Subarctic Frontal Zone: Papers from the North Pacific Transition Zone Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii, 9-11 May 1988 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2710 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:30:48 | 2710 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: In the past few years, large-scale, high-seas driftnet fishing has sparked intense debate and political conflict inmany oceanic regions. In the Pacific Ocean the driftnetcontroversy first emerged in the North Pacific transitionzone and subarctic frontal zone, where driftnet vesselsfrom Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan pursuetheir target species of neon flying squid. Other NorthPacific driftnet fleets from Japan and Taiwan target stocksof tunas and billfishes. Both types of driftnet fishing incidentally kill valued non-target species of marine life, including fish, mammals, birds, and turtles.In response to public concerns about driftnet fishing,government scientists began early on to assemble availableinformation and consider what new data were required to assess impacts on North Pacific marine resources and the broader pelagic ecosystem. Accordingly, a workshop was convened at the NMFS Honolulu Laboratory in May 1988 to review current information on the biology, oceanography, and fisheries of the North Pacific transition zone and subarctic frontal zone. The workshop participants, from the United States and Canada, also developed a strategic plan to guide NMFS in developing a program of driftnet fishery research and impact assessment.This volume contains a selection of scientific reviewpapers presented at the 1988 Honolulu workshop. Thepapers represent part of the small kernel of informationavailable then, prior to the expansion of cooperative international scientific programs. Subsequent driftnet fishery monitoring and research by the United States, Canada, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan have added much new data.Nevertheless, this collection of papers provides a historical perspective and contains useful information not readily available elsewhere. (PDF file contains 118 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries ; Oceanography ; Biology
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  • 82
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    Marine Ranching: Proceedings of the Seventeenth U.S.-Japan Meeting on Aquaculture Ise, Mie Prefecture, Japan October 16, 17, and 18, 1988, Satellite Symposium: October 20 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2713 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:31:04 | 2713 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The United States and Japanese counterpart panels on aquaculture were formed in 1969 under the United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR). The panels currently include specialists drawn from the federal departments most concerned with aquaculture. Charged with exploring and developing bilateral cooperation, the panels have focused their efforts on exchanging information related to aquaculture which could be of benefitto both countries.The UJNR was begun during the Third Cabinet-Level Meeting of the Joint United States-Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs in January 1964. In addition to aquaculture, current subjects in the program include desalination of seawater, toxic microorganisms, air pollution, energy, forage crops, national park management, mycoplasmosis, wind and seismic effects, protein resources, forestry, and several joint panels and committees in marineresources research, development, and utilization.Accomplishments include increased communication and cooperation among technical specialists; exchanges of information, data, and research findings; annual meetings of the panels, a policy-coordinative body; administrative staff meetings; exchanges of equipment, materials,and samples; several major technical conferences; and beneficial effects on international relations. (PDF file contains 186 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture
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  • 83
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    Marine Mammal Strandings in the United States: Proceedings of the Second Marine Mammal Stranding Workshop, Miami, Florida, December 3-5, 1987 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2717 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:32:00 | 2717 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Over a decade ago, in August 1977, the First MarineMammal Stranding Workshop was convened in Athens, Georgia. That workshop, organized by j.R. Geraci and D.J. St. Aubin, not only considered biology and pathology of stranded marine mammals, but it also served as a springboard for the formation of regional marine mammal stranding networks in the United States. The ramifications have been extremely important to the field of marine mammalogy since, for some species, examination or rehabilitation of stranded specimens serves as virtually the only source of information on distribution, anatomy, physiology,reproduction, and pathology. The First Marine MammalStranding Workshop led to increased awareness of themarine mammals themselves, as well as the logistic andlegal factors associated with effective handling of theanimals.A number of individuals indicated that they felt that aSecond Marine Mammal Stranding Workshop held priorto the Seventh Biennial Conference on the Biology ofMarine Mammals (Miami, Florida; December 1987) would be both timely and productive. Accordingly, we organized the workshop and scheduled it to occur on 3-5 December. Our goals for the workshop were several, including 1) providing descriptions of some research, especially new techniques, regarding stranded marine mammals; 2) providing a forum where scientists could interact and possibly initiate cooperative research activities; 3) presenting information regarding procedures used effectively to handle stranded animals; 4) assessing ways to standardize data and specimen collection, archiving, and retrieval; and 5) providing a forum for assessing accomplishments and status of regional stranding networks to date, as well as for making recommendations regarding future activities of the networks. Nearly 100 individuals representing Federal and State governments, academic institutions, the oceanarium industry, consulting groups, conservation organizations, and the private sector attended the workshop (see Workshop Participants, this volume). (PDF file contains 166 pages.)
    Keywords: Conservation ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 84
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    Juvenile and small resident fishes of Florida Bay, a critical habitat in the Everglades National Park, Florida (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2479 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:56:01 | 2479 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: This compendium presents information on the life history, diet, and abundance and distribution of 46 of the more abundant juvenile and small resident fish species, and data on three species of seagrasses in Florida Bay, EvergladesNational Park. Abundance and distribution of fish data were derived from three sampling schemes: (1) an otter trawlin basins (1984–1985, 1994–2001), (2) a surface trawl in basins (1984–1985), and (3) a surface trawl in channels (1984–1985). Results from surface trawling only included pelagic species. Collections made with an otter trawl in basins on a bi-monthly basis were emphasized. Nonparametricstatistics were used to test spatial and temporal differences in the abundance of species and seagrasses. Fishspecies accounts were presented in four sections – Life history, Diet, Abundance and distribution, and Length-frequency distributions. Although Florida Bay is a subtropical estuary, the majority of fish species (76%) had warm-temperate affinities; i.e., only 24% were solely tropical species. The five most abundant species collected, in descending order, by (1) otter trawl in basins were: Eucinostomus gula, Lucania parva, Anchoa mitchilli, Lagodonrhomboides, and Syngnathus scovelli; (2) surface trawl in basins were: Hyporhamphus unifasciatus, Strongylura notata, Chriodorus atherinoides, Anchoa hepsetus, and Atherinomorusstipes; (3) surface trawl in channels were: Hypoatherina harringtonensis, A. stipes, A. mitchelli, H. unifasciatus, and C. atherinoides. (PDF file contains 219 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Ecology ; Fisheries
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    Development of kelp rockfish, Sebastes atrovirens (Jordan and Gilbert 1880), and brown rockfish, S. auriculatus (Girard 1854), from birth to pelagic juvenile stage, with notes on early larval development of black-and-yellow rockfish, S. chrysomelas (Jordan and Gilbert 1880), reared in the laboratory (Pisces: Sebastidae). (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2492 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:57:31 | 2492 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Larval kelp (Sebastes atrovirens), brown (S. auriculatus), and blackand-yellow (S. chrysomelas) rockfish were reared from known adults, to preflexion stage, nine days after birth for S. chrysomelas, to late postflexion stage for S. atrovirens, and to pelagic juvenile stage for S.auriculatus. Larval S. atrovirens and S. chrysomelaswere about 4.6 mm body length (BL) and S. auriculatus about 5.2 mm BL at birth. Both S. atrovirens and S. auriculatusunderwent notochord flexion at about 6–9 mm BL. Sebastes atrovirens transform to the pelagic juvenile stage at about 14–16 mm BL and S. auriculatus transformed at ca. 25 mm BL. Early larvae of all three species were characterized by melanistic pigment dorsally on the head, on the gut, on most of the ventral margin of the tail, and in a long series on the dorsal margin of the tail. Larval S. atrovirens and S. auriculatus developed a posterior bar on the tail during the flexion or postflexion stage. In S. atrovirens xanthic pigment resembled the melanistic pattern throughout larval development. Larval S. auriculatus lackedxanthophores except on the head until late preflexion stage, when a pattern much like the melanophore pattern gradually developed. Larval S. chrysomelas had extensive xanthic pigmentation dorsally, but none ventrally, in preflexion stage. All members of the Sebastes subgenusPteropodus (S. atrovirens, S. auriculatus, S. carnatus, S. caurinus, S. chrysomelas, S. dalli, S. maliger, S. nebulosus, S. rastrelliger) are morphologically similar and all share the basic melanistic pigment pattern describedhere. Although the three species reared in this study can be distinguished on the basis of xanthic pigmentation, itseems unlikely that it will be possible to reliably identify field-collected larvae to species using traditional morphological and melanistic pigmentation characters. (PDF file contains 36 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 86
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    Atlas of abundance and distribution patterns of ichthyoplankton from the Northeast Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea ecosystems: based on research conducted by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center (1972–1996) (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2501 | 403 | 2014-02-21 01:11:37 | 2501 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: This regional atlas summarizes and illustrates the distribution and abundance patterns of fish eggs and larvae of 102 taxa within 34 families found in the Northeast Pacific Ocean including the Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, and U.S. west coast ecosystems. Data were collected over a 20+ year period (1972–1996) by the Recruitment Processes Program of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC).Ichthyoplankton catch records used in this atlas were generated from 11,379 tows taken during 100 cruises.For each taxon, general life history data are briefly summarized from the literature. Published information on distribution patterns of eggs and larvae are reviewed for the study area. Data from AFSC ichthyoplankton collections were combined to produce an average spatial distribution for each taxon. These data were also used to estimate mean abundance and percent occurrence by year and month, and relative abundance by larval length and season. Abundance from each tow was measured as catch per 10 m2 surface area. A larval distribution and abundance map was produced with a geographic information system using ArcInfo software. For taxa with identifiable pelagic eggs, distribution maps showing presence or absence of eggs are presented. Presenceor absence of adults in the study area is mapped based on recent literature and data from AFSC groundfish surveys.Distributional records for adults and early life history stages revealed several new range extensions. (PDF file contains 288 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 87
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    Cetaceans of Venezuela: Their distribution and conservation status. (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2505 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:58:54 | 2505 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Sighting, stranding, and capture records of whales and dolphins for Venezuela were assembled and analyzed to document the Venezuelan cetacean fauna and its distribution in the eastern Caribbean. An attempt was made to confirm species identification for each of the records, yielding 443 that encompass 21 species of cetaceans now confirmed to occur in Venezuelan marine, estuarine, and freshwater habitats. For each species, we report its global and local distribution, conservation status and threats, and the common names used, along with our proposal for a Spanish common name. Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni) is the most commonly reported mysticete. The long-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus capensis) is the most frequent of the odontocetes in marine waters. The boto or tonina (Inia geoffrensis) was found to be ubiquitous in the Orinoco watershed. The distribution of marine records is consistent with the pattern of productivity of Venezuelan marine waters, i.e., a concentration at 63°07′W through 65°26′W with records declining to the east and to the west. An examination of the records for all cetaceans in the Caribbean leads us to conclude that seven additional species may be present in Venezuelan waters. (PDF file contains 61 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Ecology ; Conservation ; Fisheries
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  • 88
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    Distribution, relative abundance and developmental morphology of paralarval cephalopods in the Western North Atlantic Ocean (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2504 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:58:50 | 2504 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Paralarval and juvenile cephalopods collected in plankton samples on 21 western North Atlantic cruises were identified and enumerated. The 3731 specimens were assigned to 44 generic and specific taxa. This paper describes their spatial and temporal distributions and their developmental morphology. The smallest paralarvae recognized for anumber of species are identified and illustrated. The two most abundant and most frequently collected taxa were identifiable to species based on known systematic charactersof young, as well as on distribution of the adults. These were the neritic squids Loligo pealeii and Illex illecebrosus collected north of Cape Hatteras, both valuablefishery resources. Other abundant taxa included two morphotypes of ommastrephids, at least five species of enoploteuthids, two species of onychoteuthids, and unidentified octopods. Most taxa were distributed widely both in time and in space, although some seasonal andmesoscale-spatial patterns were indicated. The taxa that appeared to have distinct seasonal distribution included most of the neritic species and, surprisingly, the young of the bathypelagic cranchiids. In eight seasonal cruises over the continental shelf of the middle U.S. Atlantic states,neritic taxa demonstrated approximately the same seasonal patterns during two consecutive years. Interannual differences in the oceanic taxa collected on the shelfwere extreme. The highest abundance and diversity of planktonic cephalopods in the oceanic samples were consistently found in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream.Only eight of the oceanic taxa appeared to have limited areal distributions, compared with twelve taxa that were found throughout the western North Atlantic regionssampled in this study. Many taxa, however, were not collected frequently enough to describe seasonal or spatial patterns. Comparisons with published accounts of other cephalopod surveys indicate both strengths and weaknesses in various sampling techniques for capturing the youngof oceanic cephalopods. Enoploteuthids were abundant both in our study and in other studies using midwater trawls in several areas of the North Atlantic. Thus, this family probably is adequately sampled over its developmental range. In contrast, octopoteuthids and chtenopterygiids are rare in collections made by small to medium-sized midwater trawls but are comparatively common in plankton samples. Forfamilies that are relatively common in plankton samples, paralarval abundance, derived similarly to the familiar ichthyoplankton surveys of fisheries science, may be the most reliable method of gathering data on distribution and abundance. (PDF file contains 58 pages.)
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  • 89
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    Description of economic data collected with a random sample of commercial reef fish boats in the Florida Keys (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2502 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:58:44 | 2502 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: This study summarizes the results of a survey designed to provide economic information about the financial status of commercial reef fish boats with homeports in the Florida Keys. A survey questionnaire was administered in the summer and fall of 1994 by interviewers in face-to-face meetings with owners or operators of randomly selected boats.Fishermen were asked for background information about themselves and their boats, their capital investments in boats and equipment, and about their average catches, revenues, and costs per trip for their two most important kinds of fishing trips during 1993 for species in the reeffish fishery. Respondents were characterized with regard to their dependence on the reef fish fishery as a source of household income. Boats were described in terms of their physical and financial characteristics. Different kinds of fishing trips were identified by the species that generatedthe greatest revenue. Trips were grouped into the following categories: yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus); muttonsnapper (Lutjanus analis), black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci), or red grouper (Epinephelus morio); gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus); deeper water groupers and tilefishes;greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili); spiny lobster (Panulirus argus); king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla); and dolphin (Coryphaena hippurus). Average catches, revenues, routine trip costs, and net operating revenues per boat per trip and per boat per year were estimated for each category of fishing trips. In addition to its descriptive value, data collected during this study will aid in future examinations of the economic effects of various regulations on commercial reef fish fishermen.(PDF file contains 48 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 90
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    Guidelines for the Provision of Garbage Reception Facilities at Ports Under MARPOL Annex V (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2679 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:37:03 | 2679 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This report offers guidelines for the provision of adequateport reception facilities for vessel-generated garbageunder the requirements of Annex V of the InternationalConvention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL 73/78), Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships. MARPOL Annex V prohibits at-sea disposal of plastic materials from vessels, and specifies the distance from shore at which other materials may be dumped. Annex V also requires the provision of port reception facilities for garbage, but it does not specify these facilities or how they are to be provided. Since the at-sea dumping restrictions apply to all vessels, the reception facility requirement applies to all ports, terminals, and marinas that serve vessels. These guidelines were prepared to assist port owners and operators in meeting their obligation to provide adequate reception facilities for garbage. The report synthesizes available information and draws upon experience from the first years ofimplementation of MARPOL Annex V. (PDF file contains 55 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Ecology ; Environment
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  • 91
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    Southeastern U.S. Deepwater Reef Fish Assemblages, Habitat Characteristics, Catches, and Life History Summaries (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2676 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:37:32 | 2676 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: There are 19 economically important reef fish species in the deepwater (l00-300 m) fishery of the southeastern United States. Five species make up the majority (over 97% by weight) of the catch. In descending order of total landings for 1995, they are: tilefish, Lopholatiluschamaeleonticeps, snowy grouper, Epinephelus niveatus, blueline tilefish, Caulolatilus microps, warsaw grouper, Epinephelus nigritus, and yellowedge grouper, E. flavolimbatus. Life history summaries and estimates of catches from 1972 through 1995 for 14 species are described. (PDF file contains 45 pages.)
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  • 92
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    Maturation of Nineteen Species of Finfish off the Northeast Coast of the United States, 1985-1990 (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2702 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:30:00 | 2702 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Observations on maturation stages of nineteen species of economically important finfish off the Northeast coast of the USA were analyzed to examine relationships between fish size or age, and maturity. Maturation schedules and median lengths (L50) and ages (A50) at maturation were derived by fitting the logistic model to the observed proportions. Analyses were generally restricted to observations from 1985 to 1990 obtained during stratified random bottom trawl surveys conducted in spring and autumn by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries in waters of the continental shelf from Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Butterfish, Peprilus triacanthus, attained sexual maturity at the smallest median length (11.4 cm, males) and pollock, Pollachius virens, at the highest (41.8 em, males). Median length at maturity for gadiforms ranged from 22.2 to 41.8 em. Within the pleuronectiforms, median length at maturity ranged from 19.1 to 30.4 cm. Median lengths for the pelagic and miscellaneous demersal species were in the same ranges as the pleuronectiforms. Butterfish also attained sexual maturity at the youngest median age (0.9 yr, both sexes) whereas redfish, Sebastes fasciatus, were the latest to mature (5.5 yr, both sexes). For gadids, themedian age at maturity ranged from 1.3 to 2.3 yr. Within the pleuronectiforms, median age at maturity ranged from 1.3 to 4.4 yr and, for pelagic species, from 0.9 to 3.0 yr. Median lengths and ages for many species are lower than those reported in earlier studies of the same generalregion of the Northwest Atlantic. (PDF file contains 72 pages.)
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  • 93
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    Structure and Historical Changes in the Groundfish Complex of the Eastern Bering Sea (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2701 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:29:31 | 2701 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The eastern Bering Sea is a major marine ecosystem containing some of the largest populations of groundfish, crabs, birds, and marine mammals in the world. Commercialcatches of groundfish in this region have averaged about 1.6 million tons (t) annually in 1970-86. This report describes the species and relative importance of species in the eastern Bering Sea groundfish complex, the environment in which they live, and the history of the fisheries and management during the years 1954 - 1985. Historical changes in abundance and the condition of the principal species at the end of this first 30 years of exploitation are also examined. Results suggest that the biomass of the groundfish complex is characterized by variability rather than stability. The most reliable data (1979 to 1985) suggests that the biomass of the complex fluctuated between 11.8 and 15.7 million t. Even greater variabilityis suggested by the less reliable data from earlier years. Because of its dominance in the complex and wide fluctuations in abundance, walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) is primarily responsible for the major variations in abundance of the complex. After 30 yearsof exploitation, the complex was generally in excellent condition. (PDF file contains 100 pages.)
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  • 94
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    Abundance and Distribution of Ichthyoplankton along an Inshore-Offshore Transect in Onslow Bay, North Carolina (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2695 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:33:37 | 2695 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The distribution and abundance of ichthyoplankton was investigated from November 1979 to March 1980 along a transect from coastal to continental slope waters in Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Representatives of 66 families were collected; 24 of which were tropical families, a category that also includes families of typically oceanic and deep-sea fishes. Larvae of tropical species were collected in coastal and shelf waters, demonstrating the intrusion of Gulf Stream waters onto the continental shelf. From December through March, frontal waters that separated cold open-shelf surface waters from warm Gulf Stream surfacewaters were observed. Higher abundances of fish larvae were sometimes, but not consistently, associated with frontal waters. A great diversity of taxa was collected in offshorewaters, and densities of larvae were low in coastal waters; low densities were attributed to gear selectivity rather than low larval abundance. Larvae of commercially and recreationally important estuarine-dependent species, especially Leiostomus xanthus and Micropogoniasundulatus, were dominant components of the ichthyoplankton. Representatives of the families Bothidae, Clupeidae, Gadidae, Gonostomatidae, Myctophidae, Ophidiidae, andSparidae were also important components of the ichthyoplankton. Larvae of species representing two strikingly different life history types-mesopelagic and estuarine-dependent frequently cooccurred.(PDF file contains 32 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 95
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    Variability of Temperature and Salinity in the Middle Atlantic Bight and Gulf of Maine (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2703 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:30:07 | 2703 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Monitoring of the waters of the Middle Atlantic Bight and Gulf of Maine has been conducted by the MARMAP Ships of Opportunity Program since the early 1970's. Presentedin this atlas are portrayals of the temporal and spatial patterns of surface and bottom temperature and surface salinity for these areas during the period 1978-1990.These patterns are shown in the form of time-space diagrams for single-year and multiyear (base period) time frames. Each base period figure shows thirteen-year (1978-1990)mean conditions, sample variance in the form of standard deviations of the measured values, and data locations. Each single-year figure displays annual conditions, samplinglocations, and departures of annual conditions from the thirteen-year means, expressed as algebraic anomalies and standardized anomalies. (PDF file contains 112 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
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