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  • Other Sources  (172)
  • LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)  (172)
  • 1980-1984  (172)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1980  (172)
  • 1
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    Cosmos 1129 - Spaceflight and bone changes (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Male Wistar rats were placed in orbit for an 18.5 day period aboard the Soviet Cosmos 1129 biological satellite. The skeletal changes which occurred during spaceflight were determined to be a reduced rate of periosteal bone formation in the tibial and humeral diaphyses, and a decreased trabecular bone volume and an increased fat content of the bone marrow in the proximal tibial metaphysis.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist; 23; Dec. 198
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  • 2
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    Usefulness of stochastic analysis of body weight as a tool in experimental aging research (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Experimental Aging Research; 6; 5, 19; 1980
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  • 3
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    Extremes of urine osmolality - Lack of effect on red blood cell survival (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Rats were allowed a third of normal water intake for 20 days, and food consumption decreased. The reticulocyte count indicated a suppression of erythropoiesis. Urine osmolality increased from 2,000 mosmol/kg to 3,390 mosmol/kg. Random hemolysis and senescence of a cohort of red blood cell (RBC) previously labeled with (2-(C-14)) glycine was monitored via the production of (C-14)O. Neither hemolysis nor senescence was affected. Following water restriction, the polydipsic rats generated a hypotonic urine. Urine osmolality decreased to 1,300 mosmol/kg for at least 6 days; a reticulocytosis occurred, but RBC survival was unaffected. These results contradict those previously reported, which suggest that RBC survival is influenced by the osmotic stress imposed on the RBC by extremes of urine tonicity. This discrepancy, it is concluded, is due to differences in the methods employed for measuring RBC survival. The random-labeling technique employed previously assumes a steady state between RBC production and destruction. The cohort-labeling technique used here measures hemolysis and senescence independent of changes in RBC production, which is known to be depressed by fasting.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: American Journal of Physiology; 239; July 198
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  • 4
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    Changes in body temperature and metabolic rate after injection of calcium into the caudal hypothalamus of the rabbit (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 5
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    Mitochondrial role in cell aging (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The experimental studies on the mitochondria of insect and mammalian cells are examined with a view to an analysis of intrinsic mitochondrial senescence, and its relation to the age-related changes in other cell organelles. The fine structural and biochemical data support the concept that the mitochondria of fixed postmitotic cells may be the site of intrinsic aging because of the attack by free radicals and lipid peroxides originating in the organelles as a by-product of oxygen reduction during respiration. Although the cells have numerous mechanisms for counteracting lipid peroxidation injury, there is a slippage in the antioxidant protection. Intrinsic mitochondrial aging could thus be considered as a specific manifestation of oxygen toxicity. It is proposed that free radical injury renders an increasing number of the mitochondria unable to divide, probably because of damage to the lipids of the inner membrane and to mitochondrial DNA.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Experimental Gerontology; 15; 1980
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  • 6
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    Extracellular hyperosmolality and body temperature during physical exercise in dogs (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that thermoregulation during exercise can be affected by extracellular fluid hyperosmolality without changing the plasma Na(+) concentration. The effects of preexercise venous infusions of hypertonic mannitol and NaCl solutions on rectal temperature responses were compared in dogs running at moderate intensity for 60 min on a treadmill. Plasma Na(+) concentration was increased by 12 meq after NaCl infusion, and decreased by 9 meq after mannitol infusion. Both infusions increased plasma by 15 mosmol/kg. After both infusions, rectal temperature was essentially constant during 60 min rest. However, compared with the noninfusion exercise increase in osmolality of 1.3 C, rectal temperature increased by 1.9 C after both postinfusion exercise experiments. It was concluded that inducing extracellular hyperosmolality, without elevating plasma, can induce excessive increases in rectal temperature during exericse but not at rest.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: American Journal of Physiology; 239; July 198
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  • 7
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    Physical chemistry and evolution of salt tolerance in halobacteria (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The cellular constituents of extremely halophilic bacteria not only tolerate high salt concentration, but in many cases require it for optical functioning. The characteristics affected by salt include enzyme activity, stability, allosteric regulation, conformation and subunit association. The salt effects are of two major kinds: electrostatic shielding of negative charges by cations at low salt concentration, and hydrophobic stabilization by salting-out type salts at high salt concentration. The composition of halobacterial proteins shows an excess of acidic amino acids and a deficiency of nonpolar amino acids, which accounts for these effects. Since the cohesive forces are weaker and the repulsing forces are stronger in these proteins, preventing aggregation in salt, these structures are no longer suited for functioning in the absence of high salt concentrations. Unlike these nonspecific effects, ribosomes in halobacteria show marked preference for potassium over sodium ions. To ensure the proper intracellular ionic composition, powerful ion transport systems have evolved in the halobacteria, resulting in the extrusion of sodium ions and their replacement by potassium. It is likely that such membrane transport system for ionic movements is a necessary requisite for salt tolerance.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 8
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    Spectrophotometric identification of the pigment associated with light-driven primary sodium translocation in Halobacterium halobium (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Biological Chemistry; 255; Jan. 10
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  • 9
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    Three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli initiator tRNA/f//Met/ (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The crystal structure of Escherichia coli tRNA(f)(Met), an initiator transfer RNA, has been determined. While grossly similar to that of the chain-elongating yeast tRNA(Phe), there are three major differences. One involves the folding of the anticodon loop; in particular, the position of the constant uridine, U33. This difference was unexpected and may be of functional significance.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Nature; 286; July 24
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  • 10
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    The intracellular Na/+/ and K/+/ composition of the moderately halophilic bacterium, Paracoccus halodenitrificans (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Canadian Journal of Microbiology; 26; 4, 19; 1980
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  • 11
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    Subunit specificity of the two acetyl-CoA synthetases of yeast as revealed by an immunological approach (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 614; 1980
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  • 12
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    Effect of chronic intracerebroventricular angiotensin II infusion on vasopressin release in rats (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effects of the chronic infusion of angiotensin II into the lateral cerebral ventricle on the release of arginine vasopressin in rats are investigated. Rats were subjected to a continuous infusion of angiotensin at a rate of 1 microgram/h for five days, during which they were offered water, isotonic saline or hypertonic saline ad libitum or 40 ml water/day, and fluid intake, changes in body weight, plasma sodium ion concentrations and plasma and pituitary arginine vasopressin levels were measured. Angiotensin II is found to increase the fluid intake of rats given isotonic saline and decrease plasma sodium ion levels with no changes in plasma or pituitary arginine vasopressin in those given water or isotonic saline. However, in rats given hypertonic saline, plasma sodium concentrations remained at control levels while plasma vasopressin increased, and in water-restricted rats the effects of angiotensin II were intermediate. Results thus demonstrate that angiotensin II-stimulated arginine vasopressin release is reduced under conditions in which plasma sodium ion concentration becomes dilute, compatible with a central role of angiotensin in the regulation of salt and water balance.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Neuroendocrinology; 31; 1980
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  • 13
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    Effect of weightlessness and centrifugation on red cell survival in rats subjected to space flight (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Rats were flown aboard the Soviet biosatellite Cosmos 936 for 18.5 d during August, 1977. Five rats were subjected to near-weightless space flight, as with Cosmos 782, and five rats were subjected to a 1-G force via an on-board centrifuge. These rats and three control groups were injected with 2-(C-14) glycine 19 d preflight. The flight rats were recovered from orbit after 18.5 d of space flight. Erythrocyte hemolysis and lifespan were evaluated in the five groups of rats by quantitation of radioactive carbon monoxide exhaled in the breath which arises from the breakdown of the previously labeled hemoglobin. The results support the previous findings wherein hemolysis was found to increase as a result of weightless space flight. A comparison to the centrifuged animals indicates that artificial gravity attenuates the effect of weightlessness on hemolysis and appears to normalize the hemolytic rate in the early postflight period.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 14
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    Piracetam and fish orientation during parabolic aircraft flight (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Goldfish were flown in parabolic Keplerian trajectories in a KC-135 aircraft to assay both the effectiveness of piracetam as an antimotion sickness drug and the effectiveness of state-dependent training during periods of oscillating gravity levels. Single-frame analyses of infrared films were performed for two classes of responses - role rates in hypogravity or hypogravity orienting responses (LGR) and climbing responses in hypergravity or hypergravity orienting responses (HGR). In Experiment I, preflight training with the vestibular stressor facilitated suppression of LGR by the 10th parabola. An inverse correlation was found between the magnitudes of LGR and HGR. Piracetam was not effective in a state-dependent design, but the drug did significantly increase HGR when injected into trained fish shortly before flight. In Experiment II, injections of saline, piracetam, and modifiers of gamma-aminobutyric acid - aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) and isonicotinic acid did not modify LGR. AOAA did significantly increase HGR. Thus, the preflight training has a beneficial effect in reducing disorientation in the fish in weightlessness, but the drugs employed were ineffective.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 15
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    Retinal changes in rats flown on Cosmos 936 - A cosmic ray experiment (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Ten rats, five centrifuged during flight to simulate gravity and five stationary in flight and experiencing hypogravity, orbited the Earth. No differences were noted between flight-stationary and flight-centrifuged animals, but changes were seen between these two groups and ground controls. Morphological alterations were observed comparable to those in the experiment flown on Cosmos 782 and to the retinal cells exposed to high-energy particles at Berkeley. Affected cells in the outer nuclear layer showed swelling, clearing of cytoplasm, and disruption of the membranes. Tissue channels were again found, similar to those seen on 782. After space flight, preliminary data indicated an increase in cell size in montages of the nuclear layer of both groups of flight animals. This experiment shows that weightlessness and environmental conditions other than cosmic radiation do not contribute to the observed damage of retinal cells.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 16
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    Heart rate, multiple body temperature, long-range and long-life telemetry system for free-ranging animals (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The design details and rationale for a versatile, long-range, long-life telemetry data acquisition system for heart rates and body temperatures at multiple locations from free-ranging animals are presented. The design comprises an implantable transmitter for short to medium range transmission, a receiver retransmitter collar to be worn for long-range transmission, and a signal conditioner interface circuit to assist in signal discrimination and demodulation of receiver or tape-recorded audio outputs. Implanted electrodes are used to obtain an ECG, from which R-wave characteristics are selected to trigger a short RF pulse. Pulses carrying heart rate information are interrupted periodically by a series of pulse interval modulated RF pulses conveying temperature information sensed at desired locations by thermistors. Pulse duration and pulse sequencing are used to discriminate between heart rate and temperature pulses as well as radio frequency interference. The implanted transmitter may be used alone for medium and short-range tracking, or with a receiver-transmitter collar that employs commercial tracking equipment for transmissions of up to 12 km. A system prototype has been tested on a dog.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Biotelemetry and Patient Monitoring; 7; 3-4,; 1980
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  • 17
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    Polarity and the movement of /C-14/indol-3-ylacetic acid in the Coenocyte, Caulerpa prolifera (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Annals of Botany; 46; 1980
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  • 18
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    Otoconial formation in the fetal rat (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Otoconial formation in the fetal rat is examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and by X-ray elemental analysis. The primitive otoconia appear highly organic, but are trigonal in cross section, indicating that they already possess a three-fold axis of symmetry and a complement of calcite. These otoconia develop into spindle-shaped and, subsequently, dumbbell-shaped units. Transmission electron microscopy of dumbbell-shaped otoconia not exposed to fluids during embedment showed that calcite deposits mimicked the arrangement of the organic material. X-ray elemental analysis demonstrated that calcium was present in lower quantities in the central core than peripherally. It is concluded that organic material is essential to otoconial seeding and directs otoconial growth.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Annals of Otology; vol. 89
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  • 19
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    Micro-fluid exchange coupling apparatus (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In a macro-fluid exchange, a hollow needle, such as a syringe needle, is provided for penetrating the fluid conduit of the animal. The syringe needle is coupled to a plenum chamber having an inlet and outlet port. The plenum chamber is coupled to the syringe needle via the intermediary of a standard quick disconnect coupling fitting. The plenum chamber is carried at the end of a drive rod which is coupled to a micrometer drive head. The micrometer drive head is slidably and pivotably coupled to a pedestal for adjusting the height and angle of inclination of the needle relative to a reference base support. The needle is positioned adjacent to the incised trachea or a blood vessel of a small animal and the micrometer drive head is operated for penetrating the fluid conduit of the animal.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 20
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    The carbon isotope biogeochemistry of the individual hydrocarbons in bat guano and the ecology of the insectivorous bats in the region of Carlsbad, New Mexico (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The structures and C-13 contents of individual hydrocarbons extracted from bat guano found in the Carlsbad region of New Mexico are analyzed in order to elucidate details of the carbon flow in the plant-insect-bat ecosystem. Carbon isotopic analyses indicate that equivalent numbers of plants with C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways occupy the feeding area of the bats, which supports alfalfa and cotton as well as native plants. The molecular composition of the guano is consistent with an origin in two distinct populations of insects with different feeding habits, one of which may graze predominantly on crops. It is also pointed out that isotopic analyses of more ancient guano deposits may be useful in characterizing prevalent vegetation and climate of earlier periods.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 44; Dec. 198
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  • 21
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    How many theories for the origin of /proto/life (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The sequence of primordial chemical events leading to contemporary metabolism is considered, taking into account primordial reactants, amino acids, proteinoid, protocells, ATP, polynucleotides, and protein. The right kind of matter, thermal copolyamino acids, can organize itself into cell-like structures, in the absence of discrete lipid, when triggered to do so by water. Another unpredicted result of examination of the microsystems formed was the step-by-step realization that the component processes of a primitive form of replication were latent in the proteinoid microsystems. At the present time, four modes of primitive replication of proteinoid microsystems have been identified, plus one that has the appearance of protosexual reproduction. Two main conceptual pathways have received attention. One is the proteinoid theory, derived from experiments. The other is the DNA-first theory, for which attempts at conceptual construction and experimental support continue to be sought.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 22
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    Modelling of DNA-protein recognition (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Computer model-building procedures using stereochemical principles together with theoretical energy calculations appear to be, at this stage, the most promising route toward the elucidation of DNA-protein binding schemes and recognition principles. A review of models and bonding principles is conducted and approaches to modeling are considered, taking into account possible di-hydrogen-bonding schemes between a peptide and a base (or a base pair) of a double-stranded nucleic acid in the major groove, aspects of computer graphic modeling, and a search for isogeometric helices. The energetics of recognition complexes is discussed and several models for peptide DNA recognition are presented.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 23
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    Electrophoretic cell separation by means of immunomicrospheres (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The electrophoretic mobility of fixed human red blood cells immunologically labeled with polymeric (4-vinyl)pyridine or polyglutaraldehyde microspheres was altered to a considerable extent. This observation was utilized in the preparative scale electrophoretic separation of human and turkey fixed red blood cells, whose mobilities under normal physiological conditions do not differ sufficiently to allow their separation by continuous flow electrophoresis. It is suggested that resolution in the electrophoretic separation of cell subpopulations, currently limited by finite and often overlapping mobility distributions, may be significantly enhanced by immuno-specific labeling of target populations using microspheres.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 24
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    Production of NO2/-/ and N2O by nitrifying bacteria at reduced concentrations of oxygen (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The influence of oxygen concentration on the production of NO2(-) and N2O by nitrifying marine bacteria of the genus Nitrosomonas is investigated. Pure cultures of the ammonium-oxiding bacteria isolated from the Western Tropical Atlantic Ocean were grown at oxygen partial pressures from 0.005 to 0.2 atm, and concentrations of N2O in the air above the growth medium and dissolved NO2(-) were determined. Decreasing oxygen concentrations are observed to induce a marked decrease in NO2(-) production rates and increase in N2O evolution, leading to an increase of the relative yield of N2O with respect to NO2(-) from 0.3% to nearly 10%. Similar yields of N2O at atmospheric oxygen levels are found for nitrifying bacteria of the genera Nitrosomonas, Nitrosolobus, Nitrosospira and Nitrosococcus, while nitrite-oxydizing bacteria and a dinoflagellate did not produce detectable quantities of N2O. Results support the view that nitrification is a major source of N2O in the environment.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Applied and Environmental Microbiology; 40; Sept
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  • 25
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    Are sulfur isotope ratios sufficient to determine the antiquity of sulfate reduction (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Possible limitations on the use of sulfur isotope ratios in sedimentary sulfides to infer the evolution of microbial sulfate reduction are discussed. Current knowledge of the ways in which stable sulfur isotope ratios are altered by chemical and biological processes is examined, with attention given to the marine sulfur cycle involving various microbial populations, and sulfur reduction processes, and it is noted that satisfactory explanations of sulfur isotope ratios observed in live organisms and in sediments are not yet available. It is furthermore pointed out that all members of the same genus of sulfate reducing bacteria do not always fractionate sulfur to the same extent, that the extent of sulfur fractionation by many sulfate-reducing organisms has not yet been determined, and that inorganic processes can also affect sulfur isotope fractionation values. The information currently available is thus concluded to be insufficient to determine the time of initial appearance of biological sulfate reduction.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Origins of Life; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 26
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    Effects of gravitational profiles on the rat's thermoregulatory response to cold (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Unrestrained rats were subjected to a 1-h period of cold exposure during centrifugation to characterize their ability to regulate core temperature T(c) and to determine if this regulation was dependent on the amplitude of the hypergravic field before the cold exposure. T(c) was measured in unrestrained rats by the use of a thermistor implanted adjacent to the carotid artery. One hour of cold exposure applied over the last hour of either a 1-, 4-, 7-, 13-, 19-, 25-, or 37-h period at 3 G evoked a decrease in T(c) of about 3 C. This fall in T(c) was significantly greater than changes in T(c) in cold-exposed rats at 1 G. No significant differences were found between the measured decreases in T(c) observed for the 1-h cold exposures during the first 37 h at 3 G. However, when rats were subjected concurrently to cold and acceleration after eight days at 3 G, they exhibited a smaller fall in T(c) suggesting a partial recovery of the acceleration-induced impairment of temperature regulation. In another series of experiments, the gravitational field profile was changed in amplitude in three different ways during the 3-h period preceding the 1-h cold exposure at 3 G. Despite the different gravitational field profiles before cold, the magnitude of the fall in T(c) over the 1-h period of cold exposure was the same in all cases. These results suggest that the thermoregulatory impairment has a rapid onset, is a manifestation of an ongoing effect of hypergravity, and is not dependent on the prior G profile. The inability of rats to maintain T(c) when cold exposed may be transient as indicated by the partial recovery of regulation by the eighth day.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 49
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  • 27
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    A theory for the origin of a self-replicating chemical system. I - Natural selection of the autogen from short, random oligomers (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A general theory is presented for the origin of a self-replicating chemical system, termed an autogen, which is capable of both crude replication and translation (protein synthesis). The theory requires the availability of free energy and monomers to the system, a significant background low-yield synthesis of kinetically stable oligopeptides and oligonucleotides, the localization of the oligomers, crude oligonucleotide selectivity of amino acids during oligopeptide synthesis, crude oligonucleotide replication, and two short peptide families which catalyze replication and translation, to produce a localized group of at least one copy each of two protogenes and two protoenzymes. The model posits a process of random oligomerization, followed by the random nucleation of functional components and the rapid autocatalytic growth of the functioning autogen to macroscopic amounts, to account for the origin of the first self-replicating system. Such a process contains steps of such high probability and short time periods that it is suggested that the emergence of an autogen in a laboratory experiment of reasonable time scale may be possible.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Molecular Evolution; 16; Dec. 198
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  • 28
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    Subcortical afferent connections of the amygdala in the monkey (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The cells of origin of the afferent connections of the amygdala in the rhesus and squirrel monkeys are determined according to the retrograde axonal transport of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase injected into various quadrants of the amygdala. Analysis of the distribution of enzyme-labeled cells reveals afferent amygdalar connections with the ipsilateral halves of the midline nucleus paraventricularis thalami and both the parvo- and magnocellular parts of the nucleus subparafascicularis in the dorsal thalamus, all the subdivisions of the midline nucleus centralis complex, the nucleus reuniens ventralis and the nucleus interventralis. The largest populations of enzyme-labeled cells in the hypothalamus are found to lie in the middle and posterior parts of the ipsilateral, lateral hypothalamus and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, with scattered cells in the supramammillary and dorsomedial nuclei and the posterior hypothalamic area, Tsai's ventral tegmental area, the rostral and caudal subdivisions of the nucleus linearis in the midbrain and the dorsal raphe nucleus. The most conspicuous subdiencephalic source of amygdalar afferent connections is observed to be the pars lateralis of the nucleus parabrachialis in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum, with a few labeled cells differentiated from pigmented cells in the locus coeruleus.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Comparative Neurology; 190; 1980
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  • 29
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    Developmental changes in the algal coenocyte Caulerpa prolifera /siphonales/ after inversion with respect to gravity (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: American Journal of Botany; 67; Feb. 198
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  • 30
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    Naloxone inhibits and morphine potentiates. The adrenal steroidogenic response to ACTH (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The adrenal actions were stereospecific since neither the positve stereoisomer of morphine, nor that of naloxone, had any effect on the adrenal response to exogenous adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). The administration of human beta endorphin to phyophysectomized rats had no effect on the adrenal corticosterone concentration nor did it alter the response of the adrenal gland to ACTH. These results indicate that morphine can potentiate the action of ACTH on the adrenal by a direct, stereospecific, dose dependent mechanism that is prevented by naloxone pretreatment and which may involve competition for ACTH receptors on the corticosterone secreting cells of the adrenal cortex.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-81253 , A-8416
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  • 31
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    Hypergravity and estrogen effects on avian anterior pituitary growth hormone and prolactin levels (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Developing female chicks with fractured right radii were maintained for 14 d at either earth gravity (1 g) or a hypergravity state (2 g). The birds at 1 g were divided into groups which received daily injections of (1) saline, (2) 200 micrograms estrone, and (3) 400 micrograms estrone for 14 d. The 2-g birds were divided into three similarly treated groups. All 2-g birds showed significantly lower body weights than did 1-g birds. Anterior pituitary (AP) glands were excised and analyzed for growth hormone and prolactin content by analytical electrophoresis. The 1-g chicks receiving either dose of daily estrogen showed increased AP growth hormone levels, whereas hypergravity alone did not affect growth hormone content. Chicks exposed to daily estrogen and hypergravity displayed reduced growth hormone levels. AP prolactin levels were slightly increased by the lower daily estrogen dose in 1-g birds, but markedly reduced in birds exposed only to hypergravity. Doubly-treated chicks displayed normal prolactin levels. Reduced growth in 2-g birds might be due, in part, to reduced AP levels of prolactin and/or growth hormone.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 32
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    Method for separating biological cells (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A method for separating biological cells by suspending a mixed cell population in a two-phase polymer system is described. The polymer system consists of droplet phases with different surface potentials for which the cell populations exhibit different affinities. The system is subjected to an electrostatic field of sufficient intensity to cause migration of the droplets with an attendant separation of cells.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 33
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    Femur-bending properties as influenced by gravity. IV - Limits after high and low weight-bearing (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Gravity enhances femur growth as measured in terms of strength, but shows little or even a growth-retarding effect in terms of relative brittleness, defined as the inverse of ultimate or tolerable strain. Chronic weightlessness was simulated by harness suspension or by extrapolation of results from 3-g centrifugation. Experimental results from 45 male, white rats (34-520 d old) were compared to 72 control or baseline rats (28-520 d old) with correction for age and size differences. After suspension, the youngest rats showed subnormal tolerable strains. Combined results, however, although predicting 19 + or 1% below normal strength, after a week of weightlessness, predicted less effect (1 + or - 4%) for the tolerable strain.
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  • 34
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    Studies of the chemical basis of the origin of protein synthesis Initiation and direction of peptide growth (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The data presented in this paper show that the ease of nonenzymatic activation of carboxylic acids by ATP at pH 5 varies directly with the pKa of the carboxyl group, and is consistent with the idea that it is the protonated form of the carboxyl group which participates in the activation reaction. Consequently, since most N-blocked amino acids have higher pKas than do their unblocked forms, they are activated more readily, and it has been demonstrated that this principle applies to peptides as well, which are activated more rapidly than single amino acids. It is proposed that this fact may be partly responsible for the origin of two important features still observed in contemporary protein synthesis: (1) initiation in prokaryotes is accomplished with an N-blocked amino acid, and (2) elongation in all living systems occurs at the carboxyl end of the growing peptide.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Molecular Evolution; 15; Aug. 198
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  • 35
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    The architecture of the avian retina following exposure to chronic 2 G (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Rhode Island Red female chicks at 2 weeks posthatch were subjected, for 7 d, to either earth gravity of 1 G or a 2-G hypergravity environment by chronic whole-body centrifugation. Animals were sacrificed at 3 weeks posthatch and the eyes were enucleated, fixed in 10% BNF, doubly embedded, sectioned at 7-8 microns and routinely processed with H & E for histological examination. Compared to normogravity controls, animal exposure for 1 week to the chronic effects of 2-G resulted in a significantly decreased mean width of the photoreceptor, inner nuclear, and inner plexiform retinal layers. The outer nuclear, outer plexiform, and ganglion cell layers of the retina appeared minimally affected by the hypergravity state since the mean width of these layers showed no noticeable differences from earth gravity control animals. The present anatomic findings suggest a reduction in the detection of motion or rapid changes in illumination by the avian retina when the animal is exposed at a 2-G environment.
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  • 36
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    Energy status and oxidation reduction status in rat liver at high altitude /3.8 km/ (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Adult male rats were exposed to 3.8-km altitude for intervals ranging from 1 h-60 d. Liver samples were taken under light ether anesthesia and were examined by enzymatic analyses. Within 1-6 h of hypoxic exposure, ATP levels decreased while ADP and AMP levels increased, producing a fall in calculated ATP/ADP and adenylate charge ratios. Concurrently, lactate/pyruvate and alpha-glycerophosphate/dihydroxyacetone phosphate ratios increased markedly. Direct measurements of cellular pyridine nucleotides indicated increased NADH/NAD and NADPH/NADP ratios. Levels of total adenosine phosphates and pyridine nucleotides decreased in a significant accompanying response. Many metabolite levels and calculated ratios returned to near-normal values within 1 week of exposure, indicating secondary intracellular adjustments to hypoxic stress; however, persistence of that stress is reflected in lactate concentrations and both substrate redox ratios. Results support and explore concepts that increased oxidation-reduction status and decreased energy status are primary events during hypoxia.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 37
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    Synthesis of peptides from amino acids and ATP with lysine-rich proteinoid (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper examines the synthesis of peptides from aminoacids and ATP with a lysine-rich protenoid. The latter in aqueous solution catalyzes the formation of peptides from free amino acids and ATP; this catalytic activity is not found in acidic protenoids, even though the latter contain a basic aminoacid. The pH optimum for the synthesis is about 11, but it is appreciable below 8 and above 13. Temperature data indicate an optimum at 20 C or above, with little increase in rate up to 60 C. Pyrophosphate can be used instead of ATP, but the yields are lower. The ATP-aided syntheses of peptides in aqueous solution occur with several types of proteinous aminoacids.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Molecular Evolution; 15; May 1980
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  • 38
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    Effects of centrifugation stress on pituitary-gonadal function in male rats (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effects of centrifugation for various lengths of time on circulating levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in male rats were investigated. In a chronic 52-day experiment, centrifugation at 4.1 G significantly reduced LH and testosterone levels for the entire period. Centrifugation at 2.3 G had less effect inasmuch as LH levels were not significantly decreased and testosterone levels were significantly reduced only during the first few days of centrifugation. In more acute experiments, centrifugation at 4.1 G for 4 h resulted in reduced testosterone levels, whereas centrifugation for 15 min did not significantly alter the hormone levels. These results indicate that centrifugation can decrease circulating LH and testosterone levels if the gravitational force is of sufficient magnitude and is maintained for a period of hours. Chronic centrifugation may also inhibit the acute excitatory response of LH to handling and ether stress.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 48
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  • 39
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    Effect of simulated weightlessness on the immune system in rats (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Rats suspended in a model system designed to simulate many aspects of weightlessness were immunized with sheep red blood cells. Parameters measured on these and control rats included titers of anti-sheep red blood cell antibodies, serum immunoglobulin levels, spleen and thymus weights, hematocrits, and leukocyte differential counts on peripheral blood. No significant differences were found between test and weight-bearing, harnessed controls; however, the thymuses of animals in both these groups were significantly smaller than untreated cage controls. The lack of an effect of simulated weightlessness on the immune system is an interesting result, and its significance is discussed.
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  • 40
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    Simulated weightlessness - Effects on bioenergetic balance (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: As a prelude to a flight experiment, an attempt was made to separate energy requirements associated with gravity from all other metabolic needs. The biological effects of weightlessness were simulated by suspending animals in a harness so that antigravity muscles were not supporting the body. Twelve pairs of rats were allowed to adapt to wearing a harness for 5 d. Experimental animals were then suspended in harness for 7 d followed by recovery for 7 d. Control animals were harnessed but never suspended. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and rate of (C-14)O2 expiration from radio-labeled glucose were monitored on selected days. Food intake and body mass were recorded daily. Metabolic rate decreased in experimental animals during 7 d of suspension and returned to normal during recovery. Although some of the metabolic changes may have related to variation in food intake, simulated weightlessness appears to directly affect bioenergetic balance.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 41
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    From inanimate matter to living systems (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Since the early part of this century, the Genesis account of the origin and evolution of life has been explained as an extrapolation of astronomical and geochemical processes. The essence of the answer to date is a protoreproductive protocell of much biochemical and cytophysical competance. The processes of its origin, molecular ordering, and its functions are described. A crucial understanding is that of the nonrandomness of evolutionary processes at all stages (with perhaps a minor statistical component). In this way, evolution conflicts with statistical randomness; the latter is a favorite assumption of both scientific and creationistic critics of the proteinoid theory. The principle contribution of the proteinoid theory to the understanding of general biology is to particularize the view that evolutionary direction is rooted in the shapes of molecules, in stereochemistry. After molecules of the right kind first assembled to protocells, life in its various stages of evolution was an inevitable consequence. It is molecules that continue to assemble as part of living process and, in the role of enzymes, continue to direct life cycle of the cell.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-163372
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  • 42
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    Response of selected plant and insect species to simulated solid rocket exhaust mixtures and to exhaust components from solid rocket fuels (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effects of solid rocket fuel (SRF) exhaust on selected plant and and insect species in the Merritt Island, Florida area was investigated in order to determine if the exhaust clouds generated by shuttle launches would adversely affect the native, plants of the Merritt Island Wildlife Refuge, the citrus production, or the beekeeping industry of the island. Conditions were simulated in greenhouse exposure chambers and field chambers constructed to model the ideal continuous stirred tank reactor. A plant exposure system was developed for dispensing and monitoring the two major chemicals in SRF exhaust, HCl and Al203, and for dispensing and monitoring SRF exhaust (controlled fuel burns). Plants native to Merritt Island, Florida were grown and used as test species. Dose-response relationships were determined for short term exposure of selected plant species to HCl, Al203, and mixtures of the two to SRF exhaust.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-74109 , KSC-TR-51-1
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  • 43
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    Method and automated apparatus for detecting coliform organisms (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Method and automated apparatus are disclosed for determining the time of detection of metabolically produced hydrogen by coliform bacteria cultured in an electroanalytical cell from the time the cell is inoculated with the bacteria. The detection time data provides bacteria concentration values. The apparatus is sequenced and controlled by a digital computer to discharge a spent sample, clean and sterilize the culture cell, provide a bacteria nutrient into the cell, control the temperature of the nutrient, inoculate the nutrient with a bacteria sample, measures the electrical potential difference produced by the cell, and measures the time of detection from inoculation.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 44
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    The carbon isotope biogeochemistry of the individual hydrocarbons in bat guano and the ecology of insectivorous bats in the region of Carlsbad, New Mexico (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The structures and C-13 contents of individual alkanes extracted from bat guano found in the Carlsbad region of New Mexico can be related to both the photosynthetic pathways of the local plants and the feeding habits of the insects that support the bats. Carbon isotopic analyses of the 62 most important plant species in the Pecos River Valley, the most significant feeding area for the Carlsbad bats, reveal the presence of 29 species with C3 photosynthesis and 33 species, mostly grasses, with C4 photosynthesis. Although the abundances of nonagricultural C3 and C4 plants are similar, alfalfa and cotton, both C3 plants, constitute over 95 per cent of the crop biomass. The molecular composition of the bat guano hydrocarbons is fully consistent with an insect origin. Two isotopically distinct groups of insect branched alkanes were discerned. These two groups of alkanes derived from two chemotaxonomically distinct populations of insects possessing distinctly different feeding habits. It is likely that one population grazes predominantly on crops whereas the other population prefers native vegetation. This and other isotopic evidence supports the notion that crop pests constitute a major percentage of the bats' diet.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-81164 , A-8056
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  • 45
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    Immunomicrospheres - Reagents for cell labeling and separation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Immunomicrospheres are specially designed microscopic particles that have antibodies or similar molecules chemically bound to their surfaces. The antibody-coated microspheres react in a highly specific way with target cells, viruses, or other antigenic agents. Immunomicrospheres may be synthesized so that they incorporate compounds that are highly radioactive, intensely fluorescent, magnetic, electron opaque, highly colored, or pharmacologically active. These various types of microspheres may be coated with pure, highly specific monoclonal antibodies obtained by the new hybridoma cell cloning techniques or with conventional antibody preparations. Some of the many present and potential applications for these new reagents are (1) new types of radioimmune or immunofluorescent assays, (2) improved fluorescence microscopy, (3) separation of cells on the basis of the fluorescent, electrophoretic, or magnetic properties of bound immunomicrospheres, (4) markers for use in several types of electron or standard light microscopy, and (5) delivery of lethal compouds to specific undesirable living cells. The combination of the various new types of synthetic microspheres and the newly available homogeneous antibodies offers new opportunities in research, diagnosis, and therapy.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Science; 208; Apr. 25
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  • 46
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    Endolithic microbial life in hot and cold deserts (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Endolithic microorganisms (those living inside rocks) occur in hot and cold deserts and exist under extreme environmental conditions. These conditions are discussed on a comparative basis. Quantitative estimates of biomass are comparable in hot and cold deserts. Despite the obvious differences between the hot and cold desert environment, survival strategies show some common features. These endolithic organisms are able to 'switch' rapidly their metabolic activities on and off in response to changes in the environment. Conditions in hot deserts impose a more severe environmental stress on the organisms than in the cold Antarctic desert. This is reflected in the composition of the microbial flora which in hot desert rocks consist entirely of prokaryotic microorganisms, while under cold desert conditions eukaryotes predominate.
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  • 47
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    Chemical evolution and the origin of life - Bibliography supplement 1977 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Origins of Life; 10; Mar. 198
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  • 48
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    Motion sickness in the squirrel monkey (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In this study of susceptibility to motion sickness the specific aims were to examine the effects of combined vertical rotation and horizontal acceleration, phenotype, sex, visual cues, morning and afternoon testing, and repeated test exposures on incidence, frequency, and latency of emetic responses. The highest emetic incidence of 89% with an emetic frequency of 2.0 during 60 min and a latency of 19 min from onset of testing occurred at 25 rpm and 0.5 Hz linear acceleration. Since the emetic responses were quite similar to man in eliciting motion stimuli it was concluded that the squirrel monkey represents a very suitable primate model for studies of motion and space sickness.
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  • 49
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    A radiative transfer model for remote sensing of laser induced fluorescence of phytoplankton in non-homogeneous turbid water (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A radiative transfer computer model was developed to characterize the total flux of chlorophyll a fluoresced or backscattered photons when laser radiation is incident on turbid water that contains a non-homogeneous suspension of inorganic sediments and phytoplankton. The radiative transfer model is based on the Monte Carlo technique and assumes that: (1) the aquatic medium can be represented by a stratified concentration profile; and (2) that appropriate optical parameters can be defined for each layer. The model was designed to minimize the required computer resources and run time. Results are presented for an anacystis marinus culture.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-163155
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  • 50
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    The effects of cutting or of stretching skeletal muscle in vitro on the rates of protein synthesis and degradation (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Skeletal muscle preparations using cut muscle fibers have often been used in studies of protein metabolism. The present paper reports an investigation of the effect of muscle cutting or stretching in vitro on the rates of protein synthesis and/or degradation. Protein synthesis and content, and ATP and phosphocreatine levels were monitored in soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles from the rat with various extents of muscle fiber cuts and following stretching to about 120% the resting length. Rates of protein synthesis are found to be significantly lower and protein degradation higher in the cut muscles than in uncut controls, while ATP and phosphocreatine concentrations decreased. Stretched intact muscles, on the other hand, are observed to have higher concentrations of high-energy phosphates than unstretched muscles, while rates of protein degradation were not affected. Results thus demonstrate that the cutting of skeletal muscle fibers alters many aspects of muscle metabolism, and that moderate decreases in ATP concentration do not alter rates of protein concentration in intact muscles in vitro.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Biochemical Journal; 188; 1980
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  • 51
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    In vitro Ca-45/++/ uptake and exchange by otoconial complexes in high and low K/+/Na/+/ fluids (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Recently, data have been accumulating to indicate that saccular and utricular otoconial complexes of the gravity receptor organs are dynamic and interact constantly with their environment. This study investigates the possibility that the ionic composition of the surrounding fluid influences calcium ion binding and release, and explores the importance of the K(+)/Na(+) ratio. Two in-vitro methods were developed, the first of which employed artificial endolymph and perilymph while ionically balanced fluids in which only the K(+)/Na(+) was altered were used in the second. The ability of rat complexes to take up Ca-45(++) during incubation with these fluids was assessed using liquid scintillation spectrometry. In vitro uptake of Ca-45(++) was greater in fluids with a high K(+)/Na(+) ratio than in fluids in which the ratio was low. The ability of the complexes to take up Ca-45(++) appeared to decline with age.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist; 23; Dec. 198
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  • 52
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    Theoretical foundations for quantitative paleogenetics. III - The molecular divergence of nucleic acids and proteins for the case of genetic events of unequal probability (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Theoretical equations are derived for molecular divergence with respect to gene and protein structure in the presence of genetic events with unequal probabilities: amino acid and base compositions, the frequencies of nucleotide replacements, the usage of degenerate codons, the distribution of fixed base replacements within codons and the distribution of fixed base replacements among codons. Results are presented in the form of tables relating the probabilities of given numbers of codon base changes with respect to the original codon for the alpha hemoglobin, beta hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome c and parvalbumin group gene families. Application of the calculations to the rabbit alpha and beta hemoglobin mRNAs and proteins indicates that the genes are separated by about 425 fixed based replacements distributed over 114 codon sites, which is a factor of two greater than previous estimates. The theoretical results also suggest that many more base replacements are required to effect a given gene or protein structural change than previously believed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Molecular Evolution; 16; Dec. 198
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  • 53
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    Environmental assessment for the Satellite Power System (SPS): Studies of honey bees exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave electromagnetic energy (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Post treatment brood development was normal and teratological effects were not detected at exposures of 3 to 50 mw sq cm for 30 minutes. Post treatment survival, longevity, orientation, navigation, and memory of adult bees were also normal after exposures of 3 to 50 mw sq cm for 30 minutes. Post treatment longevity of confined bees in the laboratory was normal after exposures of 3 to 50 mw sq cm for 24 hours. Thermoregulation of brood nest, foraging activity, brood rearing, and social interaction were not affected by chronic exposure to 1 mw sq cm during 28 days. In dynamic behavioral bioassays the frequency of entry and duration of activity of unrestrained, foraging adult bees was identical in microwave exposed areas versus control areas.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-164223 , DOE/ER-0095
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  • 54
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    Effects of chronic centrifugation on skeletal muscle fibers in young developing rats (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Three groups of 30-d old male and female rats were centrifuged for 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks, after which their soleus and plantaris muscles were analysed for changes in proportions of muscle fiber types. The groups were: earth control, maintained at earth gravity without rotation; rotation control, subjected to a gravitational force of 1.05 G and 28 rpm; and rotation experimental, subjected to a gravitational force of 2 G and 28 rpm. Muscle fibers were classified into four fiber types on the basis of actomyosin ATPase activity as slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic and either fast glycolytic (plantaris) or intermediate (soleus). Hypergravity resulted in an increase in slow oxidative fibers in soleus relative to the earth control, but not of females treated similarly. The relationship of body weight to the changes in proportion of slow oxidative fibers is discussed.
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  • 55
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    Insulin binding and glucose uptake of adipocytes in rats adapted to hypergravitational force (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Rats were exposed to 4.15 g for 1 yr and weight and age matched, and lean noncentrifuged rats were used as control groups. Rats exposed to chronic hypergravity (hypergravic rats) were found to show lower ambient insulin levels, greater food intake with smaller body weight gain, and decreased size of isolated adipocytes. The ability of adipocytes from the hypergravic rats to bind insulin was increased. With Scatchard analysis, both number and affinity of receptors were increased. In contrast to the increased binding, glucose transport was found to be decreased in adipocytes from these animals. However, when the data were expressed as a percentage of maximal effect, the half maximal insulin effect for both the hypergravic and lean control groups was produced at an insulin concentration of 0.23 + or - 0.02 ng/ml, which was lower than the insulin concentration of 0.31 + or - 0.02 ng/ml for the weight-matched control group (P less than 0.05). This increased insulin sensitivity in the hypergravic group was accounted for by an increased number of receptors.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: American Journal of Physiology; 238; Apr. 198
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  • 56
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    A model for hypokinesia: Effects on muscle atrophy in the rat (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Hypokinesia in the hindlimbs of rats was induced by suspension; a newly developed harness system was used. The animal was able to use its forelimbs to maneuver, within a 140 deg arc, to obtain food and water and to permit limited grooming of the forequarters. The hindlimbs were nonload bearing for 7 days; following a 7-day period of hypodynamia, selected animals were placed in metabolic cages for 7 days to study recovery from hypokinesia. During the 7-day period of hypokinesia there was evidence of muscle atrophy. Gastrocnemius weight decreased, renal papillary urea content increased, and daily urinary losses of NH3 and 3-methylhistidine increased. During the 7-day recovery period muscle mass and excretion rate of urea, NH3 and 3-methylhistidine returned to control levels. Calcium balance was positive throughout the 7-day period of hypokinesia. Hypertrophy of the adrenals suggested the occurrence of some level of stress despite the apparent behavioral adjustment to the suspension harness. It was concluded that significant muscle atrophy and parallel changes in nitrogen metabolism occur in suspended rats and these changes are readily reversible.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 48
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  • 57
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    Human acclimation and acclimatization to heat: A compendium of research, 1968-1978 (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Abstracts and annotations of the majority of scientific works that elucidate the mechanisms of short-term acclimation to heat in men and women are presented. The compendium includes material from 1968 through 1977. Subject and author indexes are provided and additional references of preliminary research findings or work of a peripheral nature are included in a bibliography.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-81181 , A-8099
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  • 58
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    The assembly and properties of protobiological structures - The beginnings of cellular peptide synthesis (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: New data indicate that lysine-rich proteinoids have the ability to catalyze the synthesis of peptide bonds from a variety of amino acids and ATP. This capacity is evident in aqueous solution, in suspension of phase-separated complexes of lysine-rich proteinoid with acidic proteinoids, and in suspension of phase-separated particles composed of lysine-rich proteinoids with polynucleotides. Since the proteinoid complexes can contain other catalytic activities, including ability to catalyze internucleotide bond formation, it is inferred that the first protocells on earth already had a number of biological types of activity.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: BioSystems; 12; 1980
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  • 59
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    Renal responses to central vascular expansion are suppressed at night in conscious primates (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The renal and hemodynamic responses of squirrel monkeys to central vascular volume expansion induced by lower body positive pressure (LBPP) during the day and night are investigated. Twelve unanesthetized animals trained to sit in a metabolism chair in which they were restrained only at the waist by a partition separating upper and lower body chambers were subjected to 4 h of continuous LBPP during the day and night, and hemodynamic, urinary and drinking data were monitored. LBPP during day and night is found to induce similar increases in central venous pressure, rises in heart rate and elevations in mean arterial blood pressure. However, although daytime LBPP induced a significant increase in urine flow and sodium excretion, a marked nocturnal inhibition of the renal response to LBPP is observed. Analysis of the time course and circadian regulation patterns of the urinary responses suggests that several separate efferent control pathways are involved.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: American Journal of Physiology; 239; Oct. 198
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  • 60
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    Use of an electrical resistance hygrometer to measure human sweat rates (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The application of the resistance hygrometer as a tool to measure the localized sweat rate from the human body in both the active and passive sweat regions was studied. It was found that the physiological function of the skin membrane and fluid carrier transport phenomena from the outer skin have an indistinguishable effect on the observed findings from the instrument. The problems associated with the resistance hygrometer technique are identified and the usage of the instrument in the physiological experimentation from the engineering standpoint is evaluated.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-81223 , A-8306
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  • 61
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    Effects of disuse by limb immobilization on different muscle fiber types (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of disuse by limb immobilization on different muscle fiber types are reviewed. It is demonstrated that many changes occurring in atrophying skeletal muscles of young rats can be explained by the duration of the half-lives of muscle proteins. Differences are found to exist in responses of fast- and slow-twitch muscles due to disuse atrophy, and the appearance of plasticity in skeletal muscle begins to occur very soon after changes in the level of contractile activity. Rates of protein degradation increase in slow-twitch muscles at rapidly growing rates after approximately one day of limb immobilization; however, no change in the rates of protein degradation is noted in fast-twitch muscles of young rats.
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  • 62
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    USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, volume 1, no. 3 (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An overview of the developments and direction of the USSR Space Life Sciences Program is given. Highlights of launches, program development, and mission planning are given. Results of ground-based research and space flight studies are summarized. Topics covered include: space medicine and physiology; space biology; and life sciences technology.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-164780
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  • 63
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    USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, volume 1, no. 4 (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An overview of the developments and direction of the USSR Space Life Sciences Program is given. Highlights of launches, program development, and mission planning are given. Results of ground-based research and space flight studies are summarized. Topics covered include: space medicine and physiology; space biology, and life sciences and technology.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-164781
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  • 64
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    Reaction of chickens to graduated length of exposure to stress (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The reactions of 60 day old chickens Arbor Acres 60 X Vantress to immobilization stress lasting 1/2, 1, 2, 4 hours and to application of ACTH, manifested by activity changes in the systems hypophysis-adrenal gland and hypophysis-thyroid gland were studied. The highest activity increase in the two neuro-endocrine systems of the chickens was found to occur after 1/2 hour exposure to stress. With prolonged stress the responses weakened and after 4 hours most of the values gradually regressed to their initial level. The responses of both systems were synchronized. Reactions of the chickens differed from those of laboratory rats in which an increased activity of the hypophysis-adrenal gland system coincided with attenuation of the hypophysis-thyroid gland system.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76071
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  • 65
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    Change in energy expenditure and brain and adrenal content of catecholamines in rats during muscular loading and hypokinesia (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: In male 1-7 month old rats, the growth and the protein content of skeletal muscles were higher than in female rats while the O2 consumption and the heart rate were lower. This is combined with reduction of the thyroid gland weight and of catecholamine content in adrenals at the age of 7 months. The development of male and female rats (1-7 month) under conditions of systematic muscular loads increases the growth tempo and protein of skeletal muscles and intensifies the degree of reduction of energy expenditure and the heart rate. This is accomplished by the greater reduction of relative weight of the thyroid gland and, at the age of 7 months, by reduction of the noradrenaline content in the brainstem. Hypodynamic conditions have the exact opposite effect.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76148
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  • 66
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    Fifth Working Conference (Space Biology) at the 21st Plenary Session of COSPAR (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Space radiobiology is discussed with emphasis on the biological effects of heavy charged particles. Findings of spaceborne experiments on fungi, eggs, and seeds are presented.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76107 , May 28, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck
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  • 67
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    Spacelab flight simulated by two monkeys at CERMA (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: A semiautomatic module for two monkeys was designed. The module shelters two Rhesus monkeys seated side by side in a compartment, reducing the emotional stresses caused by isolation. Food pellets, water, and air are supplied and body wastes are automatically removed. Physiological and environmental parameters are continually monitored, making possible the performance of experiments concerning the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disorders of weightlessness. A ten day flight of the module in Spacelab was simulated.
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    Type: NASA-TM-76390
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  • 68
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    Dynamics of change in rat arterial pressure under conditions of immobilization (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Emotional stress developed in immobilized rats was shown to be accompanied by changes in the regulation of arterial pressure and the frequency of cardiac contractions. A group of adapting rats displayed definite resistance to emotional stress, while a group of rats incapable of adapting to acute emotional stress died with characteristics of cardiovascular insufficiency. The mechanisms providing resistance to emotional stress in numerous conflict situations were analyzed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76045
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  • 69
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    The dynamics of certain indicators of nuclein metabolism during hypokinesia in rats of different ages under the influence of sinusoidal modulated currents and measured physical load (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The influence of sinusoidal modulated currents was studied and physical loads on the nucleic acid content and the nucleotide composition of the total RNA in muscles of rats of various ages under conditions of hypodynamia were measured. Methodology utilized is described and conclusions are presented.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76162
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  • 70
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    Effect of sinusoidal modulated currents and acute hypoxia on corticosterone content and activity of certain dehydrogenases in tissues of different rat organs during hypokinesia (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The state of hypokinesia in rats was reproduced by keeping them for 30 days in special box cages that restricted their mobility in all directions. Results show the resistance to acute hypoxic hypoxia is increased. This is linked to the considerable rise in the reduced level of corticosterone in different organs and the succinate dehydrogenase activity in the liver and brain. The letter indicated the primary oxidation of succinate, which has great importance in the adaptation of the oxidative metabolism to acute oxygen insufficiency. The use of sinusoidal modulated currents in the period of hypokinesia promotes normalization of the indices for resistance of the rats to acute hypoxia.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76161
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  • 71
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    Effect of certain psychopharmacological preparations on adaptation under stress conditions (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Experiments staged on rats demonstrated that the formation of pathological states caused by stress and accompanied by the development of ulcerative lesion of the gastric mucosa are associated with the degree of the catecholamines level drop in the mesencephalon and hypothalamus. The application of seduxen and also of combinations consisting of L-DOPA with seduxen, or with an L-adrenoblocking agent pyroxan tends to reduce the frequency of developing alcerative lesions of the stomach. The protective effect produced by the combination of L-DOPA with an L-adrenoblocking agent pyroxan is barred by an additional administration of an B-adrenoblocking agent, inderal.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76185
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  • 72
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    The effect of hypodynamia on the structure of the intraorganic blood vessels and the capacity of the blood stream in the diaphragm of white rats (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The effect of hypodynamia on the vascular system of white rats with diaphragm deprivation was investigated. Morphological changes in the intraorganic blood stream of the diaphragm were determined. The capacity of the intraorganic vascular flow within the diaphragm muscles was established.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76140
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  • 73
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    Ulcers in restrained rats: Study of protective substances (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The genesis of ulcers in restrained rats is discussed through an investigation of the relationship between the protective effects of nervous system effectual substances examined vis-a-vis ulcers in restrained rats and their elective or secondary pharmacologic effects. The substances used were capable of either peripheral parasympatholytic, sympatholytic, ganglioplegic, spasmolytic effects or central, hypnotic, tranquilizing, neuroleptic, analgesic effects. The regular and considerable protection observed with parasympatholytics (atropine sulfate, benzylonium bromide, dihexyverine, J.L. 1344) and a ganglioplegic (pentamethonium) is a function of their anticholinergic properties. It is of less importance with dibenamine, a sympatholytic action on the adrenergic receptors. Among the central depressive substances tested (hypnotics, tranquilizers, neuroleptics, analgesic), phenobarbital at a nonhypnotic dose, and dextromoramide at a nonanalgesic dose, show antiulcerous effects, which are found with chlorpromazine only at cataleptogenic doses.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76184
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  • 74
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    Genetic changes induced by space flight factors in barley seeds on Soyuz-5 and Soyuz-9 craft (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Air-dry seeds of the barley Zimujuschij moscowskyi of the 1969 harvest were taken into space onboard the spaceships Soyuz-5 and Soyuz-9. A cytological study of the mitoses in meristemic cells in rootlet terminals revealed that space flight factors (SFF) in nonirradiated seeds induced about 3% of aberrant cells. After irradiation the effect of SFF increased over two-fold. Although the radio protectors ensured the seeds against from the SFF-induced damage either in irradiated or nonirradiated seed cells which is inconsistent with the previously obtained data.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76281
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  • 75
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    Effect of psychotropic drugs on gastric ulcers induced by immobilization: Increased protective effect of amitriptyline caused by chlordiazepoxide (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Amitriptyline, but not chlordiazepoxide, protects rats from the occurrence of gastric erosions and ulcers following immobilization. When, however, chlordiazepoxide is given together with amitriptyline the protective effect of the latter is markedly increased.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76197
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  • 76
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    Calorigenic effect of adrenaline in rats under conditions of restricted motor activity (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: In previous studies, it was demonstrated that long term restricted motor activity in rats induces a decrease in body weight, an increase in release of adrenaline, and a decrease in the release of noradrenaline with the urine, as well as a reduction in activity of the thymus gland and level of thyroxin in the blood. At the same time, a decrease was found in the internal body temperature that was accompanied by an increase in the rate of metabolism in the state of rest. An investigation is presented which attempts to clarify whether the calorigenic effect of adrenaline under conditions of increased metabolism in the period of immobility is exposed to changes.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76192 , Symp. on Cosmic Biol. and Med.; Jun 12, 1972 - Jun 17, 1972; Warsaw
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  • 77
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    Biological and aerodynamic problems with the flight of animals (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Biological and aerodynamic considerations related to birds and insects are discussed. A wide field is open for comparative biological, physiological, and aerodynamic investigations. Considerable mathematics related to the flight of animals is presented, including 20 equations. The 15 figures included depict the design of bird and insect wings, diagrams of propulsion efficiency, thrust, lift, and angles of attack and photographs of flapping wing free flying wing only models which were built and flown.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-75337
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  • 78
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    Mechanisms of water-salt metabolism disturbances in dogs subjected to six month hypokinesia (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Water-salt metabolism in dogs during prolonged restricted motor activity (hypokinesia) was investigated. It was found that hydration occurred and fluid was redistributed between the extra- and intra-cellular sectors. Also, electrolyte excretion rose, and magnetism and calcium metabolism changed significantly. It is concluded that the forces caused by muscle strain proper (which was decreased under conditions of hypokinesia) influence the state of bone metabolism.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76170
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  • 79
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    Growth and formation of the foreleg skeleton inbred mice and rats under conditions of hypo-, normo- and hyperdynamia (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Inbred 1 month old males of C57B 1/6, CBA, CC57Br/Mw interlinear hybrid mice of the first generation and rats of the August and Wistar lines were subjected to conditions of hypo-, normo- and hyperdynamia for 2 months. The statistically reliable dependence is shown between mechanical underloadings and overloadings and macro microscopic changes in the hind limb skeleton of animals. Genetic determination of growth and formation of the forelimb skeleton is established. Hereditary susceptibility and the phenomenon of heterosis are preserved under all motor conditions.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-75977
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  • 80
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    The effect of restraining on the heart rate in guinea pigs (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The emotional effect of different applications of electrodes and the fixation for cariographic examination was investigated using guinea pigs. The effect of the stress is discussed in terms of heart rhythm and behavior.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76006
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  • 81
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    Role of adrenals in the mobilization of carbohydrate and fat resources after overstimulation of rats (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The role of the cortical and cerebral layers of the adrenal glands in mobilizing carbohydrate and fatty resources in response to the effect of an extreme stimulant was investigated. It is shown that following adrenodemedullation and adrenalectomy, the leading role is played by the secretion of the adrenal medullary layer, whereas the role of suprarenals in the mobilization of fats is only slightly pronounced.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-75974
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  • 82
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    Animal experimental research on microstructural behavior on the hyaline arthroidal cartilage after immobilization and remobilization (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The degeneration of the articular cartilage after a period of immobilization was investigated. The experiment was carried out by the immobilization of the knee joints of rabbits. Even after remobilization there was an increase in the alterations. These changes did not prove to be reversible.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76050
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  • 83
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    Investigation of the effect of space flight factors on chromosomes in seeds (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Frequency of mutations in postflight air-dry Crepis capillaris seeds, kept for five days aboard an artificial satellite was 36.0 + or - 1.9%, vs. 19.01 + or - 1.2% for seeds in a similar ground experiment. Both groups of seeds were prepared in identical concentrations and were treated by the same mutagen. The spectrum of mutations in postflight Crepis capillaris seeds contained a large number of chromosome-type mutations and some cells showed multiple alterations. Postflight seeds not treated with mutagens had a slightly higher level of mutability.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76113
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  • 84
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    Effect of tranquilizers on animal resistance to the adequate stimuli of the vestibular apparatus (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The effect of tranquilizers on vestibulospinal reflexes and motor activity was studied in 900 centrifuged albino mice. Actometric studies have shown that the tranquilizers have a group capacity for increasing animal resistance to the action of adequate stimuli to the vestibular apparatus.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76109
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  • 85
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    Reduction of the duration of restraint for the production of experimental ulcers in rats: Application to the study of protective substances (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: An experiment is described which was designed to cause ulcers in rats, but requiring less restraint time than previously used procedures. The method and results are presented.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76136
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  • 86
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    Dynamics of erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and catalase activity in rat blood in hypokinesia, muscular activity and restoration (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Tests were conducted to prove that muscular exertion (in this instance swimming) of different duration and intensity, as well as hypodynamia, result in an increase of hemoglobin and number of red blood cells in peripheral blood rats. Catalase activity increased with an increase in the duration of swimming, but only up to 6 hr; with 7-9 hr of swimming as well as in hypodynamia, catalase activity decreased. It was also observed that under hypodynamia as well as in 3, 5 and 6 hr exertion (swimming) the color index of blood decreased. Pressure chamber treatment (for 8 min each day for one week), alternating a 2 min negative pressure up to 35 mm Hg with 1 min positive pressure, increased the erythrocyte count and hemoglobin content.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76058
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  • 87
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    Topochemical differences in the amount of RNA in the motoneurons of the spinal chord in hypoxia and hypokinesia (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Reactions to hypoxia and hypoknesia were compared by measuring charges in the amount of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the cytoplasm of neurons of the intumescentia cervicalis and lumbalis. Animals were subjected to hypoxia, hypokinesia and both combined and a control group to neither. A total of two groups of motoneurons were compared, one innervating the respiratory musculature, the other the musculature of the lower extremities, so that hypoxic hypoxia would probably affect the first group primarily and hypokinesia the second. Results indicate that neither affect the amount of RNA in the neurons of the first group but a significant increase is noted in neurons of the second group. Other significant results are reported.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-75994
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  • 88
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    The effects of adrenalectomy and corticsteroid injection on the fibrinolytic activity of complex heparin compounds in the blood during immobilization (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Total non-enzymatic fibrinolytic activity in the blood of rats increased three times in response to stress caused by 30 minute immobilization, and the activity of epinephrine-heparin complex increased nine times. In adrenalectomized animals, which showed a weak response to the same stress, intraperitoneal injection of hydrocortisone 30 minutes prior to immobilization normalized the response. Obtained results indicate that adrenalectomy leads to sharp reduction of heparin complexing with thromogenic proteins and epinephrine, while substitution therapy with hydrocortisone restores anticoagulation system function.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-75985
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  • 89
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    Multipurpose rotating machine for immobilization and conducting studies on small laboratory animals (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: A new device assisting the researcher in conducting laboratory experiments on small animals is described. Its advantages over extant machines are discussed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76049
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  • 90
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    New studies of Venus (1980)
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    Description: The American and Russian 1978 Venus explorations are reported. Highlights of their accomplishments and subjects of study are discussed. Included are investigations of the surface pressure, temperature, composition, and mass of the Venusian atmosphere, along with cloud layer structure, greenhouse effect, and diurnal variations.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-75931
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  • 91
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    RNA content in motor and sensory neurons and surrounding neuroglia of mouse spinal cord under conditions of hypodynamia and following normalization (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The differences in the dynamics of reparative processes in RNA metabolism within the neuron-neuroglia unit after the cessation of hyper- and hypodynamia is dicussed. The role of neuroglia is stressed in compensatory, reparative and trophic processes in the nervous system as well as the possibility in an adaptation at the cellular level.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76032
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  • 92
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    Hemorheological changes, the state of microcirculation, and blood acid-base balance in rats under conditions of a 30-day limiting of the motor activity (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Changes were expressed in reduction in number of true capillaries, the appearance of nonfunctioning empty vessels and in the opening of the arteriolo-venular shunts. Changes in the acid-base balance in the direction of reduction of buffer blood content were also noted.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76464
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  • 93
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    Experimental coronary sclerosis induced by immobilization of rabbits: A new model of arteriosclerosis (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: A new method for producing arteriosclerosis with coronary insufficiency in rabbits by means of immobilization is described and discussed. The experimentally induced atherosclerosis develops due to hypodynamics imposed by the reduced muscular activity without overloading with exogenous cholesterol. The atherosclerosis and coronary insufficiency are associated. With variations in the duration and extent of immobilization, coronary insufficiency alone or with atherosclerosis can be produced.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76196
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  • 94
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    Change in radiosensitivity of rats during hypokinetic stress (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The laws governing stress modification of radiation sickness in relation to hypokinetic stress were investigated. It was found that gamma irradiation (800 rad) of rats on the third day of exposure to hypokinesia increased the radiosensitivity of the animals which was determined by the survival rate and the dynamics of body weight and the weight of some internal organs. The same radiation dose was given on the 20th day of hypokinesia and on the third day of recovery from the 20 day hypokinesia decreased the radiosensitivity of rats. It is concluded that the variations in the radiosensitivity observed may be due to a stress effect of hypokinesia.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-75968
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  • 95
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    Effect of immobilization stress on the level of macroergic phosphates in the blood of rats (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The effect of immobilization for 1, 2, and 24 hours, and of daily (for 2 hours for 7 days) immobilization on the blood nucleotide (ATP, ADP, AMP) level was studied on 79 male rats. A progressive reduction of the ATP content was most pronounced in immobilization for 24 hours. This was accompanied by an increase of lymphopenia and eosinopenia. A fall of the relative weight of the thymus and a weight gain of the adrenal glands was observed along with a reduction of ascorbic acid concentration in both of them. In case of daily immobilization for 2 hours, the ATP and ADP content on the 1st and 2nd day was below the normal level, and then showed a gradual increase, with complete normalization in 6-7 days, except for inorganic phosphorus the level of which remained lower than normal.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76021
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  • 96
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    USSR Space Life Sciences Digest (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Research in exobiology, life sciences technology, space biology, and space medicine and physiology, primarily using data gathered on the Salyut 6 orbital space station, is reported. Methods for predicting, diagnosing, and preventing the effects of weightlessness are discussed. Psychological factors are discussed. The effects of space flight on plants and animals are reported. Bioinstrumentation advances are noted.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-84080
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  • 97
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    Comparison of early reactions of the blood system in rats to immobilization, the action of hypoxia and the administration of erythopoietin (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Three series of experiments were simultaneously carried on rats with the purpose of studying the action of different stimulants on the blood system; rats were subjected to immobilization, hypoxic hypoxia and erythropoietin administration. Changes in various cellular forms in the bone marrow, the thymus and the spleen were studied. A unitypical reaction, as in stress, was noted during the first hours; a reduction of the cell count in the lymphoid organs, a reduction of granulocytes and an increase of lymphoid cells in the bone marrow. The differences were chiefly quantitative. This was followed by stimulation of myelo and erythropoiesis determined by the specific features of the action applied. Nonspecific blood reaction was apparently due to activation of the adaptation mechanisms.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76169
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  • 98
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    Preliminary results of scientific research on biosatellite Kosmos-1129 (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The first physiological study aimed at deeper examination mechanisms of weightlessness and adaptation/readaptation is described. It dealt with metabolism, support motor changes and nonspecific changes connected with stress reaction. Wistar rats were used in a triple setup: flight/vivarium/biosatellite mockup. Animal condition was assessed on motor activity and body temperature. Extensive tables show weight, blood and enzyme analysis, etc. Animals groups were labeled: stress, behavior, body composition, biorhythm, ontogenesis. The second or biological study dealt with tumorous carrot tissues but humidity control was defective: some indices are reported such as cell membrane permeability, tissue respiration, etc. It also was concerned with a fowl embryogenetic experiment (Japanese quail) but mechanical effects on landing reduced its success. The third study, on radiation dosimetry, presents a little tabulated data but chiefly gives lists of satellite detector units of different kinds and from different countries.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76287
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  • 99
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    Unknown
    Changes in mast cells and in permeability of mesenteric microvessels under the effect of immobilization and electrostimulation (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: It was shown that a reduction in the amount of mast cells in the mesentery and an increase in their degranulation was accompanied by an increase in vascular permeability of rat mesentery. It is supposed that immobilization and electrostimulation causing degranulation of mast cells prompted histamine and serotonin release from them, thus increasing the permeability of the venular portion of the microvascular bed. Prophylactic use of esculamin preparation with P-vitaminic activity decreased mast cell degranulation, which apparently prolonged the release of histamine and serotonin from them and normalized vascular permeability.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-75988
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  • 100
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    The role of ACTH and glucocorticoids in nonenzymatic fibrinolysis during immobilization stress in animals (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The role of the altered hormonal status of an organism in the activation of the anticoagulative system during stress is investigated. The 30 minute immobilization stress was shown to raise significantly the nonenzymatic fibrinolytic activity of blood in rats. Combined with adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) the effect is still greater. Intravenous administration of 0.2 m1 0.01 percent solution of protamine sulphate prevented the nonenzymatic fibrinolysis induced by the stress. Administration of ACTH after protomine sulphate again raised the fibrinolysis. This suggests that ACTH stimulates the release of heparin.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-76175
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