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  • Articles  (383)
  • Engineering  (378)
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 2015-2019  (32)
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  • 1
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: Polyamide thickness and roughness have been identified as critical properties that affect thin-film composite membrane performance for reverse osmosis. Conventional formation methodologies lack the ability to control these properties independently with high resolution or precision. An additive approach is presented that uses electrospraying to deposit monomers directly onto a substrate, where they react to form polyamide. The small droplet size coupled with low monomer concentrations result in polyamide films that are smoother and thinner than conventional polyamides, while the additive nature of the approach allows for control of thickness and roughness. Polyamide films are formed with a thickness that is controllable down to 4-nanometer increments and a roughness as low as 2 nanometers while still exhibiting good permselectivity relative to a commercial benchmarking membrane.
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2018-09-07
    Description: Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) membranes are emerging as a promising energy-efficient separation technology. However, their reliable and scalable manufacturing remains a challenge. We demonstrate the fabrication of ZIF nanocomposite membranes by means of an all-vapor-phase processing method based on atomic layer deposition (ALD) of ZnO in a porous support followed by ligand-vapor treatment. After ALD, the obtained nanocomposite exhibits low flux and is not selective, whereas after ligand-vapor (2-methylimidazole) treatment, it is partially transformed to ZIF and shows stable performance with high mixture separation factor for propylene over propane (an energy-intensive high-volume separation) and high propylene flux. Membrane synthesis through ligand-induced permselectivation of a nonselective and impermeable deposit is shown to be simple and highly reproducible and holds promise for scalability.
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Description: Insects are among the most agile natural flyers. Hypotheses on their flight control cannot always be validated by experiments with animals or tethered robots. To this end, we developed a programmable and agile autonomous free-flying robot controlled through bio-inspired motion changes of its flapping wings. Despite being 55 times the size of a fruit fly, the robot can accurately mimic the rapid escape maneuvers of flies, including a correcting yaw rotation toward the escape heading. Because the robot’s yaw control was turned off, we showed that these yaw rotations result from passive, translation-induced aerodynamic coupling between the yaw torque and the roll and pitch torques produced throughout the maneuver. The robot enables new methods for studying animal flight, and its flight characteristics allow for real-world flight missions.
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-04-27
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-03-09
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-06-16
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Description: Exoskeletons and active prostheses promise to enhance human mobility, but few have succeeded. Optimizing device characteristics on the basis of measured human performance could lead to improved designs. We have developed a method for identifying the exoskeleton assistance that minimizes human energy cost during walking. Optimized torque patterns from an exoskeleton worn on one ankle reduced metabolic energy consumption by 24.2 ± 7.4% compared to no torque. The approach was effective with exoskeletons worn on one or both ankles, during a variety of walking conditions, during running, and when optimizing muscle activity. Finding a good generic assistance pattern, customizing it to individual needs, and helping users learn to take advantage of the device all contributed to improved economy. Optimization methods with these features can substantially improve performance.
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-11-24
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-12-01
    Description: Kim et al . (Reports, 28 April 2017, p. 430) presented results for the solar-driven harvesting of water from air via metal-organic frameworks as a prodigious potential advance toward remedying global water shortages. Basic thermodynamics and a survey of multiple off-the-shelf technologies show that their approach is vastly inferior in efficiency (and thereby in feasibility) to available alternatives.
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-12-01
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2017-12-01
    Description: In their comment, Bui et al . argue that the approach we described in our report is vastly inferior in efficiency to alternative off-the-shelf technologies. Their conclusion is invalid, as they compare efficiencies in completely different operating conditions. Here, using heat transfer and thermodynamics principles, we show how Bui et al .’s conclusions about the efficiencies of off-the-shelf technologies are fundamentally flawed and inaccurate for the operating conditions described in our study.
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2017-05-12
    Description: Bacteria within communities can interact to organize their behavior. It has been unclear whether such interactions can extend beyond a single community to coordinate the behavior of distant populations. We discovered that two Bacillus subtilis biofilm communities undergoing metabolic oscillations can become coupled through electrical signaling and synchronize their growth dynamics. Coupling increases competition by also synchronizing demand for limited nutrients. As predicted by mathematical modeling, we confirm that biofilms resolve this conflict by switching from in-phase to antiphase oscillations. This results in time-sharing behavior, where each community takes turns consuming nutrients. Time-sharing enables biofilms to counterintuitively increase growth under reduced nutrient supply. Distant biofilms can thus coordinate their behavior to resolve nutrient competition through time-sharing, a strategy used in engineered systems to allocate limited resources.
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 19
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-05-12
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 20
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-02-10
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
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  • 21
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
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  • 22
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-02-17
    Description: Engineering has an image problem. The phrase "engineering disaster" rolls off the tongue, while great technical achievements are more often heralded as "scientific miracles." Enter Dream Big. Sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers with support from Bechtel Corporation, the film sets out to reframe engineering as a force for good and a profession in service to people and the planet. Author: Donna Riley
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 23
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-07-21
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 24
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-07-21
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 25
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-05-26
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 26
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-11-10
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: Polynitrogens have the potential for ultrahigh-performing explosives or propellants because singly or doubly bonded polynitrogens can decompose to triply bonded dinitrogen (N2) with an extraordinarily large energy release. The large energy content and relatively low activation energy toward decomposition makes the synthesis of a stable polynitrogen allotrope an extraordinary challenge. Many elements exist in different forms (allotropes)—for example, carbon can exist as graphite, diamond, buckyballs, or graphene. However, no stable neutral allotropes are known for nitrogen, and only two stable homonuclear polynitrogen ions had been isolated until now—namely, the N3− anion (1) and the N5+ cation (2). On page 374 of this issue, Zhang et al. (3) report the synthesis and characterization of the first stable salt of the cyclo-N5− anion, only the third stable homonuclear polynitrogen ion ever isolated. Author: Karl O. Christe
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
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  • 28
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: The Internet connects billions of computational platforms of various sizes, from supercomputers to smart phones. However, the same types of data transmission can connect computational resources to much simpler sensors “at the edge of the net” that collect, analyze, and transmit data, as well as controllers that receive instructions. Devices deployed in the environment, homes and offices, and even our bodies would expand the number of connected devices to the trillions. This “Internet of Things” (IoT) underlies the vision of smart homes and buildings that could sense and transmit their status and respond appropriately (1), or track and report on the state of objects (vehicles, goods, or even animals) in the environment. However, the practical implementation of the IoT has been relatively slow, in part because all of these edge devices must draw electrical power from their local environment. We analyze the use of photovoltaics (PV) to power devices and help bring the IoT to fruition. Authors: Richard Haight, Wilfried Haensch, Daniel Friedman
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 29
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-04-22
    Description: So prized by the ancient Romans were Egyptian obelisks that, at one time, more of them stood in Rome than in Egypt. In the 19th century, France, Britain, and the United States—inspired by Napoleon Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt in 1798— acquired their own major obelisks from Alexandria and Luxor. Cleopatra's Needles, by Egyptologist Bob Brier, explores the engineering challenges associated with building and erecting these massive monuments. Author: Andrew Robinson
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 30
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-10-21
    Description: A physicist reveals the engineering marvels that underlie the modern metropolis Author: Sybil Derrible
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 31
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
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  • 32
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-11-11
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 121-131 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Due to rock bursting or blasting, violent rock ejections can occur. In underground excavations, rockbolts are often used to retain rock blocks that otherwise would be ejected. Employing the stress wave approach, general formulae are derived to compute the elastic stress waves in rockbolts subject to rock block impact loading. Weight-drop tests on steel rods, simulating impact loading of rockbolts, were performed, and a reasonable agreement is found between theoretical predictions and experimental results. The elastic stress wave in an impact loaded steel rod consists of a rider wave and a lower-frequency carrier wave. With the same drop height, the carrier wave becomes more sinusoidal as the mass ratio of steel rod to drop weight is decreased.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Overestimation of displacements in numerical calculations can occur if some requirements are not met by the constitutive relations. Along with consideration for small strain behaviour of soils1 the stiffening effects of unloading in shear should be taken into account. The latter problem is analysed in the paper using embankment dams as a typical example. Strain and stress paths in their cores and shells were derived from field measurement results and frequent path direction changes during seemingly monotonic loading process were discovered. Proportional loading test results of isotropically and anisotropically consolidated sand allowed interpretation of the in situ paths by the incremental theory of plasticity and distinction between the sections where unloading and reloading in shear develop. Furthermore, the analysis of these tests showed a marked stiffening of the soil due to unloading as well as neutral loading in shear. The strain redistribution due to material inhomogeneity, either inherent or introduced by the loading process, was identified as a common reason for the frequent occurrence of this phenomenon. Consequently, overestimations in displacement calculations can be brought about by neglecting this important effect by the constitutive model used. Accordingly, the unit response envelopes of some typical constitutive laws have been checked from this special point of view, and the models properly describing this phenomenon selected.
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 25-47 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Rock socketed piles have a number of features which differentiate them from other types of piles. The generally stubby geometry leads to more even distribution of capacity between shaft and base. However, the low ratio of pile modulus to rock modulus leads to high compressibility and this, coupled with a tendency for the load transfer response along the shaft to exhibit strain-softening, gives rise to an overall response where the shaft capacity may be fully mobilized, and potentially degraded, before significant mobilization of base load.The paper presents results of finite element analyses of the response of rock-socketed piles, with particular attention to the shaft response with and without intimate base contact. The shaft interface uses a model, developed from principles of tribology, that includes dilation (and strain-hardening) prior to peak shaft friction, followed by strain-softening at larger displacements. The results of the study are shown to be consistent with field measurements, and to capture effects of the absolute pile diameter on the peak shaft friction. It is also shown that intimate base contact mitigates significantly the degree of strain-softening of the shaft response.
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 49-71 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: In this paper a coupled finite and boundary element formulation is developed for the analysis of excavation in jointed rock. The presence of joints in the rock mass has been included implicitly by treating it as an appropriate anisotropic elastic continuum. The boundary element formulation for an anisotropic medium is briefly discussed. Good agreement has been found between numerical and analytical solutions for several example problems, demonstrating the accuracy of the present formulation. Numerical solutions are also presented for the problems of a deep circular tunnel and a basement excavated in a variety of jointed rock masses.
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 73-92 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper presents an approximate method of numerical analysis of piled-raft foundations in which the raft is modelled as a thin plate and the piles as interacting springs of appropriate stiffness. Allowance is made for the development of limiting pressures below the raft and of the ultimate axial load capacity of the piles.Comparisons between this analysis and existing solutions verify that, despite the approximations involved, the analysis can provide solutions of adequate accuracy for the settlement and pile load distribution within a piled raft.Comparisons are also made with the results of a series of centrifuge tests and with measurements of the performance of a full-scale piled raft. In both cases, the analysis predicts very well the settlement and proportion of load carried by the piles.
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 107-120 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A matrix relating stress and elastic strain tensors for anisotropic particulate materials has been derived. The magnitude of the matrix depends on the state of the material anisotropy. Anisotropy in granular materials depends on strain because normal and tangential particle contact forces, as well as the spatial distribution of the contacts, vary with stress and strain. However, the rotation tensor and the strain tensor cannot be independent; they must satisfy certain constraints to meet the requirement for macroscopic stress tensor symmetry. These conditions and constraints lead to the derivation of the matrix presented in this article. The principal directions of the stress tensor and strain tensor are generally not coincident, and the values of deformation parameters, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, are direction dependent; these two aspects are also discussed in this paper. Whereas this matrix can be used in static numerical analyses for elastic problems, we note that this relationship can also be used as a basis upon which to derive a fully incremental stress-strain relationship for anisotropic granular materials in the plastic state, where the anisotropy is evolving with strain.
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 585-599 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A simple approximate analysis is presented for interpretation of cone penetration results when the cone resistance is affected by layering of soils with different stiffnesses. It is argued that the cone resistance senses the presence of a nearby layer elastically, and an approximate elastic analysis is developed to quantify the effect. Good comparisons with calibration chamber experimental results are found.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 141-143 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 177-203 
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    Notes: The problem of fully coupled consolidation and heat flow around a rigid cylindrical heat source buried in clay has been studied. The governing equations of the problem are summarized in the paper and a finite element time-marching scheme to obtain an approximate solution to the governing equations is described. The stress-strain behaviour of the skeleton of the saturated soil has been represented by both a linear elastic model and the modified Cam clay soil model. The results of a limited parametric study are presented with the aim of understanding the major mechanisms of soil behaviour close to buried canisters of hot radioactive waste. A range of soil properties has been included in the study, and the effects of soil disturbance during canister emplacement have also been considered.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 213-236 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A general semi-analytical method is presented for the analysis of seabed response under wave action during a storm. The seabed is idealized as a poro-elastic medium filled with a single compressible fluid with anisotropic flow. The coupled process of fluid flow and deformation of soil skeleton is formulated in the framework of Biot's theory.The analysis for the response of homogeneous seabed of finite thickness under a plane progressive wave is developed first, followed by an extension for the case of a layered seabed. A generalization for three-dimensional response of seabed is also developed for a general wave field which provides the analyses for seabed response under short-crested or standing waves in the vicinity of a structure. Some numerical examples illustrating the proposed analyses are also presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 287-303 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The paper presents a solution for calculation of the surface uplift field of a semi-infinite elastic solid embedded with a pressurized elliptical crack oriented at any angle, and at any depth. The results presented are those for a uniform pressure loading on the crack face, simulating a static pressurized hydraulic fracture, but the mathematical technique developed can be extended directly to non-uniform normal loads or general shear loads in the form of a polynomial up to the third order. The result of a special case of the new solution, where the crack is penny shaped and parallel to the free surface, is compared with results from Sun's solution and from experiments which were designed and performed by the authors. The experiments involved pressurization of a penny-shaped crack in a polyurethane material which is linear elastic under low stresses, and measurement of surface deformation by holographic interferometry and Fizeau interferometry. The correspondence between theory and experiment is excellent.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 445-466 
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    Notes: This paper presents a coupled, elastoplastic, finite element and boundary element method for the two-dimensional, non-linear analysis of anisotropic jointed rock. The non-linear and anisotropic behaviour of a jointed rock mass is simulated by representing the mass as an equivalent anisotropic, elastoplastic continuum, so that the influence of the jointing system is ‘smeared’ across the continuum, i.e. the individual joints are not modelled as discrete entities. Numerical examples have been solved to verify the capability, accuracy and efficiency of the present technique. The proposed technique has also been applied to the analysis of tunnel excavation problems in plane strain. The effects of anisotropy and non-linearity of the jointed rock mass during excavation have been investigated in some detail.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 485-505 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper is devoted to the stability analysis of a vertical embankment in reinforced soil, assuming that a very large number of reinforcements are periodically distributed throughout the soil mass. The reinforced soil is modelled as a homogeneous medium that obeys a macroscopic yield condition.Two numerical formulations of the homogenized problem, derived from the lower and upper bound theorems of limit analysis, respectively, with a finite element discretization technique, are described. They both lead to a linear programming problem, which is carried out by means of XPRESS industrial LP code.The practical implementation of both the static and kinematic finite element programs on the case of a vertical reinforced earth wall results in close estimates of its failure height, which are in good agreement with available experimental data. This points to the ability of such programs to provide a rigorous evaluation of the limit loads of structures through the determination of lower bound and upper bound estimates sufficiently close to each other.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 507-518 
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    Notes: This paper refers to the formulation of a macroconstitutive law for elastoplastic multilayered media, using both thermodynamical approach and homogenization procedure. The latter shows that both the microstress and strain tensors are constant in each constituent. This result permits the formulation of a macroconstitutive law involving the microplastic strains as internal parameters. Both the macrofree energy and dual dissipation potential are computed and used to derive explicit expressions for the macrocompliance tensor, yield surface and hardening rule. Finally, this law is used to analyse the behavior of a reinforced earth material under various loading paths.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 327-344 
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    Notes: Results from five different computer models for structural deformation in jointed rock are compared for a problem involving stress-wave loading of a lined circular tunnel in a jointed medium. The computer models include two discrete element codes, The Direct Interacting Block Systems (DIBS) and The Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC), and three finite element codes, The Finite Element Code for Largely Explicit Calculation (FLEX), The Explicit Calculations of Interacting Bodies Under Rapid Loading Code (EXCALIBUR), and PRONTO. The finite element codes used either slidelines or joint elements to simulate the motion on joints.All codes had some difficulties with a sequence of preliminary problems solved to ‘shake down’ the computer codes. However, most of the shortcomings of each code were readily overcome. Results showed that three codes could obtain similar answers for tunnel closure, stress around the tunnel and slip on the joints.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 345-353 
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    Notes: Conformal mapping techniques are used to obtain an exact solution for seepage flow below a hydraulic structure founded on permeable soil of infinite depth for a flat floor with an inclined cut-off at the downstream end. Results are presented for different values of b/s and θ. The exit gradient decreases considerably along a distance beyond the floor end with an increase in cut-off inclination. The maximum exit gradient decreases for θ = 10, 20 and 30° and starts increasing for θ = 45°. The uplift pressure decreases as θ increases. It is concluded that using an inclined cut-off increases the factor of safety in design against uplift and piping.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 377-396 
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    Notes: Biot's linear consolidation analysis of three-dimensional fluid saturated layered soils is investigated. The time marching method, uncoupled boundary element method, and successive stiffness method are applied for the numerical modelling of this study. Settlement induced by surface loading and land subsidence due to pumping is studied. The results show that settlement induced by surface loading is mainly influenced by the properties of the soil layer, and that the settlement is larger for soil layers with smaller stiffness and greater thicknesses. The land subsidence induced by pumping is influenced by the properties of the soil layer as well as by the permeability of the pumped layer and the conditions at the top and bottom boundaries. The land subsidence is larger for soil layers with a smaller stiffness, lower permeability of the pumped layer, deeper pumping depth, larger pumping rate and an impervious top surface.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 93-105 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: This paper is concerned with the behaviour of granular media containing voids penetrated by a mixture of viscous liquid and gas (air). It is assumed that, for such materials, the skeleton may be considered as rate-independent and the sensitivity to the applied loading rate may be attributed to the viscosity of the liquid filling the void space. Within the context of geomechanics, such assumptions appear to be relevant to all coarse-grained cohesionless materials, including saturated sands. A mathematical formulation for the description of undrained response is presented. The macroscopic properties are estimated based on volume averaging, which is applied to both stress and strain measures within the heterogeneous constituent medium. Numerical examples are provided illustrating the influence of the viscosity of the liquid on the liquefaction potential of a loose granular assembly.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 205-212 
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    Notes: Using the Haskell-Thomson transfer matrix approach, an analytical solution is obtained for SH wave amplification by multiple layers of Gibson soils (i.e. viscoelastic layers with linearly varying shear moduli). Amplification spectra for typical soil and basement rock properties are calculated. A comparison of the Gibson soil response with that obtained for homogeneous soil models shows generally stronger amplifications associated with the Gibson soil.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 145-160 
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    Notes: In this study, a general mathematical model was developed for land displacements that occur as a result of the pressure decline in confined and/or phreatic aquifers. Two equations were developed by employing the equilibrium (force balance) equation and the flow equation in a deforming aquifer system. Both of these equations were integrated over the thickness of the aquifer system once a regional model had been formulated. The change of the body force in saturated and unsaturated zones of aquifers was considered in the derivation of the equilibrium equation. It was assumed that no external loading or force acting on the aquifer system was present. Two coupled equations expressed in terms of the averaged dilation and pressure were then obtained. The pumping data sets given in the papers of Bear and Corapcioglu1,2 in 1981 and 1983 were analysed. Drawdown and displacements in a confined aquifer were demonstrated to be identical to those estimated by Bear and Corapcioglu.1 In the case of a phreatic aquifer, however, the results estimated by the present approach were slightly different from those obtained by Corapcioglu and Bear.2 The discrepancies in the results are possibly due to errors in the equations presented by Corapcioglu and Bear.2 The present approach was able to avoid several assumptions and complex procedures used by Bear and Corapcioglu,1,2 especially in the case of a phreatic aquifer, by taking into account the change in the body force.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 253-278 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The paper describes the basic ideas and the main features of a new class of constitutive laws, in the framework of incrementally non-linear constitutive equations. CLoE is a generic name for that new class of laws, with reference to consistency at the limit surface, and explicit localization analysis. A top-down analysis of the model is presented, and illustrated by examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 237-251 
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    Notes: A numerical method is developed in this paper for the analysis of the behaviour of a raft resting on a consolidating soil. The response of the raft under an applied loading is determined using the finite layer method for the soil and the finite element method for the raft. By considering deflection compatibility on the contact surface, the distribution of contact pressure is computed at various time steps. The settlement and bending moment in the raft is then evaluated by applying the calculated contact pressure back to the raft. It is shown that, in some cases, the maximum moment in the raft occurs during consolidation and that checking the final moment in the raft by use of elastic theory may not be sufficient.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 279-282 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 283-285 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 305-325 
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    Notes: The equations governing the dynamic behavior of saturated porous media as well as a finite element spatial discretization of these equations are summarized. A three-parameter time integration scheme called the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor α-method is used together with a predictor/multi-corrector algorithm, instead of the widely used Newmark's method, to integrate the spatially discrete finite element equations. The new time integration scheme possess quadratic accuracy and desirable numerical damping characteristics. The proposed numerical solution and bounding surface plasticity theory to describe the constitutive behaviour of soil have been implemented as the computer code DYSAC2. Predictions made by DYSAC2 code are verified using dynamic centrifuge test results for a clay embankment. Importance of initial state of a soil on its dynamic behaviour is demonstrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 355-357 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 442-444 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 467-484 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Methods are presented for analysing earth structures subjected to tensile stresses that may produce cracking. The linear elastic fracture mechanics approach is emphasized. Methods of solution are proposed for cracking of a clay layer above the water table due to desiccation; cracking of layered earth structures subjected to external loads; cracking of clay caps for landfills due to differential settlement; and radial cracking in pressurized boreholes. Causes and mechanisms of cracking are discussed for each problem and models pertinent to each problem are proposed. Solutions have been developed by synthesizing analytical and numerical methods. Published experimental data have been incorporated in modelling matric suction and cracked beams on elastic foundations. Finite element analyses were employed to obtain solutions for cracking due to differential settlement and radial cracking in boreholes. The solutions presented herein can be used to assess the soundness of existing structures or to assess the risk of cracking for the design of new structures.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 523-541 
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    Notes: The leakage effect in porous fissured media has been considered in a general sense by introducing a new expression of the leakage term in this paper. The double porosity concept is employed and the related expressions are formulated using the upwind finite element approach. Considering the infinite extension of the problem domain, a mapped transient infinite element has been presented to simulate the far field of the infinite medium. Since the mass transfer function of the present mapped transient infinite element is dependent on both space and time variables, the mechanism of transient contaminant migration problems in infinite porous fractured media can be rigorously simulated because the property matrices of the element are evaluated at any time of interest. By comparing the current numerical results with the analytical ones, the accuracy, correctness and effectiveness of the present method have been established. Three different time discretization schemes were examined and it was found that either the central difference or the backward difference approximation is suitable for the upwind finite element simulation of transient contaminant migration problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 565-580 
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    Notes: The presence of any leak in a waste repository is going to cause some concern since it may lead to the contamination of the surrounding soil and groundwater. This is an important problem which occurs and recurs, sometimes despite the precautions taken to minimize the possibility of development of any leak. The effects of contaminant leakage in general are not well understood. Thus it is the aim in this paper to develop some semi-analytical solutions of leakage problems occurring in deeply buried cylindrical repositories. In the solution approach, a series of integral transforms is used to simplify the governing equations and solutions are found in the transform space before numerical inversions are applied to obtain the contaminant concentrations in real space and time. To illustrate the application of the technique, results of some leakage cases are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 543-564 
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    Notes: Using the numerical model presented in the first paper of this research,1 a parametric study has been carried out in this paper to investigate the effect of several important parameters on the transient contaminant transport in infinite porous fractured media. From the related numerical results, it has been demonstrated that: (1) transmissive coefficient between the porous block and the fissured network has a significant influence on the value of the concentration but has little effect on the speed of contaminant transport; (2) porosities in the porous block and fissured network have a significant influence on the maximum value of the concentration; (3) average linear velocity of flow has a significant influence on both the concentration distribution and speed of contaminant transport; (4) dispersion coefficient of the medium affects not only the shape of the concentration versus time curve but also the peak value of the concentration.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 619-639 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The surface subsidence above a compacting saturated oil reservoir is the main topic of this paper. From a literature review, it is obvious that extensive efforts have been conducted for investigating this phenomenon in various situations. Herein, a numerical model, based on the finite element method, was used for simulating three-dimensional three-phase fluid flow in a deforming saturated oil reservoir. The mathematical formulation describes a fully coupled governing equation system which consists of the equilibrium and continuity equations for three immiscible fluids flowing in a porous media. An elastoplastic soil model, based on a Mohr Coulomb yield surface, was utilized. The finite element method was applied to obtain simultaneous solutions to the governing equations where the displacements and the fluid pressures are the primary unknowns. The final discretized equations are solved by a direct solver using fully implicit procedures. A linear analysis was used to study the stability conditions of the present model. Finally, a series of simulations were conducted to indicate the validity and the utility of the developed model.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 653-655 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 833-862 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The paper presents a hypoplastic constitutive model for the three-dimensional non-linear stress-strain and dilatant volume change behaviour of sand. The model is developed without recourse to the concept in elastoplasticity theory such as yield surface, plastic potential and decomposition into elastic and plastic parts. Benefited from the non-linear tensorial functions available from the representation theorem the model possesses simple mathematical formulation and contains only four material parameters, which can be easily identified with triaxial compression tests. Comparison of the predictions with the experimental results shows that the model is capable of capturing the salient behaviour of sand under monotonic loading and is applicable to both drained and undrained conditions.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 359-376 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A dual-porosity model based on the modified formulation by Barenblatt et al. has been presented for the simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs. It is shown that neglecting terms in the flow governing equations may not be justified for some particular physical circumstances. The analytical solution of the proposed dual-porosity model for a finite naturally fractured reservoir subjected to a constant outer boundary pressure is obtained using the Hankel transform technique while taking into account the transient flow in the matrix blocks. Both solution accuracy and efficiency are achieved utilizing an optimized algorithm when solving the inherent Bessel functions. This research indicates that the transient fluid pressure profiles in naturally fractured reservoirs are critically controlled by the permeability ratio between matrix and fractures, and by the compressibilities of fluid, fractures and solid grains. The fluid pressure change is substantially delayed if the permeability ratio becomes increasingly smaller. The dual-porosity behaviour is most obvious when the compressibility of the fractures decreases relative to the increases of compressibility of the solid grains.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 657-688 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A cap model is presented that uses a multiplicative formulation to define a smooth (continuous derivative) failure surface that includes the third stress invariant. This formulation offers several advantages over previous cap model formulations: elimination of ‘corner’ coding, resulting in a numerical algorithm suitable for vectorization; a three stress invariant implementation that is easily specialized to classical failure surfaces or generalized to represent observed material response; and a framework for easily implementing additional model features such as kinematic hardening as demonstrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 735-758 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The unified three-dimensional (3D) critical state bounding-surface plasticity model gUTS enables clays, silts and sands to be treated within a single framework. Furthermore, loose and dense states of a particular soil subjected to a wide range of confinements are viewed as a single material defined by the same set of constants. The model is able to handle both monotonic and complex cyclic paths including those involving a rotation of the principal stress directions. The model incorporates the following features: combined use of radial and deviatoric mapping rules and the use of an apparent normal consolidation line for sands; use of a non-associated flow rule where the ratio of the rates of volumetric plastic strain to deviatoric plastic strain is a function only of the ratio of deviatoric to mean effective stresses and the Lode angle; adoption of a bi-linear critical state line projected onto the plane of the void ratio versus logarithm of mean effective stress; inclusion of a sub-elliptic, or super-elliptic, segment in the plastic dilatancy surface for stress ratios less than critical; use of elliptic segments in the deviatoric planes; movement of the projection centre in the deviatoric mapping region and incorporation of a plastic stiffening effect for cyclic paths which repeatedly load in the same deviatoric direction.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 863-880 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A direct time-domain numerical procedure is proposed to analyse the transient dynamic response of two-dimensional reservoir-dam-soil systems. The reservoir extends to infinity and the dam is supported by an unbounded soil. The structure with either linear or non-linear material properties is modelled by the Finite Element Method (FEM). The soil is assumed to be an elastic, isotropic and homogeneous half-space represented by a boundary condition in the form of generalized impedance determined by the transient Lamb's solution due to a uniformly distributed traction imposed on the free surface, Guan and Novak.1 Moreover, a technique is developed to include the influence of the reservoir on the dam in terms of nodal accelerations along their interface at different time steps. The advantages of the proposed procedure are obvious. For example, it avoids any additional discretization of the boundaries except the soil-dam interface, and the influence matrix of the fluid is obtained explicitly using shape functions defined at the upstream face of the dam without the finite analysis of the reservoir so that it works very efficiently. Numerical results for a system consisting of reservoir, elastic dam and foundation subjected to the San Fernando, 1971 earthquake ground motion are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 813-832 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The aim of the present paper is to numerically analyse the behaviour of frozen sand by using a viscoplastic constitutive model with strain softening. A constitutive model has been developed introducing the stress history tensor which is a functional of the stress history, with respect to a generalized time measure. It is shown that Adachi and Oka's model is applicable to the results of triaxial tests on a frozen Toyoura sand at different strain rates. First, the instability of the model is discussed within the framework of bifurcation theory. The model is then implemented into a FEM code to numerically simulate the behaviour under plane strain conditions. From the numerical results, it is revealed that the formation of shear bands is possible and the characteristics of strain localization, such as shear banding, depend on the strain rates.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 785-807 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An analytical solution for the wave-induced soil response is developed for a seabed of finite thickness subject to a three-dimensional (3-D) wave system produced by two intersecting waves of equal properties. These 3-D exact solutions for the pore pressure and effective stresses, proposed for a non-cohesive soil matrix of finite depth in a homogeneously unsaturated and anisotropic condition, are readily reducible to the limiting two-dimensional cases of progressive and standing waves, for which no explicit solutions are available for finite thickness. The effects of soil isotropy, degree of saturation, seabed thickness and grain size on the wave-induced pore pressure are discussed in detail. The explicit solutions presented in this study for the wave-induced pore pressure and effective stresses should benefit the laboratory experiments and field monitoring programs carried out in soil of finite depth.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 139-140 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The CamClay model has been extensively used in numerous research programmes for constitutive modelling in Soil Mechanics during the past quarter of a century. Several derivations of this model are now available and routinely used for numerical simulations in the geomechanical engineering field. However, to the authors' knowledge the thermodynamical basis of this model in its original form has never been established, at least in a modern thermodynamics framework. The thermodynamics principle proposed by Ziegler is very expedient for this purpose as the non-associated flow rule may be considered. This approach is applied to the CamClay model with the Roscoe dilatancy rule. A dissipation function and free energy are specified in terms of kinematic variables (i.e. state and internal variables), and the material response is derived entirely from these functions.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 161-175 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The paper examines the axisymmetric contact problem related to the indentation of a fluid saturated poroelastic layer by a smooth rigid punch. The layer rests in bonded contact with a rigid impermeable base and the surface of the layer is considered to be either permeable or impermeable. The paper develops the integral equations governing the problem for the generalized case where the pore fluid exhibits compressibility. The numerical results presented in the paper illustrate the influence of the relative layer thickness, drainage conditions and the compressibility of the pore fluid on the degree of consolidation settlement of the indenting punch.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 809-811 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 759-784 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A systematic calibration procedure for the constitutive model gUTS using conventional triaxial data for all but one of the material constants is described. Typical ranges for the constants for clay and sand are specified together with default values. When all default values are adopted, just eight material constants need to be determined (gUTS-lite). A comprehensive series of 49 simulations on clays, silt and sands in loose and dense states under a wide range of monotonic and cyclic stress paths, initial states and drainage conditions provide very satisfactory agreement with experimental results.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 417-426 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The paper deals with the analysis of excavations which are very long and can, for all practical purposes, be considered to be infinitely long. Special infinite finite and boundary elements are developed for the modelling of the infinitely long part of such excavations. Test examples are presented which show the accuracy which can be obtained by using these elements. Finally, examples of application in mining and petroleum engineering are shown.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 397-415 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The cyclic mobility behaviour of sand by the three-dimensional (3-D) strain space multimechanism model based on the micromechanics of granular material is investigated. The constitutive properties are characterized by the volumetric and shear mechanisms for the initial isotropic soil. The 3-D shear mechanism is decomposed into a number of microscopic plane-strain shear mechanisms in various orientations, each of which in turn consists of a number of microscopic simple shear mechanisms. Using an appropriate summation of mechanisms, the total deformation behaviour can be obtained by evaluating contributions from each mechanism. Based on the some assumptions, the dilatancy model proposed by Iai et al.1 is extended from the two-dimensional (2-D) space to the 3-D space. Comparisons of theoretically predicted results are made with experimental measurements.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 427-437 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Analytical solutions are developed for the prediction of the load-settlement response of a compressible axially loaded cast in situ pile in rock. The principal input parameters are derived from the τ-z curve which applies to the contact zone between the pile shaft and the embedment material. For larger diameter piles in rock, these τ-z curves can differ markedly from curves that apply to piles in clay and may include a significant strain hardening region prior to reaching peak strength. In addition to the complete analyses which would normally require the use of a computer, simplified solutions suitable for hand calculations have been derived for the peak load and the pile head displacement to peak. An example of the application of these simplified design calculations is presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 709-734 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A new type of indirect inverse analysis procedure is proposed to overcome the difficulties the geotechnical inverse analyses are encountering (such as unstability and non-uniqueness of the solutions as well as multicollinearity). These difficulties are eased by combining the objective information (i.e. the observation data) and the subjective information (i.e. the prior information) in an appropriate manner by so-called extended Bayesian method. The method is based on a new view on Bayesian model proposed by Akaike. The problem of model identification in the inverse analysis is also tackled by applying well-known AIC but of the Bayesian version. A case study on an embankment on soft clay is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the new method. A rather thorough review on the geotechnical inverse analysis is also presented to indicate the necessity of the proposed procedure. An appendix is attached to summarize the statistical background of the new method.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 519-522 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 581-584 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 601-617 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A new model for three-dimensional non-linear contact problems with irreversible friction is presented here for the interaction between the rock foundation and an arch dam structure. Based on the finite element method and load incremental theory, a constraint contact element with displacements and contact stresses as node parameters is developed. In this approach, four contact conditions are considered, i.e. fixed, slip, free and mixed. This model can simulate frictional slippage, decoupling and re-bonding of two bodies initially mating at a common interface or with any initial gaps. Furthermore boundary conditions for this element are discussed and treatment measures proposed. This method is shown to be effective and to have the advantage of being easily implemented into standard finite element programs. Solutions are obtained for a centrally loaded, simply supported composite beam and for an end-loaded elastica with initial gaps in regional contact with a rigid surface. The results obtained for these examples are compared to the plane stress solutions by contact friction analysis. As an application example, Quanshui arch dam located in Ruyuan County of Guangdong Province in southern China is simulated with the new element.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 641-652 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A mathematical and numerical approach for the description of creep and failure of coal around a longwall is given. Two coal strata are considered. They are assumed to be elasto-viscoplastic. The variation in time of the stress and displacement around the excavation, as well as the limit thickness of the upper stratum which would avoid failure was found.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 689-708 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Many methods have been proposed to model joints in rocks or the interface between soil and a structure. Many analysts have reported numerical problems when using zero thickness interface elements while others have presented satisfactory results without comment of such difficulties. The numerical behaviour of zero thickness interface elements is further investigated in this paper. Some simple examples illustrate the application of interface elements to practical situations and highlight the numerical difficulties that may be encountered. Both ill-conditioning of the stiffness matrix and high stress gradients were found to cause numerical instability. Ill-conditioning can be reduced by careful selection of the size of the 2D elements adjacent to the interface. The problem of steep stress gradients is entirely one of inadequate mesh design. Contrary to other reports, this paper shows that the Newton-Cotes integration scheme has no benefit over Gaussian integration.Analyses of a retaining wall using interface elements confirm the analytical values of active and passive earth pressure coefficients which are commonly used in analysis and design of retaining walls.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 659-667 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: We present solutions for the effective stress induced by gas flow through a porous solid into a borehole resulting from sudden pressure reduction. Tensile effective stress that exceeds the strength of the solid will lead to borehole failure. This has applications to the intentional creation of cavities, relevant to the efficient recovery of coalbed methane, and the avoidance of borehole stability problems in conventional gas production.
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