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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (739)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (373)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994
  • 1975-1979  (1,112)
  • 1976  (1,112)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994
  • 1975-1979  (1,112)
Year
  • 1
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    Sensitivity of solar-cell performance to atmospheric variables. 2: Dissimilar cells at several locations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26624.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 259-270
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  • 2
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    Problems in photoresponse distribution measurement (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Photoresponse distribution measurement by scanning a light spot across the surface of a semiconductor device is examined. The technqiue is used for solar cell characterization because the measured quantity is the direct expression of the distribution of the desired performance of the device. An apparatus for measuring the photoresponse distribution was set and used in the development of polysilicon thin film solar cells. A schmeatic diagram of the apparatus and an example of measurement are shown.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 355-362
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  • 3
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    On the determination of series resistance and diode quality factor of solar cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The series resistance and diode quality factor are used for evaluation of solar cell performance. These parameters are normally deduced from the terminal I-V characteristics under forward bias. The method produces a smaller series resistance and a larger value for diode quality factor than appropriate for the device when operating as a solar cell. It is suggested that the diode quality factor be determined from measured saturated photocurrent, open circuit voltage characteristics and the series resistance be measured with an r-f bridge or calculated from a measurement of the surface sheet resistance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 347-354
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  • 4
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    Silicon solar cell testing in concentrated sunlight and simulated sunlight (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: A method is described for testing silicon solar cells in concentrated sunlight and simulated sunlight. Concentrated sunlight is obtained by using an acrylic Fresnel lens; the simulated sunlight source is a short arc Xenon lamp. Average illumination levels during the tests are inferred from an assumed linear relationship between short circuit current and illumination. The linearity assumption is investigated for 0.3 alpha cm base resistivity silicon cells and found to be valid. Some typical results are presented to illustrate the type of information obtained during the testing.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 337-354
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  • 5
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    Indoor and outdoor measurements of performance of photovoltaic arrays (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26626.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 309-322
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  • 6
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    Recommendations for the performance rating of flat plate terrestrial photovoltaic solar panels (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: A review of recommendations for standardizing the performance rating of flat plate terrestrial solar panels is given to develop an international standard code of practice for performance rating. Required data to characterize the performance of a solar panel are listed. Other items discussed are: (1) basic measurement procedures; (2) performance measurement in natural sunlight and simulated sunlight; (3) standard solar cells; (4) the normal incidence method; (5) global method and (6) definition of peak power.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 323-336
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  • 7
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    Cell and module test procedures seen from the manufacturer and the user point of view (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The problems encountered by manufacturers and users of solar modules are summarized. Related measurement of the rated power of the module is included, and a temperature test is suggested to define the actual performance of a module. Other suggestions are given for environmental module and array tests.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 301-308
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  • 8
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    Introduction to basic solar cell measurements (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26625.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 275-300
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  • 9
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    Consideration of design and calibration of terrestrial reference solar cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26621.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 203-222
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  • 10
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    Sensitivity of solar cell performance to atmospheric variables. 1: Single cell (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26623.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 247-258
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  • 11
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    The effect of atmospheric parameters on silicon cell performance (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26619.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 93-108
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  • 12
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    Solar excitation of CdS/Cu2S photovoltaic cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Solar radiation of five typical clear weather days and under a variety of conditions is used to determine the spectral distribution of the photonflux at different planes of a CdS/Cu2S solar cell. The fractions of reflected and absorbed flux are determined at each of the relevant interfaces and active volume elements of the solar cell. The density of absorbed photons is given in respect to spectral and spatial distribution. The variance of the obtained distribution, with changes in insolation and absorption spectra of the active solar cell layers, is indicated. A catalog of typical examples is given in the appendix.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 109-150
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  • 13
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    Test facility for solar-cell reference conditions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26618.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 67-78
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  • 14
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    The effects of spectral variations on silicon cell output (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Spectral measurements of daily, total horizontal radiation were analyzed to determine the magnitude and character of the effects in silicon cell output. Data for different seasons and weather conditions are included. Techniques and results are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 79-92
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  • 15
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    Thermodynamic cycle analysis (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis was made of Rankine cycle efficiency in nuclear power plants with and without reheat capabilities. In addition, temperatures and pressures at certain selected locations were carried out to optimize plant efficiency. It was determined that plant efficiency without reheat was 39.03%, with reheat, a maximum efficiency of 4.44% was obtained at a pressure of 435.12 psia. Data also indicate efficiency appears to increase for pressures greater than 720 psia. However, higher pressures cannot be used because calculations indicate these pressure reheat temperatures exceed 1650 R, which is not allowed due to material limitations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 73-78
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  • 16
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    Solar central electric power generation - A baseline design (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents the conceptual technical baseline design of a solar electric power plant using the central receiver concept, and derives credible cost estimates from the baseline design. The major components of the plant - heliostats, tower, receiver, tower piping, and thermal storage - are discussed in terms of technical and cost information. The assumed peak plant output is 215 MW(e), over 4000 daylight hours. The contribution of total capital investment to energy cost is estimated to be about 55 mills per kwh in mid-1974 dollars.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 17
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    Prospects for pipeline delivery of hydrogen as a fuel and as a chemical feedstock (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The possibility of using hydrogen for storing and carrying energy obtained from nonfossil sources such as nuclear and solar energy is examined. According to the method proposed, these nonfossil raw energy sources will be used to obtain hydrogen from water by three basically distinct routes: (1) electrical generation followed by electrolysis; (2) thermochemical decomposition; and (3) direct neutron or ultraviolet irradiation of hydrogen bearing molecules. The hydrogen obtained will be transmitted in long-distance pipelines, and distributed to all energy-consuming sectors. As a fuel gas, hydrogen has many qualities similar to natural gas and with only minor modifications, it can be transmitted and distributed in the same equipment, and can be burned in the same appliances as natural gas. Hydrogen can also be used as a clean fuel (water is the only combustion product) for automobiles, fleet vehicles, and aircraft.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: American Gas Association Monthly; 58; Nov. 197
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  • 18
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    Design application using solar energy to control the environment in a major office building (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 19
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    The dilemma of future electric power demand (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Dim prospects are held out for continued exponential growth rates in the generation and use of electric power worldwide and in many local areas, extrapolating from current trends and common projections. While acknowledging the unique advantages of electric power use, the article points out the 30% level of efficiency in conversion of other forms of energy to electrical energy, with huge volumes of wasted energy plus thermal pollution. Even growth at a fixed rate is found problematical, with future needs exhausting water and land resources and fossil fuels in time. Alleviation of the situation by shifting much of the load to still unproven technologies is considered cautiously
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy Quarterly; 6; Apr. 1
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  • 20
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    Clean fuels from biomass (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses the U.S. resources to provide fuels from agricultural products, the present status of conversion technology of clean fuels from biomass, and a system study directed to determine the energy budget, and environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Conversion processes are discussed relative to pyrolysis and anaerobic fermentation. Pyrolysis breaks the cellulose molecules to smaller molecules under high temperature in the absence of oxygen, wheras anaerobic fermentation is used to convert biomass to methane by means of bacteria. Cost optimization and energy utilization are also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy Quarterly; 6; Jan. 1
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  • 21
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    Dynamic modeling for evaluation of solar collector performance (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Dynamic modeling is being developed to provide a tool for systematic analysis of performance characteristics in energy systems where time-dependent behavior is important. A dynamic model program designed to aid in the understanding of solar collector behavior over the full range of operating conditions was constructed and tested in the evaluation of a conceptual collector design.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 141-146
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  • 22
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    Mechanical design (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Design concepts for a 1000 mw thermal stationary power plant employing the UF6 fueled gas core breeder reactor are examined. Three design combinations-gaseous UF6 core with a solid matrix blanket, gaseous UF6 core with a liquid blanket, and gaseous UF6 core with a circulating blanket were considered. Results show the gaseous UF6 core with a circulating blanket was best suited to the power plant concept.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 90-105
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  • 23
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    Background (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis was made of the UF6 fueled gas core reactor as a function of cavity reactor criticality and fluid mechanics tests, investigations of uranium optical emission spectra, and radiant heat transfer power plant studies. Data are also given on nuclear and thermodynamic cycle analysis.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 6-33
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  • 24
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    The thermal efficiency and cost of producing hydrogen and other synthetic aircraft fuels from coal (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A comparison is made of the cost and thermal efficiency of producing liquid hydrogen, liquid methane and synthetic aviation kerosene from coal. These results are combined with estimates of the cost and energy losses associated with transporting, storing, and transferring the fuels to aircraft. The results of hydrogen-fueled and kerosene-fueled aircraft performance studies are utilized to compare the economic viability and efficiency of coal resource utilization of synthetic aviation fuels.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. First World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 3; 28 p
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  • 25
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    Solar radiation measurement - Techniques and instrumentation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A general survey is presented of solar radiation measurement, techniques, and instrumentation. The importance of determining the total and spectral irradiance of the sun is examined in the context of the energy crisis and utilization of solar energy. The survey includes the extraterrestrial solar fluxes, their possible variations, problems relating to energy received by collecting surfaces on the ground, major types of instrumentation, and the radiation scales to which the measurements are referred. The type of insolation data available is reviewed. Alternate techniques of deriving insolation data with high space-time resolution are discussed with reference to solar energy conversion requirements. Energy received on the ground can be computed from known values of the extraterrestrial solar spectrum and of the spectral absorption parameters of the atmosphere. Another technique is based on measurements made by meteorological satellites of the cloud-cover and of the solar energy reflected and scattered back to space by the earth-atmosphere system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 26
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    Thermal alteration of young kerogen in relation to petroleum genesis (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Kerogen, humic acid, and lipid material were separated from a young marine sediment and heated in sealed tubes in a nitrogen atmosphere at 150 and 410 C. Gaseous and liquid products generated during heating, and also the residual organic material, were characterized by gas-liquid chromatography, elemental analysis, infrared and electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Nature; 264; Nov. 25
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  • 27
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    Thermodynamic analysis of alternate energy carriers, hydrogen and chemical heat pipes (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Hydrogen and chemical heat pipes were proposed as methods of transporting energy from a primary energy source (nuclear, solar) to the user. In the chemical heat pipe system, primary energy is transformed into the energy of a reversible chemical reaction; the chemical species are then transmitted or stored until the energy is required. Analysis of thermochemical hydrogen schemes and chemical heat pipe systems on a second law efficiency or available work basis show that hydrogen is superior especially if the end use of the chemical heat pipe is electrical power.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. 1st World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 2; 15 p
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  • 28
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    Energy storage possibilities of atomic hydrogen (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Several recent experiments designed to produce and store macroscopic quantities of atomic hydrogen are discussed. The bulk, ground state properties of atomic hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium systems are calculated assuming that all pair interactions occur via the atomic triplet potential. The conditions required to obtain this system, including inhibition of recombination through the energetically favorable singlet interaction, are discussed. The internal energy, pressure, and compressibility are calculated applying the Monte Carlo technique with a quantum mechanical variational wavefunction. The system studied consisted of 32 atoms in a box with periodic boundary conditions. Results show that atomic triplet hydrogen and deuterium remain gaseous at 0 K; i.e., the internal energy is positive at all molar volumes considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. First World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 3; 18 p
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  • 29
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    Some early perspectives on ground requirements of liquid hydrogen air transports (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The introduction of liquid hydrogen as a fuel for large, long haul air transports requires an integrated approach involving the air terminal authorities and the liquid hydrogen suppliers, as well as the airline operators and the air transport manufacturers. To illustrate the scope of the requirements necessary to support large air transports at the air terminals, perspectives are drawn to surface some concerns each of the principals may have to face, and to identify those that will require cooperative efforts to obtain integrated solutions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. First World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 3; 24 p
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  • 30
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    A two-dimensional finite difference solution for the transient thermal behavior of tubular solar collector (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A numerical procedure was established using the finite-difference technique in the determination of the time-varying temperature distribution of a tubular solar collector under changing solar radiancy and ambient temperature. Three types of spatial discretization processes were considered and compared for their accuracy of computations and for selection of the shortest computer time and cost. The stability criteria of this technique was analyzed in detail to give the critical time increment to ensure stable computations. The results of the numerical analysis were in good agreement with the analytical solution previously reported. The numerical method proved to be a powerful tool in the investigation of the collector sensitivity to two different flow patterns and several flow control mechanisms.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 110-127
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  • 31
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    High-efficiency solar concentrator (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A new type of solar concentrator is presented using liquid lenses and simple translational tracking mechanism. The concentrator achieves a 100:1 nominal concentration ratio and is compared in performance with a flat-plate collector having two sheets of glazing and non-selective coating. The results of the thermal analysis show that higher temperatures can be obtained with the concentrator than is possible with the non-concentrator flat-plate type. Furthermore, the thermal efficiency far exceeds that of the comparative flat-plate type for all operating conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 99-109
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  • 32
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    Public policy for solar heating and cooling (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent analyses indicated that solar heating and cooling systems for residential buildings are nearly economically competitive with conventional fossil fuel or electric systems, the former having higher initial cost but a lower operating cost than the latter. The paper examines obstacles to the widespread acceptance and use of solar space conditioning systems and explores some general policies which could help to overcome them. The discussion covers such institutional barriers limiting the adoption of solar technologies as existing building codes, financing constraints, and organizational structure of the building industry. The potential impact of financial incentives is analyzed. It is noted that a tax incentive of 25% could speed the use of solar energy by 7 to 8 years and produce an 8% reduction in fossil fuel use by 1990. A preliminary incentive package which could be helpful in promoting solar energy both at federal and state levels is proposed, and the necessary incentive level is analysed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists; 32; Oct. 197
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  • 33
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    Toward a mathematical model of solar radiation for engineering analysis of solar energy systems (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The currently most-used insolation model and what improvements might be made in it to better suit it for use in designing energy systems is discussed. An approach to constructing an upgraded model is sketched.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 147-151
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  • 34
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    High performance flat plate solar collector (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The potential use of porous construction is presented to achieve efficient heat removal from a power producing solid and is applied to solar air heaters. Analytical solutions are given for the temperature distribution within a gas-cooled porous flat plate having its surface exposed to the sun's energy. The extracted thermal energy is calculated for two different types of plate transparency. Results show the great improvement in performance obtained with porous flat plate collectors as compared with analogous nonporous types.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 90-99
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  • 35
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    Nuclear analysis (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The MACH-1 and the THERMOS codes and their use as computational tools in nuclear analysis are examined. One dimensional survey calculations were carried out for a UF fueled core surrounded by a molten blanket; two dimensional calculations were made later with r-z geometry using the EXTERMINATOR program. Results and comparisons of the calculations are given in tabular form.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 46-72
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  • 36
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    Heat transfer and fluid flow (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Heat transfer and flow characteristics of UF6 flowing in a gas core reactor were analyzed through solution of the energy equation. The thermal-physical properties of UF6 are given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 73-78
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  • 37
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    Status of photoelectrochemical production of hydrogen and electrical energy (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The efficiency for conversion of electromagnetic energy to chemical and electrical energy utilizing semiconductor single crystals as photoanodes in electrochemical cells was investigated. Efficiencies as high as 20 percent were achieved for the conversion of 330 nm radiation to chemical energy in the form of hydrogen by the photoelectrolysis of water in a SrTiO3 based cell. The SrTiO3 photoanodes were shown to be stable in 9.5 M NaOH solutions for periods up to 48 hours. Efficiencies of 9 percent were measured for the conversion of broadband visible radiation to hydrogen using n-type GaAs crystals as photoanodes. Crystals of GaAs coated with 500 nm of gold, silver, or tin for surface passivation show no significant change in efficiency. By suppressing the production of hydrogen in a CdSe-based photogalvanic cell, an efficiency of 9 percent was obtained in conversion of 633 nm light to electrical energy. A CdS-based photogalvanic cell produced a conversion efficiency of 5 percent for 500 nm radiation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Princeton Univ. Partially Ionized Plasmas, Including the 3rd Symp. on Uranium Plasmas; p 244-247
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    ERDA-NASA wind energy project ready to involve users (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The NASA contribution to the Wind Energy Project is discussed. NASA is responsible for the following: (1) identification of cost-effective configurations and sizes of wind-conversion systems, (2) the development of technology needed to produce these systems, (3) the design of wind-conversion systems that are compatible with user requirements, particularly utility networks, and (4) technology transfer obtained from the program to stimulate rapid commercial application of wind systems. Various elements of the NASA program are outlined, including industry-built user operation, the evaluation phase, the proposed plan and schedule for site selection and user involvement, supporting research and technology (e.g., energy storage), and component and subsystem technology development.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy; 1; Winter 1
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  • 39
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    Theoretical optimization and parametric study of n-on-p Al/x/Ga/1-x/As-GaAs graded band-gap solar cell (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A comprehensive theoretical model of the graded band-gap Al(x)Ga(1-x)As-GaAs solar cell is used to optimize the n-on-p cell. The model includes power losses due to surface, bulk, and junction minority-carrier recombination, series resistance, and photon reflection from an SiO antireflection coating of optimum thickness. The optimized cell has a junction depth/graded band-gap layer thickness of 1.0 micron, respective donor and acceptor concentrations of 4 x 10 to the 17th power and 2 x 10 to the 17th power per cu cm, and a surface AlAs mode fraction of x = 0.35. The optimized graded band-gap cell has an air-mass-zero efficiency of 17.7% (not corrected for a 13% front surface contact area) and is shown to be less sensitive than a similar n-on-p GaAs cell to material degradation in the form of decreased minority-carrier diffusion lengths and increased surface-recombination velocity
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 47; July 197
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  • 40
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    Materials considerations for the gas core breeder reactor (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The selection of materials for gas core breeder reactor fuel, blanket, core liner, pressure vessel, system piping, and turbine blades was discussed. System design properties are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 34-45
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  • 41
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    A study of efficiency in low resistivity silicon solar cells (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A general device-analysis program has been utilized to study the efficiency of silicon solar cells. The analysis is applied to specific geometries of both n(+)-p and n(+)-p-p(+) solar cells, and involves a numerical solution of the basic transport and continuity equations. This approach allows solutions that are free of typical limiting assumptions involved in solving the device equations as well as solutions relating to lifetime, mobility variations, and diffused-region profiles. The analysis includes available empirical information on diffusion length, mobility, and lifetime as a function of doping, as well as a Gaussian profile for the diffused region. Results are presented which illustrate the limitations of efficiency as a function of doping. It is found that the maximum efficiencies for both types of cell converge at lower resistivities to around 16% with air-mass-zero radiation and a single-layer absorbing-SiO antireflecting film. It is also found that the minority-carrier lifetime, both in the n(+) surface and p-type bulk regions, presents serious limitations to conversion efficiency, particularly in the low-resistivity cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solid-State Electronics; 19; Feb. 197
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  • 42
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    The moon base power satellite: A preliminary analysis (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 124-128
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  • 43
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    Solar hot water systems application to the solar building test facility and the Tech House (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Projects which relate to the current national thrust toward demonstrating applied solar energy are discussed. The first project has as its primary objective the application of a system comprised of a flat plate collector field, an absorption air conditioning system, and a hot water heating system to satisfy most of the annual cooling and heating requirements of a large commercial office building. The other project addresses the application of solar collector technology to the heating and hot water requirements of a domestic residence. In this case, however, the solar system represents only one of several important technology items, the primary objective for the project being the application of space technology to the American home.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 3; p 1237-1246
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  • 44
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    Solar energy storage and utilization (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A method of storing solar energy in the ground for heating residential buildings is described. The method would utilize heat exchanger pipes with a circulating fluid to transfer the energy beneath the surface as well as to extract the stored energy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 3; p 1235-1246
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  • 45
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    Shape optimization of disc-type flywheels (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Techniques were developed for presenting an analytical and graphical means for selecting an optimum flywheel system design, based on system requirements, geometric constraints, and weight limitations. The techniques for creating an analytical solution are formulated from energy and structural principals. The resulting flywheel design relates stress and strain pattern distribution, operating speeds, geometry, and specific energy levels. The design techniques incorporate the lowest stressed flywheel for any particular application and achieve the highest specific energy per unit flywheel weight possible. Stress and strain contour mapping and sectional profile plotting reflect the results of the structural behavior manifested under rotating conditions. This approach toward flywheel design is applicable to any metal flywheel, and permits the selection of the flywheel design to be based solely on the criteria of the system requirements that must be met, those that must be optimized, and those system parameters that may be permitted to vary.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL 10th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 38-51
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  • 46
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    Central Data Processing System (CDPS) user's manual: Solar heating and cooling program (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The software and data base management system required to assess the performance of solar heating and cooling systems installed at multiple sites is presented. The instrumentation data associated with these systems is collected, processed, and presented in a form which supported continuity of performance evaluation across all applications. The CDPS consisted of three major elements: communication interface computer, central data processing computer, and performance evaluation data base. Users of the performance data base were identified, and procedures for operation, and guidelines for software maintenance were outlined. The manual also defined the output capabilities of the CDPS in support of external users of the system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-150580 , IBM-7933252
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  • 47
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    Space electric power design study (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The conversion of laser energy to electrical energy is discussed. Heat engines in which the laser heats the gas inside the engine through a window as well as heat engines in which the gas is heated by a thermal energy storage reservoir which has been heated by laser radiation are both evaluated, as well as the necessary energy storage, transmission and conversion components needed for a full system. Preliminary system concepts are presented and a recommended development program is outlined. It appears possible that a free displacer Stirling engine operating directly a linear electric generator can convert 65% of the incident laser energy into electricity.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-152031
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  • 48
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    Installation package - SIMS prototype system 1A (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This report consists of details for the installation, operation and maintenance of a prototype heating and hot water system, designed for residential or light commercial applications. This system consists of the following subsystems: air type collectors, pebble bed thermal storage, air handling unit, air to water heat exchanger, hot water preheat tank, auxiliary energy, ducting system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-150524
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  • 49
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    Application of solar energy to air conditioning systems (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of a survey of solar energy system applications of air conditioning are summarized. Techniques discussed are both solar powered (absorption cycle and the heat engine/Rankine cycle) and solar related (heat pump). Brief descriptions of the physical implications of various air conditioning techniques, discussions of status, proposed technological improvements, methods of utilization and simulation models are presented, along with an extensive bibliography of related literature.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-150532 , IBM-76W-0122
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  • 50
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    Design study of wind turbines 50 kW to 3000 kW for electric utility applications. Volume 3: Supplementary design and analysis tasks (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Additional design and analysis data are provided to supplement the results of the two parallel design study efforts. The key results of the three supplemental tasks investigated are: (1) The velocity duration profile has a significant effect in determining the optimum wind turbine design parameters and the energy generation cost. (2) Modest increases in capacity factor can be achieved with small increases in energy generation costs and capital costs. (3) Reinforced concrete towers that are esthetically attractive can be designed and built at a cost comparable to those for steel truss towers. The approach used, method of analysis, assumptions made, design requirements, and the results for each task are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-135121 , ERDA/NASA-9403/76/3-VOL-3
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  • 51
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    Design study of wind turbines 50 kW to 3000 kW for electric utility applications. Volume 2: Analysis and design (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: All possible overall system configurations, operating modes, and subsystem concepts for a wind turbine configuration for cost effective generation of electrical power were evaluated for both technical feasibility and compatibility with utility networks, as well as for economic attractiveness. A design optimization computer code was developed to determine the cost sensitivity of the various design features, and thus establish the configuration and design conditions that would minimize the generated energy costs. The preliminary designs of both a 500 kW unit and a 1500 kW unit operating in a 12 mph and 18 mph median wind speed respectively, were developed. The various design features and components evaluated are described, and the rationale employed to select the final design configuration is given. All pertinent technical performance data and component cost data is included. The costs of all major subassemblies are estimated and the resultant energy costs for both the 500 kW and 1500 kW units are calculated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134935 , ERDA/NASA-9403/76/2-VOL-2 , GE-SD-76SDS4288-VOL-2
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  • 52
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    Design study of wind turbines 50 kW to 3000 kW for electric utility applications. Volume 1: Summary report (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Wind turbine configurations that would lead to generation of electrical power in a cost effective manner were considered. All possible overall system configurationss, operating modes, and sybsystem concepts were evaluated for both technical feasibility and compatibility with utility networks, as well as for economic attractiveness. A design optimization computer code was developed to determine the cost sensitivity of the various design features, and thus establish the configuration and design conditions that would minimize the generated energy costs. The preliminary designs of both a 500 kW unit and a 1500 kW unit operating in a 12 mph and 18 mph median wind speed respectively, were developed. The rationale employed and the key findings are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134934 , ERDA/NASA-9403/76/1-VOL-1 , DOC-76SDS4287-VOL-1
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  • 53
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    Building application of solar energy. Study no. 4: Scenarios for the utilization of solar energy in southern California buildings, change 1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Plausible future market scenarios for solar heating and cooling systems into buildings in the area served by the Southern California Edison Company. A range of plausible estimates for the number of solar systems which might be installed and the electrical energy which might be displaced by energy from these systems are provided. The effect on peak electrical load was not explicitly calculated but preliminary conclusions concerning peak load can be inferred from the estimates presented. Two markets are investigated: the single family market and the large power commercial market.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-155326 , JPL-5040-10
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    Development of high efficiency, radiation tolerant, thin silicon solar cell (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-149848 , QR-1
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  • 55
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    Preliminary design review package for the solar heating and cooling central data processing system (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Central Data Processing System (CDPS) is designed to transform the raw data collected at remote sites into performance evaluation information for assessing the performance of solar heating and cooling systems. Software requirements for the CDPS are described. The programming standards to be used in development, documentation, and maintenance of the software are discussed along with the CDPS operations approach in support of daily data collection and processing.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-150594 , IBM-76W-0060
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  • 56
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    Hydrogen rich gas generator (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A process and apparatus is described for producing a hydrogen rich gas by introducing a liquid hydrocarbon fuel in the form of a spray into a partial oxidation region and mixing with a mixture of steam and air that is preheated by indirect heat exchange with the formed hydrogen rich gas, igniting the hydrocarbon fuel spray mixed with the preheated mixture of steam and air within the partial oxidation region to form a hydrogen rich gas.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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    An inexpensive economical solar heating system for homes (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A low-cost solar home heating system to supplement existing warm-air heating systems is described. The report is written in three parts: (1) a brief background on solar heating, (2) experience with a demonstration system, and (3) information for the homeowner who wishes to construct such a system. Instructions are given for a solar heating installation in which the homeowner supplies all labor necessary to install off-the-shelf components estimated to cost $2,000. These components, which include solar collector, heat exchanger, water pump, storage tank, piping, and controls to make the system completely automatic, are available at local lumber yards, hardware stores, and plumbing supply stores, and are relatively simple to install. Manufacturers and prices of each component used and a rough cost analysis based on these prices are included. This report also gives performance data obtained from a demonstration system which was built and tested at the Langley Research Center.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3294 , L-10451
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  • 58
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    Laser-zone growth in a Ribbon-To-Ribbon (RTR) process, silicon sheet growth development for the large area silicon sheet task of the low cost silicon solar array project (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The objective of this research is to fully investigate the Ribbon-To-Ribbon (R-T-R) approach to silicon ribbon growth. Initial work has concentrated on modification and characterization of an existing R-T-R apparatus. In addition, equipment for auxiliary heating of the melt is being evaluated and acquired. Modification of the remote viewing system and mechanical staging are nearly complete. Characterization of the laser and other components is in progress and several auxiliary heating techniques are being investigated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-148316 , TQR-1 , MOTOROLA-2256/1 , ERDA/JPL-954376-76/1
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    Accelerated test program for sealed nickel-cadmium spacecraft batteries/cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility was examined of inducing an accelerated test on sealed Nickel-Cadmium batteries or cells as a tool for spacecraft projects and battery users to determine: (1) the prediction of life capability; (2) a method of evaluating the effect of design and component changes in cells; and (3) a means of reducing time and cost of cell testing.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-148209 , WQEC/C-76-8
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  • 60
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    Evaluation program for secondary spacecraft cells: Initial evaluation tests of General Electric Company 12.0 ampere-hour nickel-cadmium spacecraft cells for the international ultraviolet explorer (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An evaluation test program was conducted to insure that all cells put into the life cycle program are of high quality by the screening of cells found to have electrolyte leakage, internal shorts, low capacity, or inability of any cell to recover its open-circuit voltage above 1.150 volts during the internal short test. The 20 cells were manufactured for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The cells are from a lot of 175 cells procured for the International Ultraviolet Explorer project. Due to a change in requirements, the project selected to use 6.0 ampere-hour cells. Therefore, the remaining cells of this lot have been placed in storage at GSFC for use on a future GSFC project. All the cells are rated at 12.0 ampere-hours and contain double ceramic seals. Test limits specify those values in which a cell is to be terminated from a particular charge or discharge. Requirements are referred to as normally expected values based on past performance of aerospace nickel cadmium cells with demonstrated life characteristics.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-148190 , WQEC/C-76-89
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    Cycle life test. Evaluation program for secondary spacecraft cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Considerable research is being done to find more efficient and reliable means of starting electrical energy for orbiting satellites. Rechargeable cells offer one such means. A test program is described which has been established in order to further the evaluation of certain types of cells and to obtain performance and failure data as an aid to their continued improvement. The purpose of the program is to determine the cycling performance capabilities of packs of cells under different load and temperature conditions. The various kinds of cells tested were nickel-cadmium, silver-cadmium, and silver-zinc sealed cells. A summary of the results of the life cycling program is given in this report.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-148208 , WQEC/C-76-5 , AR-12
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    Optimization of contaminated oxide inversion layer solar cell (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Contaminated oxide cells have been fabricated with efficiencies of 8.6% with values of I sub sc = 120 ma, V sub oc = .54 volts, and curve factor of .73. Attempts to optimize the fabrication step to yield a higher output have not been successful. The fundamental limitation is the inadequate antireflection coating afforded by the silicon dioxide coating used to hold the contaminating ions. Coatings of SiO, therefore, were used to obtain a good antireflection coating, but the thinness of the coatings prevented a large concentration of the contaminating ions, and the cells was weak. Data of the best cell were .52 volts V sub oc, 110 ma I sub sc, .66 CFF and 6.7% efficiency.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-148150
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 7: Metal vapor Rankine topping-steam bottoming cycles (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Adding a metal vapor Rankine topper to a steam cycle was studied as a way to increase the mean temperature at which heat is added to the cycle to raise the efficiency of an electric power plant. Potassium and cesium topping fluids were considered. Pressurized fluidized bed or pressurized (with an integrated low-Btu gasifier) boilers were assumed. Included in the cycles was a pressurizing gas turbine with its associated recuperator, and a gas economizer and feedwater heater. One of the ternary systems studied shows plant efficiency of 42.3% with a plant capitalization of $66.7/kW and a cost of electricity of 8.19 mills/MJ (29.5 mills/kWh).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134941-VOL-7 , REPT-76-9E9-ECAS-RLV.7-VOL-7
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 12: Fuel cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A parametric assessment of four fuel cell power systems -- based on phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide, molten carbonate, and stabilized zirconia -- has shown that the most important parameters for electricity-cost reduction and/or efficiency improvement standpoints are fuel cell useful life and power density, use of a waste-heat recovery system, and fuel type. Typical capital costs, overall energy efficiencies (based on the heating value of the coal used to produce the power plant fuel), and electricity costs are: phosphoric acid $350-450/kWe, 24-29%, and 11.7 to 13.9 mills/MJ (42 to 50 mills/kWh); alkaline $450-700/kWe, 26-31%, and 12.8 to 16.9 mills/MJ (46 to 61 mills/kWh); molten carbonate $480-650/kWe, 32-46%, and 10.6 to 19.4 mills/MJ (38 to 70 mills/kWh), stabilized zirconia $420-950/kWe, 26-53%, and 9.7 to 16.9 mills/MJ (35 to 61 mills/kWh). Three types of fuel cell power plants -- solid electrolytic with steam bottoming, molten carbonate with steam bottoming, and solid electrolyte with an integrated coal gasifier -- are recommended for further study.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134941-VOL-12 , REPT-76-9E9-ECAS-RLV.12-VOL-12
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 11: Advanced steam systems (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A parametric analysis was made of three types of advanced steam power plants that use coal in order to have a comparison of the cost of electricity produced by them a wide range of primary performance variables. Increasing the temperature and pressure of the steam above current industry levels resulted in increased energy costs because the cost of capital increased more than the fuel cost decreased. While the three plant types produced comparable energy cost levels, the pressurized fluidized bed boiler plant produced the lowest energy cost by the small margin of 0.69 mills/MJ (2.5 mills/kWh). It is recommended that this plant be designed in greater detail to determine its cost and performance more accurately than was possible in a broad parametric study and to ascertain problem areas which will require development effort. Also considered are pollution control measures such as scrubbers and separates for particulate emissions from stack gases.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134941-VOL-11 , REPT-76-9E9-ECAS-RLV.11-VOL-11
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 8: Open-cycle MHD (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Electric power plant costs and efficiencies are presented for three basic open-cycle MHD systems: (1) direct coal fired system, (2) a system with a separately fired air heater, and (3) a system burning low-Btu gas from an integrated gasifier. Power plant designs were developed corresponding to the basic cases with variation of major parameters for which major system components were sized and costed. Flow diagrams describing each design are presented. A discussion of the limitations of each design is made within the framework of the assumptions made.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134941-VOL-8 , REPT-76-9E9-ECAS-RLV.8-VOL-8
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 9: Closed-cycle MHD (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A closed-cycle MHD system for an electric power plant was studied. It consists of 3 interlocking loops, an external heating loop, a closed-cycle cesium seeded argon nonequilibrium ionization MHD loop, and a steam bottomer. A MHD duct maximum temperature of 2366 K (3800 F), a pressure of 0.939 MPa (9.27 atm) and a Mach number of 0.9 are found to give a topping cycle efficiency of 59.3%; however when combined with an integrated gasifier and optimistic steam bottomer the coal to bus bar efficiency drops to 45.5%. A 1978 K (3100 F) cycle has an efficiency of 55.1% and a power plant efficiency of 42.2%. The high cost of the external heating loop components results in a cost of electricity of 21.41 mills/MJ (77.07 mills/kWh) for the high temperature system and 19.0 mills/MJ (68.5 mills/kWh) for the lower temperature system. It is, therefore, thought that this cycle may be more applicable to internally heated systems such as some futuristic high temperature gas cooled reactor.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134941-VOL-9 , REPT-76-9E9-ECAS-RLV.9-VOL-9
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  • 68
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 2: Materials considerations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Extensive studies are presented which were carried out on materials behavior in nine advanced energy conversion systems employing coal and coal-derived fuels. The areas of materials behavior receiving particular attention in this regard are: (1) fireside corrosion and erosion in boiler and heat exchanger materials, (2) oxidation and hot corrosion of gas turbine materials, (3) liquid metal corrosion and mass transport, (4) high temperature steam corrosion, (5) compatability of materials with coal slag and MHD seed, (6) reaction of materials with impure helium, (7) allowable stresses for boiler and heat exchanger materials, (8) environmental effects on mechanical properties, and (9) liquid metal purity control and instrumentation. Such information was then utilized in recommending materials for use in the critical components of the power systems, and at the same time to identify materials problem areas and to evaluate qualitatively the difficulty of solving those problems. Specific materials recommendations for critical components of the nine advanced systems under study are contained in summary tables.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134941-VOL-2 , REPT-76-9E9-ECAS-RLV.2-VOL-2
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  • 69
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    Investigation of storage system designs and techniques for optimizing energy conservation in integrated utility systems. Volume 2: (Application of energy storage to IUS) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The applicability of energy storage devices to any energy system depends on the performance and cost characteristics of the larger basic system. A comparative assessment of energy storage alternatives for application to IUS which addresses the systems aspects of the overall installation is described. Factors considered include: (1) descriptions of the two no-storage IUS baselines utilized as yardsticks for comparison throughout the study; (2) discussions of the assessment criteria and the selection framework employed; (3) a summary of the rationale utilized in selecting water storage as the primary energy storage candidate for near term application to IUS; (4) discussion of the integration aspects of water storage systems; and (5) an assessment of IUS with water storage in alternative climates.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-147592
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  • 70
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    Investigation of storage system designs and techniques for optimizing energy conservation in integrated utility systems. Volume 1: (Executive summary) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Integrated Utility Systems (IUS) have been suggested as a means of reducing the cost and conserving the nonrenewable energy resources required to supply utility services (energy, water, and waste disposal) to developments of limited size. The potential for further improving the performance and reducing the cost of IUS installations through the use of energy storage devices is examined and the results are summarized. Candidate energy storage concepts in the general areas of thermal, inertial, superconducting magnetic, electrochemical, chemical, and compressed air energy storage are assessed and the storage of thermal energy as the sensible heat of water is selected as the primary candidate for near term application to IUS.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-147591
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  • 71
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    Fabrication and assembly of the ERDA/NASA 100 kilowatt experimental wind turbine (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: As part of the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) wind-energy program, NASA Lewis Research Center has designed and built an experimental 100-kW wind turbine. The two-bladed turbines drives a synchronous alternator that generates its maximum output of 100 kW of electrical power in a 29-km/hr (18-mph) wind. The design and assembly of the wind turbine were performed at Lewis from components that were procured from industry. The machine was installed atop the tower on September 3, 1975.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3390 , E-8663
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  • 72
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    Model for Calculating Electrolytic Shunt Path Losses in Large Electrochemical Energy Conversion Systems (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Generalized analysis and solution techniques were developed to evaluate the shunt power losses in electrochemical systems designed with a common or circulating electrolyte supply. Sample data are presented for a hypothetical bulk energy storage redox system, and the general applicability of the analysis technique is discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3359 , E-8501
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  • 73
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    A theoretical study of heterojunction and graded band gap type solar cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The theory of heterojunction and graded bandgap solar cells was studied to help determine the material compositions and device dimensions needed for high efficiency solar cells. Because of the involved analysis of the fundamental equations describing solar cell operation, a general numerical device analysis program was used. A major part of the initial work was involved in modifying an existing silicon solar cell analysis program to account for the unique features of graded bandgap and heterojunction solar cells. The most successful III-V solar cells have so far been constructed in the GaAs and Gal-xAlxAs material systems; this project was concerned with such solar cells. The most efficient solar cell so far evaluated is an abrupt heterojunction cell with a pure AlAs layer at the surface with a GaAs substrate. The predicted efficiency for this cell is slightly larger than that of a graded bandgap Gal-xAlxAs solar cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-146840
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  • 74
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    On the thermoelastic analysis of solar cell arrays and related material properties (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Accurate prediction of failure of solar cell arrays requires accuracy in the computation of thermally induced stresses. This was accomplished by using the finite element technique. Improved procedures for stress calculation were introduced together with failure criteria capable of describing a wide range of ductile and brittle material behavior. The stress distribution and associated failure mechanisms in the N-interconnect junction of two solar cell designs were then studied. In such stress and failure analysis, it is essential to know the thermomechanical properties of the materials involved. Measurements were made of properties of materials suitable for the design of lightweight arrays: microsheet-0211 glass material for the solar cell filter, and Kapton-H, Kapton F, Teflon, Tedlar, and Mica Ply PG-402 for lightweight substrates. The temperature-dependence of the thermal coefficient of expansion for these materials was determined together with other properties such as the elastic moduli, Poisson's ratio, and the stress-strain behavior up to failure.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-146579 , JPL-TM-33-753
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  • 75
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    Comparison of type A and C Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) as cover materials for silicon solar cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Fluorinated ethylene propylene film (FEP, 0.0127 cm thick) was heat and pressure laminated to silicon solar cells as a low cost substitute for quartz covers. The FEP-C, treated on one side for bonding, was compared to FEP-A, an untreated FEP. With FEP-A, a silane adhesion promoter was applied to the cells. The FEP-C covers delaminated during accelerated temperature-humidity testing and Earth environmental exposure testing; FEP-A covers were unchanged. No differences were observed in peel tests, but FEP-A is superior in its resistance to tearing and in retention of transmission properties after exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3375 , E-8597
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  • 76
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    Preliminary assessment of systems for deriving liquid and gaseous fuels from waste or grown organics (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The overall feasibility of the chemical conversion of waste or grown organic matter to fuel is examined from the technical, economic, and social viewpoints. The energy contribution from a system that uses waste and grown organic feedstocks is estimated as 4 to 12 percent of our current energy consumption. Estimates of today's market prices for these fuels are included. Economic and social issues are as important as technology in determining the feasibility of such a proposal. An orderly program of development and demonstration is recommended to provide reliable data for an assessment of the viability of the proposal.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-8165 , E-8463
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  • 77
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    Development of a high efficiency thin silicon solar cell (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: One hundred thin (120 microns to 260 microns) silicon-aluminum solar cells were fabricated and tested. Silicon slices were prepared, into which an aluminum alloy was evaporated over a range of temperatures and times. Antireflection coatings of tantalum oxide were applied to the cells. Reflectance of the silicon-aluminum interfaces was correlated to alloy temperature (graphs are shown). Optical measurements of the rear surface-internal reflectance of the cells were performed using a Beckman spectrophotometer. An improved gridline pattern was evaluated and stability tests (thermal cycling tests) were performed. Results show that: (1) a high-index, high-transmittance antireflection coating was obtained; (2) the improved metallization of the cells gave a 60 percent rear surface-internal reflectance, and the cells displayed excellent fill factors and blue response of the spectrum; (3) an improved gridline pattern (5 micron linewidths compared to 13 micron linewidths) resulted in a 1.3 percent improvement in short circuit currents; and (4) the stability tests showed no change in cell properties.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-146770 , SX/105/2Q , QR-2
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  • 78
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    Mechanical capacitor (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A new energy storage system (the mechanical capacitor), using a spokeless magnetically levitated composite ring rotor, is described and design formulas for sizing the components are presented. This new system is configured around a permanent magnet (flux biased) suspension which has active servo control in the radial direction and passive control in the axial direction. The storage ring is used as a moving rotor and electronic commutation of the stationary armature coils is proposed. There is no mechanical contact with the rotating spokeless ring; therefore, long life and near zero rundown losses are projected. A 7-kW h system is sized to demonstrate feasibility. A literature review of flywheel energy storage systems is also presented and general formulas are developed for comparing rotor geometries.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-8185 , G-7639
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  • 79
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    Hydrogen rich gas generator (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A process and apparatus is described for producing a hydrogen rich gas by injecting air and hydrocarbon fuel at one end of a cylindrically shaped chamber to form a mixture and igniting the mixture to provide hot combustion gases by partial oxidation of the hydrocarbon fuel. The combustion gases move away from the ignition region to another region where water is injected to be turned into steam by the hot combustion gases. The steam which is formed mixes with the hot gases to yield a uniform hot gas whereby a steam reforming reaction with the hydrocarbon fuel takes place to produce a hydrogen rich gas.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 80
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    Solar-powered pump (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A solar powered pump particularly suited for intermittently delivering a stream of water is reported. The pump is characterized by a housing adapted to be seated in a source of water having a water discharge port disposed above the water line of the source, a sump including a valved inlet port through which water is introduced to the sump, disposed beneath the water line, a displacer supported for vertical reciprocation in said housing, an air passageway extended between the vertically spaced faces of the displacer, and a tipple disposed adjacent to the water discharge port adapted to be filled in response to a discharge of water from the housing. Air above a displacer is expanded in response to solar energy impinging on the housing and transferred into pressurizing relation with the sump for forcing water from the sump.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 81
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    The cost of energy from utility-owned solar electric systems. A required revenue methodology for ERDA/EPRI evaluations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This methodology calculates the electric energy busbar cost from a utility-owned solar electric system. This approach is applicable to both publicly- and privately-owned utilities. Busbar cost represents the minimum price per unit of energy consistent with producing system-resultant revenues equal to the sum of system-resultant costs. This equality is expressed in present value terms, where the discount rate used reflects the rate of return required on invested capital. Major input variables describe the output capabilities and capital cost of the energy system, the cash flows required for system operation amd maintenance, and the financial structure and tax environment of the utility.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-148493 , JPL-5040-29 , ERDA/JPL-1012-76/3
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  • 82
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    Fabrication of polycrystalline solar cells on low-cost substrates (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A new method of producing p-n junction semiconductors for solar cells was described; the principal objective of this investigation is to reduce production costs significantly by depositing polycrystalline silicon on a relatively cheap substrate such as metallurgical-grade silicon, graphite, or steel. The silicon layer contains appropriate dopants, and the substrates are coated with a diffusion barrier of silica, borosilicate, phosphosilicate, or mixtures of these compounds.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 83
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    The transient thermal response of a tubular solar collector (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A special analytical solution is provided for the timewise response of the circulating fluid temperatures when a sudden step change of the input solar radiation is imposed and remains constant thereafter. An example which demonstrates the transient temperatures at the exit section of a single collector with two different flow patterns is presented. This study is used to supplement some numerical solutions to provide a fairly complete coverage for this type of solar collector.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-148488 , JPL-TM-33-781
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  • 84
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    Conceptual approach study of a 200 watt per kilogram solar array (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Solar array candidate configurations (flexible rollup, flexible flat-pact, semi-rigid panel, semi-rigid flat-pack) were analyzed with particular attention to the specific power (W/kg) requirement. Two of these configurations (flexible rollup and flexible flat-pack) are capable of delivering specific powers equal to or exceeding the baseline requirement of 200 W/kg. Only the flexible rollup is capable of in-flight retraction and subsequent redeployment. The wrap-around contact photovoltaic cell configuration has been chosen over the conventional cell. The demand for ultra high specific power forces the selection of ultra-thin cells and cover material. Based on density and mass range considerations, it was concluded that 13 micrometers of FEP Teflon is sufficient to protect the cell from a total proton fluency of 2(10 to the 12th power) particles/sq cm over a three-year interplanetary mission. The V-stiffened, lattice boom deployed, flexible substrate rollup array holds the greatest promise of meeting the baseline requirements set for this study.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-148505 , QR-2 , DOC-76SDS4242
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  • 85
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    The optimization of Ga (1-x)Al (x)As-GaAs solar cells for air mass zero operation and a study of Ga (1-x)Al (x)As-GaAs solar cells at high temperatures, phase 1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The three types of solar cells investigated were: (1) one consisting of a nGaAs substrate, a Zn doped pGaAs region, and a Zn doped Ga(1-x)Al(x)As layer, (2) one consisting of an nGaAs substrate, a Ge doped pGaAs region, and a pGa(1-x)Al(x)As upper layer, and (3) one consisting of an n+GaAs substrate, an nGa(1-x)Al(X)As region, a pGa(1-x)Bl(X) As region, and a pGa(1-y)Al(y)As upper layer. In all three cases, the upper alloy layer is thin and of high Al composition in order to obtain high spectral response over the widest possible range of photon energies. Spectral response, capacitance-voltage, current-voltage, diffusion length, sunlight (or the equivalent)-efficiency, and efficiency-temperature measurements were made as a function of device parameters in order to analyze and optimize the solar cell behavior.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-145008
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  • 86
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    Fabrication and testing of sealed silver-zinc cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A number of Type HS40-7 sealed silver-zinc cells and experimental 40AH sealed silver-zinc cells were fabricated. Cells of each experimental group contained one variation from the standard configuration (HS40-7) cell. Cells from each of five experimental cell groups and cells of the standard configuration were tested to characterize voltage and capacity performance at various discharge rates. The test cells were then subjected to 100 percent DOD Cycle Life Testing at 22 C. Results indicate that material and/or process variations are available which will improve both performance and cycle life of the existing 40 ampere-hour sealed silver-zinc cell configurations. The average cycle life to 50 percent loss of nominal capacity in cells from two (2) of the experimental groups was 150 - 165 cycles. A series of 12 ampere-hour cells was fabricated and tested as part of a program to incorporate the 40AH sealed silver-zinc cell fabrication technology into a cell of smaller size. Base-line configuration cells and experimental variations were produced using the HS40-7 cell fabrication and processing methods adapted to the smaller cell size.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-135048
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  • 87
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    Investigation of metal hydride materials as hydrogen reservoirs for metal-hydrogen batteries (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The performance and suitability of various metal hydride materials were examined for use as possible hydrogen storage reservoirs for secondary metal-hydrogen batteries. Lanthanum pentanickel hydride appears as a probable candidate in terms of stable hydrogen supply under feasible thermal conditions. A kinetic model describing the decomposition rate data of the hydride has been developed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-135031
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  • 88
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    A 100 kW experimental wind turbine: Simulation of starting, overspeed, and shutdown characteristics (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The ERDA/NASA 100 kW experimental wind turbine is modeled on a digital computer in order to study the performance of a wind turbine under operating conditions. Simulation studies of starting, overspeed, and shutdown performance were made. From these studies operating procedures, precautions, and limitations are prescribed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71864 , E-8629
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  • 89
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    Standardized performance tests of collectors of solar thermal energy: A selectively coated, steel collector with one transparent cover (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Basic test results are presented of a flat-plate solar collector whose performance was determined in solar simulator. The collector was tested over ranges of inlet temperatures, fluxes and coolant flow rates. Collector efficiency was correlated in terms of inlet temperature and flux level.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71870 , E-8641
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  • 90
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    Functioning of inorganic/organic battery separators in silver-zinc cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of three experimental studies related to the inorganic/organic battery separator operating mechanism are described: saponification of the plasticizer, resistivity of the simulated separators, and zincate diffusion through the separators. The inorganic/organic separator appears to be a particular example of a general class of ionic conducting films composed of inorganic fillers and/or substrates bonded together by an organic polymer containing an incompatible plasticizer that may be leached by the electrolyte. The I/O separator functions as a microporous film of varying tortuosity with essentially no specific chemical inhibition to zincate diffusion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3357 , E-8216
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  • 91
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    Standardized performance tests of collectors of solar thermal energy: A selectively coated, flat-plate copper collector with one transparent cover and a tube-to-tube spacing of 5 5/8 inches (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This preliminary data report gives basic test results of a flat-plate solar collector whose performance was determined in the NASA-Lewis solar simulator. The collector was tested over ranges of inlet temperatures, fluxes and coolant flow rates. Collector efficiency is correlated in terms of inlet temperature and flux level.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71871 , E-8644
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  • 92
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    Standard performance tests of collectors of solar thermal energy: A selectively coated, flat-plate copper collector with one transparent cover and a tube-to-tube spacing of 3-7/8 inches (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Basic test results are given of a flat-plate solar collector whose performance was determined in the NASA-Lewis solar simulator. The collector was tested over ranges of inlet temperatures, fluxes, and coolant flow rates. Collector efficiency is correlated in terms of inlet temperature and flux level.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71868
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  • 93
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    Standarized performance tests of collectors of solar thermal energy: A steel flat-plate collector with two transparent covers and a proprietary coating (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Basic test results of a flat-plate solar collector whose performance was determined in the NASA-Lewis solar simulator are given. The collector was tested over ranges of inlet temperature and flux level.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71869
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  • 94
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    Laboratory 15 kV high voltage solar array facility (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The laboratory high voltage solar array facility is a photoelectric power generating system. Consisting of nine modules with over 23,000 solar cells, the facility is capable of delivering more than a kilowatt of power. The physical and electrical characteristics of the facility are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71860 , E-8619
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  • 95
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    Standardized performance tests of collectors of solar thermal energy: Prototype moderately concentrating grooved collectors (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Prototypes of moderately concentrating grooved collectors were tested with a solar simulator for varying inlet temperature, flux level, and incident angle. Collector performance is correlated in terms of inlet temperature and flux level.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71863 , E-8626
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  • 96
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    Preliminary design package for Sunspot Domestic Hot Water Heating System (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The design review includes a drawing list, auto-control logic, measurement definitions, and other document pertaining to the solar heated prototype hot water systems and two heat exchangers. The hot water systems consist of the following subsystems: collector, storage, control transport, auxiliary energy, and site data acquisition.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-150605
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  • 97
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    Gas core reactors for coal gasification (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The concept of using a gas core reactor to produce hydrogen directly from coal and water is presented. It is shown that the chemical equilibrium of the process is strongly in favor of the production of H2 and CO in the reactor cavity, indicating a 98% conversion of water and coal at only 1500 K. At lower temperatures in the moderator-reflector cooling channels the equilibrium strongly favors the conversion of CO and additional H2O to CO2 and H2. Furthermore, it is shown the H2 obtained per pound of carbon has 23% greater heating value than the carbon so that some nuclear energy is also fixed. Finally, a gas core reactor plant floating in the ocean is conceptualized which produces H2, fresh water and sea salts from coal.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Princeton Univ. Partially Ionized Plasmas, Including the 3rd Symp. on Uranium Plasmas; p 269-274
    Format: text
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  • 98
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    Preliminary design package for prototype solar heating system (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A preliminary design review on the development of a prototype solar heating system for single family dwellings is presented. The collector, storage, transport, control, and site data acquisition subsystems are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-150615
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 99
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    Design study of wind turbines 50 kW to 3000 kW for electric utility applications: Analysis and design (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In the conceptual design task, several feasible wind generator systems (WGS) configurations were evaluated, and the concept offering the lowest energy cost potential and minimum technical risk for utility applications was selected. In the optimization task, the selected concept was optimized utilizing a parametric computer program prepared for this purpose. In the preliminary design task, the optimized selected concept was designed and analyzed in detail. The utility requirements evaluation task examined the economic, operational, and institutional factors affecting the WGS in a utility environment, and provided additional guidance for the preliminary design effort. Results of the conceptual design task indicated that a rotor operating at constant speed, driving an AC generator through a gear transmission is the most cost effective WGS configuration. The optimization task results led to the selection of a 500 kW rating for the low power WGS and a 1500 kW rating for the high power WGS.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134937 , R-1382 , DOE/NASA/9404-76/2
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 100
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    Tower and rotor blade vibration test results for a 100-kilowatt wind turbine (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The predominant natural frequencies and mode shapes for the tower and the rotor blades of the ERDA-NASA 100-kW wind turbine were determined. The tests on the tower and the blades were conducted both before and after the rotor blades and the rotating machinery were installed on top of the tower. The tower and each blade were instrumented with an accelerometer and impacted by an instrumented mass. The tower and blade structure was analyzed by means of NASTRAN, and computed values agree with the test data.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3426 , E-8751
    Format: application/pdf
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