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  • Chemistry  (4,980)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (6,122)
  • 1970  (6,122)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (6,122)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 195-204 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Determination of Orientation of moulded Polystyrene by means of a special indentation hardness testThe orientation of molecules of injection moulded Polystyrene type PS 168 N (BASF) was qualitatively measured by means of a special hardness testing device. With increasing orientation there was a decrease of indentation normal of the orientation and vice versa. Moulded parts showed no orientation-dependant indentation after quenching.
    Notes: Die Molekularorientierung von spritzgegossenen Teilen aus Polystyrol (PS 168 N der BASF) wurde im Prinzip meßtechnisch mit Hilfe eines Sonderprüfkörpers aus Diamant zerstörungsarm erfaßt. Je höher die Orientierung, desto geringere Eindringtiefen wurden senkrecht zur Orientierung gemessen. Parallel zur Orientierungsrichtung drang der Sonderprüfkörper am tiefsten ein. Gepreßte und speziell abgekühlte PS-Proben zeigten keine derartige Richtungsabhängigkeit der Eindringtiefen, jedoch ergaben sich hier um so größere Tiefen, je größer die Abkühlspannungen waren.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 182-187 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fabrication of special materials by Isostatic Hot PressingThe process of Isostatic Hot Pressing is described. The principle of compaction is explained. A review of earlier work in the literature is given. The plant in Karlsruhe  -  the first in the BRD  -  is described.The technique of right sample preparation is shown by 2 examples. One of those is the compaction of an UO2-Mo-cermet.During Isostatic Hot Pressing a metallurgical bonding between can and fuel is observed.Some applications of the new process are: the fabrication of fuel pins for fast breeder reactors, cathodes and collectors for thermionic emitters, thermal shock resistant ceramics and metal-ceramic diffusion bonds.In the field of high speed steel and hard-metal with improved lifetime, the new process is advancing.
    Notes: Es wird Über das neuartige Verfahren des isostatischen Heißpressens berichtet. Das Verdichtungsprinzip wird erläutert. Nach einer Literaturschau Über bisherige Arbeiten auf diesem neuartigen Gebiet der Pulvermetallurgie wird die Karlsruher Anlage  -  die erste dieser Art in der BRD  -  beschrieben.Die Technik der richtigen Probenvorbereitung für diesen Prozeß wird anhand der Herstellung von stabförmigen Massiv- und Rohrproben erläutert. Als Beispiel wird die Herstellung eines Cermets des Systems Urandioxid-Molybdän beschrieben. Ein interessanter Nebeneffekt beim isostatischen Heißpressen stellt das Warmverschweißen des Preßlings mit dem Hüllrohr dar.Mögliche Anwendungsgebiete des neuen Verfahrens sind die Herstellung von Brennstäben für schnelle Brutreaktoren, Kathoden und Kollektoren für thermionische Emitter, temperaturwechselbeständige, metallhaltige Keramiken und Sonderkeramiken und Systeme mit Metall-Keramik-Diffusions-Übergängen. Auf dem Gebiet der Werkzeuge aus Schnellstahl bzw. Hartmetall mit hoher Standzeit ist diese Verfahrenstechnik im Vordringen.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Research into the Determination of the Ductility of Structural Elements in Plant Construction by Measurement on Model Vessels of Near Industrial Size -  Tests on Boiler Plate Vessels (Kesselblech H 1) at Temperatures Down to -80°CThe paper deals with a research program of the Dechema working group “Materials for Chemical Apparatus”, by which an attempt is made to correlate ductility as a characteristic materials property with ductility changes to be expected in structural elements and structures. On a low temperature test stand model containers are loaded internally until bursting and the deformations of a container bottom having a complex shape are measured. Deformation and bursting pressure vs. temperature support the preliminary conclusion that the embrittlement temperature for such structures is lower than the notch toughness transition temperature of the material. Corroboration of this finding requires further work with other materials and structures.
    Notes: Die Arbeit befaßt sich mit einem Untersuchungsprogramm des Dechema-Fachausschusses „Werkstoffe für chemische Apparate“, das versucht, eine Relation zwischen der Zähigkeit als Werkstoffkennwert und dem Zähigkeitsverhalten von Bauteilen zu finden. Auf einem Tieftemperaturprüfstand werden Modellbehälter bei verschiedenen Temperaturen durch Innendruck bis zum Bersten belastet und dabei die Verformungen eines kompliziert gestalteten Behälterbodens ausgemessen. Verformung und Berstdruck in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur lassen den vorläufigen Schluß zu, daß die Temperatur der beginnenden Versprödung für solche Bauteile tiefer liegt als die für den Werkstoff ermittelte Übergangstemperatur der Kerbschlagzähigkeit. Dieses Ergebnis muß jedoch noch durch Versuche mit anderen Werkstoffen und anders gestalteten Bauteilen bestätigt werden.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 24-37 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Injection Molded Parts of Polypropylen in Chemical PlantsInjection molded parts of polypropylene are mainly used for purposes of water treatment furthermore in the field of absorption, destillation and filtration.The most interesting properties of polypropylene for these special uses are interpreted by several selected applications. Recommendations for optimum construction and processing are given.
    Notes: Spritzgegossene Bauteile aus Polypropylen sind vor allem in der Wasseraufbereitung sowie im Bereich der Absorption, Destillation und Filtration anzutreffen. Anhand von ausgewählten Anwendungsbeispielen werden die jeweils interessierenden Eigenschaften des Polypropylens erläutert sowie Hinweise zur materialgerechten Konstruktion und Verarbeitung gegeben.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Equipment for nondestructive electromagnetic TestingA system of eddy-curvent-appliances for non destructive testing is presented to the export; it is to adapt for different demands in buildingblock fashion. The mode of operation is discussed; the possibilities of defect-discrimination and suppression of interference are demonstrated.
    Notes: Dem Praktiker wird ein System von Wirbelstromgeräten zur zerstörungsfreien Werkstoffprüfung vorgestellt, das nach dem Baukastenprinzip verschiedenen Erfordernissen angepaßt werden kann. Die Wirkungsweise wird besprochen; die sich daraus ergebenden Möglichkeiten der Fehlerunterscheidung und der Unterdrückung von Störsignalen werden aufgezeigt.
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  • 7
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Techniques of Color RadiographyVarious familiar technics of producing color radiographs with commercial color film are compared with respect to contrast, latitude and resolution of the radiographs. A quantitative comparison is made for the first time of the absorption-dependent color differences on the basis of standardized colorimetric methods. Typical examples of the use of color radiography are described with special emphasis placed on the radiographic testing of miniature electronic devices.
    Notes: Einige bekannte Herstellungsmethoden von Röntgenfarbaufnahmen mit kommerziellem Farbfilmmaterial werden einander gegenübergestellt und bezüglich des Kontrastes, des Objektumfangs und des Auflösungsvermögens der Filmaufnahmen beurteilt. Dabei erfolgt erstmalig ein quantitativer Vergleich der absorptionsbedingten Farbunterschiede nach genormten farbmetrischen Methoden. Anwendungsbeispiele der Colorradiographie werden angeführt, wobei besonders auf die Durchstrahlungsprüfung elektronischer Miniaturbauteile hingewiesen wird.
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  • 8
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 51-52 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 49-51 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanical Properties of binary AlloysThe stress-strain curves of blends of polypropylene and high and low density polyethylene and of polypropylene and an ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer are described.For the interpretation of these curves stress-strain measurements on model-blends and some results of the theorie of the stress-concentration are used.The model-blends were composed with high density polyethylene microtensile specimens wherein a cylindrical hole was filled with a second component.As with the extrusion blends the model-blends showed brittle or tough breaking depending on the kind of second component. We found that the elongation to break increased with decreasing E-modulus of the inclusion and with increasing adhesion between the two phases.
    Notes: Die Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagramme beim Zugversuch von Mischungen von isotakitischem Polypropylen mit Polyäthylen von hoher und niedriger Dichte und einem Äthylen-Vinylacetat-Copolymerisat werden beschrieben. Für die Klärung wurden Dehnungsversuche an Modell-Mischungen durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse mit Hilfe der Spannungskonzentrations-Theorie diskutiert. Die Modelle bestanden aus einem Prüfstäbchen von Polyäthylen hoher Dichte mit einem kreisrunden Loch in der Mitte.  -  Das Loch wird gefüllt mit einer zweiten Komponente. Genau wie bei Polymer-Legierungen entstand bei dem Dehnungsversuch ein zäher oder ein spröder Bruch, abhängig von der Art der zweiten Komponente. Gefunden wurde, daß die Bruchdehnung mit abnehmendem Modul der dispersen Komponente und ebenfalls mit zunehmender Haftung zwischen beiden Komponenten steigt.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Research into the Determination of the ductility of structural Elements in plant construction by Measurements on model Vessels of near industrial Size  -  Theoretical studies and completion of the exploitation of test resultsThe deformation of pressure vessels with nozzles is investigated at various temperatures. For this purpose, the surface strains at the interesting spots, the increase of volume, and other quantities are measured in dependence on the internal pressure.The stresses are calculated  -  by means of the stress-strain relations for the elastic or plastic strain  -  from the surface strains and the yield strength, and they are shown in diagrams together with the effective strain. Setting the internal pressure and the radii of curvature in the membrane equation yields a linear dependence of the two average normal stresses on each other. By comparison to the calculated stresses it is possible to conclude to the bending moments in the wall.The results coincide with the experimentally observed origins of the cracks. Moreover at various temperatures the deformation of the pressure vessels is compared to the results of uniaxial tensile tests, and the expediency of other tests is discussed.
    Notes: Die Verformung von Druckbehältern mit Stutzen wird bei verschiedenen Temperaturen untersucht. Dazu werden die Oberflächendehnungen an den interessierenden Stellen, ferner die Volumenzunahme und andere Größen in Abhängigkeit vom Innendruck gemessen.Die Spannungen werden nach den Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehungen für elastische oder für plastische Beanspruchung aus den Oberflächendehnungen und der Fließgrenze des Werkstoffes berechnet und mit der Vergleichsdehnung zusammen in Diagrammen wiedergegeben. Setzt man den Innendruck und die Krümmungsradien in die Membrangleichung ein, so folgt eine lineare Beziehung zwischen den beiden gemittelten Normalspannungen. Durch Vergleich mit den berechneten Spannungen kann auf die Biegemomente in der Behälterwandung geschlossen werden.Die Ergebnisse stehen im Einklang mit den experimentell beobachteten Ausgangspunkten der Risse. Weiterhin wird bei verschiedenen Temperaturen die Verformung der Druckbehälter mit den Ergebnissen einachsiger Zugversuche verglichen und die Zweckmäßigkeit anderer Prüfverfahren erörtert.
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  • 11
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Distribution of Concentration in Binary Alloyed Cylindrical Metal Bars after Zone Melting with variable dength of Molten ZoneA one-dimensional model is described which permits determination of the distribution of concentration in binary alloyed cylindrical bars after zone melting, the zone varying in legth on moving through the bar. This model necessitates the following physical sinplifications:The concentration in the bar before zone melting is homogeneous; in the liquid, there is complete mixing, in the solid  -  before and behind the molten zone  -  there is no levelling of the concentration (i. e., the equilibrium distribution coefficient K is velid) the continuous movement of the molten zone must be separated into stepwise freezing of constant volumes and melting of various volumes (“slicemodel”).The theoretical distribution of concentration as determined by the “slice model” is given for some selected variations of the volume of the molten zone moving through the bar. It is shown that any desired distribution can be achieved by a corresponding variation of the volume of the molten zone during zone melting.
    Notes: Es wird ein eindimensionales Modell beschrieben, mit dem die Konzentrationsverteilung binär legierter zylindrischer Stäbe nach dem Zonenschmelzen aus einer vorgegebenen, veränderlichen Schmelzzonenlänge bestimmt werden kann. Dazu sind folgende physikalische Vereinfachungen gemacht:Die kontinuierliche Wanderung der Schmelzzone wird aufgegliedert in ein schrittweises Erstarren konstanter Volumenanteile mit gleichzeitigem Aufschmelzen variabler Volumenanteile („Scheibchenmodell“).Die Schmelzzone wird an der Aufschmelz- und Erstarrungsfront durch ebene Querschnittflächen begrenzt. Gewichtkonzentrationen werden durch nichtwirkliche Volumenkonzentrationen ersetzt („fiktive Volumina“). In der Schmelzzone findet ein vollständiger Konzentrationsausgleich statt.Nach diesem Modell errechnet sich der für konstant bleibendes Schmelzvolumen bereits bekannte Konzentrationsverlauf, und zwar umfassend für die Bereiche Anlauf, Mittellauf und Auslauf.Für verschiedene vorgegebene Veränderungen des Schmelzzonenvolumens während der Wanderung durch den Stab werden die sich daraus ergebenden theoretischen Konzentrationsverteilungen errechnet. Ferner wird für einen einheitlichen Schmelzzonenverlauf entlang der Stabachse der Einfluß verschiedener Lagen von Liquidus- und Soliduslinien auf die Konzentrationsverteilung bestimmt.
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  • 12
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 13
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 53-53 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 59-59 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 16
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 59-61 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 17
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 58-58 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 18
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 58-59 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 19
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 20
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 70-74 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The evaluation of the dynamical properties of bituminous mixturesAn experimental method for the evaluation of the dynamical properties of bituminous mixtures is presented. Because of their viscoelastic behaviour the design of a special testing device was necessary. In this paper the guiding ideas for this testing machine are developed. Moreover, some experimental results and experiences, which could be valuable for calculating the stresses in road constructions, are given.
    Notes: Es wird ein Prüfverfahren zur Ermittlung der dynamischen Werkstoffkonstanten und der Dauerfestigkeit von bituminös gebundenen Baustoffen beschrieben. Wegen ihres viskoelastischen Verhaltens war die Entwicklung einer besonderen Prüfeinrichtung notwendig. Neben einigen grundsätzlichen Angaben über die dynamischen Werkstoffkonstanten und die Dauerfestigkeit werden Bau und Wirkungsweise der Prüfmaschine sowie einige Versuchsergebnisse beschrieben, die für die Berechnung von Straßendeckenkonstruktionen verwendet werden können.
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  • 21
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 63-70 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Elastomers. Physical properties concerning the difference to other plasticsThe definitions concerning the terms “Elastomer” and “Rubber” given by the ASTM-D 1418-67 and ASTM-D 1566-68 as well as by the corresponding Draft ISO Recommendation 1382 are contradictory one with another and moreover individually are unsufficient to fix limits of other polymeric materials. In this respect the DIN-Proposal 7724 (February 1969) can be regarded as an substantial progress, since it avoids complications arising from including raw materials and preliminary products and since  -  apart from the special chemical structure  -  it classifies polymers with the aid of their temperature function of shear modulus, and of the mechanical loss factor only. The habit of the curves obtained, the glass transition point and the modulus level within the rubber-elastic range leads to the classification into: Thermoplastics (Plastomers)  -  Elastomers  -  Thermoelastics and Duromers. Possibilities and limitations of this method are tested on 29 polymers (crosslinked and uncrosslinked) and by the results obtained the usefullness of this classification-system can be approved as positive in most cases.
    Notes: Die in der ASTM D 1418-67 und in der ASTM D 1566-68a sowie der entsprechenden vorläufigen ISO-Empfehlung (DIR 1382) enthaltenen Definitionen der Begriffe „Elastomer“ und „Rubber“ sind unter sich widersprüchlich und reichen auch im einzelnen nicht aus, um eine präzise Abgrenzung gegenüber anderen Polymerwerkstoffen zu ermöglichen. Der DIN-Entwurf 7724 (Febr. 1969) bedeutet diesbezüglich einen wesentlichen Fortschritt, weil er Komplikationen vermeidet, die durch die Einbeziehung von Ausgangsstoffen und Vorprodukten entstehen, und weil er unter Außerachtlassen ihrer spezifischen Konstitution die Polymerwerkstoffe allein anhand der Temperaturfunktion von Schubmodul und mechanischem Verlustfaktor klassifiziert. Aus dem Kurvenhabitus, der Glasumwandlungstemperatur und den Schubmoduli im gummielastischen Zustandsbereich ergibt sich die Gruppierung der Polymeren in Thermoplaste (Plastomere)  -  Elastomere  -  Thermoelaste  -  Duromere (Duroplaste).  -  Möglichkeiten und Grenzen dieser Methode wurden an 29 Polymeren (unvernetzt bzw. vernetzt) untersucht und führten zu einer im ganzen positiven Beurteilung des Klassifizierungssystems.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Environmental stress cracking and stress-corrosion cracking in plasticsPlastics are being used to an increasing extent in fields which have hitherto been the reserve of other, usually metallic, materials. Owing to their good processability and chemical resistance, plastics engineering materials are for example employed for vessels, pipes, valves and fittings, blowers, pumps and gear wheels. In these applications they are not only exposed to liquid media but, are also subjected to occasional or continuous mechanical stress. The trouble is that there are media to which plastics in the stress-free state are absolutely immune, but that, when tensile stresses are present, cracking may occur; this phenomenon is called environmental stress cracking. It is therefore necessary for the design engineer both to know whether the medium to be handled causes environmental stress cracking, and to be familiar with the other properties of the material. The following article describes the most important methods of detecting environmental stress cracking and the most important media which cause this form of cracking in common plastics materials.
    Notes: Die Kunststoffe dringen in zunehmendem Maße in Gebiete ein, die bisher anderen, meist metallischen Werkstoffen vorbehalten waren. Wegen ihrer guten Verarbeitbarkeit und chemischen Beständigkeit werden die Kunststoff-Werkstoffe für Behälter, Rohre, Armaturen, Gebläse, Pumpen, Zahnräder usw. eingesetzt. Neben zeitweisen oder dauernden mechanischen Beanspruchungen sind sie dann auch meist flüssigen Umgebungsmedien ausgesetzt. Dabei ist zu beachten, daß es Medien gibt, in denen Kunststoffe im spannungsfreien Zustand absolut beständig sind, jedoch bei Vorhandensein von Zugspannungen kann Rißbildung auftreten; diese Erscheinung nennt man Spannungsrißbildung.  -  Für den Konstrukteur ist deshalb neben anderen Werkstoffdaten auch die Kenntnis einer eventuellen spannungsrißauslösenden Wirkung durch das vorgesehene Umgebungsmedium notwendig.  -  Im nachstehenden Beitrag werden die wichtigsten Methoden zur Prüfung der Spannungsrißbildung geschildert sowie die wichtigsten spannungsrißauslösenden Medien bei gebräuchlichen Kunststoffen angegeben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 96-98 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Tracking ResistanceThe Standard methods for the determination of the Tracking resistance are discussed and from 36 different insulating-materials the “KB” value is measured, with electrode distances of 1, 2, 3 and 4 mm. From the results a change in the V.D.E. Standard 0110 definitions for the measurement of cleakage and air distances of electrical working materials is proposed: The “KA” value should be substituted by the “KB” value and the “KB” value should be specified for the 1 mm and 4 mm electrode distances.
    Notes: Die genormten Methoden zur Bestimmung der Kriechstromfestigkeit werden diskutiert und an 36 verschiedenen Isolierstoffen die KB-Werte mit einem Elektrodenabstand von 1, 2, 3 und 4 mm gemessen. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse wird eine Änderung der VDE-Vorschrift 0110 “Bestimmungen für die Bemessung der Kriech und Luftstrecken elektrischer Betriebsmittel” vorgeschlagen: KA-Werte sollen durch KB-Werte ersetzt und die KB-Werte für 1 mm und 4 mm Elektrodenabstand angegeben werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 99-101 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 83-89 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation of the extrudability of face-centered cubic metalsPart I represents investigations of the behaviour of the interface during the extrusion of lead and lead alloys. The alloying tendency (welding) and the coefficient of friction μ do not show any relationship to the power requirements during the process of extrusion. Due to the high pressure inside the extrusion presses an interfacial movement (friction) can take place only if the coefficient of friction is in the range of μ ≦ 0,001. By knowing the normal pressure and the shear strength of the material the coefficient of friction for slip-stick conditions can be determined from a chart. The dynamic friction is presented as the shearing off of the interfacial contact points and the stationary friction as the creep of these contact points. Attempts to calculate the power requirements of industrial presses on the basis of the shear strength of the material and shear area were successful.
    Notes: Teil I behandelt Untersuchungen des Verhaltens der Grenzschicht Pressenwerkstoff  -  Preßwerkstoff beim Strangpressen von Blei und Blei-Legierungen. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Legierungstendenz (Verschweißung) sowie der Reibungskoeffizient in keinerlei Beziehungen zu dem Kraftbedarf beim Strangpressen stehen. Bei den in den Pressen herrschenden hohen Drücken kann eine Grenzschichtengleitung (Reibung) nur stattfinden, wenn der Reibungskoeffizient Werte von μ ≦ 0,001 annimmt. Eine Methode wurde ausgearbeitet, nach der bei bekanntem Normaldruck auf die Rezipientenwand und gegebener Scherfestigkeit eines Werkstoffes der Grenzwert des Reibungskoeffizienten der Gleitung - Haftung berechnet werden kann. Die Reibung der Gleitung wird als ein Abschervorgang der sich berührenden Spitzen und die Reibung der Ruhe als ein Kriechvorgang dieser Spitzen beschrieben. Versuche, den Kraftbedarf von industriemäßigen Pressen aufgrund der Scherfläche und des Scherwiderstandes des zu verpressenden Materials vorauszusagen, waren erfolgreich.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 89-95 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Arc and plasma spraying of special materials with high oxygen affinityWithin the framework of the research work dealt with in this paper, metallic coatings of titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum and zirconium were produced on steel base material by the spray-deposition process.  -  The affinity of the molten special metals to reactive gases (particularly oxygen) is high, therefore. The spraying operation was carried out in an inert gas chamber. The equipment used to produce these metallic coatings comprised a two-wire arc-gun designed by the authors and a commercially available plasma-gun adapted to suit the test conditions.  -  In the case of all the special metals sprayed in this way the principal mechanism effecting adhesion must be seen to reside in a metallurgical interaction between base und sprayed metal.  -  Observations are discussed concerning structural peculiarities and embrittlement effects depending on the kind of shielding gas employed.
    Notes: Im Rahmen neuerer Forschungsarbeiten wurden metallische Überzüge aus Titan, Wolfram, Molybdän, Tantal, Niob und Zirkon auf stählernem Grundwerkstoff spritztechnisch erzeugt.  -  Die Beschichtungen wurden mit einer 2-Draht-Lichtbogenpistole eigener Bauart und einer den Verhältnissen angepaßten handelsüblichen Plasmapistole durchgeführt. Bedingt durch die hohe Affinität der schmelzflüssigen Sondermetalle zu reaktiven Gasen, vor allem Sauerstoff, wurde das Beschichten in einer Inertgaskammer vorgenommen.  -  Mechanisch-technologische Untersuchungen der Spritzschichten in bezug auf ihre Haftfestigkeit und Mikrohärte sowie metallographische Untersuchungen konnten den Nachweis erbringen, daß es möglich ist, festhaftende dichte und oxidfreie Überzüge aus Sondermetallen durch thermisches Spritzen herzustellen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 102-102 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 103-106 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 106-106 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 106-113 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 113-113 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 114-116 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 113-113 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 113-114 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 124-126 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Application of powder nitriding in relation to bath nitriding (Tenifer-process)Powder nitriding depends on thermal decomposition of lime nitrogen. This process is very simple, opposite to bath nitriding not requiring any expensive equipment. Only small specimens should be nitrided by this method. In relation to bath nitriding of 90 minutes powder nitriding should last nearly five hours. As after bath nitriding a zone of nitrides and a zone of diffusion formed on the surface of specimens. No pores were visible in the zone of nitrides of powder nitrided specimens.
    Notes: Das Pulvernitrieren beruht auf der thermischen Zersetzung von Kalkstickstoff. Es ist ein einfaches Verfahren, das im Gegensatz zum Badnitrieren keine aufwendigen Einrichtungen erfordert. Es können nur kleine Teile pulvernitriert werden. Einer Badnitrierdauer von 90 min entspricht eine Pulvernitrierung von ca. 5 Stunden. Wie beim Badnitrieren bildete sich auf der Oberfläche der nitrierten Stähle eine Verbindungszone und eine Diffusionszone aus. Die Verbindungszone pulvernitrierter Teile war porenfrei.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 117-124 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Determination of wear in internal combustion engines for evaluating of motor oilsFor evaluating the wear performance of motor oils the objective determination of the actual extent of wear is especially difficult, for the process of wear is rather complex. This is above all applicable to cylinder wear, for often it is impossible to distinguish definitely between wear and deformation. Because the direction of maximum wear at several tests must not be maintained exactly and because it is difficult to find exactly the same point for measurement at comparison tests, there must as possible carried out circumferential measurements and generatrix measurements for the determination of maximum wear. For defining an allowable maximum wear in specifications there must stated some tolerances, otherwise in critical cases an unjustified classifying of several motor oils may not be excluded.
    Notes: Bei der Beurteilung des Verschleißverhaltens von Motorenölen ist infolge des komplexen Verschleißvorganges in Verbrennungsmotoren die objektive Bestimmung eines absoluten Verschleißmaßes besonders erschwert. Dies gilt vor allem für den Zylinderverschleiß, da es oft unmöglich ist, Verschleiß und Verformung eindeutig voneinander zu trennen. Da die Richtung des maximalen Verschleißes bei verschiedenen Versuchen nicht exakt gleich bleiben muß und es bei Vergleichsmessungen nicht leicht ist, stets die gleiche Meßstelle exakt einzuhalten, sollten möglichst Rundummessungen und Mantellinienmessungen vorgenommen werden, um daraus auf den Maximalverschleiß zu schließen. Deshalb sind bei der Festlegung eines zulässigen Maximalverschleißes in Spezifikationen Toleranzen anzugeben, da in Grenzfällen sonst eine ungerechte Einordnung der Öle nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 137-142 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations with regard to the effect of Trichlormonofluormethan (refrigerant R 11) on modified polystyrenesDue to the results of simple investigations it is being tried to obtain quantitative statement concerning the damage of some modified types of polystyrene caused by R 11. Furthermore the effectiveness of various protective measures proposed against the aggressive influence will be given an expert opinion.Discussing the testing procedures critically it is found that in spite of the deviations of stress conditions of polystyrenes foamed with polyurethane, as they exist in practice, the resistance of the modified polystyrenes against R 11 is quite evident what especially in connection with economy can be of importance.
    Notes: Anhand der Ergebnisse einfacher Untersuchungen wird versucht, eine quantitative Aussage über die Schädigung einiger modifizierter Polystyrol-Typen durch Trichlormonofluormethan (R 11) zu gewinnen. Weiterhin wird die Wirksamkeit verschiedener vorgeschlagener Schutzmaßnahmen gegen die aggressive Einwirkung betrachtet.Bei kritischer Erörterung der Untersuchungsverfahren wird festgestellt, daß trotz Abweichungen von den in der Praxis vorliegenden Beanspruchungsverhältnissen bei Polyurethan-beschäumten Polystyrolen ein anschauliches Bild über die Resistenz der modifizierten Polystyrole gegen R 11 entsteht, das insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit Wirtschaftlichkeits-Betrachtungen von Bedeutung sein kann.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 153-155 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 142-148 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Enrichment of Trace-Elements prior to Atomic-Absorption-AnalysisDepending on sample type and quantity, different enrichments are carried out prior to the atomic absorption analysis for the detection of trace elements. These enrichment methods include the selective volume concentration by means of extraction and ion exchanger and co-precipitation for very low concentrations. For the trace analysis of micro-volumes special evaporation equipment instead of the conventional atomizing technique with the flame has proved its worth. The time required, precision and limits of detection of the most important methods are compared and explained by means of the experience obtained by the author.
    Notes: Zum Nachweis von Spurenelementen mit der Atomabsorptions-analyse werden je nach Probenart und Menge verschiedene Anreicherungsverfahren vorgeschaltet. Hierzu gehören die selektive Volumeneinengung durch Extraktion und Ionenaustauscher sowie die Mitfällung im Bereich sehr niedriger Konzentration. Für die Spurenanalyse an Mikromengen haben sich besondere Verdampfungseinrichtungen anstelle der konventionellen Technik mit Zerstäuber und Flamme bewährt. Im einzelnen werden Zeitaufwand, Präzision und Nachweisgrenzen der wichtigsten Verfahren vergleichsweise diskutiert und an Hand eigener Ergebnisse erläutert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 127-137 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation of the extrudability of face-centred cubic metalsPart II: During continuous extrusion at certain intervals dry oxides are discharged. This is explained with the aid of rheological investigations. If a shearing device according to DIN standard is used the results may show errors in a range of 70% and more. A new device is described which avoids this source of error.The shear strength of high purity aluminium was determined at various temperatures and rates of deformation. Investigations were conducted under similar conditions on the extrusion of aluminium and a relationship between shear strength and power requirement was established. On this basis the power requirement to extrude new alloys may be predicted by comparing the shear strength of this alloy with the shear strength of an alloy whose extrudability is known.Direct extrusion experiments under isothermal conditions were conducted in the reduction range R = 1.2-300. The linear relationship in double logarithmic scale exists only in the range of R = 4-40. Indirect extrusion experiments also showed a linear relationship below the reduction rate R = 4 in a logarithmic scale. It was found that during indirect extrusion a dead metal zone is also formed and this explains the divergence of the found pressure distribution from the theoretical values.The normal pressure of the container was measured at a number of points at various temperatures and reduction rates. In the range of 150°-170°C peculiar unsteadiness occured. Normal pressure on the change of the velocity of extrusion was investigated with the aid of a stepped-down die and a strong dependence was found. A device was developed to compare the plasticity of cubic face centered metals, and it was found that the maximum plasticity is reached at 90% of the melting point in degrees absolute.Efficiency investigations during extrusion showed that the power consumption required to overcome the radial shear in continuous extrusion is 60% to 77%, whereas the power required to overcome the total shear in extrusion in a piston driven press is 94% to 87%.Extrusions inside a calorimeter showed, on the basis of mechanothermodynamic conversion, that 85% to 94% of the power was used for the deformation of the metal.
    Notes: Das beim kontinuierlichen Strangpressen periodisch auftretende Ausstoßen von trockenen Oxiden ist auf rheologischer Basis erklärt worden. Bei der Anwendung des nach DIN vorgeschriebenen Gerätes zur Messung der Scherfestigkeit treten Fehlmessungen von 70% und mehr auf. Ein neues Gerät wurde konstruiert, um dieses zu vermeiden. Bestimmung der Scherfestigkeit von hochreinem Aluminium bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und Schergeschwindigkeiten und die Beziehung zum Verpressen bei ähnlichen Bedingungen wurden aufgestellt. Voraussage des Kraftbedarfes zum Verpressen neuentwickelter Legierungen aufgrund des Vergleiches der Scherfestigkeit dieser Legierungen mit der Scherfestigkeit verpressungsmäßig bekannter Legierungen ist möglich.Isothermische Vorwärtsverpressungs-Untersuchungen von Aluminium in den Reduktionsgrenzen von R = 1,2 bis 300 sind beschrieben. Das lineare Verhältnis in doppelt-logarithmischer Darstellung besteht nur zwischen R=4 bis R=40. Beim indirekten Verpressen wurde gefunden, daß auch unterhalb des Reduktionsverhältnisses R = 4 eine lineare Beziehung in einfach-logarithmischer Darstellung besteht. Es wurde gefunden, daß-beim indirekten Verpressen sich ebenfalls eine “dead metal zone” ausbildet, und dieses erklärt die Abweichung des Druckverlaufes von dem theoretischen Wert.Der Normaldruck auf die Rezipientenwand wurde an mehreren Stellen durch Seitenverpressung bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und Reduktionsverhältnissen bestimmt. In dem Gebiet 150° bis 170°C zeigen sich eigenartige Unstetigkeiten. Die Änderung des Normaldruckes als Funktion der Gechwindigkeitsänderung wurde in einer abgestuften Matrize untersucht. Es zeigte sich eine starke Abhängigkeit. Ein Gerät wurde entwickelt, um die temperaturbedingte Plastizität kubisch-flächenzentrierter Metalle zu messen, und es zeigte sich, daß ein Maximum bei 90% der Schmelztemperatur in ∘K lag.Untersuchungen des Wirkungsgrades von Strangpressen zeigte, daß der radiale Scherkraftverbrauch bei kontinuierlicher Verpressung bei etwa 60% bis 77% liegt, während der Gesamtscherkraftverbrauch bei Kolbenpressen sich auf 94% bis 87% beläuft.Verpressungen in einem Kalorimeter ergaben nach mechanothermischen Umrechnungen, daß während des Verpressens 85%-94% der Kraft zur Deformationsarbeit verwandt wird.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 156-156 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 149-153 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Automatic Evaluation of Polefigure for TextureanalysisAn additional paper tape punch for a texture goniometer, including format control, makes possible an automatic evaluation of the raster of measurements by a computer, representing a polefigure. A modification of the raster, depending on the distribution of orientations, a method to find one's way in a labyrinth and a necessary reset of aboundant level points in the raster of measurements enable, as cyclically running algorithms, the correct finding of the isohypses and its reproduction on a computer controlled plotter.
    Notes: Eine zusätzliche Lochstreifenausgabe an einem Texturgoniometer ermöglicht bei zusätzlicher Formatsteuerung die automatische Auswertung des Meßwertrasters in Polfigur-Darstellung seitens eines Rechners. Eine von der Orientierungsverteilung abhängige Modifizierung des Rasters, ein Wegesuchverfahren in einem Labyrinth sowie das notwendige Löschen überflüssiger Niveaupunkte im Meßraster bestimmen als zyklisch ablaufende Algorithmen das sichere Auffinden der Höhenlinien und ihre Wiedergabe auf einer rechnergesteuerten Zeichenmaschine.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 157-161 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 161-161 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 162-164 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 164-165 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 165-165 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 165-165 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 165-165 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 166-171 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 166-166 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 187-194 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Testing and Repair of Glas enameled ApparatusThe test-methods used for examination of the quality of glas enameled apparatus are described. In the second part of this article the procedures for repair of enameled coatings in the chemical industry are presented.
    Notes: Die im Apparatebau zur Beurteilung der Güte von Emaillierungen gebräuchlichen Prüfverfahren und die für Chemie-Emaillierungen üblichen Ausbesserungsverfahren werden beschrieben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 173-182 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: The appearance of fracture of steel 100 Cr 6 as a function of the austenitization treatment is examined by means of electron microscopesIn a steel 100 Cr 6 was carried out the austenitization with temperatures between 860 °C and 1000 °C. The structure resulting from the heat treatment was examined in the light microscope, the area of fracture, in the electron microskope. The areas of fracture of several test pieces were etched for better visualization of the grain boundary. The area of fracture resulting from the grain size and the distribution of the separated particles is discussed. It is pointed out that the area of fracture is a function of the grain size as well as of the separated particles at the grain boundary.
    Notes: Bei einem Stahl 100 Cr 6 wurde die Austenitisierung bei Temperaturen, die zwischen 860 °C und 1000 °C lagen, durchgeführt. Das sich bei der Wärmebehandlung einstellende Gefüge wurde im Lichtmikroskop, die sich beim Zugversuch bildende Bruchfläche im Elektronenmikroskop beobachtet. Zur Verfügung stand ein normales Elektronenmikroskop, das eine Betrachtung der entsprechend vorbehandelten Abdrücke erlaubte, und ein Raster-Elektronenmikroskop. Das sich in Abhängigkeit von der Korngröße und der Verteilung der Ausscheidungsteilchen einstellende Bruchgefüge wird beschrieben und anschließend diskutiert. Hierbei wird hervorgehoben, daß die Bruchgefüge von der Austenit-Korngröße, aber auch besonders stark von Ausscheidungen an der Korngrenze abhängig sind.Untersuchungen mit weiter abgestuften Austenitisierungsbehandlungen sind geplant; hierbei soll möglichst der Einfluß der Martensit- und Restaustenitbeschaffenheit stärker Beachtung finden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 222-222 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 204-209 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 209-209 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 210-214 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 214-220 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 222-222 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 222-228 
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An empirical equation is presented which describes polymer solution viscosity, η, over the entire concentration range from a knowledge of intrinsic viscosity, [η], Huggins constant, k′, and bulk flow viscosity of polymer, η0. The equation is: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{\eta _{sp}}}{{C[\eta]}} = \exp \left\{{\frac{{{\rm k'[}\eta {\rm]C}}}{{1 - bC}}} \right\} $\end{document} where solution viscosity, η, is contained in ηsp. No arbitrary parameters are invoked since b can be evaluated at bulk polymer (C = polymer density) where everything else is known. The equation accurately portrays the viscosity of polypropylene oxide (PPG 2025) from infinite dilution to bulk polymer in a very good solvent (benzene) and in a somewhat poorer (∼ θ) solvent (methylcyclohexane). The hydrodynamic consequences of the thermodynamic interactions between polymer and solvent are reflected in the constants. This equation should be applicable to other polymer/solvent systems, and thus be immediately useful to those working with concentrated polymer solutions.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 24-31 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Flow at the entrance of a tube or channel is of interest in many polymer processes. Except for mathematical treatments at high Reynolds numbers and in creeping Newtonian flow, one must turn to empirical correlating equations and qualitative observations. These are discussed in two parts, one on pressure drop and the other on flow patterns. The discussion of pressure drop is largely a review, dealing with inertial, viscous, and elastic contributions to the pressure drop in tapered and sharp-edged entrances; also presented are new data for a viscoelastic polymer solution in tapered cone entrances. In the section on flow patterns, stress birefringent data for a very elastic solution flowing into a channel entrance show an unusual effect: stress discontinuities, not unlike “shock waves,” upstream and downstream of the entrances. This is in contrast to Newtonian and less elastic materials in which the stress patterns change gradually between the developed flow region and the entrance region.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 48-53 
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    Notes: An approximate theoretical treatment is given for small compressions of bonded rubber blocks. The component of the compressive force arising from the bonded condition at the loaded surfaces is obtained from a pressure distribution within the block, given by the solution of the corresponding torsion problem. The bending of blocks is treated in a similar way, the pressure distribution in this case being derived from the corresponding bending stress function. The apparent shear of relatively thick blocks is then treated as a combination of shear and bending displacements. The location of an internal rupture and the deformation at which it occurs are also derived from a critical (negative) value of the pressure developed within the block, at which a small cavity increases indefinitely in size. The corresponding critical deformations are calculated for extension and bending displacements. The shear stresses developed at the bonded surfaces under extension, compression or bending displacements are also evaluated.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 79-85 
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    Notes: The structure of isotactic polypropylene, obtained by means of Ziegler-Natta catalysis, can be characterized only by molecular weight distribution. The mechanism of stereospecific catalysis eliminates other variables, i.e., short and long branching. In this case it is possible to develop a rheological study dependent only by polydispersity. The spectrum of relaxation times of five samples of polypropylene have been calculated from swelling measurement in the molten state and from flow master curves. The molecular weight distribution of the samples has been calculated by means of the relaxation spectrum, as suggested by Ferry. This information has been compared with that obtained by a fractionation method. There is a good agreement between the calculated and measured polydispersity curves.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 102-107 
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    Notes: A description of tensile failure of polymeric materials under multiaxial loading has been formulated, based on a combination of ideas and implications derived from Smith's work on uniaxial tensile failure envelopes and the author's earlier theoretical work. Some simplification of the formal expressions was achieved by imposing restrictions that would assure that the uniaxial failure envelope is recovered under uniaxial tensile stress conditions and that the progression toward failure is monotonically increasing under monotonically increasing loads. The final result emerges as an extension of the uniaxial failure envelope applied to failure under multiaxial loads. Subsequently, the result is capable of describing rate effects to the same extent as can be described by the uniaxial failure envelope. This is an added capability over many of the existing multiaxial failure descriptions. Unfortunately, the result applied at best, only to those materials for which the uniaxial failure envelope applies; thus the generality is restricted. Some preliminary verification is presented for LX-04-1, a high-explosive material composed of 85% HMX and 15% Viton by weight, using Peterman's results from 68°F biaxial tests. Further experimental work is underway.
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    Notes: When plastics are used for outdoor applications, they often deteriorate fairly rapidly. Theoretical explanation is based upon absorption of ultraviolet energy, raising some bonds to an energy level which exceeds their stability, and thus initiating their breakdown, usually involving atmospheric oxidation and sometimes hydrolysis as well. This theory is satisfactory for many polymers, but does not explain the instability of some polymers which are transparent to ultraviolet, nor the stability of some polymers which contain ultraviolet-absorbing and/or unstable groups. Plastics are often stabiliized by addition of ultraviolet reflectors, absorbers, or deactivators, increasing stability sufficiently for outdoor use; theoretical explanation of their protective action is satisfactory when they work, but does not explain their specificity or their failures.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 279-288 
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    Notes: The residence time distribution (RTD) functions were derived for screw extruders, based on the “parallel plate” and curved channel flow models. The results indicate a relatively narrow distribution, and they explain several characteristics of screw extruders. The strain distribution in the fluid across the channel was also derived. With the aid of these two functions an average strain of the fluid leaving the extruder was defined. The resulting weighted-average total strain (WATS) provides a quantitative criterion to the “goodness of mixing” in extruders.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 159-162 
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    Notes: The thermal instability of polybutadiene-based rubber used to improve the impact strength of vinyl-type polymers often presents processing problems. Rubber manufacturers have attempted to alleviate this situation by incorporating various types of stabilizers. However, this is not always successful. One of the consequences of using a rubber that is not sufficiently stable in the production of modified vinyl-type polymers is the formation of insoluble gel particles during processing. In an attempt to prevent this from occurring, a test was developed that can differentiate between rubbers of acceptable and non-acceptable thermal stability. In principle, the test consists of exposing the rubber in question to a controlled thermal abuse of such intensity and duration as to approximate the thermal abuse to which the rubber will be subjected in a normal processing sequence. (The extent of abuse will vary for different processes and must be empirically established for each system.) Following this controlled exposure, the rubber is tested for gel-particle content by filtration of a specific solution, much the same way that the rubber manufacturer tests for initial gel-particle content. Sufficient data have been compiled to statistically describe the validity of the test.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 185-192 
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    Notes: The recent history of planar reinforced plastic resins, including glass flake, high modulus ceramic flake, and continuous vapor coated film composites, is reviewed. The theoretical mechanics of both continuous (film) and discontinuous (flake and ribbon) reinforcements are summarized in simple form. A novel set of design curves is presented from which the lower bound requirements for the flake composite constitutents may be read directly. At the same time, the dependence of the composite ultimate strength on the shear strength of the plastic resin matrix is demonstrated.The mechanical properties of experimental film and flake composites representative of recent work are reported and compared with the theoretical predictions. In conclusion, the potential of planar reinforced plastic resin composites is discussed and found to be significant for applications where low weight and high isotropic stiffness are required, for example in aero-structural, airfoil, or blade components.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 215-221 
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    Notes: A new method of treating torque rheometer test data has been developed. First, it involves converting the torque values measured over a range of temperatures to torques corresponding to a constant reference temperature. Then the log of the calculated torques is plotted against time. The method has been applied to several polypropylene grades, and the effects of numerous test variables have been explored. Correlations have been developed between torque rheometer data and fundamental polymer properties of viscosity and molecular weight. The method should also be applicable to polymers other than polypropylene.
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970) 
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 305-308 
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    Notes: The use of a commercially available thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) operated in its isothermal mode is illustrated for studies of penetration of a hemispherically-tipped probe into a material sample. Two amorphous copolymers were studied at various temperatures above their softening points. Kinetics of penetration are compared with tensile creep measurements for these viscoelastic materials. A simple semi-empirical relationship between creep and penetration at small strains is applied and found to yield approximate although not exact agreement with experiment. It is thus possible that for homogeneous materials of this type creep data might be easily predicted with a fair degree of accuracy from penetration data and vice versa. Experimental problems involved in the TMA penetration technique are discussed.
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  • 84
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 289-292 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical properties of blends of polymer melts were measured using the orthogonal rheometer. Two-phase blends, polyethylene-polystyrene, polyethylene-poly-(methylmethacrylate), and polystyrene-polymethylmethacrylate, were studied. The in-phase and out-of-phase moduli were measured over the range of composition and at frequencies between 10-4 and 10 revolutions/sec.The out-of-phase modulus increases in a monotonic manner with composition. The in-phase modulus, however, shows a maximum with composition in two cases. Examination of the relaxation spectra of these blends shows that when no maximum occurs it can be written as an additive function of the spectra of the components. In the case where a maximum is observed in the modulus the measured spectrum of the blend is shifted in frequency relative to the calculated one. This is tentatively attributed to slight interpretation and solubility of one phase in the other in these cases.
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  • 85
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 358-363 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When a thin-walled rubber tube containing an incompressible fluid is compressed between two parallel plates the internal pressure rise depends on the restraints in the contact regions. When there is no friction in the contact zone the pressure rise is lower than when slip is prevented, so that the tube, regarded as a spring, has a compression stiffness which depends on the frictional conditions. The same considerations apply to the inflation of a tube between fixed parallel plates. In this case unstable inflation sets in at a critical pressure when the interfaces are frictionless; the tube develops a pronounced bulge when this pressure is approached. Simple theoretical relations are derived for the internal pressure and compressive force for both these deformations, and for both boundary conditions, assuming that the rubber is Neo-Hookean in elastic behavior. Experimental measurements on tubes of different dimensions are shown to be in reasonably good quantitative agreement with these theoretical predictions in all cases.
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  • 86
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 364-368 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A diffusional model was established to study the kinetics of thermally-induced solid state polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Diffusion through solid polymer is the rate controlling step when temperature is higher than 210°C and particle size is no smaller than 100 mesh. The activation energy is 30 Kcal/g mole. In polymerizing powders (20-200 mesh), the crystallinity of prepolymer and its changes during the polymerization affect the diffusivity and thus the polymerization rate. The diffusivity was found to be linearly proportional to the mass fraction of the amorphous phase in PET polymer.
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  • 87
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 383-387 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The object of measurement was the diffusion of elemental sulphur labelled with the radioisotope S35 in typical representatives for various types of rubber. The highest values of diffusion coefficient have been found in cis 1,4 polybutadiene. The lowest measured value was found for butyl rubber. The activation energy, expressing the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients, ranges from 4 to 10 kcal mol-1. For some rubbers studied, the activation energy is to a certain degree dependent upon temperature. The values of the diffusion coefficients and the characteristic constants for their temperature dependence are related to the mobility of the macromolecular segments.
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  • 88
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 19-23 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the molecular vaporization process of 21 plasticizers were investigated in detail. By both isothermal and nonisothermal kinetic methods, it was evident that 11 were quite pure single compounds, while 10 were clearly mixtures of compounds. For the single component species internal energies for vaporization and rates of volatilization are listed. The internal energies of vaporization are about one-half or less of values one can estimate from the additive factor method of Small. Thus, solubility parameters based on our experimental values are low by about 30 percent. From this and previous work on linear alkanes, it is concluded that in the molecular vaporization process, the large organic molecules studied evaporate approximately as spheres and hence low values for the energy of vaporization are obtained. Consequently, the difference between our experimental energy and that estimated from solubility parameters is the energy for extending the molecule in a vacuum environment.
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  • 89
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 43-47 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper the results of both the theoretical and experimental stress analyses of composite materials reinforced with ribbons are presented. The reinforcing materials for such composites are characterized as two-dimensional elements which are isotropic in planes parallel to the faces. The theoretical work is based on the finite element method. Experimentally, the photoelastic technique is employed to determine the stresses around the glass ribbons embedded in an epoxy matrix. The specimens, containing a number of aligned ribbons, were loaded in tension parallel to the ribbon width. The variation of shearing stress at the ribbon-matrix interface as well as the pertubation effect on both the ribbon normal stress and interfacial shear due to the discontinuity of the neighboring ribbons are discussed.
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  • 90
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 66-69 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Relaxation modulus curves for narrow distribution and broad distribution polystyrenes are compared and the significant effect of molecular weight distribution on these curves is shown. An empirical three-parameter equation is shown to describe the stress relaxation behavior of narrow distribution polystyrenes. New data for high molecular weight, narrow distribution polystyrenes are presented and used to extend the applicability of previous quantitative relations for higher molecular weights. The stress relaxation technique is shown to be sensitive to the type of plasticizer used at low concentrations.
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  • 91
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 94-101 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The two main flow defects which appear to originate in the processing machine or die are melt fracture and sharkskin. Both are associated with the elastic nature of the polymer melt. Processing variations that decrease the elastic nature of the melt diminish the severity of the effects of melt fracture. These include increased die length and temperature and shear at temperatures at which polymer segmental mobility is not too high. The sheared, less elastic melt structure may sometimes be stabilized by polymeric additives. A simple model is presented to account for this behavior, which is illustrated with examples of polyethylene and plasticized PVC.
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  • 92
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 130-130 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 93
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 38-42 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies have been made of the heat and light induced oxidation of ether linked commercial thermoplastics using a variety of analytical methods. Our studies on polyoxymethylene, polyphenylene oxide, and its blends with polystyrene are discussed here. Comparisons of heat and light stability are made with thermoplastics previously reported.Heat aging of polyoxymethylene causes a decrease in elongation and weight as well as volatile product formation and changes in the infrared spectrum indicative of chain scission. Exposure to ultraviolet light accelerates the oxidative reaction. Polyoxymethylene copolymer is more thermally stable but both polymers are rapidly degraded during light aging.Investigation of the heat and light induced oxidation of polyphenylene oxide shows that oxidation, in either case, leads to a crosslinking reaction resulting in embrittlement of the polymer. The process is difficult to retard. However, oxygen uptake results indicate that blends of polyphenylene oxide and polystyrene can be suitably stabilized against thermal oxidation. Preliminary results indicate that oxidation of these blends proceeds by a chain scission mechanism.
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  • 94
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flow behaviors of a series of polyvinylchloride (PVC) resins covering a broad range of molecular weight have been examined at several temperatures. It has been shown that the influence of temperature on viscosity depends on the temperature range. That is, the flow activation energy is not constant but can be approximated by two values, one applicable to low temperatures, the other to high temperatures.The flow activation energy based on viscosities at constant shear rate decreases as the molecular weight increases. In contrast, the flow activation energy from viscosities at constant shear stress increases with molecular weight.The fact that the activation energy is dual valued does not seem to be associated with the polymer type. Both emulsion and suspension resins exhibit this behavior. Addition of certain modifiers appears to alter the activation energy at lower temperatures. These observations indicate that the shift in the activation energy in the low temperature range is due to a change in the flow mechanism.
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  • 95
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 86-93 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Boron fiber reinforced composites have been extensively evaluated in epoxy resin matrix materials, which are satisfactory for applications in comparatively moderate environments, and are usually inapplicable at temperatures in excess of 400°F. For use in high temperature environments in excess of this figure, it is necessary to use more thermally stable resins. A modified phenolic resin was selected for this application because of the versatility of the material and the successful performance of phenolics in glass fiber reinforced structures. The modifications increased the viscosity and tack of the formulation so that consolidation could not be readily accomplished by a combination of tension and heat during the winding process, so that a multi-stage winding process with intermediate consolidation steps became necessary. Winding a complex path to make a uniformly thick wall on a frustrum required further modifications to the basic winding process. The successful solution of these problems and the development of structurally sound composites was the primary object of this work.
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  • 96
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 97
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper discusses the influence of fiber-glass reinforcement content on the physical properties of four theroplastic injection molded materials. In addition, the effects of binder difference (i.e., thermoplastic vs. thermosetting), associated with the reinforcement, are described.Several properties that were expected to show response to glass content and binder differences have been examined. Among these are short- and long-term tensile strength, flexural properties, compressive resistance, impact strength, deflection temperature under load (DTL), and environmental stress cracking.This work has demonstrated that fiber-glass reinforcement of the particular thermoplastics described in this paper has led to substantial improvements in both the stiffness and strength characteristics of the base resins. The responses to binder chemistry difference was found to be slight in many instances for the resins, as reflected by the tests described herein. However, the long-term tensile, impact, DTL, and stress-cracking tests have shown considerable sensitivity to binder change in some cases, especially with respect to the polypropylene, SAN and polyamide plastics. The particular response to a given binder system, however, appears to vary both with the material under test and the property used to detect such response.
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  • 98
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 193-203 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The capillary flow instability resulting in extrudate distortion has been studied for ethylene polymer melts using a molecular structure approach. It is found that the instability initiates at a critical value of elastic strain energy independent of (average) molecular weight for linear polyethylene. Once the flow breaks down, a slip interface within the melt is formed near the capillary wall, causing an abrupt increase in volumetric throughput. The velocity gradient within the melt remains continuous through the instability, however. Low molecular weight species present in the molecular weight distribution of linear polyethylene tend to suppress slip. Blends of linear and branched polyethylene exhibit instability behavior characteristic of both components throughout the entire range of composition. Results are discussed in terms of specific molecular mechanisms.
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  • 99
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 222-224 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solubility parameter of polyisobutylene has been determined from intrinsic viscosity measurements in a single solvent as a function of temperature. The change in solubility parameter of the solvent as a function of temperature was calculated form the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{d{\rm}ln \delta s}}{{d{\rm}ln Vs}} = - \frac{{n + 1}}{2} $\end{document} where Vs, the molal volume, changes with temperature. The vlaue for the solubility parameter thus obtained compares well with values reported in the literature for intrinsic viscosity measurements in a series of solvents. Similar measurements were made with an ethylenepropylene copolymer. The solubility parameter of 87 mole % C2 ethylene-propylene copolymer was determined to be 8.1-8.6 in either toluene or methylcyclohexane.
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  • 100
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 247-250 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new quantitative thermal analysis technique was attempted on ABS and Noryl-type polyblends. A particular component within a polyblend was identified by its glass transition temperature and the amount of the component was determined from the increase in specific heat at the glass transition temperature.Two commercial Noryl resins were determined to be blends of high impact polystyrene and polyphenylene oxide in 47-47 and 69-17 proportions by weight, respectively. Polystyrene appears to be cosoluble with polyphenylene oxide without the formation of any complex. The PS-PPO polyblends yield single sharp glass transitions which are a function of concentration.
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