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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (9,153)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (2,788)
  • Seismology
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • 1985-1989  (6,974)
  • 1950-1954  (2,980)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies in liquid-liquid direct-contact heat transferPaper presented by E. Marschall at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 388-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid-liquid direct-contact heat transfer in a spray column was studied numerically for a low hold-up. The solutions of the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy for both phases agree well with earlier experimental results, if one assumes a rigid liquid-liquid interface. Heat transfer inside is dominated by transient conduction and natural convection. It was found that the Nusselt number for free convection depends essentially only on the Rayleigh number.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120155
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Directional specific shear-rate measurements in gas-liquid two-phase flow (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 374-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Wall shear rate vectors in a bubble column and an airlift-loop reactor were measured using the limiting-current electrodiffusion technique. In connection with a new circular three-segment probe, the magnitudes and directions of shear rates were determined. The results for the bubble column are in good agreement with hot film-anemometry measurements in the same column. Moreover, the spiral flow structure, postulated in the shear-zone model of Franz, has been confirmed. In addition, the measuring technique was used to determine the flow structure in an airlift-loop reactor employed for the cultivation of animal cells. The region above the gas distributor of this fermenter has been identified as critical for mechanical damage to the cells.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120153
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Overproduction of lipase with staphylococcus carnosus (pLipPS1) under modified gravity in a centrifugal field bioreactorReport from SFB 145 “Biological, chemical and technical fundamentals of bioconversion” (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 364-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fermentation under modified gravity could be of interest in application to (a) increasing productivity of growth and growth linked production with microorganisms at high cell densities and (b) increasing the productivity of highly viscous pseudoplastic polysaccharide fermentation. In both cases, higher oxygen transfer rates in centrifugal fields result in higher productivities since these fermentations are usually oxygen limited. A further aspect of fermentation under increased gravity is the reduction of foam since foam coalescence time decreases with acceleration number. On the other hand, under microgravity, shear reduction would allow growth and production even for very shear sensitive organisms. In order to carry out fermentations under modified gravity, a special type of fermenter-the centrifugal field bioreactor CFBR-has been developed at the Institute of Chemical Engineering (Head: Prof. Mersmann) of the Technical University of Munich. For the first time, exoprotein biosynthesis of lipase with S. carnosus has been carried out under sterile and controlled conditions in this novel bioreactor, in presence of increased mass forces.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120152
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of heat transfer coefficients in tubes by temperature oscillation analysisPaper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 379-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental technique and evaluation method is described for the determination of local heat transfer coefficients in tubes or other ducts. By means of a rotary mixing valve, cold and warm fluid flows are mixed in order to generate an arbitrarily shaped but periodically oscillating inlet temperature profile at the test tube. The propagation of the fundamental harmonic oscillation from the fluid to the outer surface of the tube wall is calculated analytically. Comparison of fluid and wall oscillations yields the heat transfer coefficient to be measured. The inaccurate measurement of fluid bulk temperature in the centre of the cross-section is compensated by an additional correction. Experiments were carried out with turbulent water flow through a copper tube. Measured heat transfer coefficients were compared to values calculated using Hausen's equation and good agreement was obtained.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120154
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of transfer on droplet size in liquid-liquid dispersions (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 395-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mean droplet diameter of the dispersed phase in pulsed plate extraction columns was measured for binary and ternary systems. A change in the droplet size in the presence of solute, dependent on such factors as the direction of mass transfer, droplet size in the binary system, radio of diffusion coefficients, viscosity of the continuous phase, interfacial tension and driving force for extraction was observed. Two new empirical correlations of mean droplet sizes in mass transfer conditions are proposed. These correlations have been successfully applied to other extraction columns.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120156
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaporation rate and separation factor of molecular distillation in a falling film apparatus (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 406-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During molecular distillation in a falling film apparatus, temperature and concentration of the more volatile components undergo a marked decrease in axial and radial directions, due to the distillation in vacuo. The gradients produce changes in the rate of surface evaporation and separation efficiency along the flow path. A theoretical study of this problem is presented for binary mixtures. The respective differential equations for heat and mass transfer in the liquid film are solved numerically. As the results demonstrate, the aspect ratio of an apparatus should be large when a high separation is required and small when a high distillation rate is more important.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120158
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Flow phenomena and local heat and mass transfer in corrugated passagesPaper presented by G. Gaiser at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 400-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow phenomena, local heat and mass transfer and pressure drop of corrugated passages in process equipment are examined. Based on a method for measuring local heat and mass transfer, developed in previous investigations, a procedure has been formulated for the determination of local heat and mass transfer in corrugated passages. Using the analogy between heat and mass transfer, this technique allows the determination of heat transfer distributions in any structures with high local resolution. The corresponding pressure drop is presented together with the local and integral heat and mass transfer of different structures. It is shown that differences in heat and mass transfer as well as in pressure drop are due to different flow phenomena which also characterize mixing behaviour.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120157
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Parameters influencing the mean particle size of a crystalline productPaper presented by A.B. Mersmann at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988.Dedicated to Professor Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c. Ernst-Ulrich Schlünder on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 414-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Crystallizer design has to take into account the physical and chemical properties of the solution and solids as well as the geometry, type and operating conditions of the crystallizer. The most important property of a crystallizing system is its solubility. High solubility leads to low relative supersaturation and large mean crystal size, and vice versa. High solubility systems can be sensitive to abrasion and attrition. For low solubility systems, mixing is crucial.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120159
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of dynamic performance and testing of industrial thermometers in process control (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 419-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper considers the dynamic performance of instruments in control systems. Errors connected with transient measurements are discussed. It is shown that it is not always proper to assign common statistical properties to these dynamic errors. Emphasis is placed on temperature sensors. Common industrial thermometers are described and factors affecting their response discussed. An a-priori dynamic performance prediction procedure is presented. This permits preinstallation estimation of response characteristics of sensors used in industrial processes. Sensors in service also require performance assessment since they can deteriorate with use. In-situ testing is useful for this purpose and a recently develolped procedure is described.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120160
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  • 10
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    Electronic Resource
    Modelling and simulation of monopropellant hydrazine thrusters for spacecraft position controlDedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Ewald Wicke on the occasion of his 75th birthday (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 426-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Modelling of the kinetics of a 20-N hydrazine thruster is carried out by considering two different heterogeneous reaction channels for hydrazine decomposition to the intermediate ammonia. The parameters of the reactor model are estimated by making use of temperature profiles at the wall of the decomposition chamber. Simulated ageing of the catalyst revealed an increase of the rate of deactivation with increasing total firing time.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120161
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  • 11
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    On-line measurement of partical size distribution and partical concentration in suspensions by ultrasonic spectrometryPaper presented by U. Riebel at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 433-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The principle of ultrasonic spectrometry is based on the measurement of the ultrasonic extinction caused by the presence of particles. From measurements at different frequencies and with the knowledge of the ultrasonic extinction cross section of the particles, a system of linear equations can be established and solved to obtain the particle size distribution and particle concentration. With an experimental apparatus covering the frequency range from 1.7 MHz to 81 MHz, particles ranging from 20 to 1000 μm in diameter may be analyzed. The measurements can be carried out with particle concentrations as high as 10% by volume.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120162
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  • 12
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    Investigation of a wet dust scrubber with a pneumatic nozzle: Dust collection based on turbulent diffusionPaper presented by P. Centner at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 439-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The “nozzle scrubber” is a wet scrubber in which the scrubbing water is dispersed in dust laden gas stream by means of one or more pneumatic nozzle. This scrubber is distinguished by an excellent collection efficiency for submicron dust at an unusually low energy and water consumption. So far, the physical effects affecting the separation cannot be explained by a well-defined theory. Therefore, it is sensible to investigate the collection efficiency with regard to the mechanisms of inertial impaction, turbulent diffusion and coalescence induced by turbulence. The experimental equipment is of a very simple design. A light scattering device was used to measure the particle distributions. In addition, electron micrographs were analyzed to obtain information about the submicron particles. The influence of operating parameters on grade efficiency has been demonstrated by their systematic variation. The contribution of turbulent diffusion to the collection efficiency has been confirmed; nevertheless, grade efficiencies were also measured when inertial impaction prevailed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120163
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  • 13
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    A study of gas and liquid distributions in structured packingsPaper presented by R. Stikkelman at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 445-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study describes the gas and liquid distributions in a column with structured packings. The column is 0.5 m in diameter. It is equipped with a total of 1289 detectors in the top and bottom cross-sections. These detectors provide a detailed picture of the gas and liquid flows through elements of only 25 × 25 mm2. The maldistribution in the gas bulk flow is negligible. Only the observed wall can contribute to malperformance. The gas flows in parallel to sheet orientation, thus introducing a radial transport. Together with the change in the orientation of subsequent packing elements, this results in good gas mixing. It was observed that the liquid wall flow rate decreases when the gas velocity exceeds 1.7 m/s. Up to the loading point, the maldistribution of the liquid is constant. Above this point, the equality of the distribution deteriorates rapidly, due to the occurrence of large-scale liquid segregation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120164
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  • 14
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    Heat and mass transfer during condensation of steam in the presence of air at pressures of up to 21 bar (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Film theory under consideration of one-sided diffusion is a satisfactory basis for the calculation of vapour condensation from a flowing turbulent mixture with non-condensable gases. At atmospheric pressure and low condensate flow rates, coefficient equations for smooth tubes are used as a rule. At higher pressures and thus, at higher temperatures and gas densities, there are additional parameters. For instance, non-ideal behaviour of the gas phase or the surface roughness affects the condensation process. These parameters were examined in a test plant under variation of pressure, steam concentration and temperature in a vapour/air mixture. At pressures of up to 21 bar, the Reynolds number of the gaseous phase reaches a maximum value of 128 000 and of 720 for the condensed phase. After description of the test facility, the experimental results are explained and discussed. It is shown that the experimental results are not in a good agreement with the common calculating methods. Taking into account the non-ideal behaviour of the steam/air mixture and the roughness of condensate surface by using a friction factor ξr, all the results could be calculated with an accuracy of ± 20%. This was achived with a modification of the coefficient equation of Gnielinski [1] and by using the equation of Andreussi [2] for the friction factor of a cocurrent annular flow. With respect to one-sided diffusion, the film theory is still applicable. The described method for the determination of local transfer coefficients includes the common calculating method. It represents an extension of the general validity of the film theory.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120132
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Study of mass transfer in a centrifugal film apparatus (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 245-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer data are presented for absorption of oxygen in a centrifugal film apparatus. The apparatus was designed to exclude the formation of foam by gas dispersion in liquid. Cells and micro-organisms are not subjected to high shear stress. Therefore, this equipment can be applied in fermentation processes. In the present work, experimental data and correlations were obtained on splitting of the liquid film and oxygen absorption into the film through a spiral ridge formed on the conical surface. The performance of the apparatus is found to be equivalent to those of other types of absorbers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120133
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  • 16
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    Thermally stabilized combustionPaper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thermally stabilized combustion has a number of unique characteristics which permit the generation of steam or other forms of process energy from the heat of combustion of a gaseous or clean liquid fuel in remarkably compact, integrated apparatus while truly minimizing the concentrations of NOx, CO and unburnt fuel in the effluent. These characteristics, which have been identified by a long-range program of research, are described and the advantages and limitations of this process are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120134
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  • 17
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    Parameter estimation from integral Mars-van Krevelen type of kinetic data of a reaction networkDedicated to Professor Dr. Horst Langemann on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 11-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120103
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  • 18
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    Coupled simulation of heat transfer and reaction in a steam reforming furnaceDedicated to Professor Dr. Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 20-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For design and simulation of chemical process furnaces in accordance with present-day standards, the temperature distributions in the firebox and in the reactors must be generated simultaneously. This calls for coupling of the simulations of the firebox and of the reactor. For the calculation of heat transfer in the firebox, a generalized furnace simulations program, based on the zone method, is applied. Monte Carlo simulation techniques are used to determine the view factors. The location of the burners is explicitly accounted for. Absorption and emission of radiation by the flue gas are calculated by considering band contributions for carbon dioxide and water. For the simulation of the steam reforming reactors, a one-dimensional heterogeneous model, which accounts for the presence of intraparticle partial pressure gradients, is used. The simulated temperature distribution in the furnace is in excellent agreement with industrial results, as is the simulated product distribution.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120105
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  • 19
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    Generalization of AIChE and colburn models for tray efficiency (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 333-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The most important investigations on liquid weeping and entrainment in plate columns with downcomers are reveiwed. The formulae for calculating column plate efficiency under conditions of liquid weeping and entrainment have been derived on the basis of mass balance equations. The presented model is a generalization of the models of AIChE and Colburn. Sample results are shown graphically. The effect of liquid entrainment on tray efficiency predicted by the model is in agreement with experimental data of FRI.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120146
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  • 20
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    Heat transfer to liquids and suspensions in agitated narrow vesselsPaper presented by D.-H. Frobese at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrensingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 324-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The knowledge of the heat transfer coefficient on the inner side of a heated vessel wall is of the utmost importance for the design of agitated vessels. In the case of large Reynolds numbers, the heat transfer is mainly determined by these numbers whereas, with small Reynolds numbers, the heat transfer is better described by considering the Grashof number. Investigations of heat transfer in agitated narrow vessels have shown that the height/diameter ratio exerts virtually no influence on the heat transfer when multi-impeller stirrers are used. The heat transfer to stirred suspensions can be described by relationships valid for liquids if the characteristic data of the liquid are replaced by those of the suspension and when the solids volume concentration is also taken into account. This relationship allows the heat transfer coefficient to be calculated for given solids volume concentrations of up to 60%.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120145
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  • 21
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    Design and analysis of a state observer for the temperature front of a retification columnExtended version of a paper presented by G. Feig at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 339-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to achieve optimal energy-saving, load-dependent operation of rectification columns, development and implementation of model-based control concepts are necessary. This paper reports on the design and step-by-step testing of a state observer for the estimation of two state variables which cannot be measured directly, namely the vapour rate and the location of mass transfer zone (temperature front) in the stripping section of a production column. The procedure is described, and the relevant simulation and operation results are presented and discussed. Initial experience, gained when the concept was put into practical operation, is reported.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120147
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  • 22
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    Continuous crystallization of potassium carbonate (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 345-350 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous crystallization of potassium carbonate was investigated in a mixed suspension mixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizer with 7.0 1 working volume. Highly polydispersed product was obtained, with x50 varying between 320 and 670 μm. Crystal growth rates can be described by the model of Abegg, Stevens and Larson (ASL) (size dependent crystal growth rate). Values of G0 = 8.6 × 10-9 to 3.6 × 10-8 m/s and B0/ϕ = 2.7 × 108 to 4.2 × 109 1/m3s were obtained for mT = 45 to 92 kg/m3 and ε = 0.45 ± 0.05 W/kg. Nucleation kinetics at 27 °C can be described by the equation: B0/ϕ = kBϕsε0.73G02.5. Since G0 ∝ σ, convection and/or diffusion rather than surface integration are the crystal growth controlling mechanisms.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120148
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  • 23
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    Selective absorption of ethylene by methanol solutions of Copper(I) chloride-ethylenediamine complex (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 356-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120150
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    Separation of liquid from vapour upon pressure relief (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 54-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When a chemical reactor is depressurized or pressure in a vessel, filled with saturated liquid, has to be decreased, generally both vapour and liquid flow out through the relief valve. Since chemical reactors are usually operated with toxic and explosive fluids, the discharged liquid which vaporizes on the ground around the vessel may reach dangerous concentrations, causing explosions or accidents with the poisonous gas. During a research project, some fundamentals were developed for the design of separation systems which separate liquid from vapour and store it in a receiver. The requirement for a separation efficiency of a least 80% is related to the condition that the separated liquid should flow back into the reactor still during the pressure relief phase. For safety reasons, both separation and re-storage are to be carried out without the supply of external energy. Theoretical and experimental investigations of pressure distribution within the piping to the relief valve and in an integrated separator show that re-storage of the separated liquid in the vessel can be achieved under certain flow conditions. Therefore, the separator must be integrated in the pipe at a certain height above the vessel, so that the hydrostatic pressure of the separated liquid, corresponding to the difference in height, is sufficient to lead it back through another pipe against the internal pressure of the vessel. First, several separators were tested with air-water mixtures. A swirl separator and a reversing separator have been developed to such an extent that they appear suitable for the set task. Experimental results with air-water mixtures and refrigerant R12 upon pressure relief show separation efficiencies of between 90 and 100% at low pressure drops within the whole operating range. As an alternative to separation outside the vessel, a rotary separator was also developed which is fixed to the outlet opening in the vessel. A centrifugal field is produced by the separator rotor and the heavier liquid is largely separated from the vapour so that only drops in the range 〈 100 μm flow together with the vapour towards the central standpipe. The outflowing vapour leaves the separator via 4 tangentially arranged nozzles, under critical conditions. The vapour flow momentum drives the separator rotor. The arrangement was developed and tested during various series of experiments, under conditions or pressure relief with refrigerant R12. So far, separation efficiencies between 60 and 95% have been achieved at stirring speeds of up to 2500 min-1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120110
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    The pressure ratio of critical two-phase flowsDedicated to Professor Dr. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Heinz Brauer on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Depressurization of a pressure vessel, containing a liquid or a gas is limited by the maximum possible mass flux. This flux occurs at a certain drop in pressure. The ratio of ambient pressure to that inside the vessel must be less than a certain critical value. The critical pressure ratio depends on the thermodynamic state of the fluid inside the vessel and on the geometry of the outlet cross-section. The outlet can be a pipeline, a safety valve or a rupture disk. The results of known theoretical and experimental work are presented. In previous experiments, saturated liquids, two-phase flows or pure vapours were examined. In order to predict the critical pressure ratio, certain assumptions are necessary. These are derived for three well-defined cross-sections of the vessel outlet.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120113
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    Simulation of sintering of model supported metal catalysts (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During the past decade, the sintering of model supported metal catalysts, i.e. catalysts consisting of metal deposited on very thin and flat oxide films, has been intensively investigated by transmission electron microscopy. In the current paper, a mathematical model, based on an atomic migration mechanism, for the sintering of these catalysts is presented. The predictions of the model, based on Monte Carlo simulations, are in very good agreement with the experimental observations, i.e. phenomena such as ‘apparent’ particle migration, splitting and neck formation between particles are predicated by the model.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120115
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    Combined process treatment of molasses fermentation waste water for biogas generation (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 109-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Anaerobic fermentation of molasses distillery slops to biogas was carried out with the aid of an adapted and selected anaerobic mixed culture. Two different types of fermenters were used, namely an agitated pretreatment fermenter and a column fermenter with glass rings as carriers for micro-organisms. The production of biogas in both fermenters amounted to between 0.6 and 0.8 dm3/g COD. The aerobic pretreatment of distillery slops by T. fermentans, yeast during a 4 to 6 h period allows a high reduction of COD in the subsequent anaerobic phase of the process. After treatment of the distillery slops by T. fermentans, it was possible to convert between 85 and 93% of the organic matter to methane. Conversion was about 93% with loading rate of 25g COD/litre day.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120116
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    Conversion of methanol to light olefins over zeolite H-T (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The conversion of methanol over zeolite H-T was investigated in a fixed bed reactor. H-T was prepared from Na-T by ion exchange with HCl and NH4Cl solutions. The HCl solution caused appreciable dealumination. High yields of ethene were obtained with NH4Cl exchangeed zeolites Na-T with 45% decationization, high proprne yields with low HCl or NH4Cl Exchanged catalysts. Low methanol partial pressures and short residence times favoured the formation of lower olefins. Lowest coking rates were observed at a reaction temperature of 693 K. The catalytic activity decrased slowly with the number of reaction/regeneration cycles. The distribution of procucts 〉 C2 could be described by the most probable distribution of Schulz and Flory.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120121
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    Advances in modelling and design of multitubular fixed-bed reactorsII. A Mathematical Model of the Cocurrent Multitubular Reactor System (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 170-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a method mathematical modelling of cocurrent multitubular fixed-bed reactors. The method is adapted to the most widespread type of industrial reactor design, i.e. the system fitted with disk-and-doughnut baffles. The proposed model makes it possible to estimate the influence of non-uniformity of the heat carrier flow on the reactor characteristics, taking into account the coolant streams by-passing via the tube-to-baffle clearances. Based on the model, the effect of the operating parameters as well as of some more important geometrical parameters of the reactor on an exemplary highly exothermic process of partial benzene oxidation to maleic anhydride is discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120123
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    Venturi scrubber calculation and optimization (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 188-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Collection efficiency and pressure loss of a venturi scrubber can usually be determined from the calculation models of Barth and Calvert. However, this only leads to reasonable results if the droplets are uniformly distributed throughout each cross-section of the washing zone. In this work, a two-zone models is developed which allows the calculation of the venturi scrubber at operating conditions with a non-uniform droplet distribution. The scrubber geometry is also taken into account. A venturi scrubber was developed on the basis of this new model. Its energy consumption is significantly lower than the well-Known optimum characteristic of Wicke and Holzer. For ideal operating conditions, a new optimum characteristic is given which should be the aim of future optimizations.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120125
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    Mass transfer and chemical reaction in fluid two-phase systemsPresented in part at the 21th meeting of the Dechema-Arbeitsausschuß “Technische Reaktionen” together with the GVC-Fachausschuß “Technische Reaktionsführung” in Aronoldsheim/Taunus, 10-11th February 1982. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady-state concentrations of the transferred reactant in the bulk phase and the non-flowing diffusion boundary layer of an isothermal, isobaric two-phase reactor with an irreversible first-order reaction and constant composition of one phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120126
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    Model concept of floc disintegration in centrifugal fields (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 200-204 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model of floc destruction resulting form mass forces in a centrifugal field is postulated and its validity examined. This model is to be regarded as a supplement to the existing shear-loading disagglomeration models. In order to verify this additional floc disintegration mechanism, appropriate investigations were carried out with flocculated suspensions of silica and Hamburg dock sludge. As a result, in addition to floc disintegration by shear forces within a turbulent flow and in the centrifuge inlet, the existence of another mechanism was demonstrated. This consists in the floc destruction in a centrifugal field where particles in excess of a certain size, or specifically heavier components, are preferentially torn out of the floc. This floc disintegration by mass forces can lead to a classification effect in centrifuges which also subject the flocs to instant high centrifugal forces.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120127
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    Dispersion behaviour of droplets in circular loop reactors (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A circular loop reactor was built for application to a heterogeneous liquid-liquid reaction. In order to investigate the dispersion behaviour of droplets in the reactor, basic experiments were performed using a number of liquid-liquid dispersions. Droplets discharged form the impeller region were found to grow due to coalescence in the circulation region. Mean droplet diameter decreased exponentially with elapsing time. An expression correlating the steady-state mean droplet diameter with the operating conditions was derived. Moreover, the transition time required for the droplet diameter to reach the equilibrium value was determined and correlated with the operating conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120128
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    Measurement of aeration capacity of fermenters (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Important aspects of K1a measurement in agitated aerated vessels are briefly characterized from the standpoint of reliability of the measured data. An analysis of the shortcomings of dynamic methods for measuring the K1a is given. A new modification of the dynamic method is proposed, which excludes these inadequacies through a special experimental arrangement. This was verified by comparing the data with those obtained by an independent steady-state method. The new method can serve as a standard of reference, suitable for testing newly developed methods for K1a measurement. The initial response method was tested in this way in non-coalescent liquids, and shown to lead to errors of the order of hundreds of percent. K1a values obtained with the initial response method were found to depend strongly on the probe's location in the vessel.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120129
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    A new model of the effect of stirring intensity on the rate of secondary nucleationPaper presented at the Anual Meeting of the “GVC-Fachausschuß Kristallisation”, The Hague, March 10 to 12, 1986. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Secondary nucleation in industrial crystallizers depends on both supersaturation and mechanical stress by stirring. Most models which consider mechanical stress assume that nucleation is proprotional to the energy transferred to the crystals during collisions. This is not based on any physical relationship and, in addition, the models do not satisfactorily reproduce the experimental results. Own model, based on the theory of Hertz/Huber, which accounts for the stress of the crystals caused by impact, gave better results. This well-known and proven theory allows the calculation of the volume abraded during collisions between crystals and stirrer or walls. Introducing a nucleate efficienncy, the effect of mechanical stress on the rate of secondary nucleation, due to stirring intensity and crystallizer size, can be determined.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120119
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    A new particle size effect (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sintering effect of highly dispersed metals is the reason for the following phenomena: thermal deactivation, particle size effect, separable or non-separable kinetics and the isokinetic relationship ( = compensation effect). A comparison of these phenomena reveals a contradiction which can be reconciled by a new particle size effect. This effect is characterized in the following way: The dependence of specific activity on particle size is always connected with a variation of the activation energy, caused by the particle size distribution. Therefore, this effect is referred to as the partical size and distribution effect, P.S.D.E. This new concept describes all the observed phenomena of the conventional partical size effect. Moreover, it is consistent with similar effects such as non-separable kinetics and the isokinetic relationship. In consequence, the method of isothermal measurement of specific activity is inadequate.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120120
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    Porosity and permeametry at sub-atmospheric pressures (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 255-261 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Carman-Kozeny equation is applicable in the viscous flow regime but, as the powder becomes finer, this equation fails. The controlling factor is the ratio of the hydraulic diameter to the mean free path of gas molecules (rH/λ) and, as this approaches unity, “slip flow” occurs. This effect increases with (a) increasing fineness, i.e. rH reduced, (b) decreasing porosity, i.e. rH reduced, and (c) decreasing pressure, i.e. λ increased. In order to account for the enhanced flow arising as a result of this failure, a second term is introduced into the equation and this includes an unknown “constant” (δK0/K), the coefficient of slip. It was considered probable that this so-called constant was a function of (rH/λ), and an attempt was made to investigate this relationship.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120135
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    Streamline-upwind/Petrov-galerkin finite element methods in polymer processing (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120137
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    Characterization of mixing and residence time distributions in nozzle-type reactors (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 262-269 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies of flow characteristics and residence time distribution, (RTD), have been undertaken in a range of geometrically similar, laboratory nozzle-type reactors. High-speed cine-photography was employed to record the complex phenomena of liquid mixing in the reactor and also to record on film the colour of an injected tracer solution leaving in the effluent. A novel atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) technique was applied to transform the results of the latter film into response curves. This technique provide detailed quantitative data on the residence time distributions (RTD) for different feed rates. A multiparameter model, comprising a network of CSTR's and plug flows, was developed to simulate the experimental response data. Good agreement was obtained between model predictions and experimental results. The experimental technique and theoretical approach are recommended for analyzing the flow patterns and mixing mechanisms in such reactors.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Fluid dynamic description of jet-loop reactors in multiphase operationModified version of a paper presented by K.H. Tebel at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Strasbourg, September 17 to 19, 1986. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 274-280 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A superposition of simple physical equations allows a satisfactory, comprehensive fluid dynamic description of jet-loop reactors in multiphase operation up to a dispersed phase hold-up of 15%. In the case of higher concentrations, there are further interactions which are not yet included in the model description. Apart from the drag coefficient of the single-phase jet loop, information on the particle swarm behaviour, i.e. on the slip velocity of the dispersed phase is required. Explicit formulation of the influence of the relevant geometrical parameters permits a reliable scale-up without additional adaptation parameters.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120138
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    Vapour-liquid equilibria of hydrogen/coal liquid and methane/coal liquid systems at elevated temperatures and pressures (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 280-288 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A cubic equation of state is modified in such a way that prediction of PVT data from 40 model compounds, typical of coal oil, becomes possible with an absolute mean deviation of less than 2% for saturated liquid volumes and vapour pressures 〉 1 bar. Additional correlations for binary interaction parameters are obtained by an optimization procedure using vapour-liquid euilibrium (VLE) data from known heavy hydrocarbon liquid/light gas systems. When the modified equation is applied to coal-derived liquids, only specific gravity and boiling analysis data of the coal liquids are required, primarily in order to determine the equation-of-state parameters. The proposed equation is shown to allow a good prediction of VLE data for systems consisting of wide-boiling-range coal oils and light gases. Experimental values were obtained at elevated temperatures and pressures with a circulation flow apparatus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120139
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    Heat transfer enhancement in fin-plate heat exchangers by wing type vortex generatorsDedicated to Professor Dr. Klaus Gersten on the occasion of his birthday. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 288-294 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer and fluid mechanical data were computed for laminar channel flows containing strong longitudinal vortex pairs. The strong vortices are generated by thin delta wings and delta winglet pairs of low aspect ratios and large angles of attack. These wings are attached to the channel walls. The data show that longitudinal vortices cause high local peaks in heat transfer and marked increases in the overall channel heat transfer. These increases occur over a wide region of channel wall, compared to the vortex generating wing area. The results are of special interest for compact heat exchangers. The heat transfer enhancement allows a considerable reduction in the heat transfer area which, in turn, reduces the manufacturing and operating costs.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120140
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    Particle collection in small laboratory cyclones as a basis for the design of large-scale cyclonesPaper presented by H. Büttner at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Freiburg September 30 to October 2, 1987. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 295-301 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Grade efficiencies must be measured in order to characterize particle collection in cyclones. For real, irregularly shaped partcles, the grade efficiencies depend on the shape and orientation of the particles and the flow around them. Therefore, the collection characteristics of cyclones should be defined in relation to spherical particles. Deviations occurring on the use of real, irregularly shaped dusts can then be attributed to a material influence. A fast and accurate measuring technique to determine the collection characteristic for spherical particles is described, followed by the presentation of results of extensive investigations on small model cyclones. A similarity relationship is presented. The validity of this relationship was confirmed by investigations with similar, larger cyclones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120141
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    Reversible absorption of nitric oxide in low volatile organic liquids containing cupric halides (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 33-37 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The absorption of nitric oxide (NO) in phosphoric acid esters and polyethylene glycol ethers which contain cupric halides has been investigated. Due to high solubility of cupric halides and high equilibrium constants of formed nitrosyl complexes, the effective solubility of nitric oxide can be enhanced to about 100-fold its solubility in the salt-free organic liquid which itself amounts to only about 5-fold the NO-solubility in water. Calculations taking into account flue gas conditions indicate that the required gas-liquid ratio in industrial absorption processes will lie in the normal range of flue gas scrubbing processes, namely in the region of 400:1 to 1000:1 in volume. Thus, such a reversible absorption process could a viable alternative to SCR-processes in flue gas denitrification.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120107
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    Effects of pretreatments on semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of wheat straw (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 96-102 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of alkali treatment, nitrogen supplement and hydraulic retention time on methane production rate from semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of 5% wheat straw-water mixtures were investigated. The experiments were carried out in laboratory scale fermenters, fed with 1 1 of basic, alkali treated and nitrogen supplemented 5% wheat straw-water mixtures, respectively, and maintained at 55 °C. Digestion experiments were performed for hydraulic retention times of 8, 10 and 15 days. The amount and composition of produced gas were measured until steady state was attained in each run. The steady-state methane production rates were found to increase with hydraulic retention time and with the type of slurry in the following order; basic, nitrogen supplemented and alkali treated slurry. Data obtained from the experiments were employed to determine the kinetics of methane production from anaerobic digestion of wheat straw, for the assessment of pretreatment effects on process kinetics. The predicted methane production rates were found to be in a reasonably good agreement with the measurements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120114
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    Increase in viscosity and its influence on polymerization processesDedicated to Prof. Dr. Heinz Gerrens on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 71-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the course of polymerization in homogeneous systems, the viscosity of the reaction mass increases by several orders of magnitude. The viscosity increase is affected by reaction conditions, concentration and properties of the formed polymer. Empirical correlations for homogeneous and heterogeneous polymerizations are given. Viscosity significantly affects the polymerization kinetics as well as heat, mass and momentum balances of the polymerization reactor. The influence of viscosity and its increase on conductive heat transfer, stirrer power input and cooling capacity, molecular diffusion and mass transfer coefficients, mixing time and residence time distribution in homogeneous and heterogeneous polymerizations in stirred tank and tubular reactors is reviewed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120112
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    Advances in modelling and design of multitubular fixed- bed reactorsI. Description of Interaction Between Reactants and Coolant (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 113-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Starting from the review of current industrial designs, the present paper analyzes thermal interaction between reactants and coolant in multitubular fixed-bed reactors. The interaction can be described quantitatively in terms of parameters characterizing transport processes both on the tube side and in the intertubular space. The study provides a detailed discussion of existing methods and correlations used for the evaluation of these parameters. The methods presented here can be considered as a basis for the development of a more comprehensive approach to the modeling and design of multitubular catalytic reactors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120117
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    Determination of size and stress intensity factors for leaks in nozzle attachmentsPaper presented by G. Wiedemann at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The prediction of leak areas in pressure vessels is an important objective in the safety analysis of chemical plants. Using suitable design rules, a leak-before-break behaviour can be achieved. This contribution outlines a procedure for the leak-before-break design of nozzle attachments and the determination of the size of the corresponding opening area. In addition, K1-factors and leak areas for a number of nozzle geometries have been calculated and plotted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120118
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    The contradiction in the theory of desorption phenomena: A new interpretation of the classical concept for its avoidance (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 218-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most chemical engineers presently accept that the mass transfer rate in desorption from the solid to the gas phase or from the liquid to the gas phase is accelerated with increasing temperature in the liquid or the solid phase, or increasing partial pressure of inert gas in the gas phase, and/or decreasing total system pressure in the gas phase. Nevertheless, many reports about such mass transfer are still based on the former concept, which completely contradicts the actual phenomena mentioned above. Here, we discuss the contradiction and suggest a way of resolving it in terms of diffusion theory.
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    Influence of turbulence on transient premixed flame propagation inside closed vessels (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 226-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The explosion behaviour of CH4/air mixtures inside a closed 0.065 m3 spherical and a 1 m3 cylindrical vessel was investigated to determine the effect of turbulence on the structure and propagation rate of transient turbulent flames for different initial turbulence levels generated by 4 ventilators installed inside the equipment. Laser-Doppler and hot wire anemometry were used to measure the turbulent motion. It was found that fairly uniform turbulence could be achieved in the central zones of the vessels and that the RMS-values of flow velocity were proportional to the ventilator speed. The evaluation of burning velocity from the pressure/time records showed that, starting from an initial burning velocity which depends on the initial turbulence level, the flame accelerates as a result of pressure, temperature and turbulence effects. Maximum burning velocity coincides with the inflexion point of the pressure/time curve, and is followed by a rapid deceleration of the flame front. A linear relationship between burning velocity and measured RMS-velocity is recognized in the observed range of RMS-values.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120131
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    Reduction of energy requirements in distillationExtended version of a paper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distillation has been, up to now, the standard method for separating fluid mixtures in the process industry and the consensus is that it will remain so for years to come. The only disadvantage of distillation is its high energy requirement. In the following, it will be demonstrated on the example of an ideal ternary mixture, how the energy requirement of distillation process can be reduced. Very effective are some modifications of single columns, optimization of column sequences and direct or indirect column coupling. It will be shown that, just by column coupling, the energy requirement can be reduced to a third.
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    Effects of turbulence on heat and mass transfer in stagnation flowsPaper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987.Dedicated to Professor Dr. Josef Kestin on the occasion of his 75th birthday (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 176-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of turbulence on local heat and mass transfer is systematically analyzed. Essential prerequisite is the availability of measurement methods, based on convective mass transfer, which allow the visualization of heat and mass transfer distributions. The results show that, even at low turbulence intensities, the flow and transport phenomena are decisively influenced by the specific design of turbulence grids and the orientation of the grid wires with respect to the stagnation line. Thereby, two different flow mechanisms occur which may interact. The anisotropy of grid turbulence leads to the “wire-gap effect” depending on the actual position of the grid wires in relation to the stagnation line. The other mechanism is based on the wavy wake velocity distribution behind screens and grid which, in conjunction with the centrifugal instability of stagnation flows, may lead to longitudinal vortices. The results indicate why turbulence has not been sufficiently considered in the available (semi-) empirical correlations. Information needed for an accurate prediction of heat and mass transfer in turbulence flows is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270120124
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    Optimization of biphasic growth of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis in fed-batch culture (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The optimal glucose feeding policy for the fed-batch culture of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis is presented. The biphasic nature of growth results in a singular feed rate policy that is unique to this organism. When the operating cost is high, the reduction in operating time forces the cells to utilize both glucose and ethanol toward the end of fermentation time and results in a decreasing rate of glucose addition, unlike the normally observed in creasing feed rate. The optimal feeding policy depends heavily on the initial conditions and is highly sensitive to changes in kinetic parameters. A semiempirical scheme for feedback optimization is suggested for the fed-batch yeast culture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330102
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    Thermostability of alcohol dehydrogenase: Evidence for distinct subunits with different deactivation properties (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 62-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several independent experimental techniques, including nondenaturing and denaturing isoelectric focusing, spin labeling, and enzyme immobilization, indicate that four ethanol-active subunits of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) can be classified as one of two types, designated E1 and E2. Thermal inactivation studies of LADH in solution and immobilized to two different supports demonstrate that the first-order rate constants of deactivation of E1 and E2 differ by more than an order of magnitude. Furthermore, E1, and E 2 can be distinguished by EPR spectroscopy, with the less stable subunit type, E2, appearing to have the less compactly structured active-site environment. The less stable enzyme form also loses catalytic activity upon covalent attachment to CNBr-Sepharose but remains active when adsorbed to Octyl-Sepharose. Moreover, the immobilization results in conjunction with lysine modification studies suggest that E2 immobilized to CNBr-Sepharose cannot bind coenyzme. Overall, these results illustrate how EPR measurements in concert with activity assays can pro vide insights into the molecular mechanisms of enzyme stabilization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330109
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    Alginate as immobilization material. II: Determination of polyphenol contaminants by fluorescence spectroscopy, and evaluation of methods for their removal (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 90-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Alginates, both commercial and laboratory made, are strongly fluorescent due to small amounts of polyphenolic materials. These contaminants can be detected by fluorescence spectroscopy in concentrations lower than 1 ppm. This technique has been used to measure polyphenols in a wide range of alginates and various procedures for preparation of biotechnological-grade alginates have been evaluated.
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    Alginate as immobilization material: I. Correlation between chemical and physical properties of alginate gel beads (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 79-89 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Calcium alginate gel beads were prepared from a range of well characterized alginates. The physical properties of beads depended strongly on the composition, sequential structure, and molecular size of the polymers. Beads with the highest mechanical strength, lowest shrinkage, best stability towards monovalent cations, and highest porosity were made from alginate with a content of L-guluronic acid higher than 70% and an average length of the G-blocks higher than 15. For these “high G” alginates the critical overlap intrinsic viscosities have been determined, and for molecular weight higher than 2.4 × 105, the gel strength was independent of the molecular weight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330111
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    Use of immobilized trypsin for semisynthesis of human insulin (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 126-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330116
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    Shear breakage of nylon membrane microcapsules in a turbine reactor (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The breakage of nylon membrane microcapsules is proposed as a new method to study and quantify shear effects in biological systems. A critique of this method shows that a narrower particle size distribution may be an important improvement in the breakage study as well as breakage control in many bioreactor and biotechnological applications. In a turbine reactor, it was shown that the primary process which determines the microcapsule breakage is the shear effect. The breakage kinetics are first order with regard to the microcapsule concentration. The breakage kinetic constant was ob served to be dependent on the temperature and the particle size, and proportional to the average shear rate and the third power of the turbine angular velocity. Decrease of the breakage kinetic constant with temperature can be explained by a decrease of fluid viscosity and a change in nylon membrane properties. An increase in the breakage kinetic constant with the microcapsule diameter can be due to a lowering of internal pressure and a reduction of the membrane resistance with size. Proportionality between the breakage kinetic constant and the shear rate shows that shear is the main process which leads to microcapsule breakage. The additional intervention in the shear rate expression of the turbine angular speed in the form of the turbine and particle velocities, results in the dependence of the breakage kinetic constant on the third power of the angular velocity.
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    Relation between stabilization and rigidification of the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 563-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Purified cellobiase was coupled to periodate-oxidized dextran by reductive alkylation using sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium borohydride, and dimethylaminoborane for various reaction times. The thermal stability of the different conjugates obtained was studied and correlated to the number of links introduced between the enzyme and the soluble support. We observe that resistance to heat inactivation increases as a function of the number of modified lysines. Sodium cyanoborohydride was the most effective reducing agent. After 24 h reaction, the modification of 92% of the lysines gave a cellobiase-dextran conjugate that is a most stable enzyme. We conclude that the thermal stability observed for the chemically modified enzyme results from the rigidification of the three-dimensional structure of the protein. This rigidification increases with the number of links introduced between the enzyme and the polysaccharide. We also observe that chemical modification leads to a heterogeneous population of stabilized enzymes. Because of this heterogeneous population, it is necessary to develop a mathematical model of the kinetics of enzyme inactivation.
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    Optimization of batch fermentor sterilization (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 584-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article presents a calculation procedure useful for the optimization and scale up of batch sterilization cycles in large-scale fermentors. This technique determines the sterilization temperature and hold-time necessary to minimize nutrient damage in a specific fermentor. The method can also be used for “scaledown” experiments to eliminate sterilization conditions as a scale up parameter. A method for the systematic evaluation of different sterilization conditions on product yield is also presented. This procedure is useful in determining if scale up of sterilization conditions is important for a given process. The validity of the techniques presented are supported by data showing significant yield improvements in a 1.2 × 105 L antibiotic fermentation.
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    On-line titration method for monitoring buffer capacity and total volatile fatty acid levels in anaerobic digesters (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 570-577 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The construction and use of an automatic on-line titration unit for routine or event- initiated monitoring of alkalinity, buffer capacity, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) levels is presented. Under computer control a sample of digester liquor is pumped into the titration vessel and weighed. A sequence of titration, sparging, and back-titration operations are then initiated during which the pH and weight are recorded continuously and a titration curve constructed. From the curve, estimates of the alkalinity, buffer capacity to any desired pH endpoint, and total VFA levels are computed. The data is stored to disk and output as hard copy together with the titration curve itself. Monitoring and control of the titration apparatus is effected by a microcomputer via two analog input lines and eight digital output lines, respectively. The system is suitable for downloading to a small, inexpensive dedicated microprocessor-based system. The apparatus is constructed from standard and widely available equipment and the titration sequence, being under software control, is fully adaptable to particular requirements. The use of this facility in the on-line monitoring, control and optimization of the anaerobic digestion process is discussed.
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    Protein purification by affinity binding to unilamellar vesicles (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 173-182 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel purification technique is proposed which employs affinity-ligand-modified liposomes to specifically purify bioactive macromolecules from solution. This process is demonstrated with avidin as the model biomolecule and biotin as the affinity ligand. Biotin is covalently bound to the surface of small unilamellar vesicles composed of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE). The number of accessible binding sites on the liposomes is determined by titration with avidin, and the kinetics of binding are evaluated by monitoring the concentration of free avidin in solution after the addition of biotinylated liposomes. The specificity of the process is determined by following the affinity binding of avidin to biotinylated liposomes in the presence of model impurities (i.e., lysozyme and cytochrome C). Liposome-bound avidin is separated from the impurities by ultrafiltration through a membrane which retains the liposomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330206
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    Aromatic aldehydes as substrates for yeast and yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 657-660 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330520
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    Reversibility and competition in the adsorption of Trichoderma reesei cellulase components (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 631-637 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Adsorption reversibility and competition between fractionated components of the Trichoderma reesei cellulase system were studied. Specific endoglucanase (EGI), nonspecific endoglucanases (EGII, EGIII), and cellobio-hydrolase (CBHI) were previously grouped according to their hydrolytic function. At 5°C, direct evidence of exchange between adsorbed and free enzyme was obtained for each component using [3H] and [14C] radiolabeled tracers. No release of bound enzymes was detected upon dilution of the free enzyme solution. In simultaneous adsorption of enzyme pairs, CBHI was shown to predominate adsorption. Endoglucanase EGI was preferentially adsorbed over EGII and EGIII. Sequential adsorption studies have shown that interaction between enzyme components largely determines the degree of their adsorption. Evidence suggests that both common and distinct adsorption sites exist and that their occupation depends on which components are involved. Predominance in adsorption by any one of the enzyme components is decreased at 50°C. Light microscopy and monitoring of sugar production during cellulose hydrolysis provided evidence that reduction in the ionic strength decreases the adsorption predominance of CBHI and enhances the synergism between the cellulase components.
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    Control of mixed microbial cultures via specific cell adhesion (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 638-649 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method for manipulating the steady-state behavior of a mixed culture is introduced. The method makes use of differences in adherence properties between competing populations to maintain a desired population ratio. The very specific nature of some ligand-to-cell interactions allows precise manipulation of even closely related populations. The control method is illustrated by analysis and simulations of models of a competitive mixed culture and a culture of an unstable recombinant organism. In both cases, retention of the disadvantaged population via cell adhesion results in creation of a stable coexistence steady state over a range of operating conditions.
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330301
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    Estimating cell and product yields (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 256-265 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The balance equations for carbon, reduction potential, and energy during cell growth and product formation are rederived in a general form. Cells are treated simply as a very complex product, and the YATP concept is extended to products. Limitations on the theoretical yield are discussed for different product types. Simple aerobic products cannot be energy limited unless the maintenance requirement is large, while complex products cannot be reduction limited. A maximum yield is defined for products much more oxidized than their substrate (carbon limited) because the theoretical yield conditions may violate the energy balance. For reduced complex products the yield on available electrons is related to YATP, the P/O ratio, and the product composition. Narrow bounds are established on the actual yields in simple anaerobic fermentations, and the significance of the yields in the linear growth equation is discussed.
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    New sensor allowing continuous water activity measurement of submerged or solid-substrate fermentations (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 266-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Water activity of the substrate is an important and acute factor for growth as well as for metabolic production of microorganisms or for biocatalyst systems. A sensor has been designed in order to control this parameter on-line during submerged and solid-substrate fermentations. This sterilizable sensor allows the measurement of the relative humidity of the atmosphere in a small chamber by means of a capacitive element separated from the medium by a thin ethylenepolytetrafluoride membrane. For high aw values (〉0.90) a sequential circulation of a dried gas prevents the sensor saturation. Measurements are rapid and accurate, and control of the water activity of a fermentation medium has been carried out for 5 days using this sensor.
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    Effect of yeast extract on α-amylase synthesis by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 780-785 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Protein separation by ion exchange chromatography: A model for gradient elution (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 786-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Kinetic model for the regulation of redox reaction in steroid transformation by Arthrobacter globiformis cells (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 668-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model of hydrocortisone transformation was developed in studies of the kinetics of biochemical systems. The regulatory bases of the model are the biosynthesis of steroid-transforming enzymes and their activity, the level of endogenous substrates, the respiratory chain activity, and the initial concentrations of reagents. When compared, the experimental data completely coincide with the results of the computer modeling, the coincidence being not only qualitative but also quantitative. It indicates that the model suggested can be used for further studies of other transformations of steroid compounds, as well as for transformation of steroid compounds under close-to-biotechnological conditions. The results obtained by means of this model permit one to trace in dynamics the behavior of a number of parameters characterizing the process which is very difficult or not feasible to do in a biochemical experiment. The following was shown: (1) the behavior of the respiratory chain (the reversible transition of its oxidized and reduced forms); (2) the change of the transmembrane potential of hydrogen ions within a far larger stretch of time than is feasible to register in a biochemical experiment; (3) the regulation of the activity of 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 1, 2-reductase not only by the change in the level of endogenous substrates, but also by means of their biosynthesis; and (4) the regulatory role of 3-ketosteroid-1-en-dehydrogenase.
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Accumulation of cobalt by marine alga (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 809-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Effect of environmental growth conditions on plasmid stability, plasmid copy number, and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in free and immobilized Escherichia coli cells (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 801-808 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to better understand the high plasmid stability in immobilized recombinant E. coli cells, the effects of dilution rate on the pTG201 plasmid stability, the copy number, and the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (encoded by XyIE gene) production were, at first, studied in free E. coli W3101 continuous cultures in minimal media. It was found that decreasing specific growth rate increased the plasmid copy number and the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity but the stability decreased. In continuous culture with immobilized cells, an increase was shown in plasmid copy number and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity probably due to the distribution of growth in the gel beads. Besides mechanical properties of gel beads which may allow limited cell divisions, the increase in plasmid copy number is involved in enhanced plasmid stability in immobilized cells. In the same way, an experiment conducted in LB medium dealing with competition between pTG201-free and pTG201-containing E. coli B cells was described. It was shown that the competition was not more pronounced in gel bead compared to a free system. The effects of nutritional limitations on pTG201 plasmid stability and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity during chemostat cultivations in free and immobilized E. coli B cells were also investigated. It was found that immobilization of cells increased the stability of pTG201 even under glucose, nitrogen, or phosphate limited cultures. However in the case of magnesium depleted culture, pTG201 was shown to be relatively instable and a decrease in viable cell number during the immobilized continuous culture was observed. By contrast to the free system, the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity increased in immobilized cells under all culture conditions used.
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    Osmotic, biomass, and oxygen effects on the growth rate of Fusarium oxysporum using a dissolved-oxygen-controlled turbidostat (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 699-705 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The system described is a modified Hospodka's turbidostat. This device helps to measure the maximum growth rate of fungi in steady-state aerobic conditions with defined and independent concentration of dissolved oxygen, biomass, and substrate even unlimited. The principle consists of a turbidostat controlled by the dissolved oxygen concentration. The inlet medium pump operates when the dissolved oxygen concentration falls below the set point value. This method allows us to study independently effects of different physical and chemical variables on the maximum specific growth rate of microorganisms. A fungus, Fusarium oxysporum 47 isolated from soil, does not show a depressive effect on growth when dissolved oxygen concentration decreases to 5% and osmotic potential to -25 bars. Increasing biomass concentration in the range 0.1-1.0 g/L appears to depress markedly the maximum growth rate.
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    Studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during fermentation - an in vivo electrokinetic investigation (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 706-715 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An extensive in vivo study of the electrokinetic properties of six strains of the brewing yeast S. cerevisiae has been carried out. The yeasts were cultured under laboratory conditions. They were electrokinetically characterized by the electro-osmotic dipped cell technique, and data are presented as zeta-potentials. The effects of pH, fermentation time, successive fermentation cycles, and initial wort density have been established. The electrokinetic properties of an ale yeast which did not function correctly during commercial fermentation have also been examined. The results are discussed in the context of two controversial topics concerning the mechanism of yeast flocculation, the relative importance of yeast cell wall carboxyl and phosphate groups and the influence of wort components.
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    Destruction and formation of toxins by one bacterial species affect biodegradation by a second species (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 832-838 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two strains of Pseudomonas able to grow on phenol or p-nitrophenol (PNP) were isolated from sewage. Pseudomonas sp. PN101 mineralized and formed nitrite from PNP but did not mineralize phenol, and Pseudomonas sp. PH111 mineralized phenol but not PNP. Phenol increased the lag period before Pseudomonas sp. PN101 grew on and mineralized PNP, but this toxicity was reduced by inoculation of the medium with Pseudomonas sp. PH111. PNP inhibited growth of Pseudomonas sp. PH111 and slightly increased the length of the acclimation period for the mineralization of phenol by the bacterium. Inoculation of Pseudomonas sp. PN101 into solutions containing PNP and phenol increased the lag period prior to growth of Pseudomonas sp. PH111 on phenol and markedly lengthened the lag period for its mineralization of phenol. Coinciding with this delay in the onset of phenol degradation was the accumulation of an organic compound formed from PNP by Pseudomonas sp. PN101. This compound was not mineralized by the phenol-degrading bacterium. The data suggest that bacteria may interact during the decomposition of chemical mixtures by destroying or by forming toxins that affect the biodegradation of individual components of those mixtures.
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    Stability of immobilized maltotetraose-forming amylase from Pseudomonas stutzeri (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 845-855 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The stability of immobilized maltotetraose (G4)-forming amylase (1,4-α-D-glucan maltoteraohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.60) from Pseudomonas stutzeri was investigated in both batch and continous processes. The inactivation process of the immobilized enzyme seemed to obey first-order kinetics, and the immobilized enzyme became more stable when coexisting with 20-30 wt % substrate and calcium ions. From intensive studies on the operational stability in the continuous process, the apparent half-life of G4 productivity in a constant-flow system was mainly affected by the reaction temperature, substrate concentration, and initial immobilized enzyme activity. A new factor, immobilized enzyme stability factor fs, was proposed to evaluate the half-life of the immobilized enzyme system.
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    Forced-flow bioreactor for sucrose inversion using ceramic membrane activated by silanization (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 856-861 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A forced-flow enzyme membrane reactor system for sucrose inversion was investigated using three ceramic membranes having different pore sizes. Invertase was immobilized chemically to the inner surface of a ceramic membrane activated by a silane - glutaraldehyde technique. With the cross-flow filtration of sucrose solution, the reaction rate was a function of the permeate flux, easily controlled by pressure. Using 0.5 μm support pore size of membrane, the volumetric productivity obtained was 10 times higher than that in a reported immobilized enzyme column reactor, with a short residence time of 5 s and 100% conversion of the sucrose inversion.
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    Effect of hydrogen acceptors on D-xylose fermentation by anaerobic culture of immobilized Pachysolen tannophilus cells (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 839-844 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of hydrogen acceptors on the kinetic parameters of D-xylose fermentation under anaerobic conditions was studied in a transient culture of immobilized Pachysolen tannophilus cells. Addition of oxygen to a steady-state culture resulted in a rapid increase (up to fivefold) in the rates of ethanol production and D-xylose uptake, but the rate of xylitol production was unaffected. Furthermore, the molar ethanol yield increased from 0.97 to 1.43 in the presence of oxygen. The moles of ethanol produced per moles of oxygen utilized were considerably greater than would be predicted from the stoichiometry of D-xylose fermentation, which suggests that the organism required oxygen for other functions in addition to its role as a hydrogen acceptor in D-xylose metabolism. When the artificial hydrogen acceptors acetone, acetaldehyde, and acetoin were added to the culture, the rate of ethanol production increased while the xylitol production rate decreased but the rate of xylose uptake was unaffected. The molar ethanol yields increased from 1.03 to 1.63, 1.43, and 1.24 upon addition of acetaldehyde, acetone, and acetoin, respectively, at the expense of the molar xylitol yields. The hydrogen acceptors sodium acetate, methylene blue, benzyl viologen, phenazine methosulfate, indigo carmine, and tetrazolium chloride had no effect on ethanol production.
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    Adaptive on-line optimizing control of bioreactor systems (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 999-1009 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several on-line optimizing control strategies were proposed and tested by computer simulation for the efficient operation of bioreactors. The control task was divided into two, one of which was to search for the optimal operating point and passed the set point to the lower layer of which task was to make the process output follow the set point as soon as possible. It was shown to be effective for the upper layer to express the objective function as a polynomial with respect to the measurement variable and to make use of it for finding the optimum point. Noting that the major dynamic characteristics of bioreactor system is the time-varying and nonlinear nature, the adaptive type control system is in evitable. It was shown to be quite effective to use discrete type self-tuning PID controller and the optimal controller compensated for the interaction between the control loops.Application was made to the cell recycle system for the production of lactic acid and baker's yeast cultivation. I was found from the former application that the control quality can be significantly improved by incorporating the decoupling strategy into the lower layer closed-loop system. It was also found from the latter application that the initial startup period can be significantly reduced by making use of the rough mathematical model.
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    Plasmid stability and α-amylase production in batch and continuous cultures of Bacillus subtilis TN106[pAT5] (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 1010-1020 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell growth and enzyme (α-amylase) production characteristics of Bacillus subtilis TN106 containing the recombinant plasmid pAT5 are investigated in batch and continuous cultures using a defined medium with glucose as the limiting nutrient. The batch culture studies demonstrate that the recombinant plasmid, reported earlier1 to be stably maintained in the host, suffers from segregational and structural instabilities. The structural instability of this strain occurred during culture storage and can be eliminated in bioreactor experiments by using a modified inoculum preparation procedure. Such elimination allows an unbiased investigation of segregational instability via continuous culture studies. Such studies conducted with this fast growing microorganism, in the absence of antibiotic selection pressure, indicate a very efficient glucose utilization (very low residual glucose concentrations) over a wide range of dilution rates (0.16 h-1 - 0.94 h-1). The nearly time-invariant and low residual glucose concentrations at each such dilution rate enable convenient estimation of growth parameters of the host and recombinant cells and frequency of segregational instability from transients in the resulting mixed cultures. The specific α-amylase activity exhibits an inverse relationship to the specific growth rate of recombinant cells. The growth of recombinant cells is not affected by the presence of antibiotic (kanamycin). The growth advantage of host cells over recombinant cells diminishes with increasing dilution rate.
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    Protein release from Escherichia coli cells permeabilized with guanidine-HCl and Triton X100 (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 886-895 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An important factor complicating the recovery of recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli is their intracellular location. An alternative to the commonly used method of releasing these proteins by mechanical disruption is to chemically permeabilize the cells. The objective of this research was to characterize the protein release kinetics of a permeabilization process using guanidine-HCl and Triton X100. The protein release rate and yield were determined as a function of the guanidine and Triton concentrations. The initial release rate increased monotonically with increasing concentrations of Triton and guanidine whereas the release yield varied in a complex manner. Electron microscopy indicated that the permeabilization process involves a solubilization of the inner membrane and molecular alteration of the outer wall. Some advantages of this process over mechanical disruption include avoiding extensive fragmentation of the cells and retainment of nucleic acids inside the cell structure.
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    Alteration of substrate regulation patterns in glutamate dehydrogenase by enzyme immobilization (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 896-905 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Substrate regulation patterns were changed by covalent binding of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase via primary amino groups to CNBr- and CH-activated Sepharose 4B. Lineweaver-Burk plots show that the NAD activation region changed from being abrupt to elongated when the enzyme was immobilized to either support. The elongated region contains two inflection points and resembles substrate activation of several other allosteric oligomers. Glutamate induced varying degrees of abrupt activation in immobilized glutamate dehydrogenase and inhibited the native enzyme. This activation is characterized by an activation threshold, an increase in the apparent dissociation constant, and a correlation between the apparent rate constant and the degree of activation. These three features characterize other glutamate dehydrogenase systems.
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    Effect of nutrition on pellet formation by Rhizopus arrhizus (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 912-914 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Pore dimension effects in the cell loading of a porous carrier (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 915-917 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Effect of delignification pretreatment and selective enrichment on methane production from cattle waste (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 924-926 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Membranes and bioreactors: A technical challenge in biotechnologyPresent at “The Fourth Seminar on Frontier Technology,” in Selective Catalytic Reactions and Separations, Sponsored by ASPRONC, Oiso, Japan, February 1-5, 1988. (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 1047-1066 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Integrating the properties of synthetic membranes with biological catalysts such as cells and enzymes forms the basis of an exciting new technology called membrane bioreactors. The impetus behind this marriage comes from the recent spectacular advances in recombinant DMA and cell fusion technologies and the need to develop competitive bioprocessing schemes to produce complex and active biological molecules. The advantages and limitations of using membrane bioreactors for entrapping whole cells and enzymes are reviewed. Various membrane configurations such as microcapsules, hollow fibers, and flat sheets are compared. Several different entrapped membrane bioreactors, including single, laminated and microporous, for the conversion of optically active enantiomers are described. As with new and exciting technologies, the future of membrane bioreactors in biotechnology will depend on their ability to produce desired molecules at competitive costs.
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    Measurement of bacterial oxygen uptake kinetics by a modified respirometric technique (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 932-937 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Physical immobilization characteristics of a hybridoma in a glass bead packed-bed reactor (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 1072-1076 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Effect of number of turbine impellers on surface aeration in laboratory fermentor (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 34 (1989), S. 207-213 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of one and two four-flat-bladed turbine impellers on the surface aeration intensity in a laboratory tormentor was investigated at different agitation speeds and sparge rates. The surface aeration was found to be generally more intensive with two impellers for the same other operating conditions because of higher power consumption and the position of the upper impeller closer to the free liquid surface. The surface aeration intensity was successfully correlated in terms of power consumption and sparge rate. The aeration number alone cannot be used for general predicting surface aeration intensities.
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    Batch and continuous 2-heptanone production by Ca-alginate/Eudragit RL entrapped spores of Penicillium roquefortii (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 34 (1989), S. 30-38 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The synthesis of 2-heptanone from octanoic acid by Caalginate/Eudragit RL entrapped spores of Penicillium roquefortii is performed in batch and continuous reactions. The measurement of the HCI solution needed to overcome the pH increase during the course of a reaction allows continuous monitoring of the reaction progress of batch as well as continuous processes without any aliquot sampling. The hydration of the biocatalyst prior to a bioconversion performance is of major importance to achieve reproducible results. A continuous reaction carried out at pH 6.5 for one month demonstrates the feasibility of such a process and shows that the reaction occurs with a Michaelian behavior, with KM = 1.82 mmol/L and rsm = 0.82 mmol/L h, and no intraparticle diffusion limitation is found. The complex behavior of the spores during batch reactions makes this kind of operation unsuitable for kinetic studies.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260340105
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    Energetic and rate effects on methanogenesis of ethanol and propionate in perturbed CSTRs (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 34 (1989), S. 39-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Energetic and reaction-rate interactions between hydrogenic (hydrogen-producing) and hydrogenotrophic (hydrogen-consuming) bacteria were investigated in five perturbation experiments performed on steady-state, mixed-culture methanogenic CSTRs receiving ethanol, propionate, or both hydrogenic substrates. When a large quantity of propionate was suddenly added to a propionatefed CSTR, PH2 increased to 10-4 atm and propionate oxidation remained energetically favorable. When ethanol was added to a CSTR receiving ethanol, PH2 rose to 6.3 × 10-3 atm within 5 h. In both perturbations, PH2 remained at levels such that oxidation of the hydrogenic substrate remained energetically favorable throughout the transient. Sudden increase in ethanol concentration in the ethanol- and propionate-fed CSTR resulted in an increase in PH2 such that propionate oxidation became energetically unfavorable and was blocked. Propionate utilization resumed when the added ethanol was depleted and PH2 returned to its previous steady-state levels. Ethanol perturbation of ethanol- and propionate-fed CSTRs led to the formation of reduced products, including n-propanol and four-through seven-carbon n-carboxylic acids, when PH2 was elevated; these products disappeared after PH2 returned to previous, steady-state levels. The transformations were consistent with reaction energetics. Reduced product formation may have been a sink for reducing equivalents, as an alternative to oxidation for propionate utilization, as indicated by an electron equivalents balance over the time course of experiments.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260340106
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    Electrophoretic and enzymatic studies on the crude extracellular enzyme system of the cellulolytic bacterium Cellulomonas sp. ATCC 21399 (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 34 (1989), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellulomonas sp. ATCC 21399 produced extracellular enzyme activities against Avicel, H3PO4-swollen Avicel, carboxymethylcellulose, (1-3, 1-4)-β-D-heteroglucan, xylan, galactomannan, and amylose drying growth on microcrystalline cellulose. No extracellular cellobiase activity was produced. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of the crude extracellular enzyme system revealed 15 immunologically distinct immunoprecipitates. The immunoprecipitates of endoglucanase A, endoglucanase B and the xylanase appeared heterogeneous with several optima, whereas the immunoprecipitates of endoglucanase C and the amylase appeared homogeneous. The heterogeneity of endoglucanase A, endoglucanase B and xylanase was also visualized using electrofocusing-immunoelectrophoresis. Electro-focusing could resolve the activity against carboxymethylcellulose into six peaks, whereas only one peak of activity against Avicel was observed. The later peak coincided with the major peak of activity against carboxymethylcellulose with isoelectric point between pH 4.0-5.0.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260340108
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  • 95
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    A heuristic approach for the economic optimization of a series of CSTR's performing michaelis-menten reactions (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 251-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The estimation of the size of each reactor of a series of CSTR's performing a Michaelis-Menten reaction in the liquid phase can be obtained to advantage via an optimization technique leading to the minimum overall capital cost. The cost scaleup is assumed to be described by a power rule on the equipment capacity. Various contributions are lumped into the exponent, thus leading to values above unity. The analytical development leading to the optimal intermediate concentrations of substrate according to the foregoing criterion is presented. A short-cut method based on an empirical expression that approximates the numerical solution is reported. This correlation is found to be exact at the asymptotic behaviors, and to give accurate results within an acceptable error level for the range with physical interest. Therefore, it is particularly useful during the predesign steps of equipment for the biochemical industry.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330302
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  • 96
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    Dynamics of foreign protein secretion from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 272-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model describing the dynamics of foreign protein secretion from yeast cells is developed. The secretion events, which are a series of complicated enzymatic reactions and carrier-involved transport, are lumped to a practically applicable model structure, based on the major interactions between the heterologous polypeptides and the host cell's secretory machinery through the pathway. The developed model structure predicts that the secretion rate constant is represented as a saturated form with respect to the host cell's specific growth rate. The validity of the proposed model structure is tested by generating dynamic response data to a step input of cycloheximide. The model system used in the experiment is SEY2102-s21, which has an integrated copy of a yeast secretion-mutant invertase that simulates well typical gene cassettes designed to secrete mature foreign proteins utilizing the yeast cell's secretion signals. Protein quantification is done by gel electrophoresis followed by immuno-blot on nitrocellulose filters and subsequent scanning with a reflectance densitometer. Experimental data confirm the proposed model structure.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330305
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    Control of Escherichia coli-Candida utilis continuous, competitive mixed-culture system using the dynamic matrix control algorithm (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 282-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The control of the continuous, competitive mixed culture of the yeast Candida utilis (ATCC 8205) and the bacterium Escherichia coli B/r (ATCC 12407) was examined. A modified version of the dynamic matrix control (DMC) algorithm was tested in simulation and then was successfully implemented. This represents the first report of the location and stabilization of a competitive mixed culture at a metastable equilibrium point using automatic control.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330306
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  • 98
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    Surface immobilization of plant cells (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel technique has been developed to immobilize plant cells. The cells are deposited on a surface of manmade fibrous material that provides for strong binding of the plant tissue biomass growing in the submerged culture. The immobilized plant cells remain fully viable. Relatively uniform biomass loadings of up to 20 mg d.w. plant cells/cm2 support material have been attained. All plant cells from the inoculum suspension became attached within the first 24-48 h depending on the support matrix configuration and hydraulic culture conditions. The advantages and scale-up potential of this technique are discussed and compared to other culturing modes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330307
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    Modeling of contact-inhibited animal cell growth on flat surfaces and spheres (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 300-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model of contact-inhibited growth of cells on flat and spherical surfaces is presented. It shows that contact inhibition does not significantly affect the calculated growth rate of cells unless they are allowed to multiply a large amount from the original seeding density. Microcarriers seeded at low densities require long times to reach confluence because contact inhibition becomes important. In systems with both growth and separate cell death, the equilibrium fraction of holes in the confluent monolayer is below 8% if the death rate is less than half the growth rate, but increases rapidly as the death rate increases from that value.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330308
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    Biosynthesis of pullulan using immobilized Aureobasidium pullulans cells (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 306-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilization of Aureobasidium pullulans by adsorption on solid supports and entrapment in open pore polyurethane foam were attempted. By adsorption, the highest cell loading of 0.012-0.018 g dry wt/cm2 support was obtained in pH 2.0 medium. Under this acidic condition, the net surface charges (zeta potentials) of both the cells and supports were close to zero and no pullulan was synthesized. Cationic coatings of Cytodex and polyethylenimine were not efficient in enhancing the binding strength between the cells and the supports. Surface immobilized cells and polyurethane foam entrapped cells exhibited a similar fermentation characteristics resulting in ca. 18 g/L pullulan and ca. 5 g/L leaked cells. However, cells entrapped in the polyurethane foam were more shear resistant. The immobilized cells thus could be repeatedly used for pullulan biosynthesis.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330309
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