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  • 1
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    On the nutrition of Polyphemus pediculus (L.). [Translation from: Trudy Instituta Biologii Vnutrennykh Vodnany 12(15) 170-174, 1966.] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4787 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:54:01 | 4787 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: Many sides of the biology of Polyphemus pediculus are adequately studied at the present time. Most complicated is the question of its feeding. Dissection does not give an idea of the composition of the food, since Polyphemus strongly grinds its food with its mandibles. For clarification of the composition of the food of Polyphemus pediculus, the authors carried out in July and August 1962 a series of experiments with the application of radio-carbon methods in order to judge the degree of utilization of one or other foods by the quantity of C14, accumulated in the body of the crustacean after feeding. Particular attention in these experiments was given to the question of the possibility of the utilization by polyphemus of plant food - bacteria, algae and detritus.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Food composition ; Feeding ; Algae ; Carbon 14 ; Bacteria ; Detritus ; Polyphemus pediculus
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 2
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    Generation time and utilization of energy by aquatic bacteria. [Translation from: Trudy Instituta Biologii Vnutrennykh Vodnany 11(14), 198-202, 1966.] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4793 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:52:47 | 4793 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: Recent research has shown that the biomass of bacteria in lakes and other water-bodies can attain significant values. The huge production of bacteria is brought about by their great rate of reproduction. In a series of cases their biomass exceeds the biomass of phytoplankton. Therefore in a study of the biological productivity of water bodies it is necessary to calculate the biomass and production not only of the phyto- and zooplankton, but also of bacteria.The authors uses different methods and formulae to to compare the time of one generation of the bacteria.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Bacteria ; Biomass ; Formulae ; Growth rate ; Russia ; Lake Batorin
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  • 3
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    On methods of evaluation of bacterial production. [Translation from: Lietuvas TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbai, C Serija 2(55) 3-9, 1971.] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4812 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:51:26 | 4812 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: By now a great deal of work is known concerning the methods of determining the production of bacteria or similar questions; among these the problems of a common terminology is discussed. The article discusses formulae of production of bacterial populations over time.
    Description: Translated into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Bacteria ; Population number ; Formulae ; Terminology
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  • 4
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    The changes in various iron compounds in culture media for algae. [Translation from: Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Supplemente Band 38(1/2) 151-169, 1970.] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4839 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:49:48 | 4839 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: The purpose of this work is a contribution to the quantitative record of the use of iron by planktonic algae. Preliminary experiments with Chlorella to determine the rate of iron intake in the presence of inorganic sources of iron did not produce the desired result. The crucial point of this work is the investigation of the influence of various external factors on the stability of FeEDTA (FeEDTA = Ferric(III)-compound of ethylene-diamine tetra-acetic acid), since this compound appears to be particularly well-suited as a source of iron for planktonic algae (e.g. TAMIYA et al. 1953). Cultures of Chlorella fusca in a light thermostat were used in experimental research. Methods and results are discussed.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Biometrics ; Biological sampling ; Geographical distribution ; Population density ; Population characteristics ; Population number ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Population dynamics
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 5
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    Determination of dissolved oxygen in water with leukoberbelin-blue I. A quick Winkler method. [Translation from: Z.analyt.Chem. 262 97-99, 1972.] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4843 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:49:28 | 4843 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: The reaction of Mn(II) with water-dissolved oxygen, to a higher manganese hydroxide in an alkaline medium, as with the longstanding classic Winkler method, is the first step in the method described here. The assumption for faultless results by the conventional and modified Winkler method is clean water, which contains no organic substances by Mn(III) or Mn(IV). In many cases, however, eg. in river and lake-water tests, it can be seen with the naked eye that after some time the originally brown-coloured precipitate of manganese hydroxide becomes more and more colourless. Oxygen content was analysed in the water samples and evaluated by raising the amount of the leuko-base and giving the corresponding dilution of the colouring matter solution formed still higher oxygen contents can be measured.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Methodology ; Experimental research ; Dissolved oxygen ; Analytical techniques ; Water analysis
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  • 6
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    Determination of the activity of nitrifying bacteria in surface waters by a modified BOD-test. [Translation from: Zentbl.Bakt.Parasitkde 156(1) 414-421, 1972. ] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4844 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:49:32 | 4844 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: A modified method of the Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)test was applied in order to find out the seasonal changing activity of the nitrifying bacteria in surface waters. Samples were taken from the River Elbe near Teufelsbrueck.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Experimental research ; Dissolved oxygen ; Analytical techniques ; Water analysis ; Nitrification ; Bacteria ; Surface water
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 7
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    Nitrogen and phosphorus forms in water and the food requirements of algae. [Translation from: Wiadomosci Ekologiczne 19 238-244, 1973. ] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4848 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:49:18 | 4848 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: When dissolved in water, compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus ought to contain the basic assimilated food requirements for autotrophic plants and therefore autotrophic algae. This article summarises the occurrence of nitrogen in water, how species of algae utilize nitrogen and phosphorus forms for growth and the capacities of algae to adapt to environments of different nutrient wealth. This topic has unquestionable importance not only for the purpose of survival of a species but also in deciding indirectly about the stability of ecosystems.
    Description: Translated from Polish into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Algae ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Nutritional requirements ; Bacteria ; Organic compounds
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  • 8
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    Physiology of nitrate reduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [Translation from: Z.allg.Mikrobiol. 13, 83-94, 1973.] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4856 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:48:26 | 4856 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has for some time been known as a denitrifier. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was chosen for further studies, because P. aeruginosa occurs abundantly in Plusssee and moreover there are contradictory assertions on the gas products of denitrification by this bacteria. In experimental research the pattern of growth and gas production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on nutrient broth was studied.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Experimental research ; Bacteria ; Freshwater lakes ; Growth ; Microbiological culture ; Plusssee
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  • 9
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    Studies on heterotrophic nitrification in a lake. [Translation from: Z.allg.Mikrobiol. 12 567-574, 1973. ] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4850 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:48:48 | 4850 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: In a lake the nitrogen compounds are liable to regular cycling in which nitrate is reduced and ammonium oxidised. As a nitrate maximum is regularly established in the upper part of the hypolimnion of a stratified summer lake, the authors have dealt in particular with the oxidising side of the nitrogen cycle. Described here are partial results of the nitrification in Plusssee. The Plusssee was chosen, since it is almost entirely without inflows, and, lying in a wooded basin, is well protected from the wind, and therefore stably stratified. In order to determine the number of autotrophic nitrificants the distribution of the Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter spores in the lake were analysed. From the estimates on the determination of spore numbers of the heterotrophic nitrificants, 14 species in the pure culture were isolated and examined from morphological, biochemical and taxonomic viewpoints.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Bacteria ; Ammonia ; Freshwater lakes ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen cycle
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 10
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    Relationship of dimensions and weight in freshwater planktonic crustaceans. [Translation from: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 84(1) 153-156, 1952. ] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4857 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:48:28 | 4857 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: There is no doubt that determination of the biomass of zooplankton (primarily of crustaceans) will be taken into consideration in practice and limnological works, especially after the recent publication of fairly comprehensive tables of weights of a whole range of species of freshwater copepods and cladocerans. The usefulness of applying formulae of determining the biomass of marine crustaceans for freshwater copepods is discussed.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Zooplankton ; Biomass ; Formulae
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  • 11
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    For the determination of iron (II) and total iron with 2,2'-dipyridyl in mineral waters. Reduction of iron (III) with ascorbic acid [Translation from: Zeitschrift fur Analytische Chemie 209 340-341, 1965] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4877 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:47:02 | 4877 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: The determination of bi- and trivalent iron in proximity, in mineral waters has gained in significance, on biological and technical grounds. This short paper describes the procedure of the determination of bivalent iron and total iron in a water sample.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Iron ; Acids ; Analytical techniques ; Minerals ; Water analysis
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 12
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    Radioautographic method of determination of number of bacteria in water-bodies [Translation from: Informatsionnyi Byulleten Biologiya Vnutrennikh Vod No.26, 65-67, 1975] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4884 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:46:23 | 4884 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: The radioautographic method of determination of the number of autotrophic microorganisms was initially suggested for counting methane-oxidizing bacteria. With the help of this method colonies of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria are differentiated even more clearly from heterotrophic. Under laboratory conditions it was shown that colonies grown on membrane filters from a pure culture of thionic bacteria on a nutrient medium with radio- active carbonate, give better prints on film. This method was tested by the authors for determining the number of these bacteria in the meromictic Lake Vae de San Juan during the expedition to Cuba in the summer of 1973. The study showed that that the thionic bacteria are found throughout the pelagial. It proved that the thionic bacteria can be well considered in water-bodies by the radioautographic method.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater lakes ; Photography ; Bacteria ; Methodology ; Analytical techniques ; Cuba
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  • 13
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    A simple method for counting bacteria with active electron transport system in water and sediment samples [Translation from: Kiel. Meeresforsch. 31(2) 83-86, 1975] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4903 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:44:11 | 4903 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Description of a simple method for counting bacteria with active electron transport systems in water and sediment samples. Sodium succinate, NADH and NADPH served as electron donors. It is possible to see several sites of electron transport in the larger cells. Especially impressive are the plankton-algae, protozoa, and small metazoa. This is a partial translation of the ”method” section only.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Water samples ; Bacteria ; Bacterial counters ; Bacterial filtration ; Methodology
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  • 14
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    Nitrification in marine ecosystems [Translation from: Rapp.Naturvardsverket SNVPM No.1213, 157-166, 1980] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4964 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:39:04 | 4964 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: The nitrification in the ocean is influenced by several environmental factors and the importance of these is more or less known. There are very likely many more to be discovered in the study of the interaction of nitrification bacteria and other micro-organisms in the ocean. Some of the factors to be considered will briefly be dealt with in this paper. Then the authors give the results of an incubation experiment in the Baltic Sea and from a detailed study in Gullmarn.
    Description: Translated from Swedish into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Oceanography ; Marine ecology ; Nitrification ; Experimental research ; Sediment analysis ; Bacteria ; Carbon fixation ; Nitrosococcus oceanus ; Nitrococcus mobilis
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 15
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    Ratio of natural isotopes of nitrogen. I. Primary results: soils of Dombes [Translation from: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol 14, 279-287, 1977] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4967 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:36:52 | 4967 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Utilization of the heavy isotope of nitrogen as a tracer has found numerous applications in soil biology. It allows better definition of different stages of the nitrogen cycle, in particular the immobilization-mineralization cycle. In this work, the authors report the results of calculations of natural isotope ratios of nitrogen in samples of water, soil and vegetation prevailing in Dombes and discuss the possibilities of errors and coefficients of fractionation.
    Description: Translated from French into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Nitrogen isotopes ; Soils ; Tracers ; Bacteria ; Nitrogen compounds ; France ; Dombes
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  • 16
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    Experiments on the production of a highly dispersible calcium carbonate. ('Experimental section' only) [Translation from: Szklo i Ceramiki 30, 133-136, 1979] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4963 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:39:01 | 4963 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: This short translation summarises experiments on the production of a highly dispersible precipitate of calcium carbonate. The translation covers the 'Experimental section' (of the original larger paper) only.
    Description: Translated from Polish into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Experimental research ; Calcium carbonates ; Magnetic fields ; Ultrasonic devices
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  • 17
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    The role of infusoria and bacteria as food for Cyclopoida in Rybinsk Reservoir [Translation from: Trudy Instituta Biologii Vnutrennykh Vodnany 22(25), 37-42, 1971] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4975 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:37:31 | 4975 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Despite the fact that it is a long time sinc e the methods of collection and quantitative estimatio n of protozoa were worked out data on the abundance of these animals in freshwaters are not very numerous. Nevertheless, Infusoria and Rhizopoda at high densities are widespread in the water and sediments of lakes and reservoirs. In order to find ou t the importance of infusoria as a food source for cyclopoids we carried out experimental investigations using C14. For this three species of cyclopoids, widely distributed in open regions of Rybinsk reservoir were selected: Cyclops vicinus, Mesocyclops oithonoides and Kesocyclops leuckarti. The data presented give evidence that the species investigated are able as predators to consume infusorian plankton arid bacteria in the form of flocs or small clumps of detritus.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater lakes ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Feeding experiments ; Bacteria ; Feeding ; Russia ; Cyclops vicinus ; Mesocyclops oithonoides ; Kesocyclops leuckarti
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  • 18
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    Chemical composition of Iraq water resources (abbreviated translation) [Translation from: Vodnye Resursy 1975(4,) 173-185] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4988 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:36:31 | 4988 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: This abbreviated translation summarises the chemical composition of Iraq water resources. Among the described water bodies are the River Euphrates, Shatt al Arab River and a number of standing waters.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Inland water environment ; Inland waters ; Water analysis ; Iraq
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  • 19
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    Mechanism of mass transfer in the formation of hydrothermal deposits of sulphides [Translation from: Trudy Inst.Geol.rudn.Mesterozh. 16, 80 [pages 44-46 ”Solubility of sulphides of iron” only], 1958] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4980 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:38:06 | 4980 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: This partial translation of the original paper provides the summary of this study of the mechanism of mass transfer in the formation of hydrothermal deposits of sulphides. For determining the solubility of sulphides of iron, the radioactive isotope Fe59 was used. The solubility of two sulphides was determined.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Sulphide deposits ; Sulphides ; Hydrothermal deposits ; Iron isotopes ; Solubility
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  • 20
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    Some data on the content of organic carbon in rivers in the winter months. [Translation from: Gidrochim. Mat. 23, 36-38, 1955] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5054 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:29:08 | 5054 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Observations are reported on the content of organic matter in the Moscow region in 1941. Some data is given on alkalinity, oxygen content and colourisation of the rivers.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Rivers ; Organic matter ; Alkalinity ; Dissolved oxygen ; Colour
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  • 21
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    Final report on the updating service on environmental chemicals in freshwater for the period 9.1.89 to 9.7.89 (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5238 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:13:42 | 5238 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This report presents five batches of data which have been despatched to the Joint Research Centre, Ispra. The data as been allocated to various ECDIN (Environmental Chemicals Data and Information Network) files. The data comprises environmental chemicals in the freshwater environment, taking in paricular consideration: aquatic toxicity, bioaccumulation, metabolism and elimination biodegradation.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Data ; Data processing ; Data collections ; Chemical compounds ; Toxicity ; Bioaccumulation ; Biodegradation ; Metabolism
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  • 22
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    The predicting power of models for eutrophication (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5287 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:12:00 | 5287 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Restoration of water-bodies from eutrophication has proved to be extremely difficult. Mathematical models have been used extensively to provide guidance for management decisions. The aim of this paper is to elucidate important problems of using models for predicting environmental changes. First, the necessity for a proper uncertainty assessment of the model, upon calibration, has not been widely recognized. Predictions must not be a single time trajectory; they should be a band, expressing system uncertainty and natural variability. Availability of this information may alter the decision to be taken. Second, even with well-calibrated models, there is no guarantee they will give correct projections in situations where the model is used to predict the effects of measures designed to bring the system into an entirely different ”operating point”, as is typically the case in eutrophication abatement. The concept of educated speculation is introduced to partially overcome this difficulty. Lake Veluwe is used as a case to illustrate the point. Third, as questions become more detailed, such as ”what about expected algal composition”, there is a greater probability of running into fundamental problems that are associated with predicting the behaviour of complex non-linear systems. Some of these systems show extreme initial condition sensitivity and even, perhaps, chaotic behaviour, and are therefore fundamentally unpredictable.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Phytoplankton ; Freshwater lakes ; Models ; Growth ; Modelling ; Equations ; Bacteria ; Prediction ; Netherlands ; Veluwemeer Lake
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  • 23
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    A control of gas-vacuolate cyanobacteria (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5301 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:07:11 | 5301 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The cyanobacteria that cause problems in water supply are principally the colonial forms that are buoyed up by gas vesicles. The success of these organisms is due, in part, to their gas vesicles, which enable them to perform vertical migrations or to maintain themselves in the euphotic zone. The gas vesicles are also the root cause of the problems. In calm periods they cause the cyanobacteria to float to the water surface forming noxious scums, and they may prevent the colonies from sedimenting in water treatment plants. Gas vesicles are hollow, gas-filled structures; they are rigid but can be collapsed by the application of pressure. Their critical collapse pressure is influenced by their dimensions, which vary in different organisms. Gas vesicles are formed by the assembly of two types of protein, which determine their mechanical and physical properties. Methods for collapsing gas vesicles in natural populations of cyanobacteria will be considered. They may have application to the control of cyanobacteria in water supply.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Gases ; Buoyancy ; Algae ; Bacteria ; Photosynthesis ; Growth ; Competition
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    Changes of water quality and sediment phosphorus of a small productive lake following decreased phosphorus loading (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5293 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:08:09 | 5293 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Esthwaite Water is the most productive or eutrophic lake in the English Lake District. Since 1945 its water quality has been determined from weekly or biweekly measurements of temperature, oxygen, plant nutrients and phytoplankton abundance. The lake receives phosphorus from its largely lowland-pasture catchment, sewage effluent from the villages of Hawkshead and Near Sawrey, and from a cage-culture fish farm. From 1986 phosphorus has been removed from the sewage effluent of Hawkshead which was considered to contribute between 47% and 67% of the total phosphorus loading to the lake. At the commencement of phosphorus removal regular measurements of phosphorus in the superficial 0-4 cm layer of lake sediment were made from cores collected at random sites. Since 1986 the mean annual concentration of alkali-extractable sediment phosphorus has decreased by 23%. This change is not significant at the 5% level but nearly so. There has been no marked change in water quality over this period. Summer dominance of blue-green algae which arose in the early 1980s after decline of the previous summer forms, Ceratium spp., has been maintained. Improvement in water quality is unlikely to be achieved at the present phosphorus loading.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Freshwater lakes ; Limnological surveys ; Phosphorus ; Phytoplankton ; Primary production ; Sediment analysis ; Water quality ; England ; Esthwaite Water
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    Cultural methods of detection for microorganisms: recent advances and successes (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5317 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:35 | 5317 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Most microbiological methods require culture to allow organisms to recover or to selectively increase, and target organisms are identified by growth on specific agar media. Many cultural methods take several days to complete and even then the results require confirmation. Alternative techniques include the use of chromogenic and fluorogenic substances to identify bacteria as they are growing, selective capture using antibodies after short periods of growth, molecular techniques, and direct staining with or without flow cytometry for enumeration and identification. Future microbiologists may not use culture but depend on the use of specific probes and sophisticated detection systems.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Water quality ; Microorganisms ; Methodology ; Detection ; Bacteria ; Cultured organisms ; Enzymes ; Immunofluorescence ; Flow cytometry ; Microbiological culture
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    The microbiological quality of water: the nature of the problem (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5315 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:22 | 5315 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Improvements in methods for the detection and enumeration of microbes in water, particularly the application of techniques of molecular biology, have highlighted shortcomings in the ”standard methods” for assessing water quality. Higher expectations from the consumer and increased publicity associated with pollution incidents can lead to an uncoupling of the cycle which links methodological development with standard-setting and legislation. The new methodology has also highlighted problems within the water cycle, related to the introduction, growth and metabolism of microbes. A greater understanding of the true diversity of the microbial community and the ability to transmit genetic information within aquatic systems ensures that the subject of this symposium and volume provides an ideal forum to discuss the problems encountered by both researcher and practitioner.
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Water quality ; Microbiology ; Microorganisms ; Hydrologic cycle ; Methodology ; Bacteria ; Bacterial counters ; Public health ; Microbial contamination ; Primary production ; Fungi ; Cryptosporidium
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    Detection of specific bacteria in water: implications of survival strategy (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5318 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:37 | 5318 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: It is widely recognised that conventional culture techniques may underestimate true viable bacterial numbers by several orders of magnitude. The basis of this discrepancy is that a culture in or on media of high nutrient concentration is highly selective (either through ”nutrient shock” or failure to provide vital co-factors) and decreases apparent diversity; thus it is unrepresentative of the natural community. In addition, the non-culturable but viable state (NCBV) is a strategy adopted by some bacteria as a response to environmental stress. The basis for the non-culturable state is that cells placed in conditions present in the environment cannot be recultured but can be shown to maintain their viability. Consequently, these cells would not be detected by standard water quality techniques that are based on culture. In the case of pathogens, it may explain outbreaks of disease in populations that have not come into contact with the pathogen. However, the NCBV state is difficult to attribute, due to the failure to distinguish between NCBV and non-viable cells. This article will describe experiences with the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and the application of molecular techniques for its detection and physiological analysis.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Bacteria ; Bacterial diseases ; Detection ; Methodology ; Molecular biology ; Microbiological culture
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    The impact of molecular biology on assessment of water quality: advantages and limitations of current techniques (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5316 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:33 | 5316 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The advent of molecular biology has had a dramatic impact on all aspects of biology, not least applied microbial ecology. Microbiological testing of water has traditionally depended largely on culture techniques. Growing understanding that only a small proportion of microbial species are culturable, and that many microorganisms may attain a viable but non-culturable state, has promoted the development of novel approaches to monitoring pathogens in the environment. This has been paralleled by an increased awareness of the surprising genetic diversity of natural microbial populations. By targeting gene sequences that are specific for particular microorganisms, for example genes that encode diagnostic enzymes, or species-specific domains of conserved genes such as 16S ribosomal RNA coding sequences (rrn genes), the problems of culture can be avoided. Technical developments, notably in the area of in vitro amplification of DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), now permit routine detection and identification of specific microorganisms, even when present in very low numbers. Although the techniques of molecular biology have provided some very powerful tools for environmental microbiology, it should not be forgotten that these have their own drawbacks and biases in sampling. For example, molecular techniques are dependent on efficient lysis and recovery of nucleic acids from both vegetative forms and spores of microbial species that may differ radically when growing in the laboratory compared with the natural environment. Furthermore, PCR amplification can introduce its own bias depending on the nature of the oligonucleotide primers utilised. However, despite these potential caveats, it seems likely that a molecular biological approach, particularly with its potential for automation, will provide the mainstay of diagnostic technology for the foreseeable future.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Water quality ; Microbiology ; Microorganisms ; Methodology ; Molecular biology ; DNA ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Detection ; RNA ; Bacteria ; Bacterial diseases
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    Biodiversity in drinking water distribution systems:a brief review (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5323 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:12 | 5323 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: In drinking water distribution systems, three groups of living organisms are usually found in the biofilm and circulating water: heterotrophic bacteria, free-living protozoa, and macro-invertebrates. Indirect evidence suggests that protozoa grazing in distribution systems can partially eliminate biomass production and accidental microbiological pollution. This paper examines the biodiversit in drinking water distribution systems.
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Water supply ; Biodiversity ; Food chains ; Bacteria ; Invertebrate larvae ; Escherichia coli
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    Persistence of viable but non-culturable bacteria during the production and distribution of drinking water (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5322 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:32 | 5322 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The direct measurement of in situ respiring bacteria using 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) shows that, especially for Gram-negative bacteria, large numbers of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria are present in finished water from a conventional water treatment plant, and the regrowth of bacteria along distribution networks can be seen rapidly by using this very sensitive technique. The level of bacterial inactivation with chlorine is much less important than has been previously supposed (based on experiments with non-injured laboratory strains of bacteria and classical culture techniques). Threshold values of VBNC bacteria leaving water treatment plants or regrowing along distribution systems have to be determined for better control of coliform regrowth and health- risks associated with the consumption of drinking water.
    Keywords: Biology ; Health ; Limnology ; Water supply ; Water treatment ; Bacteria ; Microbiological culture ; Bacterial counters ; Staining ; Growth curves ; France
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    Immunodetection of planktonic algae (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5333 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:04:52 | 5333 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Interest in the identification and characterisation of cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates in aquatic environments is increasing rapidly due to the perceived roles of these organisms in primary production and nuisance aspects in terms of water treatment and public health. Techniques for the identification and quantification of these organisms currently are limited, and the application of molecular approaches provides fundamental taxonomic information and techniques of practical value. Antigenic properties of algal cells may be useful taxonomic markers. Immunodetection techniques utilise the specificity of the antibody/antigen association as a probe for recognising and distinguishing between microorganisms according to their cell- surface chemistry. Immunofluorescent detection of unicellular cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates has been studied with success in marine and freshwater ecosystems and a range of techniques and results are presented and discussed. The most recent advances in the study of planktonic algae have come with the application of continuous flow cytometric methods (CFC). Flow cytometry makes use of the autofluorescence properties of the algal cells, which alone can be used to demonstrate their presence and permit their quantification in natural water samples. When used in conjunction with immunolabelling techniques, the potential of CFC analysis is broadened to study the serological/strain composition of plankters in natural populations. Changes in algal strains represented within and between waters over periods of time are reported and discussed, along with the ecological issues thus raised.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Bacteria ; Methodology ; Algae ; Plankton ; Immunology ; Detection ; Toxicity tests ; Immunofluorescence ; Synechococcus ; Alexandrium tamarens ; Prorocentrum micans
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    Actinomycetes and actinophage in fresh water (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5161 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:17:51 | 5161 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Actinomycetes are a group of micro-organisms which lie, in classification, half-way between the fungi and the bacteria. They may be isolated from the plating of leaf washings, water samples and mud dilutions on to nutrient agar (with incorporated actidione to eliminate fungi). The predominant genus varied with the source of the sample. An attempt was also made to isolate the phages of some Actinomycetes. A search was made in the typical environments of the host, for the virus. In this way actinophage were also isolated; and shown to be capable of being transmitted from one host strain to another host strain within 1 sp or from one host to another within 1 genus; i.e. polyvalent.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Environment ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Microbiological culture ; Viruses ; Actinomycetes ; Annual report
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    The changing chemical composition of chalk streams and rivers (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5157 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:19:58 | 5157 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: The area studied was the River Frome system below Dorchester. The main river has its origins mainly in chalk springs, although some of its tributaries have surface run-off from farm lands and heath-lands. Thus the chemistry of the river is affected by changes in land practice and differences in the geology of the catchment area. Regular chemical analysis of chalk waters started at the River Laboratory in 1964, Regular weekly analyses have been carried out since 1965 at Bere Stream (a small chalk stream) and the River Frome (a large chalk stream); also single samples have been analysed to provide preliminary information. In 1970-71 an attempt was made to discover the contribution each main source made to the flow and chemical composition of the River Frome. Results of these investigations are presented in the paper.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Environment ; Chemical analysis ; Chemical composition ; Rivers ; Stream flow ; Annual report ; England ; Dorset
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    Geochemistry of lipids in lacustrine sediments (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5171 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:18:48 | 5171 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An explanation of the basic premises of the subject and its terminology is given. The article then outlines aspects of research on the organic material found in lacustrine sediments, and the analytical methods involved.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Earth Sciences ; Diagenesis ; Freshwater lakes ; Geochemistry ; Lipids ; Sediment analysis ; Annual report
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    Nitrates - loss processes in raw water (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5208 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:16:34 | 5208 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This project investigated the production of nitrate (nitrification) by bacteria in lakes. The work was undertaken as nitrification is a key process in the nitrogen cycle and previous estimates of rates of nitrification were unreliable. When different methods were used to estimate rates of nitrification within sediment deposits different results were obtained. Investigation' of specific aspects of these methodologies has allowed some rationalization of these observations and also enabled comparisons of previously published data which, beforehand, was not possible. However, it was not clear which methods gave the most reliable rate estimates. Calculation of a nitrate budget for Grasmere lake indicated that the use of methods which involved the mixing of surface sediments (and therefore disrupted preformed nutrient gradients) overestimated the rate of nitrification. The study concludes that slight changes in the method used to prepare sediment slurries can result in large changes, in the measured nitrifying activity. This makes comparisons between studies, using different methods, extremely difficult. Methods to study sediment nitrification processes which do not disrupt preformed substrate gradients within the sediment provide the most reliable rate estimates.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Bacteria ; Nitrification ; Freshwater lakes ; Sediment samples ; Slurries ; Seasonal variations ; Methodology ; England ; Grasmere Lake
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    Joint research project on the aquatic ecotoxicity of organo-aluminium: Chemical reactions. First interim report (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5225 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:12:36 | 5225 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The overall goal of the joint research project is to relate the chemical reactions involved in the formation of organo-aluminium complexes under acid conditions to their toxic effects on the physiology of aquatic organisms. Finally, this research is intended to predict toxic effects arising from acidity and aluminium under varying environmental conditions. This interim report examines the chemical modelling of ion-binding by humic substances where a computer model has been developed and is being tested using field data, and conditions required for the precipitation of aluminium in surface waters.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Modelling ; Models ; Humic acids ; Surface water ; Aluminium compounds ; Aluminium ; Ions ; Toxicity ; England ; Duddon River
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    Decomposition in lake sediments: bacterial action and interaction (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5239 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:13:47 | 5239 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-24
    Description: This review discusses the processes involved in the decomposition of organic carbon derived initially from structural components of algae and other primary producers. It describes how groups of bacteria interact in time and space in a eutrophic lake. The relative importance of anaerobic and aerobic processes are discussed. The bulk of decomposition occurs within the sediment. The role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle and the iron cycle, and in sulphate reduction and methanogenesis as the terminal metabolism of organic carbon are described.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Anaerobic bacteria ; Bacteria ; Biodegradation ; Carbon cycle ; Eutrophic lakes ; Fresh water ; Geochemical cycle ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nitrates ; Nitrogen cycle ; Organic carbon ; Oxygen consumption ; Partical size ; Sedimentation ; Sulphates ; Sulphur ; Annual report
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    Biological and climatic influences on the dace Leuciscus leuciscus in a southern chalk-stream (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5247 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:08:19 | 5247 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The dace, Leuciscus leuciscus (L.) is an important cyprinid in terms of population biomass in chalk streams of southern England. Dace recruitment has been shown to vary widely from year to year and it is thought that this variation is largely as a result of the influence of abiotic factors, chiefly water temperature. From 1968 to 1981 there was a thirteen-fold difference in the year class structure index between the minimum index (0.25 in 1972) and the maximum (3.21 in 1976). The problems of such variation, especially those that could ensue from a succession of poor year-classes, are offset by the spread of reproductive effort by each female over several years.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Fisheries ; Abiotic factors ; Age composition ; Annual variations ; Climate ; Fecundity ; Fish eggs ; Fish larvae ; Freshwater fish ; Life history ; Mortality ; Population dynamics ; Predation ; Recruitment ; Sexual reproduction ; Survivial ; Water temperature ; Cyprinidae ; Leuciscus leuciscus ; England ; Dorset ; Chalk streams ; Annual report
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    Analysis and adsorption of phosalone on aquatic sediment (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5257 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:09:23 | 5257 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Phosalone is a non systematic, wide spectrum organophosphate pesticide which was discovered in 1961 in the laboratories of the Societe des Usines Chimique Rhone-Poulenc in France. It has been approved for commercial use since 1964 in France, in Australia since 1966, in the United Kingdom in 1967 and in many other countries including Japan, Egypt, USSR and the USA. This study provides a full literature review on all aspects of phosalone including its physical, biological and chemical characteristics, and analytical methods of analysis with particular reference to soils/sediments. Furthermore, it aims to develop a method for the determintion of phosalone in aquatic sediments and to determine the adsorption of phosalone onto kaolinite.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Insecticides ; Metabolism ; Toxicity ; Biodegradation ; Adsorption
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    Type: monograph
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    Petroleum hydrocarbons in fresh waters: a preliminary desk study and bibliography (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5278 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:11:09 | 5278 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: A literature survey was carried out into the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in freshwater, from the toxicity, biodegradability and concentration aspects. It was supplemented by a selective search on hydrocarbons in the marine environment for comparison. The aim was to determine the major inputs of these hydrocarbons, their accumulation, effects and fate in freshwaters. The search was confined to the period 1965-1978. The bibliography contains 390 references, divided by subject.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Pollution ; literature reviews ; petroleum ; toxicity ; biodegradation
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    The health significance of heterotrophic bacteria in drinking water (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5319 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:39 | 5319 | Freshwater Biological Association
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Tap water is not sterile; it contains organisms which grow in water distribution systems or inside taps and their fittings. The absence of known pathogenic bacteria is assured by the absence of the indicator organisms but concerns have been raised in the past few years that drinking water fulfilling the standards laid down in the EC Directive ECC 80/778 may still cause disease. These concerns have arisen from several sources: the fact that a cause has been identified in only half of all suspected waterborne outbreaks of disease; reports have suggested that heterotrophic bacteria possessing single pathogenic mechanisms such as haemolysin may cause disease; reports of heterotrophic organisms causing water contact diseases in hospitals. These concerns led to a reappraisal of the pathogenic potential of heteretrophic bacteria, by carrying out an extensive literature search and review commissioned by the UK Water Research Company. This research identified many papers showing an association between drinking water and heterotrophic bacteria but only very few reports of suspected waterborne disease associated with the heterotrophs. The organisms demonstrating potential to cause disease were species of Aeromonas and Yersinia, but typing of organisms identified in patients and isolated from the water revealed very few similarities. The potential of Aeromonas and Yersinia to cause waterborne disease is thought to be very low and the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre database of laboratory infections due to these two genera of organisms was analysed to produce population-related incidences for each health region in England and Wales. Additionally a laboratory questionnaire revealed different levels of ascertainment of these two organisms in different laboratories of the Public Health Laboratory Service.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Health ; Limnology ; Public health ; Microbial contamination ; Water pollution treatment ; Bacteria ; Bacterial diseases ; Water supply ; Water policy ; Heterotrophic organisms
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    Concentrations of major ions in the stream water of the River Duddon, England, 1970-1974 [Dataset] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5349 | 1256 | 2011-05-13 11:55:43 | 5349 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of some major ions in the stream water of the River Duddon in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and chloride ions and pH were taken at 5 stations in the River Duddon between January 1970 and August 1974.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of Major Ions in Streams on Catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; dataset
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    Analysis of stream waters in the catchment of Lake Windermere (1975-1978), England [Dataset] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5351 | 1256 | 2011-05-13 11:55:21 | 5351 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of some major ions in the stream water of the catchment of Lake Windermere in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chloride ions and pH were taken at 37 stations in the catchment between 1975 and 1978.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of major ions in streams on catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; England ; Lake Windermere ; dataset
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    Concentrations of major ions in 182 tarns in the English Lake District (1953-1978) [Dataset] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5354 | 1256 | 2011-09-16 12:01:28 | 5354 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of 182 tarns in the English Lake District, Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, pH, chloride ions, alkalinity, sulphite, strong acids and nitrate were taken between 1953 and 1978.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of major ions in lakes and tarns on the English Lake District (1953-1978). Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1982 (FBA Occasional Publications 16)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; alkalinity ; England ; Lake District ; dataset
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    Analyses of treated sewage effluent from Grasmere Treatment Unit (1974-1976), England [Dataset] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5352 | 1256 | 2012-07-04 19:32:47 | 5352 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of treated sewage effluent from Grasmere Treatment Unit in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and chloride ions were taken between 1974 and 1976.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of major ions in streams on catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; England ; Grasmere ; dataset
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    Concentrations of major ions in the stream water of the upper basin of the River Duddon, England, 1972-1974 [Dataset] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5350 | 1256 | 2011-05-13 11:56:03 | 5350 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of some major ions in the stream water of the upper basin of the River Duddon in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and chloride ions and pH were taken at 26 stations in the River Duddon basin between 1972 and 1974.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of Major Ions in Streams on Catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; England ; River Duddon ; dataset
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  • 47
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    Major ions in 25 frequently sampled tarns in the English Lake District (1954-56, 1974-1976) [Dataset] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5353 | 1256 | 2012-07-04 19:33:33 | 5353 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of 25 frequently sampled tarns in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, pH, chloride ions, alkalinity, sulphite, strong acids and nitrate were taken between 1954 and 1956 and between 1974-1976.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of major ions in streams on catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; alkalinity ; England ; Lake District ; dataset
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  • 48
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    A study of the nutrition of the Rotifer Asplanchna, with the help of Carbon 14 [Translation from: Byulleten ' Instituta Biologii Vodokhranilishch, No. 12, pp.17-20, 1962] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5047 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:28:19 | 5047 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Laboratory research was done in order to study the feeding of larval Cricotopus silvestris F. in relation to characters of structure of oral apparatus. Results of the experiments are summarised and the oral apparatus morhologically described.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Freshwater lakes ; Zooplankton ; Nutrition ; Carbon 14 ; Bacteria ; Algae ; Russia ; Asplanchna priodonta ; Asplanchna herricki
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    Type: monograph
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  • 49
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    Sphaerotilus natans: description of the morphology, growth and systematics of [Translation from: Schr. Ver. Zellstoff u. Pap.-Chem. u. -Ing., 26, 20-37, 1956] (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5064 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:30:02 | 5064 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: The morphology, increase and systematica of Sphaerotilus natans is studied and culture methods examined.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Bacteria ; Bacteriology ; Identification ; Experimental culture ; Laboratory culture ; Methodology
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    Type: monograph
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  • 50
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    Changes in the phytoplankton (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5111 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:23:22 | 5111 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article discussing changes observed in phytoplankton of the Lake District. An overview is given of previous phytoplankton studies undertaken in the area, detailing some changes found in various waterbodies. Water quality changes in Lake Windermere are mentioned, including the gradual increase of dissolved organic matter (DOM), believed to be caused by the increase of sewage to the lake. The lakes in the Alps are given as an example of a similar anthropogenic pollution scenario. The treatment of a Lake District tarn with bone meal is described. The article goes on to discuss the composition of plankton throughout the year under a variety of climatic conditions. A figure shows seasonal variation in the consistuents of phytoplankton in Windermere (north basin).
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Phytoplankton ; Limnology ; Dissolved organic matter ; Seasonal variations ; Sewage ; Water quality ; Annual reports ; England ; Lake District
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  • 51
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    The chemical budget of a lake (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5107 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:23:50 | 5107 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: A progress report on research undertaken on the chemical budget of a lake, outlining the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus in governing the production of life in freshwater. The report uses the Rivers Brathay and Leven, which flow into Windermere, as examples. The report also refers to the Rivers Rothay, Troutbeck and Cunsey. A table is including which shows the monthly average nitrate content (mg per litre) of the River Brathey and River Leven for 1937 into 1938. The report also includes a figure showing Windermere lake levels, discharge and rainfall during 1937. It also briefly considers possible anthropogenic influences on water quality.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Phosphorus ; Organic compounds ; Sewage ; Diatoms ; Algae ; Sediment chemistry ; Seasonal variations ; Annual reports ; Nitrates ; River discharge ; England
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    Bacteria in freshwaters (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5114 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:21:32 | 5114 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article looking at the numerical distribution of bacteria in lakes, the types most commonly present and the nitrogen-cycle, in Lake Windermere. The methodology is explained, including the sampling frequency and depths, and bacteria culturing techniques. Water bodies other than Lake Windermere were also sampled and these are detailed, including a water reservoir. A summary of the work into horizontal of bacteria is given, including a table showing the number of bacteria per millilitre at different distances from inflow into Windermere. A summary of the work into vertical distribution is also given, including two figures, one showing seasonal variation during 1938-9 in numbers of bacteria at different depths in Winderemere, and the other showing the relationship between the numbers of bacteria at 10 metres depth in Windermere and the rainfull during the previous 7 days. A summary of the types of bacteria found, as well as work on the nitrogen cycle in Esthwaite Water, Lake Windermere and Blelham Tarn are given.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Nitrogen cycle ; Bacteria ; Freshwater ecology ; Limnology ; Seasonal variations ; Water column ; Water reservoirs ; Annual reports ; England ; Lake District
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  • 53
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    Changes in physical and chemical variables (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5112 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:23:20 | 5112 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article reviewing the work undertaken looking at the seasonal variation of chemical conditions in water at various depths in lakes. The laboratory tests undertaken for the research is outlined, as well as details of the sampling locations and the staff involved with the work. One figure shows the seasonal variation in the amounts of dissolved substances in the surface water of Windermere during 1936. Another figure shows seasonal varation inthe dry weight of phyto- and zooplankton in Windermere. Seasonal changes are discussed further and a table is included showing chemical conditions in winter and summer for Windermere.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Limnology ; Chemistry ; Seasonal variations ; Diatoms ; Phytoplankton ; Zooplankton ; Water column ; Surface water ; Annual reports ; England ; Lake District
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    Biological surveillance of chalk-streams (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5122 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:22:47 | 5122 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article reviewing the methods of biological surveillance of chalk-streams developed and commonly used at that time, with a focus on their application to the River Frome catchment in Dorset. In evaluating the surveillance methods, the author looks at sampling methods (including cores and kick-sampling), the level of identification of macroinvertebrates, and temporal and spatial variations. Responses of indices to organic pollution are also discussed. A number of accompanying figures are also included.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Ecology ; Environment ; Chalk ; Water management ; Cores ; Aquatic communities ; Freshwater ecology ; Invertebrate larvae ; Biological surveys ; Temporal variations ; Spatial variations ; Annual reports ; England
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    The design and development of the Windermere Profiler. An instrument for measuring how various environmental parameters vary with depth in lakes, reservoirs and rivers (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5123 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:22:51 | 5123 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: A review article detailing the background, development and functionality of the Windermere Profiler, a multi parameter environmental monitoring instrument for use in lakes, reservoirs and rivers. The article explains the requirement for regular data collection by the Freshwater Biological Association at Windermere. The article covers the requirements of a profiling instrument, the design considerations, the electronic circuitry, the computer program, the operation of the computer software, the profiler in use and further developments to the design. A number of figures and images accompany the article.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Environment ; Limnology ; Profilers ; Inland water environment ; Water reservoirs ; Lakes ; Rivers ; Temperature data ; Electrical conductivity ; Dissolved oxygen ; Depth measurement ; Light attenuation ; Annual reports ; England ; Lake District
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    The growth of brown trout (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5117 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:22:21 | 5117 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article discussing the factors affecting the rate of growth of brown trout, detailing the research udnertaken at Wray Castle, designed to clarify the influencing factors in different waters and investigate what would be required to increase their size. The article considers factors such as alkalinity, total hardness, the presence of coarse fish in the waterbodies and competition for food. Previous work undertaken on brown trout in Ireland by other authors is reviewed. A figure showing average growth rate of brown trout in five lakes, as determined from their scales (Lough Derg, Windermere, Loch Leven, Ullswater, Haweswater).
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Coarse fish ; pH effects ; Water hardness ; Food availability ; Limnology ; England ; Lake District
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    Variation in bacterial populations in time and space (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5168 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:18:43 | 5168 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Obtaining a reliable estimate of the bacterial population is one of the main problems facing the bacterial ecologist. The author discusses the various methods available and concludes that the observed variability in bacterial populations depends on the sampling interval used.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Bacteria ; Biomass ; Population characteristics ; Population number ; Annual report
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    Growth rates of bacteria in rivers (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5184 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:17:22 | 5184 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Three different methods for determining bacterial growth rate in rivers are described. Two of the methods are for bacteria in suspension: a recirculating experimental channel method and a radioactive tracer technique using super(35)SO sub(4). The third method is for bacteria attached to surfaces and specifically considers the surface of the common duckweed Lemna minor).
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Bacteria ; Growth ; Nannoplankton ; Rivers ; Lemna minor ; England ; Dorset ; River Frome ; Annual report
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  • 59
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    Acid precipitation and its effects on aquatic systems in the English Lake District (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5189 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:16:49 | 5189 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: There is no evidence of an increase in the acidity (lower pH or alkalinity) of water-bodies in the Lake District over the last 50 years. Brown trout occur in acid streams and upland tarns where pH is 4.5-5.2 throughout the year. Their occurrence in such waters in Britain and Ireland has been known for most of this century and there is no previous evidence of harmful effects on salmonid fisheries, though numbers of fish are naturally low. However, many benthic invertebrates that are common in hill-streams where pH is above 5.7 do not occur in more acid streams. This phenomenon occurs in the headwaters of several western rivers in Cumbria. It is not a recent response to "acid rain". Harmful effects of pH are undoubtedly more pronounced in waters that are poor in other dissolved ions. Low concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride are especially important and may limit the distributions of some aquatic animals even where pH is above 5.7. The concentration of sulphate ions is usually relatively high but this is not important to the fauna; concentrations are at least two times higher in productive alkaline water-bodies than they are in unproductive acid waters.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Acid rain ; Acidification ; Alkalinity ; Freshwater pollution ; pH ; Pollution effects ; Invertebrata ; Salmonidae ; England ; Lake District ; Annual report
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  • 60
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    Studies of chemical speciation in naturally anoxic basins (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5181 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:17:17 | 5181 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The chemical speciation of both metals and non-metals, the use of polarographic techniques, and application to the study of the chemistry of anoxic waters are considered. In the first part of the paper unfamiliar terminology is explained and then an example of simple lake chemistry is presented to illustrate why the concept of speciation is necessary.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Chemical speciation ; Anoxic basins ; Annual report
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  • 61
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    The kinetics of calcite precipation and related processes (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5195 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:15:06 | 5195 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This review is concerned with the kinetics of calcium carbonate formation and related processes which are important in many hard waters.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Calcite ; Calcium carbonates ; Chemical precipitation ; Fresh water ; Geochemical cycle ; Annual report
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  • 62
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    Treading in Mortimer's footsteps: the geochemical cycling of iron and manganese in Esthwaite water (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5193 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:15:03 | 5193 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: A study of the geochemical cycling of iron and manganese in a seasonally stratified lake, Esthwaite water is described. This work is based on speculative ideas on environmental redox chemistry of iron which were proposed by C.H. Mortimer in the 1940's. These observations have been verified and some speculations confirmed, along with a new understanding of the manganese cycle, and detailed information on the particulate forms of both iron and manganese. Details on the mechanisms and transformations of iron have also emerged.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Chemical precipitation ; Freshwater lakes ; Iron ; Manganese ; Oxidation ; Redox potential ; Reduction ; Stratification ; England ; Esthwaite Lake ; Annual report
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  • 63
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    Long-term natural acidification of upland sites in Cumbria: Evidence from post-glacial lake sediments (2021)
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5197 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:15:33 | 5197 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Studies by the Freshwater Biological Association over the last 25 years have supplied data relevant to the levels of acidity in local soils and water before the onset of industrial pollution and current interest in acid rain. This article reviews published analysis from cores of lake sediments, in or near the catchment of the River Duddon. Electron spin resonance spectra of humic acids and iodine values confirm evidence from pollen analysis for a history of progressive acidification of the source material of lake sediments since before 5000 radiocarbon years, in upland catchments of the Lake District. Processes involved included: removal of basic ions from soils by rainfall, the effects of which were intensified by removal by man of deciduous forest; acidification of soils and waters by decomposition products of Calluna and further acidification of waters by Sphagnum species which colonized habitats where drainage became impeded by paludification processes.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Earth Sciences ; Acid rain ; Acidification ; Freshwater lakes ; Lake Basins ; Lake deposits ; pH ; Palnology ; England ; Cumbria ; Annual report
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