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  • Other Sources  (1,540)
  • ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)  (1,540)
  • 1980-1984  (690)
  • 1975-1979  (850)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1
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    Astronautics (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-17
    Description: Principles of rocket engineering, flight dynamics, and trajectories are discussed in this summary of Soviet rocket development and technology. Topics include rocket engine design, propellants, propulsive efficiency, and capabilities required for orbital launch. The design of the RD 107, 108, 119, and 214 rocket engines and their uses in various satellite launches are described. NASA's Saturn 5 and Atlas Agena launch vehicles are used to illustrate the requirements of multistage rockets.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Soviet Aircraft and Rockets (NASA-TT-F-770); p 198-271
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  • 2
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    Metallurgical processing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: The metallurgical processing experiments on Skylab were chosen to: (1) elucidate the unknown effects of a low gravity environment on certain processes; (2) determine to what extent nongravitational driven flows operate in the processes; and (3) explore the possibilities of containerless solidification. Welding and brazing experiments were conducted to provide an understanding of solidification mechanics in a weightless environment.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 37 p
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  • 3
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    Early space experiments in materials processing: Future programs (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: A list of the present state of knowledge in materials processing is presented. The fluid behavior in a low gravity environment is summarized. Materials processing in the Space Transportation System facility is discussed. Prospects for space commercialization are reported.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 16 p
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  • 4
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    Post-Skylab activities (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Program is described. A modification of the Skylab furnace was developed for the ASTP mission that had a maximum temperature of 1200 C, a programmed cool down to give more uniform growth rates, and a He quench system to shorten the time required to reach allowable touch temperature. The Space Processing Applications Rocket (SPAR) program was initiated to provide some continuity in flight experimentation. Liquid mixing, immiscible alloy solidification, composite materials, bubbles and dispersed particles during solidification, and containerless processing techniques were studied in the SPAR program.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 45 p
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  • 5
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    Fluid behavior in low g (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: Several experiments and a number of demonstrations were performed during Skylab to elucidate the behavior of fluids in space. The purposes of these experiments were to confirm hypotheses on how systems would behave in a low-g environment, determine to what extent residual accelerations and nongravity-driven convection affected processes, and provide graphic demonstrations of fluid behavior in space for classroom use and to stimulate new ideas for low-g research.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 33 p
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  • 6
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    Possible applications of space processing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: Numerous applications take advantage of low gravity. These range from research, such as study of basic properties of materials or developing a better understanding of various processes and how they might be controlled, to actual production of unique materials, either in very limited quantities for research purposes to serve as paradigms for determining the limiting results of processes in which gravity effects are removed, or in large quantities, to fill certain high technology needs that cannot be met by other means. Examples of these are given in the following topics discussed: (1) crystal growth; (2) metals, alloys and composite materials (metallurgy); (3) glass and ceramics (containerless processing); (4) fluid and chemical processes; and (5) processing of biological materials.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 60 p
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  • 7
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    The evolution of apparatus for materials processing on Skylab (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: The following topics are discussed: (1) the inception of space processing; (2) earth-based experimental activities prior to Skylab (drop tower and research aircraft experiments); (3) preliminary experiments in space (Apollo and sounding rocket experiments); and (4) Skylab experimental facilities. Apparatus for contained materials processing; for brazing in space; and containerless processing are presented and discussed. The Skylab materials processing system and miscellaneous design considerations are also discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 48 p
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  • 8
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    Modeling of the float zone process (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The interaction of heat, mass, and momentum transport in the floating zone method for growing single crystals from the melt is examined. Methods for detailed numerical simulation of the transport phenomena in a floating zone are developed. Results of the calculations are combined with experiments to determine the effects of solidification induced, surface tension driven, and buoyancy driven convection in establishing dopant redistribution in the melt and the roles of heat transfer in crystal and melt and melt/solid interface shape in determining crystal quality. State of the art finite element techniques were developed for calculating the influence of natural convection in the melt on the shape of a melt/crystal interface and dopant segregation in the crystal. These techniques are demonstrated for solidification by the Bridgman technique. Numerical techniques are developed that calculate the shapes of both the melt/solid and melt/gas interfaces simultaneously with the thermal fields in melt and solid. Models for the fluid flows due to the rotation of the feed and crystal rods are completed and the effects of these flows on dopant segregation are studied, especially in the case of zones longer than can be achieved on Earth.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Float Zone Workshop; p 175-199
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  • 9
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    Calculations of the surface tensions of liquid metals (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The understanding of the surface tension of liquid metals and alloys from as close to first principles as possible is discussed. The two ingredients which are combined in these calculations are: the electron theory of metals, and the classical theory of liquids, as worked out within the framework of statistical mechanics. The results are a new theory of surface tensions and surface density profiles from knowledge purely of the bulk properties of the coexisting liquid and vapor phases. It is found that the method works well for the pure liquid metals on which it was tested; work is extended to mixtures of liquid metals, interfaces between immiscible liquid metals, and to the temperature derivative of the surface tension.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Float Zone Workshop; p 169-172
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  • 10
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    Ground based silicon zoning program (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The preparation of building flight hardware and carrying out experiments in space was investigated. The ground based investigation phase A/B of the experimental float zoning of silicon is outlined. The overall program goals, leading to recommending experiments to be done in phase C/D are spelled out. Thermophysical properties which must be accurately known to compare thermophysical models to experimental zoning of silicon are listed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Float Zone Workshop; p 111-124
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  • 11
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    Present growth technology of silicon germanium alloys and possible advantages of microgravity growth (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The growth technology of Silicon-germanium (Si-Ge) alloys and the possible advantages of growth in microgravity is reviewed. The Si-Ge alloys have a continuous variation of bandgap energy from the germanium bandgap to the silicon bandgap. The unusual two slope behavior of Eg versus composition is due to the differences in the conduction band structure between Si and Ge. Below 17% (atomic), the germanium band structure dominates; and above it, the bands are "silicon like". It is found that the growth of Si-Ge alloys in microgravity is very attractive. In particular, the float zone method, in which a liquid zone of controlled starting composition, used to grow a large amount of useful alloy crystal. Large temperature gradients and relatively flat growth interfaces are necessary to obtain homogeneous crystal growth.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Float Zone Workshop; p 151-163
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  • 12
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    Review of literature surface tension data for molten silicon (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: Measurements of the surface tension of molten silicon are reported. For marangoni flow, the important parameter is the variation of surface tension with temperature, not the absolute value of the surface tension. It is not possible to calculate temperature coefficients using surface tension measurements from different experiments because the systematic errors are usually larger than the changes in surface tension because of temperature variations. The lack of good surface tension data for liquid silicon is probably due to its extreme chemical reactivity. A material which resists attack by molten silicon is not found. It is suggested that all of the sessile drip surface tension measurements are probably for silicon which is contaminated by the substrate materials.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Float Zone Workshop; p 167-168
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  • 13
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    The historical trend in float zone crystal diameters and power requirements for float zoned silicon crystals (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The power needed to zone silicon crystals by radio frequency heating was analyzed. The heat loss mechanisms are examined. Curves are presented for power as a function of crystal diameter for commercial silicon zoning.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Float Zone Workshop; p 99-106
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  • 14
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    Electric power needs in space (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The power requirements for specific float zone experiments in space are presented. Power figures for the Space Shuttle and projected available power for advanced vehicles are given. The following power related trends are derived: (1) float zone processing of up to 5 cm diameter silicon and 16.0 cm diameter cadmium telluride can be conducted on a Shuttle pallet mission; (2) float zone processing of up to 8.5 cm diameter silicon for 70% total heating efficiency can be conducted on the initial MEC/space platform; (3) projected available host vehicle power for float zone sample heating; (4) induction heating is found to be the most promising heating method; (5) process control and ease of equipment integration into the host vehicle influence heating method selection.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Float Zone Workshop; p 89-98
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  • 15
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    Power requirements for space crystal growth (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The need for power to grow silicon of a size suitable to make into devices is addressed. The expected results are tied to available power. The projection of the size of float zone crystals as a function of time is discussed. An accompanying graph shows that 4 in. will be the normally used diameter by 1985 and 5 in. by 1990. Material to be tested in device lines in this time frame should be 4 in. or more. The various power losses, 25 kW with a 50% power efficiency, which is much improved over present RF heating efficiencies.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Float Zone Workshop; p 83-88
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  • 16
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    Role of substrate quality on IC performance and yields (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The development of silicon and gallium arsenide crystal growth for the production of large diameter substrates are discussed. Large area substrates of significantly improved compositional purity, dopant distribution and structural perfection on a microscopic as well as macroscopic scale are important requirements. The exploratory use of magnetic fields to suppress convection effects in Czochralski crystal growth is addressed. The growth of large crystals in space appears impractical at present however the efforts to improve substrate quality could benefit from the experiences gained in smaller scale growth experiments conducted in the zero gravity environment of space.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Float Zone Workshop; p 65-80
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  • 17
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    Industry needs for silicon crystals and standards (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The trend of the device fabrication industry requirement for larger crystals is reviewed. The ranges of properties and uniformities measurement standards needed for resistivity (four-point probe and spreading resistance) and for the chemical composition of oxygen and carbon impurities are presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Float Zone Workshop; p 59-64
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  • 18
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    Air Force future technical requirements for silicon (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: Technical requirements for silicon-based bulk materials are presented, and related work on other materials and on thin layer silicon is summarized. Programs supported by the Wright-Patterson materials laboratory and the capabilities of the materials laboratory in house characterization facility are listed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Float Zone Workshop; p 55-58
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  • 19
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    Growth of III-V and II-VI alloy crystals in space by vertical zone leveling (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The process of vertical zone melting of CdTe and InP is illustrated, and the growth of Cd sub x Hg sub (1 - x)Te and InP sub y As sub (1-y) is considered.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Float Zone Workshop; p 46-54
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  • 20
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    Material and processing needs for silicon solar cells in space (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The technical concerns of NASA in the area of space grade solar cells are summarized. Solar power needs are projected through 1987. The degradation of solar cell performance due to the effects of radiation on impurities and crystal defects and the improved performance of float zone silicon are illustrated. The reduction of oxygen and carbon in float zone silicon allows for much faster low temperature annealing of the defects. The effects of improved crystal purity on cell performance are summarized.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Float Zone Workshop; p 33-41
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  • 21
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    Float zone space processing rationale (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The role of float zone silicon in integrated circuits is surveyed. The problem of oxygen thermal donors and their inhomogeneous distribution is predicted to be a critical issue.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Float Zone Workshop; p 42-45
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  • 22
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    The need for growing crystals in space (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: Payoffs of crystal growth in space in the areas of understanding growth and melt flow mechanisms, the growth of more uniform crystals with fewer defects, and the growth of crystals difficult or impossible to grow on Earth are summarized. The advantages of various heating methods are summarized. Critical devices requiring the uniformity and lower defect density of crystals grown in space are listed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Float Zone Workshop; p 23-33
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  • 23
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    The nature of melt process changes in microgravity (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The effects on melt impurities of the lack of buoyancy-driven convection in melts and the gas phase are outlined. Probable effects noted are: retardation of convective flow by a thin adsorbed impurity layer because of surface tension gradients (Marangoni flow); changes in the transport of volatile impurities to the melt surface and the consequent reduction of evaporation; and the change in dependence of evaporation rates on pressure due to the absence of convective flow in the gas next to the melt.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Float Zone Workshop; p 16-19
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  • 24
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    Review of past flight experiments pertinent to float zone (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: Materials processing experiments performed in space since 1973 are listed. Experiments carried out in Skylab, the Apollo Soyuz mission, and on SPAR sounding rockets are included.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Float Zone Workshop; p 13-15
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  • 25
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    Float Zone Workshop, introduction (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The purposes of the float zone working group are summarized. Present and proposed U.S. and European research programs are listed, and power needs for float zoning surveyed. A 1981 to 1991 schedule for development efforts is presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Float Zone Workshop; p 1-10
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  • 26
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    NASA workshop on outgassing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-20
    Description: The materials and processing constraints that are involved in the construction of a molecular wake shield for the shuttle orbiter are discussed. Stainless steel, having outgassing rates less than the required 10 to the minus 12th power Torr-liters/sq cm per second was the primary material suggested for the construction of the shield.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Proc. of Workshops to Define Eng. Requirements for a Space Vacuum Res. Facility; 17 p
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  • 27
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    Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the assessment of models of a wake shield environment around various spacecraft, Universities Space Research Association (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-20
    Description: Models depicting the ambient atmosphere which can overtake the spacecraft vacuum shield are presented. The subject areas discussed are: possible changing effects on the wake shield environment; possible utilization of the induced environmental contamination monitor; present state of the knowledge of the parameters used to describe the intermolecular collisions; the possibility of using simple models to describe the wake shield environment; possible errors associated with using kinetic theory to calculate that part of the atmosphere overtaking the shield; and a general assessment of the Monte Carlo techniques used to calculate the shield environment.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of Workshops to Define Eng. Requirements for a Space Vacuum Res. Facility; 6 p
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  • 28
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    Proceedings of workshops to define engineering requirements for a space vacuum research Facility: Summary (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-20
    Description: Models depicting the collision dynamics in the near vicinity of a body orbiting in the upper atmosphere were studied to investigate degassing techniques for a vacuum facility.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Proc. of Workshops to Define Eng. Requirements for a Space Vacuum Res. Facility; 3 p
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  • 29
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    Space environment effects (M0006) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The effects of long term exposure to the near Earth space environment on advanced electrooptical and radiation sensor components were examined. The effect of long duration spaceflight on the germination rate of selected terrestrial plant seeds is observed in exobiological experiments.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 185-187
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  • 30
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    Electrophoresis of biological materials (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: The selection of biological products was studied for electrophoresis in space. Free flow electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and isotachophoresis are described. The candidates discussed include: immunoglobulins and gamma globulins; isolated islet of langerhans from pancreas; bone marrow; tumor cells; kidney cells, cryoprecipitate; and column separated cultures.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 177-190
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  • 31
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    High purity tungsten targets (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: High purity tungsten, which is used for targets in X-ray tubes was considered for space processing. The demand for X-ray tubes was calculated using the growth rates for dental and medical X-ray machines. It is concluded that the cost benefits are uncertain.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 159-176
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  • 32
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    Costs and benefits of turbine blades (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: The potential demand for space processed turbine blades, and the dollar benefits to be derived from this technology were analyzed. It was found that an adequate demand to justify space processed blades will exist. The cost benefits per blade for replacements in existing aircraft is estimated to be $997.50 per blade, and for new aircraft the savings per blade would be over $21,000.00.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 40-90
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  • 33
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    Materials science (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: The first Spacelab space processing payload includes the following categories of hardware: (1) multiuser facilities, (2) common-support equipment, and (3) six autonomous experiments. All the hardware, with the exception of two elements (covering three experiments), will be integrated in a Spacelab double rack called the materials science double rack. The payload experimental facilities are intended to perform, during the first Spacelab mission, a number of significant pilot experiments in the fields of crystal growth, fluid physics and metallurgy, and, at the same time, to flight-verify the materials science hardware items developed (e.g., various furnaces, process chambers, etc.).
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 16 p
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  • 34
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    Drop dynamics (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The drop dynamics module is a Spacelab-compatible acoustic positioning and control system for conducting drop dynamics experiments in space. It consists basically of a chamber, a drop injector system, an acoustic positioning system, and a data collection system. The principal means of collecting data is by a cinegraphic camera. The drop is positioned in the center of the chamber by forces created by standing acoustic waves generated in the nearly cubical chamber (about 12 cm on a side). The drop can be spun or oscillated up to fission by varying the phse and amplitude of the acoustic waves. The system is designed to perform its experiments unattended, except for start-up and shutdown events and other unique events that require the attention of the Spacelab payload specialist.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 32-33
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  • 35
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    Coalignment of spacecraft experiments (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: On February 14, 1980, the solar maximum mission (SMM) satellite was launched into orbit with experiments to monitor solar activity. In order to obtain common object observations, experiments must be coaligned within 90 arc-seconds of the spacecraft pointing vector. Hardware designed to minimize structural and thermal distortions of the experiment support plate is described. Coalignment was provided through control of interface which combined flexible blades to limit load transfer and spherical seats for alignment reference.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 15th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 91-113
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  • 36
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    Skylab: A beginning (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A major goal of Skylab was to learn more about man and his responses to the space environment for missions lasting up to 84 days. A review of Skylab data pertaining to this goal is given.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 408-418
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  • 37
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    A survey of Rocketry and astronautics in Spain (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The entire field of rocketry and astronautics in Spain was studied. Congreve war rockets in military actions were emphasized in the African war, the Cuban campaign and the Spanish Civil War. Rockets in space travel were also summarized along with space science fiction.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 78-101
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  • 38
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    On the works of S. S. Nezhdanovsky in the field of flight based on reactive principles, 1880 - 1895 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The work of a Soviet scientist and inventor of the 19th century, S. S. Nezhdanovsky, is discussed. Investigations in the field of aircraft science and technology are emphasized in relation to Nezhdanovsky's studies of using the jet principle in solving the problem of human flight. Nezhdanovsky dealt with calculations of the speed at which combustion products flow, and considered such problems as fuel feeding into the combustion chamber by means of pumps, and the use of one of the fuel components for cooling the walls of the combustion chamber.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 125-139
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  • 39
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    History of the development of rocket technology and astronautics in Poland (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The development of rocket technology in Poland is outlined. The history cites 13th century use of war rockets in combating Tartars as well as 20th century studies of the future and reality of space flights.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 102-111
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  • 40
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    First works by K. E. Tsiolkovsky and I. V. Meshchersky on rocket dynamics (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A study of rocket dynamics done by K. E. Tsiolkovsky in 1896 is reported. Problems in rectilinear movement of rockets were studied. Calculations were done on velocity efficiency, motion in free space, motion in a homogeneous gravitational field and motion with constant acceleration.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 115-124
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  • 41
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    Platforms in space: Evolutionary trends (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The problem of physical crowding and the proliferation of separate communication links and ground support systems for multiple free-flying satellites can be overcome by using space platforms and multiplexing the data streams. Pertinent features of the space shuttle orbiter payloads, the solar power satellite, and geostationary and geosynchronous platforms are discussed. Typical payload requirements data which are needed to allow meaningful study of payloads as candidates for platform implementation are cited and factors affecting the compatibility/grouping of payloads are outlined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 159-182
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  • 42
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    Guido von Pirquet: Austrian pioneer of astronautics (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The works of Guido von Pirquet, Austrian pioneer of rocketry, were assessed. Major emphasis was given to Pirquet's calculation of the route to Venus which in fact was followed by the first Russian rocket to Venus. Of interest also is Pirquet's valuable construction of a space station and his analysis of interstellar space flight.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 140-155
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  • 43
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    Progress Report on Project Mercury (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Progress on Project Mercury, program for manned orbital space flight, is briefly reviewed. The original aims and concepts of the project are recounted. Various types of launch apparatus are mentioned along with safety factors.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Collected Works of Charles J. Donlan; 6 p
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  • 44
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    Guidelines for advanced manned space vehicle program, June 1960 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A very broad mission objective was established; i.e., manned circumlunar flight and return to earth. It is implicit that the Saturn will be the primary propulsion system for this mission. The following attempts to: (1) define the objective so as to achieve as much capability in the vehicle as possible; (2) draw on Mercury experience to provide broad guidelines for vehicle performance and safety; (3) provide flexibility in the vehicle capability in the event that the manned lunar mission is proved to be subject to unacceptable risk in the target time period; and (4) indicate problem areas where work appears to be particularly needed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Collected Works of Charles J. Donlan; 66 p
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  • 45
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    Extraction processes for the production of aluminum, titanium, iron, magnesium, and oxygen and nonterrestrial sources (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The suitability of existing terrestrial extractive metallurgical processes for the production of Al, Ti, Fe, Mg, and O2 from nonterrestrial resources is examined from both thermodynamic and kinetic points of view. Carbochlorination of lunar anorthite concentrate in conjunction with Alcoa electrolysis process for Al; carbochlorination of lunar ilmenite concentrate followed by Ca reduction of TiO2; and subsequent reduction of Fe2O3 by H2 for Ti and Fe, respectively, are suggested. Silicothermic reduction of olivine concentrate was found to be attractive for the extraction of Mg becaue of the technological knowhow of the process. Aluminothermic reduction of olivine is the other possible alternative for the production of magnesium. The large quantities of carbon monoxide generated in the metal extraction processes can be used to recover carbon and oxygen by a combination of the following methods: (1) simple disproportionation of CO,(2) methanation of CO and electrolysis of H2O, and (3) solid-state electrolysis of gas mixtures containing CO, CO2, and H2O. The research needed for the adoption of earth-based extraction processes for lunar and asteroidal minerals is outlined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Space Resources and Space Settlements; p 257-274
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  • 46
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    The initial lunar supply base (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The first lunar supply base should have a mass less than 1000 tons, be deployed by 24 persons in 4 months, and be maintained by 10 persons. Output could be expanded 20 times in 5 years to 600,000 tons/yr by a factor of 10 expansion of the area of the solar array on the lunar surface, using low power soil beneficiation, increasing the fleet of mining vehicles, and illuminating the base continuously at night with lunar orbiting mirrors. The space manufacturing facility (SMF) will supply most of the mass (solar cells and orbiting mirrors) necessary for expansion. Several devices and procedures are suggested for development which could further reduce the total mass necessary to transport to the Moon to establish the initial lunar supply base.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center. Space Resources and Space Settlements; p 207-224
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  • 47
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    Zero-G processing of magnets experiment MA-070 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Solidification of magnetic materials in the low gravity orbital environment was studied. The magnetic compounds under study, manganese bismuth and copper cobalt cerium ((Cu, Co)5Ce), both have the potential for the development of high coercive strength. Preliminary results indicate that static fluid configurations, in the absence of the gravitational body force, differ substantially from the documented terrestrial behavior. Chemical homogeneity is substantially enhanced on a macroscopic and microscopic level. Single crystal matrices have been grown in the coordinated growth regions of the flight samples. Primary crystals one order of magnitude greater than those grown terrestrially have been noted and are limited in size by the ampoule dimensions.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 13 p
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  • 48
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    Solar-induced variations of environment affecting manned space flight and spacecraft operations (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Estimates of short and long term solar activity are required for calculating variations in the environment with regard to spacecraft charging, radiation effects, and orbital lifetime. Correlations appear to exist between the time of solar activity and the time of operational anomalies due to electrical discharges when the dielectric surfaces of geosynchronous spacecraft are charged by interaction with the ambient plasma to levels above breakdown voltage. An ability to predict the solar induced variation variability of the plasmas could permit refinement of design criteria. The influence of the radiation on spacecraft materials, systems, and manned operations is summarized. Solar radition effects on the orbital altitude atmospheric density environment and spacecraft lifetimes are also considered.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 89-103
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  • 49
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    User requirements of solar-terrestrial predictions for spacecraft applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Areas which are influenced by solar-terrestrial coupling effects and which are internal to the Earth's magnetosphere are of interest to mission planners, spacecraft hardware designers, and those engaged in the operation of already orbiting manned or unmanned spacecraft. Accurate models are needed to predict energetic particle flux density, interactions between low energy (10 eV to 100 eV) near-Earth plasma and space systems, and neutral atmospheres. Parameters required for each of these areas are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 1-20
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  • 50
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    Susceptibility of materials processing experiments to low-level accelerations (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The types of material processing experiments being considered for shuttle can be grouped into four categories: (1) contained solidification experiment; (2) quasicontainerless experiments; (3) containerless experiments; and (4) fluids experiments. Low level steady acceleration, compensated and uncompensated transient accelerations, and rotation induced flow factors that must be considered in the acceleration environment of a space vehicle whose importance depends on the type of experiment being performed. Some control of these factors may be exercised by the location and orientation of the experiment relative to shuttle and by the orbit vehicle attitude chosen for mission. The effects of the various residual accelerations can have serious consequence to the control of the experiment and must be factored into the design and operation of the apparatus.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 63-68
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  • 51
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    Crystal study and econometric model (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: An econometric model was developed that can be used to predict demand and supply figures for crystals over a time horizon roughly concurrent with that of NASA's Space Shuttle Program - that is, 1975 through 1990. The model includes an equation to predict the impact on investment in the crystal-growing industry. Actually, two models are presented. The first is a theoretical model which follows rather strictly the standard theoretical economic concepts involved in supply and demand analysis, and a modified version of the model was developed which, though not quite as theoretically sound, was testable utilizing existing data sources.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 191-233
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  • 52
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    Turbine blade processing (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: Space processing of directionally solidified eutectic-alloy type turbine blades is envisioned as a simple remelt operations in which precast blades are remelted in a preformed mold. Process systems based on induction melting, continuous resistance furnaces, and batch resistance furnaces were evaluated. The batch resistance furnace type process using a multiblade mold is considered to offer the best possibility for turbine blade processing.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 91-158
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  • 53
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    Extraterrestrial fiberglass production using solar energy (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A conceptual design is presented for fiberglass production systems in both lunar and space environments. The raw material, of lunar origin, will be plagioclase concentrate, high silica content slag, and calcium oxide. Glass will be melted by solar energy. The multifurnace in the lunar plant and the spinning cylinder in the space plant are unique design features. Furnace design appears to be the most critical element in optimizing system performance. A conservative estimate of the total power generated by solar concentrators is 1880 kW; the mass of both plants is 120 tons. The systems will reproduce about 90 times their total mass in fiberglass in 1 year. A new design concept would be necessary if glass rods were produced in space.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Space Resources and Space Settlements; p 225-232
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  • 54
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    Mutual assistance in space (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Operating principles, system functions, and technological problems associated with developing compatible spacecraft, station approach, and docking facilities between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. are reported. Two designs, the probe cone and the androgynous docking device are examined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Mod. Achievements of Cosmonautics (NASA-TT-F-16221); p 20-38
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  • 55
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    Introduction to Long-Duration Exposure Facility (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A description of the structure and uses of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) is given. The LDEF was designed to provide a large number of economical opportunities for science and technology experiments that require modest electrical power and data processing while in space and which benefit from postflight laboratory investigations with the retrieved experiment hardware. Like the Shuttle, the LDEF is reusable, and repeat missions are planned, each with a new complement of experiments. The LDEF is essentially a free-flying cylindrical structure. The experiments on LDEF are totally self-contained in trays mounted on the exterior of the structure. LDEF can accommodate 86 experiment trays, 72 around the circumference and 14 on the two ends. The LDEF is delivered to Earth orbit by the Shuttle. In orbit, the Shuttle remote manipulator system removes the LDEF from the Shuttle payload bay and places it in a gravity-gradient-stabilized attitude. After an extended period in orbit, which is set by experiment requirements, the LDEF is retrieved on a subsequent Shuttle flight.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 1-5
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  • 56
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    The processing of semiconductor materials (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: Five experiments involving the processing of semiconductor materials were performed during the Skylab mission. After discussions on semiconductors and their unique electronic properties, and techniques of crystal growth, these five experiments are presented. Four melt growth experiments were attempted: (1) steady state growth and segregation under zero gravity (InSb); (2) seeded, containerless solidification of InSb; (3) influence of gravity-free solidification on microsegregation; and (4) directional solidification of InSb-GaSb alloys. One vapor growth experiment, crystal growth by vapor transport, was attempted.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 45 p
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    The promise of space processing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: The long exposure to a virtually zero-gravity environment is a truly unique situation that cannot be duplicated or even approximated for any length of time on earth. The topics discussed are: (1) low gravity; (2) atmospheric effects; (3) potential advantages of materials processing in space; (4) the absence of buoyancy-driven convection; (5) the absence of hydrostatic pressure; (6) the absence of sedimentation and buoyancy; (7) containerless processing; and (8) ultrahigh vacuum processing.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 37 p
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  • 58
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    Summary and recommendations (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: An economic analysis using econometric and cost benefit analysis techniques was performed to determine the feasibility of space processing of certain products. The overall objectives of the analysis were (1) to determine specific products or processes uniquely connected with space manufacturing, (2) to select a specific product or process from each of the areas of semiconductors, metals, and biochemicals, and (3) to determine the overall price/cost structure of each product or process considered. The economic elements of the analysis involved a generalized decision making format for analyzing space manufacturing, a comparative cost study of the selected processes in space vs. earth manufacturing, and a supply and demand study of the economic relationships of one of the manufacturing processes. Space processing concepts were explored. The first involved the use of the shuttle as the factory with all operations performed during individual flights. The second concept involved a permanent unmanned space factory which would be launched separately. The shuttle in this case would be used only for maintenance and refurbishment. Finally, some consideration was given to a permanent manned space factory.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 234-251
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  • 59
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    Economic analysis of materials processing in space: Introduction (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: Space processing concepts investigated included an unmanned space factory, and a permanently launched factory. Product lines chosen for analysis were: (1) turbine blades, (2) tungsten targets for X-ray machines, (3) 1 sub G subclass separation by electrophoresis, and (4) high-price exotic crystals. The turbine blade, and 1 sub G products are considered promising candidates.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 1-7
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  • 60
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    Man in space - A time for perspective (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Factors affecting crew performances in long-term space flights are examined with emphasis on the Space Shuttle-Spacelab program. Biomedical investigations carried out during four Skylab missions indicate that initially rapid changes in certain physiological parameters, notably in cardiovascular response and red-blood-cell levels, lead to an adapted condition. Calcium loss remains a potential problem. Space Shuttle environmental control and life-support systems are described together with technology facilitating performance of mission objectives in a weightless environment. It is concluded that crew requirements are within the physical and psychological capability of astronauts, but the extent to which nonastronaut personnel will be able to participate without extensive training and pre-conditioning remains to be determined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; Oct. 197
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    Man's future in space (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies evaluating potential operational and commercial uses of space are being conducted, taking into account astronomy, astrophysics, manned bases and laboratories in earth orbit, space colonization, terrestrial communications, space processing and manufacturing, interstellar probes, planetary exploration, and the use of space for terrestrial energy supply. The present status in the exploration of the solar system is examined, giving attention to Jupiter, Venus, Mars, and Mercury. A brief outline of the development of human colonies on Mars is presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Spaceflight; 17; Mar. 197
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    Time bases, discretes, and interrupts (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effort performed to assure proper flight program handling of time bases, discretes, and interrupts was discussed. The following time bases are used as key mission events: guidance reference release, liftoff, S-1B low level sensors dry, S-1B outboard engines cutoff, S-IVB cutoff, and S-IVB de-orbit DCS command. The five discrete outputs in the discrete output register were verified for proper setting. Each discrete input is honored in the proper time frame by forcing each discrete in the following intervals: before the discrete is enabled, after the discrete has been detected, and after the discrete has been disabled. As an assurance that an interrupt is honored only in the proper time frames, each interrupt was forced during the following intervals: prior to the specified enable time, after the interrupt has been honored, after the interrupt has been disabled.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Program Verification Doc. for the ASTP Flight Program; 10 p
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  • 63
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    Utilization of the vacuum developed in the wake zone of space vehicles in the LDEF class (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Contaminating fluxes from upper atmospheric molecules found in the wake of a typical spacecraft of the Long Duration Exposure Facility class are studied with the aim of determining vacuum levels which may be employed by experiments mounted on the vehicle. A simplified representation for the spacecraft, the velocity-shifted Maxwellian distribution (to evaluate ambient flux which has a velocity sufficient to overtake the spacecraft), and a calculation for the backscattered contribution to the flux density of the wake figure in the study are presented. Results indicate that direct and backscattered fluxes of about 10 to the seventh power molecules per sq cm can be expected in the wake of a spacecraft at 550 km altitude.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 64
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    Orbiting molecular-beam laboratory (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The composition of the atmosphere within the planned orbital envelope of the Space Shuttle and the velocity necessary to maintain a stable orbit within that envelope provide unique conditions for forming a high-purity, moderate energy beam (about 5 eV) of atomic oxygen. At 500 km, for example, atomic oxygen comprises approximately 90% of the atmosphere. Since the mean thermal speed of the ambient atomic oxygen is substantially less than the orbital speed, a high-purity beam can be generated by sweeping through the gas with a series of beam-forming truncated conical shells. Characteristics of the beam, including energy distribution, flux, and purity variation with orbital altitude and methods for lowering the mean energy, are presented. Gas-surface interaction experiments that have been proposed for this laboratory are also discussed.
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    On humanity's role in space (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Manned spaceflight is considered within the framework of two broad categories: human exploitation of space for economic or scientific gain, and human habitation of space as a place where man may live, grow, and actualize himself. With the advent of the Space Shuttle, exploitation of space will take the form of new product development. This will continue during the 1990s as the new products are manufactured on a scale large enough to be profitable. The turn of the century should see major industries in space, and large space habitats. Thus, the question of mankind's existential needs arises. In addition to basic physical needs, the spiritual and cultural requirements of human beings must be considered. The impact of man's presence in space upon human culture in general is discussed with reference to international cooperation, public interest in space programs, scientific advancement, the basic urge to explore, and the density of mankind as a whole; which will become free of external constraints as we step into the cosmos.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Spaceflight; 20; Feb. 197
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  • 66
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    International Sun-Earth Explorer - A three-spacecraft program (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The International Sun-Earth Explorer (ISEE) is a three-spacecraft system developed by NASA and ESA to study the magnetospheric structure, paying attention to the quantitative mechanism of magnetospheric response to external perturbations, and the structure of its parts. In particular, the nature, structure, motion, and stability of magnetospheric boundaries will be studied, including bow shock, magnetopause, plasmapause, and neutral sheet. Spacecraft ISEE-A and ISEE-B will be launched into the same orbit (of apogee 23 earth radii) but separated by a small, controllable distance, and will make observations from within the magnetosphere. The ISEE-C spacecraft will be launched into a heliocentric orbit (234 earth radii upstream) and will make observations in the solar wind upstream of the earth.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Science; 198; Oct. 14
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    The growth of materials processing in space - A history of government support for new technology (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Development of a given technology for national defense and large systems developments when the task is too large or risky for entrepreneurs, yet is clearly in the best interest of the nation are discussed. Advanced research to identify areas of interest was completed. Examples of commercial opportunities are the McDonnell-Douglas Corporation purification process for pharmaceutical products and the Microgravity Research Associates process for growing gallium arsenide crystals in space.
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    Containerless processing technology (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A partial description of the technology, hardware, and facilities developed by NASA in support of space-based containerless processing experiments in the early 1970s is presented, along with recent results. Supercooling was necessary, at a rate of 500 K over a 400 ft span, in early drop tower and molten sample experiments. Placing an electromagnetic levitation coil/chamber at the top of the tube avoided contamination of the sample by guide wires. Recent tests have been performed in attempts to produce metastable bulk A-15 Nb3Ge. The use of copper coils for levitation is suspected to have induced stirring motions in samples. Aerodynamic levitation, needed for nonconducting materials, has been employed to process glass beads at temperatures over 1000 K. An electromagnetic levitation device used to process a gram of BeO on a sounding rocket flight will be carried on a Shuttle flight, as will an acoustic suspension system.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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    Payload crew members' view of Spacelab operations (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Various operational aspects of the Spacelab 1 mission are reviewed by the four payload crew members. Two-shift operations, voice communication with ground investigators, joint participation in experiment activity, Spacelab performance, and recent advances are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 225; 165-167
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  • 70
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    Dendritic solidification in a binary alloy melt: Steady-state versus morphological stability theories (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model for dendritic growth in a binary alloy melt, in the presence of a positive temperature gradient in the liquid, is presented. The model describes satisfactorily the transition from a dendritic interface to a planar interface at very low and very large growth rates. A dendrite tip stability parameter is derived, strictly from steady state considerations, without resorting to a perturbation analysis. The estimates of the parameter agree with those obtained by models based on perturbation analyses.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: ESA Fifth European Symp. on Mater. Sci. under Microgravity. Results of Spacelab 1; p 403-407
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  • 71
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    Crystal growth of GaAs in space (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is shown that stoichiometry variations in the GaAs melt during growth constitute the most critical parameter regarding defect formations and their interactions; this defect structure determines all relevant characteristics of GaAs. Convection in the melt leads to stoichiometric variations. Growth in axial magnetic fields reduces convection and permits the study of defect structure. In order to control stoichiometry in space and to accommodate expansion during solidification, a partially confined configuration was developed. A triangular prism is employed to contain the growth melt. This configuration permits the presence of the desired vapor phase in contact with the melt for controlling the melt stoichiometry.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: ESA Fifth European Symp. on Mater. Sci. under Microgravity. Results of Spacelab 1; p 221-225
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  • 72
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    Electromagnetic containerless undercooling facility and experiments for the Shuttle (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An electromagnetic furnace is being prepared for flights aboard the Space Shuttle. This apparatus is capable of melting metals and alloys up to 1400 C melting point by induction heating with subsequent solidification of the freely levitated melt without contact with any container. The solidification can be carried out with greatly reduced fields resulting in minimal heating and stirring of the free melt. Sequential specimens can be processed during flight. Several experiments are planned for a series of flights, beginning in 1985 with an undercooling experiment of NiSn alloys. These will be interspersed with detailed studies of fluid flow caused by low and high field levels in order to quantify the corresponding effect upon the solidification process.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 4; 5, 19; 99-103
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  • 73
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    Through the tail of a comet (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The instrumentation, trajectory, and missions of the ISEE-3 spacecraft being sent to observe Comet Giacobini-Zimmer (GZ) are described. Originally parked at a libration point to observe the solar wind, ISEE-3 was directed to perform a complex series of flybys of the earth and the moon to move to a trajectory that will intersect the GZ tail in 1985. Renamed ICE, the spacecraft will record magnetic field and charged particle data on the interaction of the cometary tail with the solar wind.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Spaceflight (ISSN 0038-6340); 26; 405-409
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  • 74
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    Planning and operating experiments S-183 on the three skylab missions (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: CNES Technol. of Sci. Space Expt.,; p 119-134
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  • 75
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    Flight to Mercury (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The project development and active flight of the Mariner 10 deep-space probe mission is recounted in detail, with sequential blow-by-blow coverage. Early studies and speculation on the planet Mercury are reviewed, and the spin-orbit coupling and near-synchronous rotation of the planet are described. Use of Venus as a slingshot in a gravity-assist maneuver is described, and Mariner 10 records of Venus are shown. The three encounters of Mariner 10 with Mercury (March 1974, Aug. 1974, March 1975) are described in detail, with purposes, problems, mishaps, and glossy photographs recovered from Mariner 10 data. Information on the planet's magnetosphere, surface topography, inferred internal structure, and IR signature is provided, and the end-of-mission improvised solar-sail experiment is outlined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 76
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    Status of Goldstone solar energy system study of the first Goldstone energy project (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The results reached by the DSN engineering section and private consultants in the review of the initial plan of the Golstone Energy Project are summarized. The main objectives were in the areas of energy conservation and the application of solar-driven systems for power and hydrogen generation. This summary will provide background data for management planning decisions both to the DSN engineering section and other organizations planning a similar program. The review showed that an add-on solar driven absorption refrigeration unit with its associated changes to the existing system was not cost-effective, having a payback period of 29 years. Similar economically unattractive results were found for both a solar-hydrogen and a wind-hydrogen generation plant. However, cutting the hydrogen generation linkage from this plant improved its economic feasibility.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 120-140
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  • 77
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    Germanium-silicon solid solutions (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An experiment on melting and directional crystallization of an antimony (Sb) doped germanium silicon (GeSi) solid solution was designed for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) to study the possibility of using zero-g conditions for obtaining solid-solution monocrystals with uniformly distributed components. Crystallization in the zero-g environment did not occur under ideal stationary growth and segregation conditions. Crystallization under zero-g conditions revealed the heterogeneous nature of Si and Sb distribution in the cross sections of crystals. The presence of the radial thermal gradient in the multipurpose furnace could be one of the reasons for such Si and Sb distribution. The structure of space-grown crystals correlates with the nature of heterogeneities of Si and Sb distribution in crystals. The type of surface morphology and the contour observed in space-grown crystals were never observed in ground-based crystals and indicate the absence of wetting of the graphitized walls of the ampoule by the melt during melting and crystallization.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (date]; 36 p
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  • 78
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    Surface tension induced convection in encapsulated liquid metals in a microgravity environment. Experiment MA-041 (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The experiment was designed to detect possible convection caused by a steplike compositional variation in a liquid metal in a microgravity environment. Wetting and nonwetting ampoules were used to try to determine the extent of the stirring effects if they were present. Since stirring effects can be caused by temperature gradients, the temperature gradients were minimized. Steplike compositional variation was created by pressure bonding a lead-0.05 atom percent gold alloy to pure lead. Two diffusion temperatures (923 K and 723 K) were used; if no stirring effects were present, it was hoped that the liquid diffusion parameters for gold in lead could be obtained. Two identifical experimental arrangements were used to compare the transport mechanisms of gold in liquid lead in unit gravity and microgravity environments.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 87 p
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  • 79
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    Materials processing in space - New challenges for industry (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A summary is presented of NASA's activity in materials research in zero-g. Very simple experiments to determine the effects of zero-g upon solidification processes, upon heat flow, convection and mass transport, and upon the separation of biological cells were conducted during three Apollo flights. The investigations were continued in a series of experiments conducted on Skylab. The experiments provided data on a wide range of space-processing topics. The various tests and the results obtained in them are discussed. Attention is also given to experiments planned for the Apollo-Soyuz experiment, studies to be conducted with the aid of sounding rockets, and an evaluation of the possibilities provided by space processing for industry.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; May 1975
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  • 80
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    Molecular fluxes from a spacecraft measured with quartz microbalances (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique has been developed to obtain a characterization of the self-generated environment of a spacecraft and its variation with time, angular position, and distance. The density, pressure, outgassing flux, total weight loss, and other important parameters were obtained from data provided by two mass measuring crystal microbalances, mounted back to back, at a distance of 1 m from the spacecraft equivalent surface. The strongest source appeared to be caused by a material diffusion process which produced a directional density at 1 m distance of about 160 billion molecules per cu cm after 1 h in vacuum and decayed to 1.6 billion molecules per cu cm after 200 h. Self-contamination of the spacecraft was equivalent to that which occurs in a 300-km altitude orbit.
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  • 81
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    Reference systems and transformations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The verification accomplished to assure correct computation of the many geometrical relationships between the several coordinate systems and transformation matrices defined for the Saturn 1B mission was discussed. This is accomplished by demonstrating the following: (1) the program has the ability to correctly establish the initial vector coordinate system from external input data for use as a reference, (2) the program logic is capable of properly executing the calculations necessary to transform vectorial parameters from one coordinate system to another, and (3) the presettings used for vector component calculations are valid.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Program Verification Doc. for the ASTP Flight Program; 3 p
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  • 82
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    General verification description (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A brief general description of the ASTP flight program verification was presented. The total program verification effort assures the accuracy and adequacy of the LVDC flight program and verifies that the final program meets mission requirements and conforms to program documentation. The flight program's functional requirements to integrate the guidance and control system with the launch vehicle sequencing system are verified directly by analysis of many special logic checks designed for this purpose and indirectly by the correct overall program response to nominal and numerous perturbed conditions. Verification of the interaction of function requirements is accomplished on every case run during the verification effort.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Program Verification Doc. for the ASTP Flight Program; 3 p
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  • 83
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    Mission operations and data systems (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A communications system for performing the basic functions of mission operations, orbit and attitude determination, and data processing is described. A block diagram is provided to show the relationships of these functions with the spacecraft in orbit and the experiments to be conducted on board the spacecraft. Specific areas of application are discussed as follows: (1) software operating systems for the ATS-F satellite testing and ground support, (2) inversion of the RAE-1 satellite (Explorer 38 satellite) in orbit, (3) ALSEP differential Doppler tracking, (4) minitrack calibration using satellite data, (5) angles-only orbit extraction, and (6) image processing system performance prediction and product quality evaluation techniques. Block diagrams of the various systems are provided to show the steps involved in the operations.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci. and Technol.; p 290-319
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  • 84
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    Deep space exploration - The new challenges (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Prospects for future planetary exploration missions are examined. The evolution of planetary mission objectives in the U.S. and U.S.S.R. is traced, and planetary mission attempts and results are reviewed. The present situation with regard to planetary and interplanetary spacecraft operating in 1980 and approved deep-space missions for the future is considered, and the good scientific prospects of future Soviet missions are emphasized. Future plans for U.S. missions not yet approved are then discussed, with consideration given to the Venus Orbital Imaging Radar mission, a mission to Halley's comet, a rendezvous with a short-period comet, a Saturn orbiter mission with probes into Saturn and Titan, asteroid missions, gravity-assisted flights to Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, a Mercury orbiter/lander, lunar activities and a program of Mars exploration. The demanding requirements in the fields of automation, instrumentation and data gathering techniques, launch vehicle capabilities and spacecraft propulsion for future possible missions and possible solutions are examined. Finally, recommendations for the simultaneous pursuit of both major missions at the scientific and technological frontier and lesser missions designed to investigate specific scientific questions raised by earlier probes are presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 19; Mar. 198
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  • 85
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    Space Operations Center - Next goal for manned space flight (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses the concept of the Space Operations Center, a Shuttle-serviced permanent manned LEO space station. The SOC has the mission-oriented role of construction, assembly, and servicing of space systems and spacecraft. Previous space-station concepts are reviewed; future space goals are compared; and objectives for the future Space Operations Center and its initial analysis are described.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 18; Sept
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  • 86
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    Future exploration of the asteroids (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Future possibilities for the further study of the asteroids are reviewed, with particular attention paid to space missions for their direct exploration. The role of traditional ground-based and earth orbiting techniques is examined briefly, and it is concluded that although astronomical techniques are presently at their peak, and despite the opportunities provided by the Infrared Astronomical satellite, the Space Telescope and Spacelab Infrared Telescope Facility, the next major step will require direct exploration by space probes to obtain information on asteroid surface chemistry, geology and bulk properties. Various mission modes and propulsion systems for a first multi-target asteroid mission are discussed, including flyby, rendezvous, landing and sample return, and ion-drive propulsion systems. Science payloads for a basic rendezvous mission are considered, and target selection for multi-asteroid flyby tours and rendezvous tours is discussed. Consideration is also given to sample return missions for the evaluation of the asteroid as potential resources.
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  • 87
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    Solar electric propulsion system /SEPS/: Tomorrow's propulsion system - Today (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Mission and system concepts relating to the SEPS project will be discussed as well as an overview of current project planning. SEPS system concept descriptions will be limited to in-house NASA concepts. The capabilities of the in-house concepts to meet a wide range of mission requirements will be described to give an indication of potential capabilities SEPS can provide to the space mission planners.
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  • 88
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    The Pioneer Venus program (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The major aspects of the Pioneer Venus orbiter and multiprobe missions are documented. Specific topics covered include a program history, the scientific payloads, spacecraft descriptions, launch and interplanetary cruise features, encounter features, nominal mission descriptions, instrument anomalies, and the orbiter extended mission. The key scientific questions addressed by the missions are listed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 89
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    Changes in the terrestrial atmosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere system due to ion propulsion for solar power satellite placement (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In order to construct solar power satellites using earth-based materials, sections of a satellite must be lifted from low earth to geosynchronous orbit. The most plausible method of accomplishing this task is by means of ion propulsion based on the relatively abundant terrestrial atmospheric component, Ar. The proposed propulsion system will release a dense beam of about 5 keV Ar(+). The total amount of Ar(+) injected in transporting the components for each solar power satellite is comparable to the total ion content of the ionosphere-plasmasphere system while the total energy injected is larger than that of this system. Preliminary estimates are given of the effects massive Ar(+) injections have on the ionosphere-plasmasphere system with specific emphasis on potential communications disruptions. The effects stem from direct Ar(+) precipitation into the atmosphere and from Ar(+) beam induced precipitation of MeV radiation belt protons.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Space Solar Power Review; 1; 4, 19; 1980
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  • 90
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    Composite beam builder (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The building block approach to large space structures is discussed, and the progress made in constructing aluminum beams is noted. It is pointed out that composites will also be required in space structures because they provide minimal distortion characteristics during thermal transients. A composite beam builder currently under development is discussed, with attention given to cap forming and the fastening of cross-braces. The various composite materials being considered are listed, along with certain of their properties. The need to develop continuous forming stock up to 300 m long is stressed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: SAMPE Journal; 17; Jan
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  • 91
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    Apparent luminosity of solar power satellites (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The objective of this investigation was a quantitative characterization of solar power satellite luminosity as seen from the earth. The reflective characteristics of the reference photovoltaic satellite configurations are defined. Diffuse reflection from a single satellite will, at maximum, fall between magnitudes -4 and -5. A 60-satellite fleet will have a maximum total luminosity equivalent to a single object of magnitude -9. Specular reflections from the array and antenna will be of magnitude -12 to -15, but visible only occasionally for about 2 minutes at a given location. Methods of preventing specular reflections from striking the earth are presented. Thermal cycle power conversion systems are discussed qualitatively as a means of reducing diffuse luminosity.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Space Solar Power Review; 1; 3, 19; 1980
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  • 92
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    Cometary nucleus release experiments and ice physics (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Some physical and chemical processes involved in the evaporation and sublimation of mixtures of frozen gases are discussed. Effects of zero gravity, vacuum, and solar radiation are emphasized. Relevant experiments that can be carried out with the aid of the space shuttle are proposed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 137-141
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  • 93
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    Simulation of a cometary conglomerate of frozen gases and dust in a zero-gravity environment: A critical evaluation of possible space experiments (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is proposed to use the Shuttle (OFT experiments) or eventually Spacelab to study, in the absence of gravity the low velocity accretion and the bulk properties of icy conglomerates simulating cometary material and their sedimentation and bulk properties in very small acceleration fields. Their behavior when exposed to the direct solar flux is also under consideration.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 99-117
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  • 94
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    Space shuttle opportunities for cometary research (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The different modes of cometary investigation offered by the shuttle are reviewed. First, there is a mode in which instrumentation for observations of a natural comet is carried to orbit on Spacelab. Second is a mode in which gaseous or solid material is released from the shuttle to simulate some aspect of cometary physics. Another mode uses the near weightlessness within Spacelab to allow laboratory experiments with materials as they may exist on the surface of a comet nucleus.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 5-6
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  • 95
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    Solar photochemistry using the space shuttle (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A continuing source of difficulty in cometary astrophysics is understanding the origin of C2, C3, NH and CO(+) species in comets. An experiment is proposed to investigate these problems by continuously releasing suspected parent gases from the space shuttle and using a dye laser to selectively excite fragments produced as a result of solar photochemical decomposition of the molecules. The backscattered fluorescence is gathered by a telescope, spectrally filtered, and measured as a function of time after the laser pulse.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 118-136
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  • 96
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    Review comments of shuttle-based cometary experiments (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The experiments considered are in two groups: on-board experiments and overboard experiments. The on-board experiments include the determination of bulk properties and processes (within solids) and observations of exposure panels (near surface phenomena) The overboard experiments consist of analysis of gas/dust shells by observation from the shuttle and observation by sub-satellites. Experimental parameters are discussed with emphasis on work that is unique to low gravity and high vacuum environments.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 160-166
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  • 97
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    The solar power satellite concept - The past decade and the next decade (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The concept of using space satellites to collect solar energy for earth use was first proposed in 1968. The present paper summarizes the results of various studies conducted since that time. The concept is now being evaluated by DOE and NASA. This evaluation will result in a recommendation as to whether the concept should be pursued further. A possible plan for the continued exploration of the concept is presented. The initial thrust of this plan would involve laboratory development and testing of selected system elements to answer key technological and environmental questions.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Space Solar Power Review; 1; 1-2,; 1980
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  • 98
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    Parametric study of an acoustic levitation system (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The performance of an acoustic levitation system designed for the containerless processing of materials and consisting of a St. Clair generator and a reflector arranged in a six-axis configuration, is examined in order to define critical parameters of high-temperature systems and limitations of earth-based devices. The fields and forces along the axis of the system are measured and the forces are plotted versus body volume. It is found that for a range of shapes and sizes the levitation force is roughly proportional to body volume until the characteristic 'diameter' reaches a value of about lambda/2. A significant (i.e., factor of four) enhancement in the levitation force is obtained by curving the faces of the driver and reflector. In addition, the behavior of liquid materials in the acoustic fields is studied, and the radius at which the deformation of a levitated drop occurs is calculated.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 51; May 1980
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  • 99
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    A summary of space flight missions supported by the Deep Space Network (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Since the Ranger series in the 1960s the DSN evolved to a highly sophisticated telecommunications and data acquisition network. The 26 meter antennas were converted to 34 meters, and 64 meter antennas were built at all complexes. The L-band systems were changed to S-band, with X-band now also being used on Voyager and Pioneer 12. Ranging systems were developed and are used along with other techniques to determine exact spacecraft locations. Each mission is summarized and the launch date, objective, and results are presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 13-17
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    Static free-fluid electrophoresis in space (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The weightless environment onboard spacecraft in drifting flight has provided a unique opportunity to do experiments that cannot be done on the ground. High resolution free-fluid electrophoresis of particles proposed in the late 1960s to take advantage of reduced gravity began with brief experiments done during two Apollo flights. The recent Apollo Soyuz Test Project mission had two major experiments that accomplished the separation of viable biological cells. Experiments now are being planned for the Space Shuttle which will attempt to achieve high resolution of the separated species by using zone electrophoresis. These experiments will return a quantity sufficient for laboratory testing and establish the potential of fractionation and purification of biological materials in space.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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