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  • Books  (35)
  • Journals  (16)
  • Articles  (34)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: late-Holocene ; water chemistry ; bison ; aspen ; fire regime ; pollen ; mineralogy ; granulometry ; hydrology ; Great Plains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on a high-resolution, multi-proxy, late-Holocene study from a lake in the Aspen Parkland of southern Alberta, Canada. A sediment core spanning the last 4000+ yrs from Pine Lake was analyzed for charcoal, granulometry, grain roundness, tephra content, geochemistry, mineralogy and pollen. This multi-proxy record indicates: (1) increasing anoxia causing a shift in S deposition from gypsum to pyrite due to increasing moisture availability in the late Holocene; (2) a decrease in Mg flux into the lake due to the development of the aspen forest, which reduced water flow through the Mg-rich shallow sand aquifer; the aspen forest expansion was in turn induced by the extirpation of plains bison prior to settlement; and (3) a change in the upland fire regime from frequent low-biomass grass fires to less frequent but higher biomass under-story fires, also as a result of the expansion of the aspen forest. Not only are the different proxies sensitive to different rates and magnitudes of change, they also show different sensitivities to different types of hydrological change: the mineralogy and geochemistry are sensitive to changes in water level and redox potential, and to changes in the relative strengths of the aquifers feeding the lake, while the granulometry is sensitive to total hydrological balance. Thus, apparently contradictory proxy results should be viewed as complementary.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: saline lakes ; stable isotope ; sedimentology ; mineralogy ; paleohydrology ; Altiplano ; Holocene ; Little Ice Age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The paleohydrological evolution of several high altitude, saline lakes located in the southernmost Altiplano (El Peinado and San Francisco basins, Catamarca province, NW Argentina) was reconstructed applying sedimentological, geochemical and isotopic techniques. Several playa lakes from the San Francisco basin (26° 56′ S; 68° 08′ W, 3800-3900 m a.s.l.) show evidence of a recent raise in the watertable that led to modern deposition of carbonate and diatomaceous muds. A 2 m - long core from El Peinado Lake (26° 29′ 59′′ S, 68°05′ 32′′ W, 3820 m a.s.l.) consists of calcitic crusts (unit 3), overlaid by an alternation of macrophyte-rich and travertine clast- rich, laminated muds (unit 2), and topped by travertine facies (unit 1). This sedimentary sequence illustrates a paleohydrological evolution from a subaerial exposure (unit 3) to a high lake stand (unit 2), and a subsequent smaller decrease in lake level (unit 1). The δ13Corganic matterrecord also reflects the lake transgression between units 3 and 2. Although there is a general positive correlation between δ 18Ocarbonate and salinity proxies (Na, Li and B content), the large data dispersion indicates that other factors besides evaporation effects control chemical and isotopic composition of lakewater. Consequently, the oxygen isotopic composition cannot be interpreted exclusively as an indicator of salinity or evaporation ratio. The degassing of CO2 during groundwater discharge can explain the enriched δ13C values for primary carbonates precipitated. The carbon budget in these high altitude, saline lakes seems to be controlled by physical rather than biological processes.The Altiplano saline lakes contain records of environmental and climatic change, although accurate 14C dating of these lacustrine sediments is hindered by the scarcity of terrestrial organic material, and the large reservoir effects. Sedimentologic evidence, a 210Pb-based chronology, and a preliminary U/Th chronology indicate a very large reservoir effect in El Peinado, likely as a result of old groundwaters and large contributions of volcanic and geothermal 14C-free CO2 to the lake system. Alternative chronologies are needed to place these paleorecords in a reliable chronological framework. A period of increased water balance in the San Francisco basin ended at about 1660 ± 82 yr B.P. (calendar yr U/Th age), and would correlates with the humid phase between 3000 and 1800 yr B.P detected in other sites of the southern Altiplano. Both, 210Pb and preliminary U/Th dating favor a younger age for the paleohydrological changes in El Peinado. The arid period reflected by subaerial exposure and low lake levels in unit 3 would have ended with a large increase in effective moisture during the late 17th century. The increased lake level during deposition of unit 2 would represent the period between AD1650 - 1900, synchronous to the Little Ice Age. This chronological framework is coherent with other regional records that show an abrupt transition from more arid to more humid conditions in the early 17th century, and a change to modern conditions in the late 19th century. Although there are local differences, the Little Ice Age stands as a significant climatic event in the Andean Altiplano.
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  • 3
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    Natural resources research 9 (2000), S. 257-268 
    ISSN: 1573-8981
    Keywords: Spectrometry ; drill core ; mineralogy ; lithology ; mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A novel approach for using field spectrometry for determining both the mineralogy and the lithology of drill core pulps (powders) is developed and evaluated. The methodology is developed using material from a single drillhole through a mineralized sequence of rocks from central New South Wales. Mineral library spectra are used in linear unmixing routines to determine the mineral abundances in drill core pulps that represent between 1 m and 3 m of core. Comparison with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses shows that for most major constituents, spectrometry provides an estimate of quantitative mineralogy that is as reliable as that provided by XRD. Confusion between the absorption features of calcite and those of chlorite causes the calcite contents determined by spectrometry to be unreliable. Convex geometry is used to recognize the spectra of those samples that are extreme and are representative of unique lithologies. Linear unmixing is used to determine the abundance of these lithologies in each drillhole sample and these abundances are used to interpret the geology of the drillhole. The interpreted geology agrees well with conventional drillhole logs of the visible geology and photographs of the split core. The methods developed provide a quick and cost-effective way of determining the lithology and alteration mineralogy of drill core pulps.
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  • 4
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    Earth, moon and planets 88 (2000), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Asteroid ; density ; mineralogy ; taxonomic class
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract High quality new data on the asteroid mass and volume were produced in the last years from both extra-atmospheric instruments and the groundbased high-performance telescopes. This paper presents a synthesis of these resultsin terms of the asteroid density, taking into account several techniques, and the possible correlation of the density through the taxonomic system. The important conclusion is that M-type asteroids seems to have an unexpected low density, which cannot be explained by the present mineralogy assumed by the comparative mineralogy.
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  • 5
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    Journal of paleolimnology 19 (1998), S. 265-284 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Holocene ; lacustrine ; sedimentation ; Lake Winnipeg ; sediment cores ; geochemistry ; mineralogy ; texture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Two seismic facies were recognized in the sedimentary sequence overlying acoustic basement in Lake Winnipeg. The upper facies, which overlies a regional unconformity, is termed the Lake Winnipeg Sequence. Based on the seismostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, and radiocarbon dates of approximately 4000 and 7000 yr BP from material collected directly over the unconformity in the southern and northern parts of the lake, respectively, this facies has been interpreted as representing Holocene sedimentation. Results of compositional and textural analyses of the Holocene sediment (Winnipeg sediment) from thirteen long (〉2 m) cores indicate a transgressional sequence throughout the basin. In the South Basin, the generally fining upward sequence is characterized at the base by silt-sized detrital carbonate minerals, quartz and feldspar which decrease in concentration upward. In this basin, the high carbonate content and V/Al and Zn/Al ratios are indicative of a Paleozoic and Cretaceous provenance for sediment derived from glacial deposits through shoreline erosion and fluvial transport, via the Red River. Sedimentation in the central part of the lake and the North Basin is attributed to shoreline erosion of sand and gravel beaches. Consequently, the texture of these sediments is generally coarser than in the South Basin, and the composition primarily reflects a Paleozoic and Precambrian provenance. The basin-wide decrease in Ca, total carbonate minerals, dolomite and calcite concentrations upward in the cores is reflected by a decrease in the detrital carbonate component in all but the most northern cores. Other basin-wide trends show an upward increase in organic content in all cores. An increase in grain size near the top of most cores suggests a major, basin-wide change in sedimentation within the last, approximately 900 years in the South Basin.
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  • 6
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    Journal of paleolimnology 19 (1998), S. 215-243 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Lake Winnipeg ; glacial Lake Agassiz ; geology ; seismostratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Lake Winnipeg, the seventh largest lake in North America, is located at the boundary between the Interior Plains and the Canadian Shield in Manitoba, Canada. Seismic profiles were obtained in Lake Winnipeg on two geoscientific cruises in 1994 and 1996. These data indicate the morphology of the bedrock surface. In most cases, a clear distinction between low relief Paleozoic carbonate rock and high relief Precambrian rock can be made. In northern Lake Winnipeg, the eastern limit of Paleozoic rock is clearly demarcated 30 km west of the previous estimate of its position. In southern Lake Winnipeg, all or most of the Paleozoic sequence terminates at a prominent buried escarpment in the centre of the lake. This indicates that Paleozoic rock on the eastern shore, known from drilling and outcrops, is an outlier. Major moraines are apparent as abrupt, large ridges having a chaotic internal reflection pattern. These include the Pearson Reef Moraine, the George Island Moraine and the offshore extension of The Pas Moraine. Little evidence for extensive or thick till was observed. Instead, fine-grained sediments deposited in glacial Lake Agassiz rest directly on bedrock over most of the lake basin. Hence an episode of erosion to bedrock was associated with glaciation and/or deglaciation. The Agassiz Sequence sediments are well-stratified, drape underlying relief and in some areas are over 100 m thick. In places, stratification in these sediments is disrupted, perhaps by dewatering. Evidence of erosion of Agassiz Sequence sediments by recent currents was observed. The contact between the Agassiz Sequence and the overlying Winnipeg Sequence sediments is a marked angular unconformity. The Agassiz Unconformity indicates up to 10 m of erosion in places. The low-relief character of this unconformity precludes subaerial erosion and the lack of till, moraines, or extensive deformation precludes glacial erosion. Waves appear to be the most likely erosional agent, either in waning Lake Agassiz or early Lake Winnipeg time. Winnipeg Sequence sediments, in places very thin, mantle most of the lakefloor. These sediments were deposited in the present Lake Winnipeg and are faintly stratified to massive and reach about 10 m in thickness in deep water. On the surface of the Winnipeg Sequence, vigorous, episodic currents are thought to contribute to the construction of flow-transverse sand waves as much as 6 m high in a deep, narrow constriction in the lake.
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  • 7
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    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 325-350 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Asteroid ; bolide ; chemistry ; comet ; cosmic dust ; fireball ; interplanetary dust particle (IDP) ; meteorite ; meteor ; mineralogy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The bulk density and bulk porosity of IDPs and various meteorite classes show that protoplanet accretion and evolution were arrested at different stages as a function of parent body modification. The collected IDPs, micrometeorites and meteorites are aggregates of different structural entities that were inherited from the earliest times of solar system evolution. These structural entities and the extent of parent body lithification will determine the material strength of the meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere. There is a need for measurements of the material strength of collected extraterrestrial materials because they will in part determine the nature of the chemical interactions of descending meteors and fireballs in the atmosphere. High—precision determinations of meteor and fireball compositions are required to search for anhydrous, carbon-rich proto-CI material that has survived in the boulders of comet nuclei.
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  • 8
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    Netherlands journal of geosciences 77 (1998), S. 137-151 
    ISSN: 1573-9708
    Keywords: absorption-feature mapping ; Cuprite mining district ; high-spectral resolution ; mineralogy ; Nevada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Without use of imaging spectrometry, imaging of the Earth's surface from aircraft and from spacecraft is hampered by the low spectral resolution and limited number of spectral bands, typically less than 10 bands of 100 to 200 nm width. Imaging spectrometry in remote sensing concerns the acquisition of image data in many narrow (〈 40 nm wide) contiguous spectral bands with the ultimate goal of producing detailed spectral reflectance curves for each pixel in the image. Many minerals and rocks have unique spectral signatures with characteristic absorption features that are 20 to 40 nm wide. Imaging spectrometers allow to depict these narrow features and thus map surface mineralogy based on spectral image characterization. This paper gives a review of imaging spectrometry and addresses the following topics: airborne and spaceborne systems available, spectral and geometric data pre-processing, atmospheric correction, techniques for thematic data analysis, and applications in the field of geological remote sensing. In the final section a case study is described where imaging spectrometer data is used for mapping surface mineralogy in a hydrothermal alteration system, thus guiding gold exploration.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Plains ; mineralogy ; ostracodes ; paleohydrology ; plant macrofossils ; stable isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment lithology and mineralogy, as well as ostracode, plant macrofossil and stable isotope stratigraphies of lake sediment cores, are used to reconstruct late Holocene hydrologic changes at Kenosee Lake, a relatively large, hyposaline lake in southeastern Saskatchewan. Chronological control is provided by AMS radiocarbon ages of upland and shoreline plant macrofossils. All indicators outline an early, low-water, saline phase of lake history (4100–3000 BP), when the basin was occupied by a series of small, interconnected, sulfate-rich brine pools, as opposed to the single, topographically-closed lake that exists today. A rapid rise in lake-level (3000–2300 BP) led to the establishment of carbonate-rich, hyposaline lake conditions like those today. Lithostratigraphic data and ostracode assemblages indicate peak salinities were attained early in this period of lake infilling, suggesting that the lake-level rise was initially driven by an influx of saline groundwater. Lake-level and water chemistry have remained relatively stable over the last 2000 years, compared to earlier events. Because of a lack of datable organic material in sediments deposited during the last 2000 years, the chronology of recent events is not well resolved. Plant macrofossil, lithostratigraphic and ostracode evidence suggests that lake draw-down, accompanied by slightly higher than present salinites, occurred sometime prior to 600 BP, followed by peak lake-level and freshwater conditions. This most recent high lake stand, indicative of a high water table on the surrounding upland, may also have led to the establishment of an extensive cover of Betula in the watershed, possibly in response to paludification. Ostracode assemblages indicate that peak freshwater conditions occurred within the last 100 years. Since historically documented lake-level fluctuations correlate with decadal scale climatic fluctuations in the meteorological record, and late-Holocene hydrologic dynamics correspond to well documented climatic excursions of the Neoglacial and Little Ice Age, Kenosee Lake dynamics offer insight into the susceptibility of the region's water resources to climate change.
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  • 10
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    Earth, moon and planets 74 (1996), S. 61-83 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Saturn ; satellite ; geology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract I have mapped the Saturnian satellite Hyperion using Voyager 2 images obtained in 1981 and a shape model derived from the results of Thomas et al. (1995). The results are presented in tabular and graphic form, including detailed shaded relief maps of the satellite. The shape is approximated by a triaxial ellipsoid with axes of 270, 201 and 336 km. The volume is estimated to be 9.5 ± 2.0 × 106 km3. Geological interpretations were augmented by the use of ‘super-resolution’ image composites. The surface is heavily cratered. A system of scarps and an isolated mountain are interpreted as the rim and central peak of an impact crater with a diameter similar to the mean diameter of the satellite itself, the largest crater with recognizable impact morphology in relation to the size of the body yet observed in the solar system. The crater density dates that impact, not the formation of Hyperion. Grooves are identified in several images, and form part of a zone of fracturing radial to a prominent crater.
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  • 11
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    Natural hazards 13 (1996), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: landslide ; geology ; highway ; groundwater level ; JUST-SLOPE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Landslides in Jordan have caused numerous problems during the past 40 years. The most critical slides occurred during the period of 1991/1992 after exceptional heavy rain and snowfall. Many disastrous landslides occurred along the newly reconstructed international highway that links Amman, Jerash and Irbid. Causes for these slides are attributed mainly to the lack of a comprehensive overview and geotechnical understanding of the problem. Many investigators have been interested in this problem of finding an adequate solution to such landslides in Jordan either by using theoretical analysis or by using computer software to solve the slope instability problems. A detailed study was conducted at the Jordan University of Science and Technology to investigate the potential causes and measures for this problem. Seven landslides along the mountainous section of this international highway were reviewed. One of these landslides was thoroughly investigated using a three-dimensional computer program called JUST-SLOPE introduced at the Jordan University of Science and Technology campus. Results of this study indicate that landslides at this site could have been predicted had this technique been applied prior to the occurrence of this slide.
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  • 12
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    Mathematical geology 27 (1995), S. 893-922 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: components of variance ; geology ; nested survey ; radon gas ; solid-state nuclear track detection ; soil ; spatial scale of variation ; variogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Increasing concern about possible links between emissions of radon and certain types of malignant disease has led to local and regional surveys to measure radon concentrations in the soil and in dwellings. The spatial scale at which radon varies is largely unknown, and so efficient sampling schemes and methods of mapping cannot be selected. To determine the spatial scale of radon variation in the English Midlands we measured radon in the soil using solid-state nuclear track detection in three areas of different geological complexity. In two of them we used an unbalanced multistage sampling scheme with seven stages of nesting: the Hereford survey covered distances from 10 m to 7.5 km, and the Buxton survey distances from 1 m to 3.75 km. The results from the nested surveys suggested that geology exerts a strong control on the variation. Finally radon was measured every 20 m along a 2-km long transect which crossed several lithologies close to Nottingham. The soil radon values changed in an erratic way along the transect. The sample variogram of radon has a substantial nugget variance, suggesting that much of the variation occurred for distances less than the sampling interval. The structure at the longer scale seems to be controlled by the underlying geology. These results have implications for designing further surveys and for selecting a method of mapping. Stratification based on lithology might be the only feasible solution to sampling, estimating and mapping radon concentrations over large areas. Where the locally erratic component of variation is large, estimation by kriging, for example, would confer little additional benefit compared with that by classification.
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  • 13
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    Journal of paleolimnology 10 (1994), S. 199-212 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: saline lake ; geochemistry ; mineralogy ; lithostratigraphy ; paleolimnology ; Great Plains ; evaporites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Little Manitou Lake is a topographically closed, hypersaline lake that occupies a long, linear glacial meltwater channel in the northern Great Plains of western Canada. Most of the modern and late Holocene sediment in the lake has been generated from within the basin itself, either by endogenic inorganic precipitation or by other authigenic processes. These endogenic and authigenic precipitates, composed of mainly very soluble sulfate salts and sparingly soluble carbonates, provide an explicit record of the past chemical and hydrological fluctuations that have occurred in the lake. Although detailed chronostratigraphy is incomplete, preliminary14C dating indicates an age of about 2000 years for the oldest sediment recovered from the basin. Five subsurface sedimentary facies are identified in offshore cores. From the base these are: (i) structureless, gray clay, (ii) gypsiferous mud, (iii) structureless, organic-rich mud, (iv) finely laminated aragonitic mud, and (v) Na and Mg sulfate salts. The lithostratigraphy and variation in the mineralogical composition of the sediment indicate that Little Manitou Lake experienced significant water level changes and compositional fluctuations during the past several millennia. The basal clays indicate a relatively deep, freshwater lake existed about 2000 years ago, but was soon followed by a period of low water/playa sedimentation and a negative hydrological budget in the basin. Water levels gradually increased after about 1500 years ago in response to a cooler and wetter climate. This resulted in development of a meromictic, saline to hypersaline lake characterized by periodic carbonate (aragonite) whitings. Water levels again decreased about 1000 years ago, resulting in a breakdown of meromixis and initiation of subaqueous evaporitic salt precipitation. Although the brine in Little Manitou Lake has fluctuated between Na-SO4 and Mg-Na-SO4 -Cl types during the past 1000 years, water levels and overall salinities have remained relatively constant.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: lake sediments ; diatoms ; spores ; tephra ; mineralogy ; sediment chemistry ; mosses ; multivariate analysis ; palaeoclimate ; holocene ; Livingston Island ; Antarctica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The hitherto longest found lake sediment sequence on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, was analysed with respect to lithology, chronology, diatoms, Pediastrum, pollen and spores, mosses, mineralogy, and sediment chemistry. During the ca. 5000 year long development the sediments were influenced by frequent tephra fall-outs. This volcanic impact played a major role in the lake's history during two periods, 4700–4600 and 2800–2500 BP, but was of importance during the lake's entire history with considerable influence on many of the palaeoenvironmentally significant indicators. The large and complex data set was analysed and zonated with different types of multivariate analysis. This resulted in a subdivision of the sequence into 8 time periods and 21 variables. Redundancy analysis (RDA) of this data set, both without and with the tephra periods, and with 4–6 of the variables as explanatory environmental variables, reveal that climatic/environmental signals are detectable. The palaeoclimatic picture that emerged out of the tephra ‘noise’ suggests that the first 100 years were characterized by mild, humid conditions. This was followed by a less mild and humid climate until ca. 4000 BP when a gradual warming seems to have started, coupled with increased humidity. These mild and humid conditions seem to have reached an optimum slightly after 3000 BP. At ca. 2500 BP a distinct climatic deterioration occurred with colder and drier conditions and long seasons with ice cover. This arid, cold phase probably reached its optimum conditions at ca. 1500 BP, when slightly warmer conditions might have prevailed for a while. Except for the modern sample with rather mild climate, the last 1400 years seem to have been fairly arid and cold, and the effects of the frequent volcanic activity during this period is only vaguely seen in the records.
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  • 15
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    Journal of paleolimnology 8 (1993), S. 103-120 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: pollen analysis ; paleobotany ; mineralogy ; Great Plains ; drought ; paleosalinity ; paleoclimatology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Analyses of pollen, plant macrofossils, sediment mineralogy, geochemistry, and lithology of cores from Chappice Lake, southeastern Alberta, provide an outline of paleohydrological changes spanning the last 7300 radiocarbon years. Situated near the northern margin of the Great Plains, Chappice Lake is currently a small (1.5 km2), shallow (〈1 m), hypersaline lake. Results of this study suggest that the lake has experienced significant changes in water level and chemistry during the Holocene. From 7300 to 6000 BP the lake oscillated between relatively high stands and desiccation. From 6000 to 4400 BP it was smaller than present and ponded highly saline water. Although extreme water level variations of the preceding period had ceased, pronounced seasonal fluctuations persisted. Between 4400 and 2600 BP, lake level was more stable but gradually rising. Carbonates were a major component of the sediments deposited during this interval. A large, relatively fresh lake existed from 2600 to 1000 BP. Illite was the dominant mineral deposited during this period, but since then has been a minor constituent in a mineral suite dominated by detrital silicates. A series of low-water, high-salinity stands occurred between 1000 and 600 BP, although these low stands were not as pronounced as low-water intervals in the middle Holocene. Relatively high water levels were sustained from 600 BP until the late 1800s. The lake declined significantly in the last one hundred years, notably during the historically documented droughts of the late 1800s, 1920s, 1930s, and 1980s. The timing of paleohydrological events at Chappice Lake corresponds closely with well documented Holocene climatic intervals, such as the Hypsithermal, Neoglaciation, Medieval Warm Period, and Little Ice Age. In addition, historic lake-level fluctuations can be related directly to climate. As a result, the Chappice Lake sedimentary succession offers a rare opportunity to obtain a high-resolution, surrogate record of Holocene climate on the northern Great Plains, and to observe the response of lake chemistry and biota to significant environmental change.
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  • 16
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    Journal of paleolimnology 9 (1993), S. 23-39 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: northern Great Plains ; mineralogy ; carbonates ; grain size ; lacustrine stratigraphy ; Holocene ; Saskatchewan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Harris Lake, a small, groundwater fed lake in the Cypress Hills area of Saskatchewan, is one of the few lacustrine basins in the Great Plains that contains a complete, uninterrupted record of Holocene sedimentation. The lithostratigraphy and variation in the mineralogical composition of the sediments in this basin provide insight into the paleolimnology and paleohydrology of the lake and surrounding watershed. Although there is no evidence that the basin was dry for extended periods during the Holocene, the lake did experience numerous short-lived episodes of high salinity, as well as significant changes in solute composition during the early to mid-Holocene. An abrupt change, from a lake dominated by detrital sediments to one characterized almost entirely by endogenic deposition, occurred about 4000 years ago in response to the combined influence of forestation of the watershed and diversion of major fluvial and detrital influx by landsliding. These adjustments to the Harris Lake drainage basin were likely the result of the onset of cooler and wetter climatic conditions after 4500 B.P. During the late Holocene, slope failure continued to sporadically provide fresh clastic material to the otherwise endogenic-sediment dominated lake.
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  • 17
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    Mathematical geology 23 (1991), S. 507-540 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: geology ; exploration ; discoverable resource ; endowment ; Poisson-logistic ; exponential-logistic ; epithermal gold-silver mineral deposit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A new type of model, referred to as a geology-exploration endowment model, is proposed in this paper. These models differ from conventional ones in that they simultaneously estimate discoverable mineral resources and endowment by extracting and utilizing geoscience information from both geological features and exploration factors. Geological measurements describe mineral endowment, while exploration variables describe the completeness of exploration, and together, they explain discoverable resources. Without incorporation of exploration factors to geological-endowment models, the estimation of endowment is generally biased. This paper presents two variations of such hybrid nonlinear models: Poisson-logistic (PL) and exponential-logistic (EL) for estimation of number of mineral deposits or prospects based upon the Arps and Roberts' discovery process model and assumptions of endowment distributions. The PL model is obtained by assuming that endowment follows a Poisson distribution and that the probability of mineral occurrences (≥ 1) is a logistic function with geological arguments. The EL model is derived similarly, except that endowment is assumed to be exponentially distributed. The PL model is demonstrated on both a synthetic example and a case study of epithermal gold-silver vein deposits in the Walker Lake quadrangle of Nevada and California. A map containing the estimated numbers of gold-silver mineral occurrences potentially discoverable in the Walker Lake quadrangle is produced. The parameter estimates for the PL model based on the Levenberg-Marquardt iterative algorithm are validated by using several statistical measures, such as theT-statistic, Box's bias, and goodness of fit. Both a synthetic example and a case study suggest that the Box's bias measure is useful for validation of the nonlinear estimates.
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  • 18
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    Biogeochemistry 9 (1990), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: clays ; forest soil ; mineralogy ; rhizosphere ; roots ; soils ; weathering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Chemical and mineralogical studies of forest soils from six sites in the northeastern and southeastern United States indicate that soil in the immediate vicinity of roots and fine root masses may show marked differences in physical characteristics, mineralogy and weathering compared to the bulk of the forest soil. Examination of rhizosphere and rhizoplane soils revealed that mineral grains within these zones are affected mechanically, chemically and mineralogically by the invading root bodies. In SEM/EDS analyses, phyllosilicate grains adjacent to roots commonly aligned with their long axis tangential to the root surface. Numerous mineral grains were also observed for which the edge abutting a root surface was significantly more fractured than the rest of the grain. Both the alignment and fracturing of mineral grains by growing roots may influence pedogenic processes within the rhizosphere by exposing more mineral surface to weathering in the root-zone microenvironment. Chemical interactions between roots and rhizosphere minerals included precipitation of amorphous aluminium oxides, opaline and amorphous silica, and calcium oxalate within the cells of mature roots and possible preferential dissolution of mineral grains adjacent to root bodies. Mineralogical analyses using X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques indicated that kaolin minerals in some rhizosphere samples had a higher thermal stability than kaolin in the surrounding bulk forest soil. In addition, XRD analyses of clay minerals from one of the southeastern sites showed abundant muscovite in rhizoplane soil adhering to root surfaces whereas both muscovite and degraded mica were present in the immediately surrounding rhizosphere soil. This difference in mineral assemblages may be due to either K-enrichment in rhizoplane soil solutions or the preferential dissolution of biotite at the root-soil interface
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    Mineralogy and petrology 41 (1989), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Keywords: Biotite ; iron oxidation ; pyrolysis chromatography ; chemical analysis ; mineralogy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des méthodes chimiques et pyrolitiques ont été utilisées pour l'étude des rapports Fe+2/Fe+3 et de la réaction de la déhydroxilation en biotites synthétiques. On a trouvé pour les biotites avec Fe/(Fe + Mg) de 20-70 mole % que le degré d'oxidation décroît à partir de 26 jusqu'à 16% pendent que le contenu du fer s'accroît. Sur la base de la quantité d'eau et hydrogène liberée pendant la pyrolyse, on infère que la déprotonisation est une réaction dominante à températures basses (T = 600°C), mais quand la température s'accroît, la déprotonisation est accopagnée de la déhydratation. Dépendant de la composition il y a une déhydroxilation complète à T = 900°C, et la quantité de l'eau mesurée correspond au degré d'oxidation du fer dans les specimens initials. Les résultats de cette étude infuencent la détermination des conditions de formation des roches contenantes biotite et aussi l'amélioration des techniques de la détermination du fer de valences différentes et de l'eau.
    Notes: Summary Chemical analytical and pyrolytical methods have been used to study the Fe+2/Fe+3 ratios and dehydroxylation reactions in synthetic biotites. It has been found for the biotites with Fe/(Fe + Mg) of 20 to 70 mole % that the oxidation degree decreases from 26 to 16% with increasing iron. Based on the measured amounts of water and hydrogen released during pyrolysis it is inferred that the deprotonization is a dominant reaction at low temperatures (T ⩽ 600°C), accompanied by dehydration as the temperature increases. Depending on the composition, a complete dehydroxylation takes place at T ⩾ 900 °C, and the measured amount of water corresponds to the iron oxidation degree in the starting samples. The results of this study have important implications with respect to determination of the formation conditions of biotite-bearing rocks, and also for improvement of the techniques for determination of different valence of iron and water.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: hot spot ; geology ; Teahitia ; structure ; morphology ; volcanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Teahitia-Mehetia hot spot region located in the southeastern extension of the Society Islands chain, near 18° S–148° W consists of several active volcanoes. The distribution of recent volcanic activity correlates with seismic epicenters, and covers an area of more than 1000 km2. Intermittent volcanic activity has given rise to large (〉1000 m high) and small (〈500 m high) edifices composed of various types of flows. Several recent volcanic events have produced a suite of alkalic rocks ranging from ankaramites, through alkali basalts to trachy-phonolites. The presence of altered MORB-like tholeiites on one small seamount suggests that a different mantle source material was involved in forming some of the crust in this hot spot region.
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  • 21
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    Mineralogy and petrology 41 (1989), S. 53-63 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Keywords: Tantalum ; niobium ; tantalite ; tapiolite ; mineralogy ; geochemistry ; pegmatite ; Ostalpen ; Austria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Pegmatit von Spittal a.d. Drau, Kärnten, treten enge Verwachsungen von Ferrotantalit und Ferrotapiolit auf. Diese werden von Muskovit, Albit, Rauchquarz, Zinnstein sowie-in mikroskopischem Masstab-von Uranmikrolith und Zirkon begleitet. Die Textur der Verwachsungen lässt Rekristallisation erheblichen Ausmasses erkennen, die die primären Merkmale weitgehend auslöscht. Weder eine gemeinsame Auskristallisation der beiden Mineralphasen noch eine Bildung durch Entmischung kann mit Sicherheit erkannt werden. Trotz einander kreuzender Verbindungslinien, die einen Hinweis auf Ungleichgewicht darstellen, zeigen die Zusammensetzungen des Ferrotantalits und des Ferrotapiolits lediglich geringe Schwankungsbreiten: Mn/(Mn + Fe) 0,08–0,11, Ta/(Ta + Nb) 0,53–0,57 für den Ferrotantalit beziehungsweise 0,01–0,04 und 0,84–0,89 für den Ferrotapiolit. Dies gilt insbesondere für den Vergleich mit Zusammensetzungen solcher Mineralphasen mit jenen von Fundarten, die primäre Verwachsungstrukturen aufweisen. Bis zu einem gewissen Ausmass ist diese homogene Zusammensetzung möglicherweise auf die Rekristallisation zurück zuführen. Diese Rekristallisation könnte auch den hohen strukturellen Ordnungsgrad der beiden Mineralphasen erklären. An anderen Fundorten zeigen diese Minerale strukturell merklich geringeren Ordnungsgrad. Intensive metamorphe überprägung, wie sie für die Pegmatite in den südlichen Ostalpen und insbesondere für jenen von Spittal typisch sind, kann wahrscheinlich als Ursache der Rekristallisationsphänomene der Ta-Nb-Sn Mineralparagenese angenommen werden.
    Notes: Summary Intimate intergrowths of ferrotantalite and ferrotapiolite occur in a pegmatite in Spittal a.d. Drau, Carinthia. They are associated with muscovite, albite, smoky quartz, cassiterite, and microscopic uranmicrolite, zircon and uraninite. An assemblage of secondary uranium minerals is also present, generated by extensive alteration and leaching of the uranmicrolite and zircon. Textures of the ferrotantalite-ferrotapiolite intergrowths suggest considerable recrystallization that obliterated most of their primary features; neither coprecipitation nor exsolution can be recognized with certainty. Despite intersecting tielines indicating disequilibrium, the ferrotantalite and ferrotapiolite compositions show very restricted ranges (Mn/(Mn + Fe) 0.08–0.11, Ta/(Ta + Nb) 0.53–0.57 for ferrotantalite, and 0.01–0.04, 0.84–0.89 for ferrotapiolite, respectively), particularly in comparison with compositions from other localities featuring primary textures. A degree of compositional equilibration could have been attained during recrystallization. This process may also explain the high level of structural order characterizing both minerals; they are considerably disordered in other localities. Extensive deformation typical of pegmatites in the southern Ostalpen in general, and specifically of the Spittal pegmatite, is probably responsible for the recrystallization phenomena in the Ta, Nb, Sn-bearing mineral assemblage.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Keywords: Scandium ; tin ; beryllium ; mineralogy ; geochemistry ; pegmatite ; Scandium ; Zinn ; Beryllium ; Mineralogie ; Geochemie ; Pegmatit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Tørdal durchschneiden Granit-pegmatitische Gänge eine vulkano-sedimentäre Abfolge, die über einem älteren Gneis-Basement und einem jüngeren Granit, von dem die Gänge stammen, liegt. Positive Kovariation von Scandium, Lithium, Beryllium und Zinn, die sich im Zuge eines Prospektionsprogrammes auf Zinn ergaben, deuten auf eine mögliche Anreicherung von Scandium und Zinn während des Aufstieges pegmatitischer Phasen durch die vulkano-sedimentäre Abfolge hin. Ein Scandium-reicher Ixiolit in Assoziation mit Pyrochlor und Bazzit wird beschrieben, der aus einem Clea-velandit-Amazonit-Pegmatit stammt. Der Pegmatit bildet einen Teil eines größeren Netzwerkes von granit-pegmatischen Gängen. Eine Alteration von Ixiolit zu Pyrochlor tritt als spätmagmatisch-hydrothermales Ereignis auf.
    Notes: Summary In Tørdal granite pegmatite veins cut through a volcano-sedimentary sequence which overlies an older, gneissic basement and younger granite from which they originate. Positive co-variations of scandium, lithium, beryllium and tin, which were documented through a recent prospecting program for tin, indicate a possible enrichment of scandium and tin during the passage of the pegmatitic material through the volcanic sedimentary sequence. A description is given of scandium-rich ixiolite, (Ta,Nb,Sc,Sn,Fe,Mn,Ti)2O4 in association with pyrochlore, (Ca,Sc,Y,Sn,U)2(Ta,Nb,Ti)2O6(O,OH,F) and bazzite, Be3Sc2Si6O18 from a cleavelandite-amazonite pegmatite occurring as a part of a larger network of granitic pegmatite veins. Alteration from ixiolite to pyrochlore appears as a late magmatic-hydrothermal event.
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    Mathematical geology 20 (1988), S. 1021-1035 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: geographic information system ; geography ; geology ; earth science data ; spatial data ; artificial intelligence ; data analysis ; data bases ; data management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In its simplest form, a geographic information system (GIS) may be viewed as a data base management system in which most of the data are spatially indexed, and upon which sets of procedures operate to answer queries about spatial entities represented in the data base. Utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques can enhance greatly the capabilities of a GIS, particularly in handling very large, diverse data bases involved in the earth sciences. A KBGIS has been developed by the U.S. Geological Survey which incorporates AI techniques such as learning, expert systems, new data representation, and more. The system, which will be developed further and applied, is a prototype of the next generation of GIS's, an intelligent GIS, as well as an example of a general-purpose intelligent data handling system. The paper provides a description of KBGIS and its application, as well as the AI techniques involved.
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    Biogeochemistry 6 (1988), S. 181-199 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: variable charge ; permanent charge ; phosphorus sorption ; PZC ; soil organic matter ; pH ; cation exchange capacity ; CEC ; anion exchange capacity ; AEC ; desilication ; mineralogy ; nitrification ; soil taxonomy ; landscape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Variable-charge (v-c) and permanent-charge (p-c) soils differ fundamentally with regard to many nutrient-cycling processes. Variable-charge soils are more common in the tropics than in temperature zones because their formation requires desilication, which proceeds fastest in warm, moist climates. The dynamics of nutrient mobility tend to be more complex in v-c than in p-c soils. For example, theory predicts that, as pH of v-c soils decreases, cation exchange capacity (CEC) also decreases and anion exchange capacity (AEC) increases. If AEC exceeds CEC, cations such as ammonium and potassium will be more mobile than anions such as nitrate; this is the reverse of the situation in p-c soils, on which most of our knowledge of nutrient cycling is based. Variable-charge surfaces sorb phosphorus, creating plant nutritional problems throughout large areas of the humid tropics. Desilication, the same process that creates v-c surfaces, results also in stable aggregation, creating soils that retain water, yet drain rapidly and resist erosion. The Soil Taxonomy system incorporates information on mineralogy, texture, and organic matter content, and therefore provides insights into patterns of charge chemistry and nutrient cycling across a wide range of soil types.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: acid deposition ; lakes ; watersheds ; soils ; geology ; hydrology ; vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An integrated analysis of a terrestrial-aquatic ecosystem, the North Branch of the Moose River in the Adirondack region of New York, was conducted. This basin contains a large number of interconnected surface waters that exhibit marked gradients in pH and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). As a result, the basin has been the focus of research activity, including the Regional Integrated Lake-Watershed Acidification Study (RILWAS). The objective of the current analysis was to use the North Branch of the Moose River as a case study to: 1. Evaluate processes regulating the acid-base chemistry of surface waters. 2. To assess the effects of surface water acidification on fish populations. The observations of this study were consistent with the model of surface water acidification developed during the Integrated Lake-Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS). The processes depicted in the original ILWAS simulation model were adequate to describe the acid-base chemistry of surface waters in the North Branch of the Moose River. However, the reduction of SO 4 2− in lake sediments, a process not represented in the original model, proved to be a significant source of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) for some of these waters. As a result, reduction processes were added to the model. Analysis of in-situ bioassay and survey data indicate that acid-sensitive fish species have disappeared from the more acidic areas of the basin over the last half century. Paleoecological analyses indicate that pH has decreased from the high 5's to about 5 in Big Moose Lake during this period. ILWAS model simulations indicate that the pH of Big Moose Lake would increase by at least 0.1 to 0.5 pH units (depending on the season) in response to a 50% reduction in total atmospheric S deposition. Considerable variability in processes regulating acid/base chemistry was evident in the North Branch of the Moose River. Therefore, regional assessments of past or possible future effects of acidic deposition require widespread application of ILWAS theory within the Adirondack region and other potentially acid-sensitive areas.
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    Mathematical geology 18 (1986), S. 75-92 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: mapping ; geology ; soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Design of a system which accepts geological maps or soil maps, together with corresponding well logs and produces interpretation maps, is described. The major aim was to get a processing program that would be useful at an operational scale that avoids the use of special purpose graphics hardware. This was achieved by using segment encoding of lines and by treatment of mapped units as basic graphical units (“atoms”). The system operation was split into an input phase and a processed phase. Input- and file-building require some technical experience, but are a one-time affair, whereas subsequent processing requires less (graphical) resources and experience, but is of a repetitive nature. When writing processing programs, emphasis was placed on ease of adding options. Clever improvements of efficiency (e.g., disk traffic) were not deemed worthwhile or even wise. Two driving forces behind the project required the programs reported here. First was the observation that digital data can be used only if appropriate programs are readily available to produce required results without need for large investments in hardware. Second was the idea that digital tools could be most effective if they allow the end-user (“customer”) to interact directly with the full base of data without recourse to technical experts. The resulting system is operational and running on a VAX 11/750, coded in FORTRAN.
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  • 27
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    Mathematical geology 17 (1985), S. 17-27 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: computers ; connectivity ; geology ; percolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We show that the mathematical concept of percolation can provide a description of the permeability of fractured rocks in three dimensions. A numerical simulation of percolation of random two-dimensional plates contained in a cubic box displays a critical behavior, around percolation threshold, characterized by a correlation length exponent similar to usual site or bond percolation. Thus, general results obtained elsewhere for that class of problem could be applied to fractured rock hydrology.
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    Mathematical geology 12 (1980), S. 267-277 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: feldspar ; twinning ; mineralogy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The lamella-width distribution of the transformation polysynthetic twins produced in volcanic anorthoclases during cooling reflects certain aspects of twin nucleation and growth kinetics. An analysis of simple hypothetical statistical models for the kinetics of the transformation process outlines the range and type of twin-width distributions possible. The general characteristics of these distributions, particularly at small twin widths, are sensitive to whether twin boundaries or twin centers nucleate. The rates of twin nucleation and growth during transformation also influence the general form, particularly the skewness, of the final twin-width distribution. The generally exponential nature of the upper tails to the distributions studied is apparently quite insensitive to kinetic details.
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    Mathematical geology 4 (1972), S. 317-330 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: linear correlation ; mapping ; trend analysis ; general geology ; mineralogy ; petrology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is well known among geologists that closure of an open-number system, as when stratigraphic rock thicknesses are converted to percentages, introduces correlations among the components even in the absence of correlations in the open system. In closed three-component systems the covariances are single-valued functions of the closed variances and are exactly predictable. If the open system has “inherent” correlation (point correlations) among its components the corresponding closed covariances reflect their presence in a predictable manner. If areal trends are present in the open system, the open covariances are themselves affected, but this “trend effect” can be completely removed to recover the initial point correlations among the components. Areal trends in open systems strongly influence the structure of the closed variance-covariance matrices, and the situation becomes increasingly complicated if the open system has both point correlations and areal trends. The paper considers the problems involved, and includes Monte Carlo runs to compare computed and predicted variances and covariances as data sets are followed from open systems with correlation but no trend to the closed equivalent of open systems with point correlations and trends.
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    Mathematical geology 4 (1972), S. 277-290 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: trend analysis ; mineralogy ; oceanography ; sedimentology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The mineralogy of the 0.062–0.125 and 0.125–0.25 mm fractions of 58 selected samples from a set of 78 samples collected at a spacing of 1–2 km in the inner shelf of Mangalore were studied. Trend-surface analysis of distribution of the heavy minerals, hornblende, muscovite, garnet, and sillimanite, were made to determine the various factors controlling the mineral-distribution patterns in the area. Parts of the area showing contrasting environments were analyzed separately to determine the relationship of the regional and local trends and the various factors controlling the trends. The linear, quadratic and cubic trends for hornblende, garnet, and sillimanite were controlled by the source, westerly river flow and southerly currents; for mica, the response to processes has been the main factor. The mineral distribution in this area is mainly the result of dynamic interaction of process and response elements and a process-response model is suggested.
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    Mathematical geology 4 (1972), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: data processing ; sampling ; statistics ; mineralogy ; petrology ; sedimentology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Operator error in petrographic point-count analysis introduces bias into the estimates of proportion in a thin section. A correction for this bias, leading to an unbiased estimator of the true proportion in that thin section, is here proposed. Operator error also affects the confidence interval, and in this situation, too, an adjustment is possible. The approach proposed requires that the probabilities associated with operator error, categorized into A-type and B-type errors, are known or assumed. The A-type operator error tends to underestimate the true proportion in a thin section, whereas the B-type operator error tends to overestimate it.
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    Mathematical geology 3 (1971), S. 51-60 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: entropy ; principal components analysis ; geochemistry ; mineralogy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Classification of sandstones, greywackes, pelites, limestones, dolomites, and acid-igneous and basicigneous rocks, using a literature sample of 183 post-1920 analyses for the 11 major oxides has achieved an 80-percent success rate. The method is based on nonparametric estimation of a probability density function for each category to be classified, using the Bayes decision rule. The method is suitable for use with small training sets and gives much improved results over a linear discriminant function. Classification following data compression using principal components also has given satisfactory recognition rates.
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    Mathematical geology 3 (1971), S. 15-41 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: modal analysis ; sampling ; statistics ; mineralogy ; petrology ; sedimentology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The binomial model, commonly used to estimate counting error in point-count analysis, misestimates this error when the observation points on a grid are positively or negatively correlated. A model, called the “cell model,” is proposed as an alternative to the binomial model for use in studies, especially with coarse-grained rocks, in which such correlation is known or thought to exist. In the new model the thin section is conceptually partitioned into a number of cells (six is recommended), and the assumption is made that the proportions in the individual cells are statistically independent and that their variance does not differ from cell to cell. Empirical relations obtained from a suite of 200 thin sections of limestones are in reasonable support of the prediction that large particle size adversely affects counting error estimates based on the binomial model.
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    Mathematical geology 3 (1971), S. 123-133 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: cluster analysis ; distance functions ; mineralogy ; petrology ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The weight-percent values of four mineralogic variables (quartz, K feldspar, color index, and muscovite) for 10 sets of granitic rocks (20–50 samples in each set) from magmatic units of the Singhbhum granite were used for (1) computation of the Mahalanobis' generalized distance functions (D 2) between all pairs of the 10 sets, (2) testing significance of the difference between the multivariate means, and (3) computation of the linear discriminant functions between all possible pairs of the sets. The 10 data sets are for six magmatic units which belong to three successive but closely related phases of emplacement. The multivariate means for all sets are significantly different except for those between two of the sets of phase I. Cluster analysis on the basis of theD 2 values enables the 10 sets to be placed into four distinct groups. Group A includes two subgroups, one of which consists of two sets representing typical members of phase I; the other subgroup includes two sets which are typical of phase II. Group B includes two sets which are typical of phase III. The other four sets do not group with the typical representatives of the three phases, probably because of certain special conditions of their emplacement. A separate series ofD 2 computation from the same data, but excluding the color index, was unsuccessful in making the four aberrant sets group with the typical members of the respective phases. Efficient LDF's could be determined for discrimination between most pairs of the 10 sets of granite rocks.
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    Mineralogical Association of Canada (MAC) | GeoScienceWorld
    Online: 6.1957 – (GFZ only)
    Print: 14.1976 – 46.2008 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 13/3-4)
    Publisher: Mineralogical Association of Canada (MAC) , GeoScienceWorld
    Print ISSN: 0008-4476
    Electronic ISSN: 1499-1261 , 1499-1276
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: GeoScienceWorld ; mineralogy
    Parallel titles: The Canadian Mineralogist
    Acronym: CM
    Abbreviation: Can Mineral
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    Cambridge University Press; Mineralogical Society of Great Britain & Ireland | GeoScienceWorld
    Online: 54.2019 – (older than 1 year)
    Print: 34.1999 – 42.2007 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 75/2)
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press; Mineralogical Society of Great Britain & Ireland , GeoScienceWorld
    Print ISSN: 0009-8558
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8030
    Topics: Geosciences
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    De Gruyter | Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) | GeoScienceWorld
    Online: 1.1916 – (GFZ only)
    Print: 36.1951 – 93.2008 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 4/4 - 5/1)
    Publisher: De Gruyter , Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) , GeoScienceWorld
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Keywords: GeoScienceWorld ; mineralogy
    Acronym: Ammin
    Abbreviation: Am Mineral
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    Cambridge University Press; Mineralogical Society of Great Britain & Ireland | GeoScienceWorld | formerly de Gruyter
    Online: 61(285).1997 –
    Print: 33.1964 – 71.2007 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 47/5-7)
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press; Mineralogical Society of Great Britain & Ireland , GeoScienceWorld , formerly de Gruyter
    Corporation: Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8022
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: GeoScienceWorld ; mineralogy
    Acronym: MinMag
    Abbreviation: Mineral Mag
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    Terrigenia
    Online: 1.2007 – 6.2013
    Publisher: Terrigenia
    Description: Geochemie a mineralogie („Geochemistry and mineralogy“) is an electronic journal which publishes original articles as well as reviews; the latter, however, must bring substantial amount of new information gained from the summarized data.
    Electronic ISSN: 1802-9604
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Keywords: Geochemie ; Mineralogie ; Tschechische Republik ; geochemistry ; mineralogy ; Czech Republic
    Parallel titles: Geochemistry and Mineralogy
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    University of Wyoming | HighWire Press | GeoScienceWorld
    Online: 1.1962 – (GFZ only)
    Formerly as: Contributions to Geology  (1962–1998)
    Publisher: University of Wyoming , HighWire Press , GeoScienceWorld
    Corporation: University of Wyoming, Department of Geology
    Print ISSN: 0010-7980 , 1555-7332
    Electronic ISSN: 1555-7340
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: GeoScienceWorld ; geology
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    Cambridge University Press | GeoScienceWorld
    Online: 134.1997 –
    Print: 86.1949 - 106.1969; 130.1993 – 141.2004 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 27/7 - 28/1)
    Formerly as: Geological Magazine or Monthly Journal of Geology, The  (1864–1939)
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press , GeoScienceWorld
    Print ISSN: 0016-7568
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5081
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: GeoScienceWorld ; geology
    Abbreviation: Geol Mag
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    Geological Society of London | GeoScienceWorld | Lyell Collection
    Online: 1.1967 – (GFZ only)
    Publisher: Geological Society of London , GeoScienceWorld , Lyell Collection
    Print ISSN: 0481-2085 , 1470-9236
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4803
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: GeoScienceWorld ; geology ; hydrology ; engineering
    Acronym: QJEGH
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  • 43
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    Society of Economic Geologists (SEG) | GeoScienceWorld
    Online: 1.1905 – (GFZ only)
    Print: 46.1951 – 103.2008 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 20/3-6)
    Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists (SEG) , GeoScienceWorld
    Print ISSN: 0013-0109 , 0361-0128
    Electronic ISSN: 1554-0774
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: GeoScienceWorld ; geology
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  • 44
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    Geological Society of America | AIP Press (früher: HighWire Press) | GeoScienceWorld
    Online: 1.1890 – (GFZ only)
    Print: 59.1948 – 119.2007 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 11/4 - 12/4)
    Publisher: Geological Society of America , AIP Press (früher: HighWire Press) , GeoScienceWorld
    Corporation: Geological Society of America, GSA 〈Boulder, Colorado〉
    Print ISSN: 0016-7606
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: GeoScienceWorld ; geology
    Parallel titles: GSA Bulletin
    Abbreviation: GSA Bull
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  • 45
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    Akademija Nauk SSSR
    Print: 1968 – 1994 (Location: A18, 5/3)
    Publisher: Akademija Nauk SSSR
    Print ISSN: 0044-1805
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: Mineralogie ; mineralogy
    Parallel titles: Zapiski Vsesoi︠u︡znogo mineralogicheskogo obshchestva
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  • 46
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    Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) | Geochemical Society | GeoScienceWorld
    Online: 39.2000 – (GFZ only)
    Print: 2.1983 – 69.2008 (Location: A17, Lesesaal, 11)
    Formerly as: Reviews in Mineralogy  (1980–1999)
    Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) , Geochemical Society , GeoScienceWorld
    Print ISSN: 1529-6466
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2666
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: GeoScienceWorld ; mineralogy ; geochemistry
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  • 47
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    Geological Society of South Africa | GeoScienceWorld
    Online: 103.2000 – (GFZ only)
    Formerly as: Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa = Verhandelinge van die Geologiese Vereniging van Suid-Afrika  (1896–1986)
    Publisher: Geological Society of South Africa , GeoScienceWorld
    Corporation: Geological Society of South Africa
    Print ISSN: 0371-7208 , 1012-0750
    Electronic ISSN: 1012-0750 , 1996-8590
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: GeoScienceWorld ; geology ; South Africa
    Parallel titles: Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geologie
    Acronym: SAJG
    Abbreviation: South Afr J Geol
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  • 48
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    Geological Society of London | GeoScienceWorld | Lyell Collection
    Online: 127.1971 – (GFZ only)
    Print: 127.1971 – 167.2010 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 44/4-5)
    Publisher: Geological Society of London , GeoScienceWorld , Lyell Collection
    Corporation: Geological Society 〈London〉
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649 , 0370-291X
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-479X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: GeoScienceWorld ; geology
    Acronym: JGS
    Abbreviation: J Geol Soc
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  • 49
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    Schweizerbart Science Publishers | GeoScienceWorld
    Online: 1.1989 – 31.2019 (GFZ only)
    Print: 1.1989 – 24(3).2012 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 23/1-2)
    Print: 1.1989 – 24(6).2012 (Location: A43, Archiv Regal 17)
    Formerly as: Fortschritte der Mineralogie  (1947–1988)
    Publisher: Schweizerbart Science Publishers , GeoScienceWorld
    Corporation: Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft, DMG , Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia , Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie , European Mineralogical Union
    Print ISSN: 0935-1221
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-4011
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: GeoScienceWorld ; mineralogy
    Acronym: EJM
    Abbreviation: Eur J Mineral
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  • 50
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    Springer | Clay Minerals Society | GeoScienceWorld
    Online: 45.1997 –
    Online: 45.1997 –
    Formerly as: Clays and Clay Technology  (1952–1952)
    Publisher: Springer , Clay Minerals Society , GeoScienceWorld
    Corporation: Clay Minerals Society , National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals , National Academy of Sciences 〈Washington, DC〉
    Print ISSN: 0009-8604
    Electronic ISSN: 1552-8367
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: mineralogy
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