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  • Articles  (12)
  • fire tests  (12)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (12)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Capabilities and Limitations of Total Flooding, Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems in Machinery Space Applications (2000)
    Springer
    Fire technology 36 (2000), S. 8-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: fire ; fire tests ; extinguishment ; suppression ; Halon 1301 ; Halon alternatives ; water mist ; total flooding ; machinery space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Water mist fire suppression systems are being seriously considered as replacements for Halon 1301 total flooding systems in machinery space applications. A “total flooding” water mist system is designed to discharge mist uniformly throughout the entire enclosure/compartment. The tests conducted to date form a substantial database for water mist systems installed in machinery spaces with volumes from 100 m3 to 1,000 m3 and varying degrees of ventilation. These tests have also identified the strengths and limitations of water mist in these applications. This report describes the capabilities of total flooding water mist fire suppression systems in machinery space applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015473502679
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field test and evaluation of residential sprinkler systems: Part II (1984)
    Springer
    Fire technology 20 (1984), S. 48-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Residential sprinkler systems ; fire control ; survivability criteria ; obscuration ; carbon monoxide ; fire tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A series of National Fire Protection Association full-scale tests involving sprinkler installations was conducted in a two-story residence in Los Angeles, CA, and in a mobile home in Charlotte, NC. Previous laboratory tests, including full-scale room fire tests, had indicated that a prototype “quick-response” sprinkler was effective in controlling residential home fires. More full-scale fire tests under less controlled and more operational conditions were considered necessary to confirm or deny this conclusion. Part I of this three-part series (November 1983) explained the objectives of the tests and the test procedures that were to be followed. This second part describes the criteria used to evaluate the effectiveness of sprinkler systems using the “quick response” sprinkler in the series of seventy-six tests and the results of those tests. Part III will cover that phase of the test program that focused on a comparison of sprinkler and smoke detector activation times in the mobile home test structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02390047
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field test and evaluation of residential sprinkler systems: Part III (1984)
    Springer
    Fire technology 20 (1984), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Mobile home ; sprinklers ; smoke detector ; fire tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A series of full-scale fire tests utilizing prototype “quick-response” sprinklers was conducted in a two-story residence in Los Angeles, CA, and a mobile home in Charlotte, NC. A prime objective of the program was to test the performance of alternative sprinkler designs to “control” the development of fire in single-family dwellings and mobile homes. Part of the mobile home test series focused on a study of the comparative activation times of sprinklers and smoke detectors installed in the same areas under a variety of test conditions. The results of that phase of the test program are given here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02384149
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wood heating safety research: An update (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 292-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Chimneys ; creosote ; fireplaces ; fire safety ; fire tests ; flues ; heating equipment ; stoves ; wood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The Center for Fire Research at the National Bureau of Standards has been involved in research related to wood heating safety for more than seven years. Areas of interest have included: typical operating conditions of modern heating appliances, intensity and duration of chimney fires in factory-built and masonry chimneys, clearance reduction systems for protection of combustible walls and ceilings, and wall pass-through systems for connection of appliances to chimneys through combustible walls. This paper presents a review of research at NBS and elsewhere related to wood heating safety and provides an assessment of the impact of the research on the fire safe use of wood heating appliances. Extensive references of research related to solid fuel heating safety are included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040586
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chimney fires: Intensity and duration (1986)
    Springer
    Fire technology 22 (1986), S. 234-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Chimneys ; creosote ; fire safety ; fire tests ; flues ; heating equipment ; stoves ; wood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A series of tests was conducted in five instrumented chimneys to study the intensity and duration of chimney fires due to the ignition and burning of combustible deposits accumulated on chimney linings over a prolonged period of time. These tests were conducted: (1) to establish typical conditions including temperatures in the chimneys and on combustible surfaces nearby, and (2) to determine the duration of the burnout as evidenced by elevated temperatures within the chimney. The results of these tests point out some areas where the codes and standards covering residential wood heating appliances should be updated to better protect against failure due to chimney fires.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01043126
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predicting protected steel member fire endurance using spread-sheet programs (1989)
    Springer
    Fire technology 25 (1989), S. 256-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: fire endurance ; protected steel members ; protected steel columns ; heat transfer ; thermal insulation ; thermal properties ; fire tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The simple method of computing the time-temperature response of protected steel members that has been recommended by the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS) is presented in this paper. The method is a one-dimensional heat flow approach that explicitly accounts for the thickness and thermal properties of the insulation as well as the area and perimeter of the steel section. Two different cases are recognized. In the simpler, the heat required to increase the temperature of the insulation is small and can be ignored. This will be the case for sprayed mineral fiber fire protection. In other cases, a large amount of heat is absorbed by the insulation and it must explicitly be taken into account. This will be true for gypsum plaster, concrete, or masonry fire protection. A time-step approach is used, in which thermal equilibrium is considered during each of several short time intervals. This leads to repetitive calculations in a format ideally suited to use in a spreadsheet program in a microcomputer. The time-temperature course of the fire is explicitly taken into account, and the fire may follow the ASTM E-119 curve or any other curve. Three examples are presented, and comparisons of measured and computed fire endurances are made, with reasonably good agreement found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01039782
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimated impact of the center for fire research program on the costs of fire (1991)
    Springer
    Fire technology 27 (1991), S. 346-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Building codes ; building design ; costs ; economic factors ; fire detection ; fire losses ; fire models ; fire research ; fire suppression ; fire tests ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The following information is extracted from the June 1991 National Institute of Standards and Technology contractor's report number NIST-GCR-91-591. The full eighty-two-page report is available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA 22161 USA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01039886
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protection of aluminum overcast constructions against fire (1988)
    Springer
    Fire technology 24 (1988), S. 227-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Aluminum ; fire resistance ; coatings ; tray fire ; fire tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A test program was undertaken by the U. S. Mine Safety and Health Administration to evaluate various materials for protecting aluminum overcast constructions against fire. Selected coatings and one covering were tested under large-scale, simulated mine fire conditions to determine their effectiveness as a fire barrier for protection of aluminum. Coatings consisting of expanded vermiculite, limestone, and portland cement; mineral wool fibers in hydraulic setting, inorganic binders; cellulose mixed with liquid sodium silicate; and a fiberglass-reinforced surfacebonding mortar were particularly effective in protecting the aluminum structures against the heat of the simulated mine fire. Three inches of a ceramic-fiber blanket and a four-inch coating of phenolic spray foam also proved to be relatively effective barriers for fire protection under the conditions of the test.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01038179
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of the cone calorimeter - A bench-scale heat release rate apparatus based on oxygen consumptionThis paper is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards and is not subject to copyright. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 81-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Combustion of plastics ; combustion properties ; fire tests ; heat of combustion ; ignitability ; oxygen consumption ; rate of heat release ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new bench-scale rate of heat release calorimeter utilizing the oxygen consumption principle has been developed for use in fire testing and research. Specimens may be of uniform or composite construction and may be tested in a horizontal, face-up orientation, or, for those which do not melt, in a vertical orientation. An external irradiance of zero to over 100 kW m-2 may be imposed by means of a temperature-controlled radiant heater. The rate of heat release is determined by measuring combustion product gas flow and oxygen depletion, while the mass loss is also recorded simultaneously. The instrument has been designed to be capable of higher accuracy than existing instruments and yet to be simple to operate and moderate in construction cost. The instrument is thermed a ‘cone calorimeter’ because of the geometric arrangement of the electric heater.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080206
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rate of heat release by oxygen consumption in an open test arrangement (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 206-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: building materials ; fire tests ; heat release rate ; oxygen consumption ; spectral energy distribution ; weight measurement ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Equipment has been developed for measuring the rate of heat release from building materials in an open test arrangement. The method is based on an oxygen consumption technique. A vertical sample is placed under an open hood in which the combustion gases and a certain amount of air are collected. The decrease in oxygen concentration and the mass flow of the gases are measured in the exhaust duct. The rate of heat release is then calculated. The equipment has been calibrated with good agreement between input and measured effects. The total response time for the system is 10s. The method has been used for testing building materials at radiation intensities up to 5W Cm-2. It is able to distinguish between different board materials, and the repeatability is good, The paper describes the equipment, including the weighing of a burning sample and the selection of test condition. Smoke and gas analysis can be added when desirable. Some test results with building materials are also presented.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080406
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