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  • Articles  (121)
  • air pollution  (74)
  • acid deposition  (49)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (121)
  • Ethnic Sciences  (1)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of environmental stress on forest crown condition in Europe. Part II: Estimation of stress induced by meteorology and air pollutants (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 335-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidity ; air pollution ; ammonia ; atmospheric deposition ; base cations ; deposition model ; drought ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; sulphur ; temperature stress ; water balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In order to assess the relationship betweenenvironmental stress and crown condition of foresttrees monitored since 1986 in Europe, estimates ofstress factors, including temperature stress, droughtstress and air pollution stress, were derived with thebest data, methods and models currently available.This paper presents information on the methods used toderive such stress factors, and on the overall ranges,the temporal trends, the spatial distribution and thereliability of the calculated stress factors. Thetemperature stress indices did not show much temporalvariation between 1985 to 1995. As expected spatialpatterns were north-south orientated, going fromcolder northern regions to warmer southern regions.The calculated relative transpiration showed a morecomplex pattern, coinciding to a large extend withpatterns of rainfall and temperature. Potential aciddeposition decreased between 1986 and 1992, butremained fairly constant after 1992. The strongdecrease was mainly the result of the decrease inSOx deposition, and to a small decrease inNOy deposition. Highest levels of the S and Ndeposition were calculated in Central and WesternEurope. Base cation deposition was largest in coastalareas and in southern Europe. This is mainly due tosoil dust, Sahara dust and sea salt. Base cationdeposition can compensate almost entirely for thepotential inputs in the south of Europe, whereas incentral Europe it equalled about 25% of thepotential acid input. A comparison between sitespecific modelled deposition and deposition derivedfrom throughfall data showed that the total aciddeposition is usually overestimated by the model,whereas the total nitrogen deposition isunderestimated, especially at plots with high nitrogenloads. There is, however, a significant correlationbetween measured and modelled data for all S and Ndeposition, thus allowing their use in a statistical analyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005182226292
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of Municipal Waste Incineration to Trace Metal Deposition on the Vicinity (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 295-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; atmosphere deposition ; fly ash ; heavy metals ; incineration ; major and trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Because municipal solid waste incineration is onepotential source of air pollution, the incinerationindustry has provoked great public concern, especiallyfor areas within 10–20 km of an incinerator. However,little work has been done to evaluate whetheran incinerator significantly contributes pollutants to nearbyareas. Rain and snow samples were collected at eightlocations distributed in a semi-circular patternradiating out in the prevailing wind direction fromthe Claremont incinerator, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Sodium, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Al, B, Sr, Ba, Pb, Cr, Cd, V, Ni, Mn, As,Co, Cu, and Zn were analyzed in the solutions of rain and snowand in particulate fractions of rain samples. Principal component analysis was used toidentify the most important sources of atmosphericdeposition in an attempt to identify the contributionof heavy metal deposition due to the incinerator. Analyses show that the predominant sources of metaldeposition are very different for fall and winter. The most important source of metals for the rainsamples collected in fall 1996 is soil dust, but forthe snow samples collected in the winter 1997 isprobably coalfired fly ash. The Claremont incineratorcontributes less than 20% of the total variance of theelemental concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005211320637
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric Pollution in a Tropical Rain Forest: Effects of Deposition Upon Biosphere and Hydrosphere I. Concentrations of Chemicals (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 121 (2000), S. 59-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollution ; Brazil ; Cubatão ; precipitation ; Serra do Mar ; tropical rain forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effects of atmospheric deposition upon elementcycling and turnover in three rain forest ecosystems ofthe Serra do Mar, a mountain range along the atlanticcoast of Brazil, have been investigated as part of aninterdisciplinary German-Brazilian research project ondispersion, transformation and deposition of airpollutants in the vicinity the industrial complex ofCubatão, State of São Paulo. The projectincluded on-site measurements from 1991 to 1995, fieldexperiments and mathematical modelling with the goalof providing damage evaluation and risk assessment,and elucidating damage mechanisms with respect tosoils and vegetation. The role of the `Soil Module'sub-project reported here was to assess atmosphericdeposition and fluxes with precipitation and soilwater, and to investigate possible soil changesinduced by atmospheric deposition as well asbiological effects of pollutants via the soil path.Part I of this paper deals with concentrations ofchemicals in precipitation, soil water, surface waterand in litter. Part II will cover fluxes of chemicalsand element budgets.Three sites were chosen which differed significantlywith respect to pollution impact. Annual averages ofionic concentrations in precipitation found in openfield and below the tree canopy amounted to 5 and10 mg L-1, respectively, for sulfate-S, 0.4 and0.7 mg L-1 for nitrate, 0.65 and 1.1 mg L-1 for fluoride,1.8 and 2.6 mg L-1 for ammonium-N, 0.76 and 2.3 mg L-1for Mg, and 3.5 and 7.5 mg L-1 for Ca at the mostpolluted site. The relatively `clean' reference siteattained 1/3 to 1/9 of these averages, thus clearlyreflecting the difference in air pollution load.Chemical composition in the liquid phase is completelychanged when precipitation infiltrates the soilprofile. Nitrate concentration increases by the factor5 to 20. A clear increase is also found for sulfateand chloride. Concentration changes during ecosystempassage of seepage are interpreted in relation tochemical reactions taking place in differentcompartments. They are characterized by an almostcomplete retention of ammonium and some retention ofsulfate in the upper soil layers, and at the mostpolluted site by mobilization of Al from soil mineralsand very high leaching of nitrate as a consequence ofnitirification of organic matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005249615589
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Element Concentrations in Scots Pine Needles on Radial Transects Across a Subarctic Area (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 389-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; heavy metals ; needle element content ; Pinus sylvestris ; XRF
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), chlorine (Cl), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), lead (Pb), sulphur (S), silicon (Si) and zinc (Zn) were measured by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) in Scots pine needles collected from transects across Finnish Lapland and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Ni, Cu, Fe, P and S concentrations were significantly higher in the needles collected in the vicinity of the smelters in Monchegorsk, whereas Mn and Zn decreased towards Monchegorsk. No distinct increase of S or decrease of Mn and Zn concentrations in the needles were observed when approaching Nikel. Foliar S concentrations were higher in C needles than in C+1 needles, even in plots close to the smelters. The effect of the emissions from the smelters was clearly seen in the needle chemistry up to 50 km away from smelters and was still perceivable over 100 km away.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004940627740
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Oxides Pollution in Moscow (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 107-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; carbon monoxide ; climatology ; meteorological controls ; Moscow ; nitrogen oxides ; Russia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Major factors (emissions and meteorology) controlling pollution patterns in Moscow are discussed in the context of different types of urban land use. Nitrogen oxide pollution is one of the main air quality problems in the city. Power generation is the major source of nitrogen oxides: in 1994, it accounted for 63% of the total NOx emissions with transport contributing 30%. CO emissions are produced almost entirely by road transport. An increase in CO levels has been observed since 1990 in line with growing car ownership. Analyses of seasonal and diurnal variations in CO, NO and NO2 concentrations are presented. Meteorological conditions during an intense pollution episode are analysed in the context of the characteristics of the main sources of pollution. The occurrence of high levels of CO concentrations is associated with high pressure systems, surface-based inversions and low wind speeds. High concentrations of NO2 are caused by fumigation of the surface with pollutants emitted by power plants. The passage of warm weather fronts, the decay of elevated temperature inversions, and stronger winds are identified as meteorological condition leading to NO2 build-up.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005043916123
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
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    The solubility of aluminium in two Swedish acidified forest soils: An evaluation of lysimeter measurements using batch titration data (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 137-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; aluminium ; solubility control ; soil solution ; tension lysimeter ; zero-tension lysimeter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents aluminium (Al)-solubility data for two acid forest soils (Inceptisol and Spodosol), obtained in connection with lysimeter measurements (tension-cup and zero-tension lysimeters) and batch equilibrium experiments. The solubility of Al obtained in the batch experiments was used as a reference to test whether Al3+in soil solutions collected by the lysimeters was in equilibrium with secondary forms of solid-phase Al (Al(OH)3or organically bound Al). The relation between pH and Al3+activity found for the zero-tension lysimeter solutions collected from the Inceptisol agreed well with that obtained in the batch experiment. This suggests that Al3+in the lysimeter solutions were in, or close to, equilibrium with the solid phase, whether this was organically bound Al (A horizon) or an Al(OH)3phase (B horizon). For the tension-cup lysimeters, solutions obtained from the Inceptisol B and Spodosol Bs1 horizons were generally close to equilibrium with respect to secondary solid-phase Al (apparently Al(OH)3; average ion activity product was 109.3and 108.8, respectively), whereas the Inceptisol A and Spodosol Bh solutions were not. The Al solubility in Inceptisol A and Spodosol Bh horizons was consistently higher than that obtained in the batch equilibrium experiment, indicating that the sampled solution partly originated from the underlying horizons. Thus, tension-cup lysimeters should be used with care in soils (or in parts of soil profiles) having steep solute concentration gradients because the soil volume from which the sample is drawn with this lysimeter type seems to be poorly defined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005073604782
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
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    Phenological Disorder Induced by Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition: Original Causes of Pine Forest Decline over Japan. Part II. Relationship Among Earlier Phenological Development, Extreme of Minimum Air Temperature, and Forest Decline of Pines over the Japan (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 117 (2000), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; cold hardiness reduction ; extreme lowtemperature ; forest decline ; phenological acceleration ; red pine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Since the early 1970s, more than 25% of Japanese red pine forests have died or declined in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Mass mortality phenomenon of pine trees has appeared throughout Japan, expanding northward from the Prefectures in southern Japan such as Nagasaki, Kogashima. The mortality was above 80% in Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Miyazaki and Tokyo. This study shows that the massive mortality of pines forest mainly occurred in south-facing slopes, where mortality was 90% in Gokurakujisann Mount, Hiroshima. The mortality was very low, 〈 3.7%, on north-facing slopes and mountain peaks. On west-facing slopes, the mortality was 20–40%. The foliar phenological development on south-facing slopes was 14 days earlier than that on north-facing slopes, 18 days earlier than that on mountain peaks. The mortality of pine trees in Gokurakujisann Mount increased with earlier phenological development and was significantly correlated (R = 0.98**). The mortality of pine trees in each Prefecture increased from south to north with earlier phenological progress and was significantly correlated (R = 0.56**). The outbreak of pine tree mortality was closely related to appearance of abnormally extreme lowest air temperature in February and March. The annual ring width in Gokurakujisann Mount was decreased from 1972 to 1984, concomitantly the abnormally extreme lowest air temperature in February and March. Based on these, it may be concluded that the combined effects of accelerated phenological progress and reduced frost hardiness caused by acid deposition, mainly nitrogen deposition, and extreme abnormally lowest air temperature in late winter and early spring in February and March are the original main factors of mortality of pine trees on a large scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005134726849
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
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    Concentrations of Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Gas and Rainwater from Six Sites in Indonesia (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; Indonesia ; rainwater chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Gas mixing ratios of SO2, NO2 and HNO3 and nitrate and sulfate concentrations in rainwater have beenmeasured at six sites in Indonesia. The sites, Jakarta, Serang,Cilegon, Merak and Bogor, in Java, and Bukit Koto Tabang inSumatra, provide a range of pollution regimes in Indonesia.Jakarta and Bogor are heavily polluted sites in Java, whereasBukit Koto Tabang is a clean air station in a relativelyunpopulated area on the west coast of equatorial Sumatra. At thesesites rainwater was collected daily and gas samples weeklyduring 1996. The other three sites Serang, Cilegon and Merakrepresent smaller regional towns in west Java. At these sitesrainwater samples were collected weekly from June 1991 untilJune 1992.The results show that Jakarta has the highest volume-weightedmean sulfate concentrations in rainwater while the lowest weremeasured at Bukit Koto Tabang. Volume-weighted mean nitrateconcentration was about 24 μeq L-1 at Jakarta and Bogor,significantly higher than the 0.8 μeq L-1 measured atBukit Koto Tabang.Sulfur dioxide mixing ratios ranged from 4–7 ppbv in Jakarta toan average of 1.3 ppbv at Bukit Koto Tabang. Nitrogen dioxidemixing ratio was highest in Jakarta averaging 28 ppbv comparedwith the background mixing ratio of 1.2 ppbv at Bukit KotoTabang. Using dry deposition velocities estimated during aseparate study in the similar conditions of Malaysia enabled drydeposition estimates of SO2, HNO3 and NO2.Results of estimated total acidic S and N deposition (wet anddry) were greater than 250 meq m-2 yr-1 at the Jakartaand Bogor sites compared with about 23 meq m-2 yr-1 atBukit Koto Tabang. At Jakarta and Bogor dry deposition accountedfor more than 50% of the total deposition estimates compared with about 20% at Bukit Koto Tabang. Such deposition rates arehigh when compared to critical loads estimated for Indonesia bythe RAINS-Asia model. In this model, critical loads in western Java and equatorial western Sumatra fall into one of twoclasses: 50–100 and 20–50 meq m-2 yr-1. Thus acidic deposition flux at Jakarta and Bogor wasfound to be above the predicted critical loads even for the moreacid insensitive soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005223124903
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  • 109
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    A Comparison of Soil Sensitivity to Acidification Based on Laboratory-Determined Short-Term Acid Buffering Capacity and the Skokloster Classification (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 53-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Skokloster ; acid buffering capacity ; critical loads ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The sensitivity of mineral soils to anthropogenically-induced acidification may be assessed using the Skokloster classification or by considering the short-term acid buffering capacity (STABC). The Skokloster classification is based on the assumption that the majority of acidification neutralization is due to base cation release from mineral weathering. It therefore considers the long-term neutralizing capacity of a soil on a scale of decades. The STABC of a soil is due largely to the adsorption and exchange of H+ ions by soil components, and acts on the scale of single years. The United Kingdom maps generated to identify soils that are sensitive to acidification use the Skokloster classification. A comparison of the laboratory-determined STABC of the different horizons from soil profiles with the Skokloster classes of soils shows that there is generally no correlation between the two. Maps showing soil sensitivity to acidification based on measured STABC and Skokloster classes are markedly different. The STABC measure has the potential for quantitatively assessing a soil's sensitivity to acidification, while the Skokloster approach is empirical. It may be possible to combine the two approaches to produce a dynamic method of assessing soil recovery from acidification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005035610525
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  • 110
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    Metal Concentrations in Aquatic Macrophytes as Influenced by Soil and Acidification (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 203-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; metal availability ; Polygonum ; Potamogeton ; soil factors ; Sparganium ; Utricularia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Bioavailability of metals to aquatic plants is dependent on many factors including ambient metal concentration, pH of soil or water, concentration of ligands, competition with other metals for binding sites, and mode of exposure. Plants may be exposed to metals through water, air, or soil, depending on growth form. This paper examines the influence of soil type under two regimens of water acidification on metal uptake by four species of aquatic macrophytes: smartweed (Polygonum sagittatum), burreed (Sparganium americanum), pondweed (Potamogeton diversifolius), and bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris) in constructed, experimentally acidified wetlands. Soil types consisted of a comparatively high-metal clay or a lower-metal sandy loam. Each pond was either acidified to pH ca. 4.8–5.3 or allowed to remain circumneutral. Metal concentrations tended to be higher in the submerged bladderwort and pondweed than in the emergent burreed and smartweed. Soils were important to plant metal concentrations in all species, but especially in the emergents. Acidification influenced plant concentrations of some metals and was especially important in the submerged pondweed. Bioaccumulation of metals occurred for Mn, B, Sr, Ba, and Zn, compared to soil concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005090224878
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  • 111
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    A Geochemical Equilibrium Modeling Approach to Assessing Soil Acidification Impacts Due to Depositions of Industrial Air Emissions (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 395-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; geochemical modeling ; industrial airemissions ; soil acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soil acidification impacts arising from depositions of industrial air emissions may become a serious environmental concern. Currently, in the literature quantitative mechanistic modeling and the experimental acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) approach and a qualitative evaluation approach classifying soils into various levels of sensitivity to acid additions have been reported to assess the long-term soil acidification impacts due to industrial air emissions. Another alternative quantitative approach proposed by this study is the geochemical modeling approach that can be used to similate an ANC curve based on relevant soil chemistry data by calculating the equilibrium distributions of chemical species in the soil solution according to the specified geochemical processes. The purpose of this syudy was essentially to illustrate the potential applications and practical utility of the proposed geochemical modeling approach to assessing soil acidification impacts due to industrial air emissions. The application of the geochemical modeling apprach was illustrated by comparisons of the experimental and simulated ANC curves for a calcareous and a noncalcareous soil representing insensitive and sensitive soil cases, respectively. Results obtained from these comparisons reveal that, in terms of producing the ANC curve for the soil solution, the geochemical modeling approach seems to perform well and produce more reliable results for calcareous soil than for noncalcareous soil. However, the approach can also be used for noncalcareous soils when the air emission rates are low and may need further testing with additional measured data for a wide range of soils other than those presented in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005036602288
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  • 112
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    Bioindication of Different Stresses in Forest Decline Studies in Slovenia (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 377-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: forest decline ; stress ; air pollution ; bioindication ; Norway spruce ; photosynthetic pigments ; ascorbic acid ; macro nutrients ; epiphytic lichens ; Slovenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Determination of the stresses operating on a forest ecosystem demands the use of several bioindication methods. Air quality indicators were assessed from an inventory of forest decline based on the assessment of tree crowns and epiphytic lichens. Photosynthetic pigments, ascorbic acid and major macronutrients were studied in Norway spruce needles as indicators of physiological and biochemical stress. Analyses were carried out on selected forest plots in polluted areas (Zasavje district, vicinity of thermal power plants) and predominantly unpolluted areas (Triglav National Park, Julian Alps, Slovenia). For some bioindication methods, there was good agreement with measured air quality and climatological parameters. The best agreement was found between total foliar sulphur in needles and epiphytic lichens, especially in more polluted areas. Agreement with forest decline inventories and analyses of some needle stress physiological/biochemical parameters was less convincing. The strength of agreement was further decreased by soil characteristics and climatic parameters, influenced also by biotic parameters and forest stand history and management. It was concluded that there is no simple bioindication method available to evaluate the vitality of a forest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005274122159
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  • 113
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    Spatial and Temporal Ozone Pattern Concentrations in a NW Region of Spain (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 117 (2000), S. 289-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; air quality ; ozonemonitoring ; ozone trends ; photochemical oxidant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of ozone were carried out at two different sites in the area surrounding a thermal power plant located in the Northwest of Spain during 1993–1995. The concentration of O3 in the ambient air varied from 6 to 257 μg m-3 exhibiting a wide temporal, seasonal and spatial variation. On a few occasions 1-hr ozone concentration was more than 180 μg m-3, which represents the maximum 1-hr limit of ozone in ambient air as prescribed by the European Commission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005125910361
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  • 114
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    Lead Accumulation in Quercus Nigra and Q. Velutina near Smelting Facilities in Alabama, U.S.A. (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; atmospheric deposition ; dendrochemistry ; lead ; tree rings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead is very toxic and if ingested cancause severe health problems to both animals andhumans. To determine if lead accumulation in treescould provide a direct pathway to enter the foodchain, oaks (Q. nigra or Q. velutina)growing near two lead smelting facilities in Alabama,U.S.A., were analyzed for lead in acorns, leaves and treecores. A relatively pristine site was used as acontrol. Lead was not detected in acorns collected atany site, and was only found in tree cores from thesites near smelters. Significant increases in treecore lead from 1975–1995 were detected at the activesmelter site. Results were different from the inactivesmelter site; lead increased in tree cores until thesmelter ceased operation, then decreased afterclosing. Soil lead decreased linearly with distancefrom both smelters. In addition, a significantpositive relationship was observed between leaf andsoil lead at the site with the active smelter, andmay be the result of both translocation via treeroots, and foliar absorption of deposited lead ionsinto the leaf structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005138313978
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  • 115
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    Assessment of Atmospheric Heavy Metals by Moss Monitoring with Isothecium Stoloniferum Brid. in the Fraser Valley, B.C., Canada (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 25-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; heavy metals ; Isothecium stoloniferum ; moss monitoring/ ; trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The atmospheric heavy metal pollution of the Fraser Valley, B.C., Canada was assessed in 1993 by analyzing 62 samples of the common woodland moss Isothecium stoloniferum for lead, cadmium, nickel, zinc, chromium, and manganese. The latter two metals did not show a distinct regional distribution, but lead, cadmium, nickel, and zinc showed distinct pattern along a west-east gradient. High values were found in the metropolitan Vancouver area, located in the west of the study region. Significantly lower values were recorded for mosses from the eastern more rural areas of the Fraser Valley. Metal pollutants are likely to be contained close to their emission sources by alternating south-east, north-west winds. Highest values overall were found in the North Shore Mountains, adjacent to Vancouver. This was related to higher precipitation and short range pollutant transport from the industrialized, heavily populated areas in the floodplain of the Fraser River.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004916110857
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  • 116
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    Effects of Environmental Stress on Forest Crown Condition in Europe. Part III: Estimation of Critical Deposition and Concentration Levels and Their Exceedances (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 363-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidity ; air pollution ; ammonia ; AOT40 ; critical levels ; critical loads ; N deposition ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; Simple Mass Balance model ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The stress by air pollution at the systematicPan-European 16 × 16 km2 forest (crown) condition monitoring network, is discussed by comparingsite-specific estimates of critical and presentconcentration and deposition levels for S and Ncompounds and ozone. Results indicate that theexceedance of critical levels, related to directabove-ground impacts, decrease going from O3 〉SO2 〉 N compounds. Critical N loads related toeffects on the forest understorey are exceeded atapproximately 25% of the plots, located mainly inWestern and Central Europe. Critical N loads relatedto effects on trees are hardly ever exceeded, but mostlikely, this is an under estimate. Critical aciddeposition levels are exceeded at approximately 30%of the plots with a low base saturation, where acidinputs may release toxic Al. This is especially thecase in Central and Eastern Europe, where presentloads are high and in boreal forest in SouthernScandinavia where critical loads are low. Although theuncertainties in the calculated exceedances is large,the spatial pattern, which is most important for acorrelative study, seems reliable, implying that thecritical load concept is suitable for regional risk assessments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005134310362
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  • 117
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    Electronic Resource
    Application of the threshold method to air quality data (1988)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 1 (1988), S. 227-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Extremes ; excesses ; threshold ; generalized Pareto distribution ; air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new threshold method is explained in a manner suitable for workers in the general scientific area. Its application to the prediction of extreme pollutant concentrations is described and the results are compared with those of a conventional procedure, using a set of published data. A discussion concerning the difficulties of the presently used statistical technique is also included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00137228
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Joint Implementation under the Second Sulfur Protocol: Analysis and Simulation (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 13 (1999), S. 143-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: acid deposition ; cost-effectiveness ; emission trading ; Europe ; simulation models ; trading rules ; transferable discharge permits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the paper is to analyze the possibility of introducing a system of transferable discharge permits (TDP) to develop the joint implementation procedure conceived in the Second Sulfur Protocol. The analysis is performed considering not only the European countries that have agreed emission reductions in the Protocol, but also a group of non-signing countries that could possibly abate their emissions and alleviate the reduction burden agreed by the former, presumably receiving certain compensation from them in return. The theoretic elements of the system are analyzed and then a simulation software – the program ATLAS – is developed and applied to study the effects of choosing among the possible implementation parameters. In contrast to other simulation programs developed with a similar aim, ATLAS can simulate multilateral permit trades, which are closer than bilateral ones to the concept of joint implementation conceived in the Protocol. The use of this program anticipates that the amount of feasible and profitable transfers would be much higher if a set of European countries which are not Parties to the Protocol were allowed to take part in the system as permit sellers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008206210117
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Use of Exchange Rates as Trading Rules in a Bilateral System of Transferable Discharge Permits (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 15 (2000), S. 379-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: air pollution ; cost-effectiveness ; economic instruments ; emission trading ; exchange rates ; trading rules ; transferable discharge permits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The use of a system of transferable discharge permitsto control the harmful effects of non-uniformly mixedpollutants requires the application of trading rulesin order to prevent permit trading among sources fromviolating environmental standards. The elements andproperties of bilateral trading rules can be analyzedmore easily once formulated as exchange rates, whichwould convert, in a cost-effective way, the emissionright potentially given up by the seller into an offsetting emission right acquired by the buyer. Inthis article, a new expression for such exchange ratesis proposed and then analyzed to infer someunexplored properties of the system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008372531567
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Creating Markets for Air Pollution Control in Europe and the USA (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 10 (1997), S. 125-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: emission trading ; bubbles ; Europe ; USA ; air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper surveys recent efforts to relax the rigid regulatory frameworks for air pollution control in Europe and the USA. European policies have mainly taken the form of bubbles and compensation or offset schemes. Emission trading has been limited to intra-firm solutions for various reasons: industry structure, absence of real scarcity, and too restrictive trading rules. Bubbles have been granted to homogenous sectors only and can be characterized as direct regulation for a group rather than tradable permit systems. By contrast, the sulphur allowance program in the USA has laid down the foundation for a pollution permit market with few formal restrictions. Problems that arise are mainly related to local environmental and public utility controls. Europe can learn from the USA that regular national permit markets could be installed, preferably for homogenous sectors. In designing the permit system, the differences between the USA and Europe in terms of ecosystem sensitivity, stringency of regulation and differentiation of regional environmental policy have to be taken into account.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026444926074
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  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A gas-exchange study of the differential response of Quercus species to long-term fumigations with a gradient of sulphur dioxide (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1257-1262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; SO2 ; photosynthesis ; Quercus pubescens ; Quercus cerris ; oaks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Young oak plants (Quercus pubescens Willd. and Q. cerris L.) were exposed for 23 weeks to a gradient of sulphur dioxide concentrations (28, 61, 93 ppb in vol., compared with charcoal filtered-air ventilated controls) in fumigation chambers. Foliar gas exchange was analyzed by an IRGA methodology after 11 weeks and chlorophyll was assessed in a non-destructive way. At the end, foliar biomass produced during the experimental period was determined and its total sulphur and carbohydrate content analyzed. Visible foliar injury, as well as reduction in chlorophyll content was not observed. Carbon dioxide assimilation was linearly depressed by sulphur dioxide in both the species, with a maximum depression of 25% in Q. pubescens and 44% in Q. cerris. Stomatal conductance and transpiration were negatively affected only in Q. pubescens, with a linear trend. The two species showed a similar behaviour in water use efficiency, this parameter being reduced in a linear fashion. The intracellular/ambient carbon dioxide concentration ratio was affected in a differential way: while in Q. pubescens no alteration was evident, a linear increase was shown by Q. cerris. Total foliar sulphur content was dramatically increased in both the species. Average leaf area was unaffected in both the species. Reduction in foliar dry weight was only observed in Q. cerris (−30% at the highest sulphur dioxide concentration). We speculate that in Q. pubescens photosynthetic limitations are mainly of stomatal nature, and in Q. cerris the major constraints are probably associated with mesophyll disturbances. Foliar starch content was linearly increased by the pollutant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477154
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