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  • Articles  (116)
  • sediment  (67)
  • acid deposition  (49)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (116)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of the characteristics of rough bed turbulent shear stresses in an open channel (1997)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 193-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Turbulence ; sediment ; fluvial ; river ; bursting process ; statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Entrainment of sediment particles from channel beds into the channel flow is influenced by the characteristics of the flow turbulence which produces stochastic shear stress fluctuations at the bed. Recent studies of the structure of turbulent flow has recognized the importance of bursting processes as important mechanisms for the transfer of momentum into the laminar boundary layer. Of these processes, the sweep event has been recognized as the most important bursting event for entrainment of sediment particles as it imposes forces in the direction of the flow resulting in movement of particles by rolling, sliding and occasionally saltating. Similarly, the ejection event has been recognized as important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this study, the characteristics of bursting processes and, in particular, the sweep event were investigated in a flume with a rough bed. The instantaneous velocity fluctuations of the flow were measured in two-dimensions using a small electromagnetic velocity meter and the turbulent shear stresses were determined from these velocity fluctuations. It was found that the shear stress applied to the sediment particles on the bed resulting from sweep events depends on the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress and its probability distribution. A statistical analysis of the experimental data was undertaken and it was found necessary to apply a Box-Cox transformation to transform the data into a normally distributed sample. This enabled determination of the mean shear stress, angle of action and standard error of estimate for sweep and ejection events. These instantaneous shear stresses were found to be greater than the mean flow shear stress and for the sweep event to be approximately 40 percent greater near the channel bed. Results from this analysis suggest that the critical shear stress determined from Shield's diagram is not sufficient to predict the initiation of motion due to its use of the temporal mean shear stress. It is suggested that initiation of particle motion, but not continuous motion, can occur earlier than suggested by Shield's diagram due to the higher shear stresses imposed on the particles by the stochastic shear stresses resulting from turbulence within the flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02427915
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen mineralization in high elevation forests of the Appalachians. I. Regional patterns in southern spruce-fir forests (1989)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1989), S. 131-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Picea rubens ; Abies fraseri ; acid deposition ; forest decline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Annual and seasonal rates of net nitrogen mineralization were determined for 19 sites in the spruce-fir forests of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. These sites included high and low elevation stands of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poir.) on east and west exposures on Whitetop Mountain, Virginia; Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina; and Clingman's Dome in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Mineralization rates were determined using in situ soil incubations in PVC tubes with ion exchange resin bags placed in the bottom of the tubes to collect leachate. Throughfall was collected in resin bags placed in the top of the tubes. Average initial NH4-N + NO3-N ranged from 0.6 to 4.8 kg N/ha across all plots, and average mineralization rates ranged from 26 to 180 kg-N ha−1 yr−1. Throughfall ranged from 18 to 32 kg-N ha−1 yr−1 with NH4-N accounting for about two-thirds of the throughfall N across all sites. Throughfall and mineralization rates were not related to elevation or exposure. The high rates of N mineralization and relatively high nitrate concentrations indicate that leaching losses of nitrogen and associated cations could be substantial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004125
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nine years of measurements of atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition to Danish forest (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2205-2210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Trend ; gas ; aerosol ; bulk precipitation ; throughfall ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Since 1985 measurements of gasses, aerosols, precipitation and throughfall have been carried out at three forest sites in Denmark with equal aged Norway Spruce plantations. The times series show a downward trend in the concentration of sulphur dioxide. Particulate sulphate, ammonia and particulate ammonium and the total nitrate seem to have a more constant concentration level. The wet deposition measurements show a decreasing trend in the content of acid (protons), sulphate, ammonium and nitrate, though for the nitrogen compounds it is only a slight fall. A decrease in concentrations of protons and sulphate is also seen in the throughfall measurements, in throughfall the nitrogen compounds hardly seem to decrease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186161
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil sensitivity due to acid and heavy metal deposition in East Central Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 737-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; heavy metals ; cadmium ; soil contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous soil acidification and deposition of heavy metals is a major concern for forest and agricultural soils of the Black Triangle region of East Central Europe including southern former East Germany, northern Bohemia of the Czech Republic, and southern Poland. The objective of this project was to develop historical and future projections of acid and heavy metal deposition to soils (As, Cd, Pb, Zn) and to produce a preliminary map of soil sensitivity to cadmium pollution and uptake by crops. Ultimately, we wish to assess the relative hazard and recovery times of soils to metals deposition in the region. Emission and deposition data bases obtained from several models developed at IIASA were linked using the Geographical Information System ARC/INFO to produce soil maps of sensitivity to cadmium mobility based on metals deposition, soil type, soil texture, organic matter content, and acid deposition. RAINS 6.1 (Alcamo et al., 1990) was utilized to produce maps of acid deposition for EMEP grids (150 km x 150 km). The largest amount of acid load is deposited in southern East Germany. Sulfur deposition in that area was 10–12 gS/m2/yr in 1990, and S+N deposition exceeded 8000 eq/ha/yr. But the “hot spot” for metals deposition is further to the east, in the Silesia area of southern Poland. The TRACE2 trajectory model of Alcamo, Bartnicki, and Olendrzynski (1992) was used to estimate cumulative metals deposition since 1955 with scenarios to 2010. Pb has improved over Europe since 1970 when depositions in the Ruhr River Valley of West Germany exceeded 60 mg/m2/yr. But cadmium deposition in southern Poland (Katowice and Krakow) has now accumulated to 60–70 mg/m2 by atmospheric deposition alone. During base case simulations from 1955–87, approximately 1.8 mg/kg Pb and 0.12 mg/kg Cd have been added to the mixed plow-layer of ∼30 cm. If these emissions continue indefinitely, the accumulation of metals will become problematic for agriculture and the food chain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476917
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implications of natural acidification for mitigation strategies in northern Sweden (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 499-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Surface water ; water chemistry ; DOC ; liming ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Northern Sweden has been regarded as unaffected by acid deposition, but many surface waters in the region fall within the definition of acid surface water (pH 〈 6.0, alkalinity 〈 50 mmolc m−3) permanently or during episodes. Approximatly 100 MSEK in spent annually on liming in northern Sweden. This paper summarizes our conclusions from a workshop on natural versus anthopogenic acidification held in February 1995. It was shown that organic substances have a key role in determining the acidity of surface waters in the region, although anthropogenic effects are documented in some coastal systems and in the southern mountain range. Sulfide oxidation occurs by the coast. It appears clear that many surface waters that were naturally acidic have been limed to unnatural pH levels. New criteria to screen liming candidates should be developed, and one such model based on water chemistry data is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476878
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concentrations and depositions of SO2, SO4 2− etc. in a Chongqing suburban forested area (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1299-1304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: forest decline ; SO2 ; sulfate ; tandem filter ; throughfall ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract During the period from 25 May 1991 to 30 May 1992 the atmospheric concentrations and depositions of oxides of sulfur were continuously measured in a suburban masson pine forest which is currently experiencing severe dieback, in Chongqing, China. The annual mean concentrations of SO2 and particulate SO4 2− were 220 μ g/m3 (77 ppbv) and 32 μ g/m3 respectively. The atmospheric concentrations of these sulfur compounds were high in late autumn and winter. The annual wet and dry depositions of sulfur to the forest as measured by throughfall and stemflow were 93.1 and 46.6 kgSha−1a−1 respectively. These depositions are among the highest level ever reported in the world. Althogh the cause of the dieback of the masson pine trees has not been unequivocally determined, it is probable that the direct impact of SO2 is more likely the cause than acid deposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477161
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil changes induced by air pollutant deposition and their implication for forests in central Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 63-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Forest damage ; soil acidity ; N-saturation ; acid deposition ; root growth ; drought
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A survey of leaf and needle losses of European forests in 1993 revealed that 23% of the total forested area had defoliation of more than 25%. The focus of this defoliation is in Central Europe, namely in Poland, Slowakia, Czech Republic, and Germany. The annual surveys of leaf losses and discoloration indicated only small changes during the last years for the coniferous forests in Germany. However, the increasing leaf losses of oak and beech during the last years were alarming. Evaluating the potential relation between air pollutant deposition, soil changes and forest damage, we focus here on the recent changes in deposition and soil conditions, and their implication on tree root development and drought susceptability of trees. While deposition of SO4 2−, H+ and Ca2+ in many Central European forests decreased in the last decade, input of NH4 + and NO3 − remained high or even increased. The H+ load of many forest soils today is thus still high compared to weathering rates, but the proportion of the H+ load resulting from turnover of deposited N has increased. Recent effects of changing depositions on acid forest soils were: depletion of soil Al-pools, release of formerly stored soil SO4 2−, accumulation of N in soil organic matter, increasing N availability to trees and decreasing concentration of Ca2+ in the soil solution. We hypothesise that soil acidification and increased N availability will decrease the fine root biomass of trees and shift the rooting zone to upper soil layers. Increased above ground growth, observed in many areas of Europe, will furthermore decrease the root/shoot ratio. This development will finally cause increased drought susceptability of trees and is thus of destabilizing nature. The proposed chain of events might be overlapped by other effects of air pollutants on forest ecosystems, namely direct effects of gases on leaves, nutritional inbalances, and interactions with pests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483689
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Establishing an acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; expert meetings ; monitoring guidelines ; monitoring network ; East Asia ; Environment Agency of Japan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Acid deposition is widely recognized as one of the most serious international atmospheric pollution problems. East Asian countries are currently experiencing acid deposition and have only recently begun expanding domestic research and monitoring activities. However, acid deposition is not only a domestic but also a transboundary problem. In addressing the transboundary aspect, cooperative and collaborative action will be essential. The Environment Agency of Japan is advocating the need to establish an acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia. Therefore, it is sponsoring three “Expert Meetings on Acid Precipitation Monitoring Network in East Asia” between 1993 and 1995. The meetings are attended by both scientific researchers and government officials from numerous East Asian countries. At the administrative and scientific discussions of the first two meetings a consensus on the desirability of establishing a monitoring network in East Asia was obtained and a preliminary technical guideline manual for monitoring acid deposition was adopted. By the end of the third meeting it is hoped that a basic consensus can be reached on a framework for an East Asian acid deposition monitoring network. It is essential to establish such a network in order to evaluate the present state of acid deposition in the region and to reach a common scientific understanding on the acid deposition problem. This is a vital step toward promoting international cooperation on the issue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483707
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Integrated assessment models as a basis for air pollution negotiations (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 249-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; integrated assessment ; modeling ; protocols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract During the last decade the issue of integrated assessment has received attention both in the scientific literature and in the negotiation of international air pollution agreements. More than often this literature does not differentiate between the integrated assessment as a process and the development and use of models as a tool for calculating the potentials of various scenarios. This paper describes the difference between the process and the tool, and illustrates this using the negotiations leading to the Second Sulfur Protocol (June 1994, Oslo). The situation in Europe (with a highly visible interaction between science and policy) will be compared with the United States (where new legislation was passed before the integrated assessment was finished). Further, the role of integrated assessment models in these negotiations will be discussed with special attention for the interaction between model builders and model users. Lessons from the recent European experience will be drawn. These include lessons for future protocols on acidification, and combined ozone/acidification/eutrophicationprotocols. These lessons will deal with the scale of the problem, the scope of the integrated assessment models, the development of models in parallel with scientific development and the various modes of interaction with the policy community.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483705
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can forest-soil liming mitigate acidification of surface waters in Sweden? (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1855-1860 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; acid deposition ; liming ; forest soil ; surface waters ; aluminum ; alkalinity ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Acidification of surface waters and forest soils is severe in large parts of southern Sweden. The shallow groundwaters are also affected. Large scale liming of surface waters and streams is in operation, often combined with wetland liming to limit the effects of acid episodes, e.g. at snow melt. Acid episodes are perhaps the most severe problem in limed surface waters and in many as yet well buffered waters, because of temperature-layered acid inflow, often superficial. As a result of some investigations, a large scale forest liming programme covering 6.500–10.000 km2 was recently suggested. The main objectives of this forest liming programme are to retard cation depletion and to prevent nutrient imbalance and forest decline in acidified areas. This paper deals with the effects of forest soil liming on streams and surface waters. The response of water chemistry is very dependent on hydrological and soil properties. Although pH itself may be little affected by liming, the acidity (or negative ANC) decreases, inorganic Al-species decrease and the Al/BC-ratio increases in the runoff water. Especially interesting is that this is also true during acid episodes. This means that toxicity for acid sensitive biota decreases. These results indicate that large scale liming may have beneficial effects on surface water chemistry. Furthermore, as surface waters are expected to respond to smaller decreases in acid deposition than do forests soils, forest soil liming may allow less frequent liming of lakes. Consequently, forest soil liming in combination with the anticipated emission reductions may have very beneficial results on surface waters in certain areas of Sweden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477250
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The acid buffer capacity of some finnish forest soils: Results of acid addition laboratory experiments (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 147-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Neutralization ; acid deposition ; organic matter ; cation exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Batch acid addition experiments were carried out to determine the acid buffer capacities (amount of acid required to lower soil pH by one unit) of forest soils. Samples of O, E, B (or BC), and C horizons taken from 29 podzolic profiles in southern Finland were used in the experiments. Subsamples of soil were equilibrated for 24 h with NaCl solution containing additions of HCl acid. Cation exchange, mineral dissolution (weathering), and the protonation of organic matter all appeared to have been involved in the buffering of the acid additions. For the O horizon samples, most of the cations released in response to the acid additions were base cations. For the mineral soil samples, most of the cations released were Al3+ ions. With the exception of a few samples, the added acid was not fully neutralised and pH was lowered even with the lowest addition treatment. However, the acid addition treatments corresponded to many times the regional annual acid deposition load (1.6–2.0 cmol(c) m−2). Calculated acid buffer capacities (cmol(c) kg−1 pH−1) ranged from 9.8 to 40.8 for O horizon soil samples and from 0.1 (C horizon) to 5.2 (E horizon) for the mineral soil samples. Total acid buffer capacities for a profile (to a depth of 50 cm) ranged from 500 to 2349, with a mean value of 1091 cmol(c) m−2 pH−1. It is concluded that, in addition to CEC and base saturation, acid buffer capacity is a useful measure to describe the ecological effects of acid deposition on soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300427
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variations of Bed Surface Sediment Size in a Channel Bend (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: channel ; bend ; sediment ; size ; gradation ; sorting ; bed ; topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Variations of sediment size and its gradation of the bed surface layer in a channel bend with nonuniform sediment are investigated experimentally. Four groups of sediment with the same initial median diameter (D0) but different initial size gradation (σ0) have been used for experiments which were run until the equilibrium bed topography was achieved. Analyses of experimental data have yielded the following results: (1) The time of equilibrium for bed evolution decreases as σ0 increases; (2) the median size of sediment (D) for a given section in the bend increases with increasing distance from the inner bank towards the outer bank, and it also increases with increasing σ0; (3) the value of D/D0 along the inner bank decreases with increasing σ0, and it also shows a gradual decrease in the upper half of the bend and a slight recovery in the lower half; and (5) the transverse variation of σ value exhibits a general trend increasing from the inner bank towards the outer bank.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018372029704
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  • 13
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    Factors Regulating the Flux of Phosphate at the Sediment - Water Interface of a Subtropical Calcareous Lake: a Simulation Study with Intact Sediment Cores (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: phosphorus ; P flux ; microbial activity ; redox ; simulation ; Lake Kinneret ; sediment ; accumulative P release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different factors which interactively control the flux of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) at the sediment-water interface (SWI) of Lake Kinneret were studied seasonally. The influence of pH, Eh and microbial activity on SRP flux at the SWI was investigated by manipulating the conditions in the overlying water of intact sediment cores. The calculated diffusive SRP flux out of the sediment was lower in cores sampled during winter and spring than during the period of amixis. Potential SRP release, as measured in the absence of microbial activity, was strongly enhanced upon the transition from oxic to anoxic conditions indicating P release from iron(III)-bound phosphorus. In spring and summer cores, an enhanced SRP flux from sediments at pH 7 in comparison to pH 8 indicated P release from carbonate-bound P which sedimented previously as result of high pH values during the algal spring bloom. Microbial uptake at the SWI was the most important sink for SRP and no net-flux occured under oxic conditions. The higher net-flux of P under anoxic conditions was linked to carbon limitation of the bacteria at the SWI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018335305539
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  • 14
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    Bottom sediments in a humic lake with artificially increased calcium content: sink or source for phosphorus? (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 457-464 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; phosphorus ; fractionation ; release ; humic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lake Flosek (north-eastern part of Poland) is a small shallow and without outflow lake which has been limed in 1970. The concentration of Ca was increased from 3-4 mg L-1 to 17 mg L-1 in the water and from 0.2-0.3% dry weight to 0.9-1.7% dry weight in sediments (5 cm upper layer) due to CaCO3 addition to the lake. In the spring-summer seasons of 1992 and 1993, an experimental study was conducted in Lake Flosek to assess the capacity of bottom sediments to uptake and release mineral phosphorus. The rate of phosphorus exchange between sediments and near-bottom water was experimentally measured under conditions of high (100%), and of reduced (10%) oxygen saturation in near-bottom water. To determine the component of sediments responsible for the uptake of most phosphorus, the proportions of phosphorus forms in sediments were analysed. Sediments of Lake Flosek showed a slight tendency to release phosphates. The rate of this process was similar under high (100%) and low (10%) oxygen saturations ranging from - 0.161 to + 0.200 mg P m-2 d-1. This is much lower (by 1-2 orders of magnitude) than reported from other harmonic, non-humic lakes. In the total phosphorus pool, the highest content of phosphorus was found in the organic and residual phosphorus fractions (over 70% of the total phosphorus in sediments). The largest part of the readily extractable phosphorus was found in the fraction bound to Al and humic substances (41%). Both these fractions determine a weak exchange of phosphorus between sediments and water. No difference in P-release related to P-fraction compound was found in the cores taken from three sites in the lake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018395524195
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  • 15
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    Sediment Accumulation of Nutrients (N, P) in the Eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 477-486 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; organic matter ; cluster analysis ; Gulf of Finland ; estuaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight (DW), ignition loss (IL) and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the sediment surface layer (0 to 10 cm, 1 cm slices) were analyzed from 20 sites in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The distance of the sampling sites from the mouth of the River Neva explained the nutrient concentrations of the sediments well, while the effect of water depth was negligible. The increase of TN and the decrease of TP along the transect from the river mouth towards the open Gulf were caused by the diminishing share of allochthonous material supplied from the River Neva. The mean TN concentration of the different accumulation areas was about 40 % higher in the sediment surface than in the deeper layer (9 to 10 cm). The corresponding difference for TP varied from 53 to 56 %. The results suggest considerable netflux of nutrients from sediment to water. The net sediment accumulation of nutrients were estimated as 6.0 g m-2 a-1 of N and 1.7 g m-2 a-1 of P corresponding 22 000 t a-1 of N and 6 100 t a-1 of P for the whole eastern Gulf.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018399625103
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  • 16
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    Use of enrichment, and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik water reservoir in Poland (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 347-365 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: reservoir of heated water ; contamination ; cadmium ; copper ; nickel ; sediment ; water ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper and nickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawing comparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels (contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas (enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed with reference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment was analyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments in relation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the water was also determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404766
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  • 17
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    The effect of flocculation on the size distributions of bottom sediment in coastal inlets: Implications for contaminant transport (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; aggregation ; flocculation ; grain size ; sediment ; trace metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Grain size is the most basic of classification criteria for sediments. The size distribution of a given sediment records the physical transport processes involved in its formation. By using precise grain size analysis and the model of Kranck et al. (1996a,b), it is possible to break down a sediment into the three major components from which it was formed: material deposited as flocs, material deposited as single grains from suspension, and material carried under higher energy conditions. With this method, both the amount of material deposited in a flocculated state and the maximum size, or floc limit, of the particles composing the floc can be determined. Changes in floc limit indicate changes in the aggregation dynamics of the system. As most trace metals and many other contaminants associate closely with the fine particle fraction of sediments, it is important to determine both the areal distribution and reworking history of the floc settled portion of a sediment. This paper discusses the application of the method to coastal inlets in Atlantic Canada and examines the relationship between proportion of floc-settled material and trace metal concentrations. Disaggregated inorganic grain size distributions are also used to illustrate changes in the aggregation dynamics in areas of intense aquaculture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406842
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  • 18
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    TOTAL MERCURY AND METHYLMERCURY IN SEDIMENTS AND IN THE POLYCHAETE NEREIS DIVERSICOLOR AT GROOT BUITENSCHOOR (SCHELDT ESTUARY, BELGIUM) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 109-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment ; polychaete ; Nereis diversicolor ; methylation ; bioaccumulation ; Scheldt estuary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in sediments and in the polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor at 13 stations of a brackish water intertidal mudflat of the Scheldt estuary. Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments ranged from 144 to 1192 ng g−1 dw and from 0.8 to 6 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Both Hg and MeHg concentrations increased with an increase of organic matter (OM) content and fine grain fraction. In contrast, Hg accumulation by N. diversicolor was significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher at stations with sandy sediments (mean value: 125 ng g−1 dw) than at stations with muddy sediments (mean value, 80 ng g−1), probably because Hg availability for bioaccumulation at muddy stations was reduced by high OM content of the muddy sediments. MeHg accounted for an average of 0.7% of the total Hg in sediments and 18% of the total Hg in N. diversicolor. Seasonal variations significantly affected Hg concentrations in sediments and MeHg in N. diversicolor. Total Hg concentrations in sediments were significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer whereas MeHg concentrations were lowest in winter compared to the other seasons. On the other hand, total Hg concentrations in the worms were lowest in spring whereas MeHg concentrations were significantly (p 〈 0.01) higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026434629599
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    WHOLE-CATCHMENT LIMING AT TJØNNSTROND, NORWAY: AN 11-YEAR RECORD (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 163-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; liming ; catchment ; lake ; water chemistry ; fish ; soil ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In June 1983 a whole-catchment liming experiment was conducted at Tjønnstrond, southernmost Norway, to test the utility of terrestrial liming as a technique to restore fish populations in remote lakes with short water-retention times. Tjønnstrond consists of 2 small ponds of 3.0 and 1.5 ha in area which drain a 25-ha catchment. The area is located at about 650–700 meters above sea-level in sparse and unproductive forests of spruce, pine and birch with abundant peatlands. A dose of 3 ton/ha of powdered limestone were spread by helicopter to the terrestrial area. No limestone was added to the ponds themselves. The ponds were subsequently stocked with brown and brook trout. Liming caused large and immediate changes in surface water chemistry; pH increased from 4.5 to 7.0, Ca increased from 40 to 200 μeq/L, ANC increased from –30 to +70 μeq/L, and reactive-Al decreased from about 10 to 3 μmol/L. During the subsequent 11 years the chemical composition of runoff has decreased gradually back towards the acidic pre-treatment situation. The major trends in concentrations of runoff Ca, ANC, pH, Al and NO3 in runoff are all well simulated by the acidification model MAGIC. Neither the measured data nor the MAGIC simulations indicate significant changes in any other major ion as a result of liming. The soils at Tjønnstrond in 1992 contained significantly higher amounts of exchangeable Ca relative to those at the untreated reference catchment Storgama. In 1992 about 75% of the added Ca remains in the soil as exchangeable Ca, 15% has been lost in runoff, and 10% is unaccounted for. The whole-catchment liming experiment at Tjønnstrond clearly demonstrates that this liming technique produces a long-term stable and favourable water quality for fish. Brown trout in both ponds in 1994 have good condition factors, which indicate that the fish are not stressed by marginal water quality due to re-acidification. The water quality is still adequate after 11 years and 〉20 water renewals. Concentrations of H+ and inorganic Al have gradually increased and approach levels toxic to trout, but the toxicity of these are offset by the continued elevated Ca concentrations. Reduced sulphate deposition during the last 4 years (1990–94) has also helped to slow and even reverse the rate of reacidification. The experiment at Tjønnstrond demonstrates that for this type of upland, remote terrain typical of large areas of southern Norway, terrestrial liming offers a suitable mitigation technique for treating acidified surface waters with short retention times.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026442821924
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    PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in lake orta (Northern Italy) sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: PCB ; organochlorine pesticide ; sediment ; organic carbon content ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, lindane and HCB) distribution were studied in Lake Orta sediments. The results indicated a contaminated area in the nor-them part of the sub-basin. The observed high levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs) may he explained by the focusing phenomenon, ie. the preferential transport of lighter and smaller particles from the emission sources to this area. The PCBs and DDT values were correlated with the organic carbon content and the heavy metal contamination. The toxicity of the sediment samples was related also to PCB content. PCBs and OCs pollution of Lake Orta was of the same order of magnitude as in Lake Como, which is the most contamined lake in Northern Italy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406864
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    Assessing benthic impacts of organic enrichment from marine aquaculture (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 641-650 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish farms ; fecal waste ; sediment ; geochemistry ; metabolism ; macrofauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Benthic observations were carried out at 22 stations in the Western Isles region of the Bay of Fundy on the east coast of Canada to evaluate impacts at salmon aquaculture sites. Eleven sites were located under salmon net-pens and 11 sites (reference or control locations) were at distances 〉 50 m from net-pens. Total S− and redox potential (Eh) in surface sediment and Benthic O2 uptake and CO2 release were sensitive indicators of benthic organic enrichment. High variability between replicate measurements of sediment gas exchange could reflect spatial patchiness in sedimentation of fecal waste and food pellets under fish pens. Biomass of deposit feeders was significantly increased at cage sites but total macrofauna biomass was similar at cage and reference locations. Surface sediment water content, modal grain size, pore water salinity and sulfate, and total biomass of macrofauna were the least sensitive indicators of enrichment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406903
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    Relation of Waterfowl Poisoning to Sediment Lead Concentrations in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin (2000)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 9 (2000), S. 207-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: lead ; waterfawl ; sediment ; toxicity ; mining ; risk assessment ; swans ; ALAD ; protoporphyrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract For many years, waterfowl have been poisoned by lead after ingesting contaminated sediment in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, in Idaho. Results of studies on waterfowl experimentally fed this sediment were combined with results from field studies conducted in the Basin to relate sediment lead concentration to injury to waterfowl. The first step in the model estimated exposure as the relation of sediment lead concentration to blood lead concentration in mute swans (Cygnus olor), ingesting 22% sediment in a rice diet. That rate corresponded to the 90th percentile of sediment ingestion estimated from analyses of feces of tundra swans (Olor columbianus) in the Basin. Then, with additional laboratory studies on Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) fed the sediment, we developed the general relation of blood lead to injury in waterfowl. Injury was quantified by blood lead concentrations, ALAD (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) activity, protoporphyrin concentrations, hemoglobin concentrations, hepatic lead concentrations, and the prevalence of renal nuclear inclusion bodies. Putting the exposure and injury relations together provided a powerful tool for assessing hazards to wildlife in the Basin. The no effect concentration of sediment lead was estimated as 24 mg/kg and the lowest effect level as 530 mg/kg. By combining our exposure equation with data on blood lead concentrations measured in moribund tundra swans in the Basin, we estimated that some mortality would occur at a sediment lead concentration as low as 1800 mg/kg.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008998821913
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    Soil loss and sediment transport during the storms and landslides of May 1988 in Ruhengeri prefecture, Rwanda (1992)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 5 (1992), S. 279-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Rwanda ; Ruhengeri Prefecture ; Zaire-Nile Divide ; landslides ; flooding ; sediment ; soil loss ; storm rainfall ; return intervals ; erosion control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In early May 1988, five prefectures in western Rwanda experienced catastrophic levels of precipitation, landslide, and flooding activity that resulted in a severe loss of life, property, and livelihood. Using data from runoff plot and hydrological monitoring stations of the Ruhengeri Resource Analysis and Management Project, the events and circumstances leading to these phenomena are reconstructed. These data show that mass wasting processes were preceded by more than 140 mm of precipitation during 4–7 May, which may have saturated local soils. A small earth tremor on 7 May, (Richter scale of 3) contributed to the onset of the catastrophic debris avalanche, torrent, and earthflow activity that commenced 24 h later. The more than 50 mm of precipitation that fell during 9 May, including a maximum 30 min intensity of 24 mm, resulted in continued surficial soil loss that averaged 34 t/ha on seven cropped, Wischmeier-type runoff plots with biological erosion control contours. The Nyamutera River, which drains the impacted area, delivered 567000 tons of suspended sediment to its mouth between 7 and 13 May. This corresponds to a basin-wide lowering of 12600 t/km2, or more than half of the basin's annual suspended sediment yield. Theoretical distributions of maximum 24 h precipitation events suggest that Nyakinama and other regions in Ruhengeri are particularly prone to similar high volume events, exacerbating an already serious soil loss problem throughout the prefecture. Because contemporary land use practices directly contributed to the severity of the 1988 event, further applied research that identifies technologies capable of reducing soil loss, augmenting soil fertility, and minimizing the impacts of high magnitude and high volume rainfall is greatly needed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00125232
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    The selectivity of a sequential extraction procedure for the determination of iron oxyhydroxides andiron sulfides in lake sediments (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 193-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: iron oxyhydroxide ; pyrite ; sediment ; sequential extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A popular sequential extraction procedure (Tessier et al. 1979) designed t o extract metals partitioned in various sediment phases, was evaluated for its selectivity. Amorphous FeOOH, FeS, and FeS2 were added separately to natural lake sediments and sequentially extracted. The selectivity of the sequential procedure for the added solid phases was evaluated by determining the difference in the mass of Fe extracted from treated and control sediments. In the experiments where sulfide minerals were added, total S was measured in the residual solids in order to confirm selectivity of the method. Concentrations of total carbon remaining in the solid phase after each extraction step were also measured to determine the selectivity of the sequential procedure for carbon. The procedure was moderately selective for Fe added as FeOOH; a mean of 77 ± 12% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added was extracted in the step designed to reduce Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. In experiments where FeS was added, a mean of 69 ± 11% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added as FeS was extracted in the fraction designed to oxidize sulfides and organic matter. Approximately 25% of the Fe added as FeS may have been extracted prematurely. Although less precise, total S analyses confirmed that much of the FeS was extracted in the oxidation step, yielding 104 ± 87% (p 〈 0.05) of the S added as FeS. The procedure was highly selective for FeS2; 92 ± 14% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added as pyrite was extracted in the sulfide extraction step. Extraction of 80 ± 54% (p 〈 0.05) of S added as pyrite confirmed that FeS2 were selectively extracted in the sulfide extraction step. Carbon in the sediments was also selectively extracted in the oxidation step (77 ± 2.4% of total C; p 〈 0.05). The applications and limitations of sequential extraction procedures as limnological research tools are discussed in light of our results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000807
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    Contrasting two methods for determining trace metal partitioning in oxidized lake sediments (1992)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (1992), S. 205-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: simultaneous extraction ; sediment ; trace metal partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A simultaneous (SIM) sediment extraction procedure for low carbonate sediments, which partitions sediment-bound trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cd) into easily reducible (associated with Mn oxides), reducible (associated with Fe oxides) and alkaline extracted (bound to organic) metal is presented. The SIM method was compared to the sequential (SEQ) extraction procedure of Tessier et al. (1979). Both methods showed good agreement for the partitioning of Zn and Cd among the easily reducible, reducible and organic components of sediment. Both methods also showed the same general distribution of Mn, Fe and Cu among the three sediment components, however concentrations of metals recovered by the two methods differed; less Mn and Fe and more Cu was recovered from sediments by the SEQ vs. the SIM procedure. Less recovery of Mn is in part attributed to the loss of this metal in the `in between' reagent rinses required in the SEQ procedure. Greater recovery of Cu by the SEQ vs. the SIM method may be due to the pretreatment of sediment with strong reducing agents prior to the step used for liberating organically bound metals. Advantages of a SIM over the SEQ include rapid sample processing time (i.e. the treatment of 40 samples per day vs. 40 samples in three days), plus minimal sample manipulation. Hence, for partitioning metals into easily reducible, reducible and organic sediment components in sediments low in carbonate, we recommend the use of a SIM extraction over that of a SEQ procedure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004042
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    Inorganic sulfur turnover in oligohaline estuarine sediments (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 22 (1993), S. 81-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: estuarine ; oligohaline ; sediment ; sulfate reduction ; sulfur ; sulfide oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inorganic sulfur turnover was examined in oligohaline (salinity 〈 2 g kg-1) Chesapeake Bay sediments during the summer. Cores incubated for 〈 3 hr exhibited higher sulfate reduction (SR) rates (13–58 mmol m-2 d-1) than those incubated for 3–8 hr (3–8 mmol m-2 d-1). SR rates (determined with35SO 4 2- ) increased with depth over the top few cm to a maximum at 5 cm, just beneath the boundary between brown and black sediment. SR rates decreased below 5 cm, probably due to sulfate limitation (sulfate 〈 25 μM). Kinetic experiments yielded an apparent half-saturating sulfate concentration (Ks) of 34 μM, ≈ 20-fold lower than that determined for sediments from the mesohaline region of the estuary. Sulfate loss from water overlying intact cores, predicted on the basis of measured SR rates, was not observed over a 28-hr incubation period. Reduction of35SO 4 2- during diffusion experiments with intact core segments from 0–4 and 5–9 cm horizons was less than predicted by non-steady state diagenetic models based on35SO 4 2- reduction in whole core injection experiments. The results indicate that net sulfate flux into sediments was an order of magnitude lower than the gross sulfur turnover rate. Solid phase reduced inorganic sulfur concentrations were only 2–3 times less than those in sediments from the mesohaline region of the Bay, despite the fact that oligohaline bottom water sulfate concentrations were 10-fold lower. Our results demonstrate the potential for rapid SR in low salinity estuarine sediments, which are inhabited by sulfate-reducing bacteria with a high affinity for sulfate, and in which sulfide oxidation processes replenish the pore water sulfate pool on a time scale of hours.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002706
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    The use of critical loads in emission reduction agreements in Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2381-2388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical loads ; acid deposition ; emission reductions ; air pollution impacts ; ecosystem sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Critical loads have been used in the revision of the Sulphur Protocol of the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE). Critical loads, i.e. maximum allowable depositions which do not increase the probability of damage to forest soils and surface waters, have been computed and mapped for Europe by means of the Steady-state Mass Balance Method, using national data and, if national data were unavailable, using a European database. Results show that areas with low critical loads are located mostly in northern and central Europe. The reduction of the excess of sulfur (S) deposition over critical loads was a starting point for negotiations leading to the Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions (the “Second Sulphur Protocol”). The new protocol protects about 81%, 86% and 90% of the ecosystems' area in 2000, 2005 and 2010, respectively. In addition, the total European area in which sulphur deposition exceeds critical loads by more than 500 eq ha−1 yr−1 will be reduced from about 19% in 1980 to practically zero in 2010. Besides these results, a methodology is presented which allows the combined assessment of the acidifying effects of S and N as well as the eutrophying effects of N deposition on ecosystems (so-called critical load functions and the protection isolines derived from them). This methodology is well suited to integrate ecosystem sensitivities into future negotiations on the reductions of nitrogen (N) compounds, taking into account present or anticipated S emissions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186190
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    Assessment of critical loads in liuzhou, China using static and dynamic models (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2401-2406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical load ; acid deposition ; acidification model ; sulfur deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The project Comprehensive Control and Demonstration for Acid Deposition in Liuzbou area is a national key project in the 8th Five-year-plan, and the study on critical loads will provide scientific and quantitative accordance for formulating control strategy. In this paper, critical loads of acid deposition to soil in Lirzhou area, China, were calculated using the Steady State Mass Balance method (SMB and PROFILE) and dynamic modeling methods(MAGIC), based on data obtained from field investigations and physiochemical properties measured through experiments such as the organic content, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, sulfate adsorption capacity, gibbsite coefficient, biomass base cation uptake and selectivity coefficient for cations. Weathering rates necessary to calculate soil chemistry in applying SMB and MAGIC model were determined by computation with PROFILE using independent geophysical properties such as soil texture and mineralogy as the input data, or by the total soil base cation content correlation. The results have shown that the critical loads of acidity in this area are in the range of 0.7–6.0 keq ha−1 yr−1, indicating sulfur deposition should be cut down by 50–90 percent of the present level. The upper soil layer is the most sensitive. The maximum allowable deposition loading of this area is also presented in the paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186193
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    Critical loads mapping in Poland: Lessons learned (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2547-2552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical loads ; acid deposition ; forest soils ; mapping ; mathematical modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Since 1990 the Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, acting as National Focal Center, is actively involved in an international research programme aimed at the calculation and mapping of critical loads of acidifying compounds. Following the methodological guidelines elaborated under the leadership of UN/ECE Task Force on Mapping and Coordination Center for Effects, national maps of critical loads and their exceedances for acidity, sulphur and nitrogen have been produced. These maps have already been utilized in derivation of European maps of critical loads of acidity and sulphur submitted to the UN/ECE LRTAP Convention as scientific input to the negotiations on the Second Sulphur Protocol. The lessons learned from the critical loads mapping exercise can be summarized as follow: the majority of Polish territory is covered with forest soils sensitive to acidification at an average Central European level; the exceedances of critical loads, estimated on the basis of national deposition data reveal the tune changes of ecological risks on the territory of Poland as a reflection of economic transition. The significant difference in the scale of those risks (measured by the percentage of the country territory with the maximum exceedances of critical loads) that appear in the period between 1987, representing the period of central planned economy and 1990, representing the early transition phase to a market economy, is particularly notable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186217
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    Deriving critical loads for Asia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2565-2570 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; air pollution impacts ; critical loads ; integrated modeling ; ecosystem sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Critical loads have been computed and mapped in Southeast Asia, comprising China, Korea, Japan, The Philippines, Indo-China, Indonesia and the Indian subcontinent. The methodology involved the Steady-State Mass Balance (SSMB) method, originally developed for Europe. In contrast to Europe, where critical loads were computed for forest soils and surface waters, in Asia critical loads for 31 different vegetation types have been computed. Critical chemical limits as well as soil stability criteria were derived for each of these vegetation types, which include both natural and managed ecosystems. Results show that low critical loads in Asia occur in Bangla-Desh, Indo-China, Indonesia and the southern part of China. Uncertainties of the results are mainly due to uncertainties in base cation deposition. The critical loads are part of the impact module of the Asian version of the Regional Air pollution INformation and Simulation model (RAINS-Asia), a model used to assess abatement strategies for sulfur emissions which are rapidly increasing in this part of the world. The difference in the level of detail between European and Asian critical load maps enables different applications. In Europe, critical loads for sulphur were used in comparison to actual sulphur deposition with the aim of decreasing the excess of sulphur deposition over critical loads through optimal emission abatement. In Asia in general and China in particular the geographical distribution of critical loads of sensitive ecosystems, with some emphasis on crops, is likely to be used as a basis for future emission (re-)allocation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186220
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    Testing, improvement, and confirmation of a watershed model of acid-base chemistry (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2607-2612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; model testing ; modeling ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Strategies to control the emission of atmospheric pollutants such as sulfur and nitrogen, are generally based in large part on projections using models that simulate the influence of sulfur and/or nitrogen deposition on the acid-base chemistry of surface waters. One of the principal models used throughout Europe and North America for such assessment is the Model of Acidification of Groundwater in Catchments (MAGIC). All watershed models are simplified representations of reality, and as such require careful testing to establish their veracity prior to use for making policy projections. This is particularly true where the use of these model projections has the potential for serious environmental or economic consequences. During the past five years, we have tested the MAGIC model in a large variety of settings and under quite varying environmental conditions. This work has included comparing model hindcast simulations with diatom-inferences of historical acidification, sensitivity analyses to examine the response of the model to alternative assumptions and formulations, and detailed testing of model forecasts by comparing simulated chemistry with the results of catchment-scale and plot-scale experimental acidification and deacidification. Our analyses have elucidated a number of potentially-important deficiencies in model structure and method of application. These have resulted in changes to the model and its calibration procedures. Our work has included in-depth evaluation of issues related to regional aggregation of soils data, background sulfur deposition, natural organic acidity, and aluminum mobilization. The result has been an improved and more thoroughly-tested version of MAGIC. The process we have followed to improve and confirm the MAGIC model has been iterative and time consuming. It required the availability of large volumes of data from experimental manipulation and paleolimnological studies. We believe that such model testing and confirmation efforts should be a critical prerequisite for regional or national assessment activities that are based largely on the results of environmental models.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186227
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    Changing public interest in, and awareness of, acid deposition: Some evidence from the UK (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2631-2636 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Public awareness ; public information ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract It is fundamental that the general public have access to usable environmental information on which they can base their decisions. Since 1984 the Atmospheric Research and Information Centre (ARIC) has operated a public information programme for the UK on the subject of acid deposition. The objective of the programme is to disseminate information on acid deposition without advocacy. ARIC provides enquirers with a broad range of authoritative and accurate facts and opinions from a wide range of parties from all sides of the debate. These sources include pressure groups, governmental bodies and industrialists from the UK and overseas. By deconstructing complex technical material and reassembling it for dissemination in a user friendly form, ARIC assists those receiving information to obtain a balanced perspective. This enables personal decision making within the context of the fullest information resource ARIC is able to provide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186231
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    The United Kingdom national materials exposure programme (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2655-2660 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: materials ; buildings ; stone ; metal ; pollution ; decay ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In 1986, the National Materials Exposure Programme was set up within the United Kingdom to investigate the effects of acid deposition on buildings and building materials. Thirty sites were chosen, which represented a range of geographical and pollution climates. Each site met a minimum meteorological and pollution monitoring regime (including SO2, NO2). After four years, other sites were included (with less frequent data collection) and some sites removed. At each site, samples of 3 types of stone, mild steel, painted steel, Cu, Al and galvanised steel were exposed, with some of the stone sheltered from direct precipitation. Samples were removed periodically for analysis and dose-response relations derived for different materials. The empirical relationships derived are in the form of: decay rate=a [SO+] + b [H2] + c [rainfall] + d These dose response relations have been used to develop critical load maps for materials for the United Kingdom. Eight years of data have been collected, some for the UNECE task force programme. Laboratory tests using an Atmospheric Flow Chamber were also undertaken. Since the beginning of the programme addition materials have been exposed on some sites including mortars. A further set of eight sites has been used to assess the effects of ozone on a range of organic materials (for example polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, sealants). The paper presents up-to-date findings for the programme and confirms the dominance of dry deposition of sulphur dioxide as the main decay process for sensitive materials in areas of significant pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186235
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    Mapping of critical loads and levels for pollution damage to building materials in the United Kingdom (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2693-2699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Critical loads ; Sulphur ; dose-response functions ; Damage functions ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The United Kingdom National Materials Exposure Programme was initiated in 1986 to study the effects of acid deposition on building materials. The output data in the form of empirical dose-response equations (described elsewhere) have been incorporated into a geographical information system (GIS). In addition, data for the stock at risk of building materials has also been used. The dose-response relations indicate a dominance of dry deposition of sulphur dioxide in the decay process. Critical level/load maps have been determined for a number of materials. General pollution and meteorological data sets are also included in the mapping process. Maps give ‘exceedence squares’ on a 20 km square grid basis, indicating the unprotected areas or those still at risk for a given scenario for SO2 reduction in the context of the UNECE protocol for sulphur. In order to derive maps of areas sensitive to pollutants in the future a model, HARM 7.2, is used for the prediction of distribution of emissions of pollutants in the UK. A series of maps has now been produced for different materials at 70% and 80% scenarios for the reduction of SO2. Studies of the sensitivity of the exceedence maps to the accuracy or variation of the components in the dose-response equations have been undertaken. Results from the mapping programme and the sensitivity analysis are presented together with discussion of the concept of critical loads of materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186241
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    Response of porous building stones to acid deposition (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2713-2718 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: building stones ; porous carbonate stones ; acid deposition ; urban environment ; stone reactivity ; porosity ; petrophysics ; physical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This work investigates the response of porous carbonate building stones to acid deposition during a short-terra exposure period and the characteristics that influence their reactivity and/or durability. Several carbonate porous stones used in Spanish and English monuments were exposed to English urban and suburban environments. In each location they were both exposed to and sheltered from rainfall. Monthly analyses were carried out in order to investigate any possible sign of reaction. In addition, some physical properties of the stones relating to transfer of moisture were determined. Results indicate that the reactivity of these stones is relatively high, significant signs of reaction were detected within only a few months of exposure. Under the same environmental conditions, the response and reactivity of porous carbonate stones are determined by their petrophysical characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186244
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    Effect of acid rain on sandstone: The Royal Palace and the Riddarholm church, Stockholm (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2719-2724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Air pollution ; acid deposition ; sandstone deterioration ; gypsum formation ; sulphur isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The deterioration of two kinds of sandstone is discussed for two 18:th century buildings in central Stockholm: the Royal Palace, and the Royal Carolean Burial Chapel (Karolinska gravkoret) annexed to the mediaeval Riddarholm church. The facades of calcitic Gotland sandstone show many signs of serious decay, such as gypsum formation, pulverized surface, exfoliation, discolouration, and salt efflorescence. The socles are built of the more resistant quartzitic Roslagen sandstone, displaying some discolouration, cracks, and slight exfoliation. In total about 300 samples have been analysed. The surface concentration of sulphur is highest at ground level and at rain-sheltered positions. Chemical and sulphur isotope data indicate that the stone decay to a large part may be attributed to anthropogenic sources like acid deposition and car traffic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186245
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    Biogeochemistry of aluminum in a forest catchment in the Czech Republic impacted by atmospheric inputs of strong acids (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1831-1836 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; Al cycling ; forest soil ; jurbanite ; leucogranite ; soil solution ; stream water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Lysina catchment in the Czech Republic was studied to investigate the biogeochemical response of Al to high loadings of acidic deposition. The catchment supports Norway spruce plantations and is underlain by granite and podzolic soil. Atmospheric deposition to the site was characterized by high H+ and SO4 2− fluxes in throughfall. The volume-weighted average concentration of total Al (Alt) was 28 μmol L−1 in the O horizon soil solution. About 50% of Alt in the O horizon was in the form of potentially-toxic inorganic monomeric Al (Ali). In the E horizon, Alt increased to 71 μmol L−1, and Ali comprised 80% of Alt. The concentration of Alt (120 μmol L−1) and the fraction of Ali (85%) increased in the lower mineral soil due to increases in Ali and decreases in organic monomeric Al (Alo). Shallow ground water was less acidic and had lower Alt concentration (29 μmol L−1). The volume-weighted average concentration of Alt was extremely high in stream water (60 μmol L−1) with Ali accounting for about 60% of Alt. The major species of Ali in stream water were fluorocomplexes (Al-F) and aquo Al3+. Soil solutions in the root zone were undersaturated with respect to all Al-bearing mineral phases. However, stream water exhibited Ali concentrations close to solubility with jurbanite. Acidic waters and elevated Al concentrations reflected the limited supply of basic cations on the soil exchange complex and slow weathering, which was unable to neutralize atmospheric inputs of strong acids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477246
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    UNCERTAINTY IN THE ESTIMATION OF CRITICAL LOADS: A PRACTICAL METHODOLOGY (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 297-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; ecosystem ; GLUE ; PROFILE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Critical loads of acid deposition for forest soils, ground and surface water resources are calculated utilising a variety of mathematical models. The estimation of the predictive uncertainty inherent in these models is important since the model predictions constitute the cornerstone of the development of emissions abatement policy decisions in Europe and the United Kingdom. The Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) approach is presented here as a tool for estimating the predictive uncertainty of PROFILE, a steady-state geochemical model that is widely applied within the critical loads community. GLUE is based on Monte Carlo simulation and explicitly recognises the possible equifinality of parameter sets. With this methodology it is possible to make an assessment of the likelihood of a parameter set being an acceptable simulator of a system when model predictions are compared to observed field data. The methodology is applied to a small catchment at Plynlimon, Mid-Wales. The results highlight that there is a large amount of predictive uncertainty associated with the model at the site: three of the six chosen field characteristics lie within the predicted distribution. The study also demonstrates that a wide range of parameter sets exist that give acceptable simulations of site characteristics as well as a broad distribution of critical load values that are consistent with the site data. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis of model parameters is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026496930386
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    Uncertainty in the estimation of critical loads: A practical methodology (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 297-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; ecosystem ; GLUE ; PROFILE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Critical loads of acid deposition for forest soils, ground and surface water resources are calculated utilising a variety of mathematical models. The estimation of the predictive uncertainty inherent in these models is important since the model predictions constitute the cornerstone of the development of emissions abatement policy decisions in Europe and the United Kingdom. The Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) approach is presented here as a tool for estimating the predictive uncertainty of PROFILE, a steady-state geochemical model that is widely applied within the critical loads community. GLUE is based on Monte Carlo simulation and explicitly recognises the possible equifinality of parameter sets. With this methodology it is possible to make an assessment of the likelihood of a parameter set being an acceptable simulator of a system when model predictions are compared to observed field data. The methodology is applied to a small catchment at Plynlimon, Mid-Wales. The results highlight that there is a large amount of predictive uncertainty associated with the model at the site: three of the six chosen field characteristics lie within the predicted distribution. The study also demonstrates that a wide range of parameter sets exist that give acceptable simulations of the site characteristics as well as a broad distribution of critical load values that are consistent with the site data. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis of model parameters is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02047040
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    Use of Enrichment, and Contamination Factors Together with Geoaccumulation Indexes to Evaluate the Content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik Water Reservoir in Poland (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 347-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: reservoir of heated water ; contamination ; cadmium ; copper ; nickel ; sediment ; water ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper andnickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawingcomparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels(contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas(enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed withreference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor,contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment wasanalyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments inrelation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the waterwas also determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022121615949
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    Remobilization of trace elements from polluted anoxic sediments after resuspension in oxic water (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; dredging ; trace metal ; nutrients ; bacteria ; reoxidation ; remobilization ; microbial processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Polluted sediments are periodically subjected to resuspension processes resulting from natural events (e.g. storms, strong waves) as well as from anthropogenically induced activities (e.g. dredging). The main part of the resuspended material is initially in an anoxic state and will be reoxidized more or less quickly in the oxic water column. In laboratory experiments reflecting, as far as possible, natural conditions (e.g. constant pH) the release of Cd, Cu and Zn during this reoxidation phase was investigated. Up to 2% of the particulate bound heavy metals were remobilized from the sediments. In addition the evolution of the concentrations of the anions PO4, SO4, NO3 and NH4 were measured to examine the influence of microbial processes on the release of trace elements. Cell counts and microbial activity of certain micro-organisms during the release processes were also investigated. The investigations illustrated that biological activity has a significant effect on release. In all sediment samples the release of cadmium was delayed in comparison with the other elements even in sediments from different river systems. The influence of different microbial processes on this divergent behavior was examined. The significance of dredging activities to the remobilization processes during reoxidation of anoxic sediments in the Elbe River is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018307926920
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    Water-Sediment Exchange of Nutrients During Early Diagenesis and Resuspension of Anoxic Sediments from the Northern Adriatic Sea Shelf (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 541-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Diagenesis ; resuspension ; sediment ; pore-water ; marine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results of a study on nutrient exchange at the sediment-water interface which is caused by early diagenesis and resuspension of bottom sediments. The research was carried out on anoxic silty-clay sediment cores collected south of the Po river delta (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy) in late summer. The early diagenetic processes were investigated by means of the integrated study of pore-water chemistry and solid phase composition. Exchange at the sediment-water interface was studied by comparing the fluxes measured in incubated cores with the fluxes calculated by modelling pore-water profiles. Nutrient exchange during resuspension was analysed by simulating a storm event in the laboratory. The high production of nutrients near the sediment-water interface is mainly caused by the anoxic degradation of organic matter and the successive reductions of Mn and Fe-oxyhydroxides and, to a lesser extent, of sulphate. The oxic degradation of organic matter occurs only at the sediment-water interface. In the incubation experiment the increases of phosphate, ammonia, nitrate, silica, and Fe in bottom waters were measured. The comparison between calculated and measured fluxes showed that: a) the fluxes are mainly controlled by molecular diffusion; b) phosphate and Fe sink because of the Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitation and c) nitrification process influences the ammonia and nitrate fluxes. Resuspension caused the release of: a) phosphate through surficial desorption and authigenic apatite dissolution; b) ammonia by means of the oxic degradation of organic matter; and c) dissolved silica generated by biogenic silica dissolution. Resuspension also caused a weak removal of Fe. The more oxic conditions following resuspension favoured the formation of a Fe-oxyhydroxide film at the sediment-water interface which inhibited the phosphate fluxes from sediments to the water column.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018364111899
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    The Effect of Flocculation on the Size Distributions of Bottom Sediment in Coastal Inlets: Implications for Contaminant Transport (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; aggregation ; flocculation ; grain size ; sediment ; trace metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Grain size is the most basic of classification criteria for sediments. The size distribution of a given sediment records the physical transport processes involved in its formation. By using precise grain size analysis and the model of Kranck et al. (1996a,b), it is possible to break down a sediment into the three major components from which it was formed: material deposited as flocs, material deposited as single grains from suspension, and material carried under higher energy conditions. With this method, both the amount of material deposited in a flocculated state and the maximum size, or floc limit, of the particles composing the floc can be determined. Changes in floc limit indicate changes in the aggregation dynamics of the system. As most trace metals and many other contaminants associate closely with the fine particle fraction of sediments, it is important to determine both the areal distribution and reworking history of the floc settled portion of a sediment. This paper discusses the application of the method to coastal inlets in Atlantic Canada and examines the relationship between proportion of floc-settled material and trace metal concentrations. Disaggregated inorganic grain size distributions are also used to illustrate changes in the aggregation dynamics in areas of intense aquaculture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018307710140
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    The Distribution of PCB's and Chlorinated Pesticides in Two Connected Himalayan Lakes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 717-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: chlorinated pesticides ; PCB ; sediment ; Himalayan lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract PCBs and organochlorine pesticides were determined in water, sediment and zooplankton of two Himalayan lakes, located at different altitudes and connected to each other in such a way that Superior Lake acts as a sedimentation basin for Inferior Lake. Surficial sediments of both lakes show PCB contamination comparable to lakes of industrialised areas. Biota appear to be the main machanism responsible for micropollutant burial in the sediments of Inferior Lake, whereas inorganic particles are more relevant in Superior Lake. Physical and chemical properties of individual chemicals, particularly Henry's law constant and Kow values, seem to regulate distribution in different environmental compartments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018301220077
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    Variations of bed surface sediment size in a channel bend (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: channel ; bend ; sediment ; size ; gradation ; sorting ; bed ; topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Variations of sediment size and its gradation of the bed surface laver in a channel bend with nonuniform sediment are investigated experimentally. Four groups of sediment with the same initial median diameter (D o ) but different initial size gradation (σ o ) have been used for experiments which were run until the equilibrium bed topography was achieved. Analyses of experimental data have yielded the following results: (1) The time of equilibrium for bed evolution decreases asσ o increases: (2) the median size of sediment (D) for a given section in the bend increases with increasing distance from the inner bank towards the outer bank, and it also increases with increasingσ o ; (3) the value of D/D o along the inner bank decreases with increasingσ o , and it also shows a gradual decrease in the upper half of the bend and a slight recovery in the lower half, and (5) the transverse variation ofσ value exhibits a general trend increasing from the inner bank towards the outer bank.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406847
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    Factors regulating the flux of phosphate at the sediment — water interface of a subtropical calcareous lake: A simulation study with intact sediment cores (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: phosphorus ; P flux ; microbial activity ; redox ; simulation ; Lake Kinneret ; sediment ; accumulative P release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different factors which interactively control the flux of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) at the sediment water irterface (SWI) of Lake Kinneret were studied seasonally. The influence of pH, Eh and microbial activity on SRP flux at the SWI was investigated by manipulating the conditions in the overlying water of intact sediment cores. The calculated diffusive SRP flux out of the sediment was lower in cores sampled during winter and spring than during the period of amixis. Potential SRP release, as measured in the absence of microbial activity, was strongly enhanced upon the transition from oxic to anoxic conditions indicating P release from iron(III)-bound phosphorus. In spring and summer cores, an enhanced SRP flux from sediments at pH 7 in comparison to pH 8 indicated P release from carbonate-bound P which sedimented previously as result of high pH values during the algal spring bloom. Microbial uptake at the SWI was the most important sink for SRP and no net-flux occured under oxic conditions. The higher net-flux of P under anoxic conditions was linked to carbon limitation ofthe bacteria at the SWI.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406880
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    Sediment accumulation of nutrients (N, P) in the eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; organic matter ; cluster analysis ; Gulf of Finland ; estuaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight (DW), ignition loss (IL) and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the sediment surface layer (0 to 10 cm, 1 cm slices) were analyzed from 20 sites in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The distance of the sampling sites from the mouth of the River Neva explained the nutrient concentrations of the sediments well, while the effect of water depth was negligible. The increase of TN and the decrease of TP along the transect from the river mouth towards the open Gulf were caused by the diminishing share of allochthonous material supplied from the River Neva. The mean TN concentration of the different accumulation areas was about 40 % higher in the sediment surface than in the deeper layer (9 to 10 cm). The corresponding difference for TP varied from 53 to 56 %. The results suggest considerable netflux of nutrients from sediment to water. The net sediment accumulation of nutrients were estimated as 6.0 g m−2 a−1 of N and 1.7 g m−2 a−1 of P corresponding 22 000 t a− of N and 6 100 t a−1 of P for the whole eastern Gulf.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406887
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    Remobilization of trace elements from polluted anoxic sediments after resuspension in oxic water (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; dredging ; trace metal ; nutrients ; bacteria ; reoxidation ; remobilization ; microbial processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Polluted sediments are periodically subjected to resuspension processes resulting from natural events (e.g. storms, strong waves) as well as from anthropogenically induced activities (e.g. dredging). The main part of the resuspended material is initially in an anoxic state and will be reoxidized more or less quickly in the oxic water column. In laboratory experiments reflecting, as far as possible, natural conditions (e.g. constant pH) the release of Cd, Cu and Zn during this reoxidation phase was investigated. Up to 2% of the particulate bound heavy metals were remobilized from the sediments. In addition the evolution of the concentrations of the anions PO4, SO4, NO3 and NH4 were measured to examine the influence of microbial processes on the release of trace elements. Cell counts and microbial activity of certain micro-organisms during the release processes were also investigated. The investigations illustrated that biological activity has a significant effect on release. In all sediment samples the release of cadmium was delayed in comparison with the other elements even in sediments from different river systems. The influence of different microbial processes on this divergent behavior was examined. The significance of dredging activities to the remobilization processes during reoxidation of anoxic sediments in the Elbe River is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406891
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    Water-sediment exchange of nutrients during early diagenesis and resuspension of anoxic sediments from the Northern Adriatic Sea shelf (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 541-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Diagenesis ; resuspension ; sediment ; pore-water ; marine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results of a study on nutrient exchange at the sediment-water interface which is caused by early diagenesis and resuspension of bottom sediments. The research was carried out on anoxic silty-clay sediment cores collected south of the Po river delta (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy) in late summer. The early diagenetic processes were investigated by means of the integrated study of pore-water chemistry and solid phase composition. Exchange at the sediment-water interface was studied by comparing the fluxes measured in incubated cores with the fluxes calculated by modelling pore-water profiles. Nutrient exchange during resuspension was analysed by simulating a storm event in the laboratory. The high production of nutrients near the sediment-water interface is mainly caused by the anoxic degradation of organic matter and the successive reductions of Mn and Fe-oxyhydroxides and, to a lesser extent, of sulphate. The oxic degradation of organic matter occurs only at the sediment-water interface. In the incubation experiment the increases of phosphate, ammonia, nitrate, silica, and Fe in bottom waters were measured. The comparison between calculated and measured fluxes showed that: a) the fluxes are mainly controlled by molecular diffusion; b) phosphate and Fe sink because of the Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitation and nitrification process influences the ammonia and nitrate fluxes. Resuspension caused the release of: a) phosphate through surficial desorption and authigenic apatite dissolution; b) ammonia by means of the oxic degradation of organic matter; and c) dissolved silica generated by biogenic silica dissolution. Resuspension also caused a weak removal of Fe. The more oxic conditions following resuspension favoured the formation of a Fe-oxyhydroxide film at the sediment-water interface which inhibited the phosphate fluxes from sediments to the water column.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406894
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    REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF THE CONDUCTIVITY AND pH OF PRECIPITATION SAMPLES (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 325-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; acid deposition ; acid fraction ; precipitation pH and conductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A microprocessor-based acid rain monitor was used to make real-time measurements of conductivity and pH of rainwater within individual storms. The automated measurements were compared with laboratory analyses of a subset of the samples taken. The laboratory measurements tended to overestimate the pH because of temperature induced changes in dissociation and Henry's Law constants affecting ionic compounds in the rainwater. The measurement artefact due to these effects may result in average hydrogen ion concentrations being underestimated by approximately 10 to 15% at UK sites. The greatest systematic discrepancies would be anticipated at highly polluted sites and during low temperature acidic episodes. The concept of a rainwater acid fraction was investigated and found to be useful for quality control and interpretative purposes. The field measurement of conductivity of low ionic strength samples was slightly lower than the corresponding laboratory measurement, possibly caused by limited resolution of the conductivity probe or dissolution of fine particulate material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026407027848
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    Metal Accumulation by Riverine and Lacustrine Populations of Angulyagra Oxytropis (Benson) (Gastropoda : Viviparidae) (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 50 (1998), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: lacustrine ; metal accumulation ; riverine ; sediment ; snail ; tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc concentrations were determined in sediment and body tissues, viz. digestive gland, mantle and shell, of the freshwater snail, Angulyagra oxytropis (Benson) (Gastropoda : Viviparidae), from River Barak and one of its floodplain lakes in Cachar district, Assam State, Northeastern India. The concentrations of all the metals except iron are significantly higher in the lake sediment. When compared to their riverine counterparts, the lacustrine snails contain higher concentrations of cadmium, chromium and iron in their mantle; nickel and zinc in digestive gland; manganese in both digestive gland and mantle; and lead in all the three tissues examined. The accumulation patterns of most of the metals varied considerably between the two sites. The implications of these findings in storage, sequestration and detoxification of metals by this animal are discussed. The study also indicates that A. oxytropis may be a potential biological indicator of metal contamination in freshwater ecosystems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005858314811
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    An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 64 (2000), S. 409-419 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: monitoring ; assessment ; water ; sediment ; bioaccumulation ; toxicity ; pesticides ; mercury ; PCB
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006459605924
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    Integrated measures of ambient toxicity and fish community diversity in Chesapeake Bay tributaries (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 19-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: ambient toxicity ; community diversity ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The goals of this study were to assess the results of a suite of sediment and water column bioassays in the framework of a toxicological risk ranking model and evaluate correlations of model output with fish community metrics. The test sites were located in four tributaries of Chesapeake Bay that are impacted on by industrial, urban and agricultural land use (Curtis Creek, Rock Creek, Fishing Bay and Wicomico River). The mortality, reproduction and growth rates in the water column assays indicated low-level chemical contamination impacts in Curtis Creek and Rock Creek. The results from the Wicomico River and Fishing Bay did not indicate contaminant impacts, but some borderline effects were seen. The sediment bioassays demonstrated greater toxicological responses than the water column assays. The sediments in the Curtis Creek and Rock Creek sites were contaminated with heavy metals and PAHs. The heavy metal concentrations were an order of magnitude lower in the Fishing Bay sediments and below detection in the Wicomico River sediments, except for zinc. The acid-volatile sulphides:simultaneously extractable metals (AVS:SEM) ratios were below 1 in all cases. All four systems had detectable petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Organic contaminants were below detection for all analyses in the Wicomico River and Fishing Bay samples. The risk ranking model ranked Curtis Creek as the most toxicologically impacted site, followed by Rock Creek, Fishing Bay and Wicomico River, which were essentially equal. The diversity index for fish communities sampled by bottom trawl was significantly correlated with the toxicological risk scores for sediment. The toxicological results indicate sediment contamination effects on the deep water fish community in Curtis Creek and indicate that contaminant impacts are not likely to be a contributing factor to disturbed fish communities in Fishing Bay
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008803600614
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    Development of a New Laboratory Freshwater/sediment Microcosm Test (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 279-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: microcosm ; Raphidocelis subcapitata ; Lemna minor ; Hyalella azteca ; Chironomus tentans ; Daphnia magna ; Simocephalus vetulus ; sediment ; copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A new laboratory freshwater/sediment microcosm test is proposed. This 2-L microcosm includes synthetic water, sediment composed of quartz sand, cellulose and fish food flakes (TetraMin®), pelagic organisms (microalgae, duckweeds, cladocerans) and benthic organisms (amphipods, chironomids). We conducted four experiments to determine conditions suitable for the development of organisms for a 4-week duration. The sensitivity of the system was then studied with a copper-spiked sediment. A TetraMin® dose of 0.4 g for 260 g sediment was found optimal to allow growth and emergence of chironomid larvae without bacterial contamination due to excess organic matter. The test with copper sulfate led to a range of effects. For concentrations higher than 10 ppm, systems were severely impaired (growth inhibition of algae and duckweeds 〉50%, 100% mortality within a few days for cladocerans, mortality 〉45% within 15 days for amphipods, 80% mortality within 15 days and no emergence for chironomids). At 10 ppm, a shift of the algal peak was observed, duckweed growth was reduced by 39%, partial mortality but no reduced reproduction was found for Daphnia magna whereas Simocephalus vetulus survived only after reinoculation on day 10. Amphipods also survived but were smaller. For chironomids, partial mortality was observed as soon as day 22 and emergence was inhibited by 50% but growth was not affected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008868330206
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    Acid deposition during two contrasting frontal rainfall events (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 93-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; acid rain ; back trajectory analysis ; precipitation events ; precipitation scavenging ; sub-event chemistry ; sub-event sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the chemical composition of rain at high temporal resolution provides additional information on wet deposition processes. High resolution data was obtained using a microprocessor-based acid rain monitor at two sites in SW Scotland and SE England. Meteorological details of the transport and wet deposition processes during two frontal rain events were examined and related to rainfall composition. Rapid depletions of ion concentrations during heavy rainfall in the first event were interpreted using a rainfall scavenging model. The sub-event data for the second event showed the influence of frontal discontinuities. Increasing ionic concentrations during this second event were attributed both to the change in air mass, and to diminished upwind precipitation scavenging.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407198
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    ACID DEPOSITION DURING TWO CONTRASTING FRONTAL RAINFALL EVENTS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 93-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; acid rain ; back trajectory analysis ; precipitation events ; precipitation scavenging ; sub-event chemistry ; sub-event sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the chemical composition of rain at high temporal resolution provides additional information on wet deposition processes. High resolution data was obtained using a microprocessor-based acid rain monitor at two sites in SW Scotland and SE England. Meteorological details of the transport and wet deposition processes during two frontal rain events were examined and related to rainfall composition. Rapid depletions of ion concentrations during heavy rainfall in the first event were interpreted using a rainfall scavenging model. The sub-event data for the second event showed the influence of frontal discontinuities. Increasing ionic concentrations during this second event were attributed both to the change in air mass, and to diminished upwind precipitation scavenging.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026430913153
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    Controls on selenium distribution in wetland sediment, Benton Lake, Montana (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 323-340 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: carbon ; management ; sediment ; selenium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of selenium in sediment in Benton Lake is mainly controlled by the location of the dissolved selenium inputs. Selenium concentrations in sediment decrease along flow paths downgradient within the wetland system. Construction in 1961 of a pump station to increase water supply and dikes to facilitate water management, along with current water management, has increased the rate of selenium accumulation in sediments as compared to the pre-1961 natural lake. Agricultural practices (alternate crop/fallow rotation) in the non-irrigated farm land of the seleniferous Benton Lake basin also have increased selenium loading to Benton Lake. Carbon content is an important factor affecting selenium distribution in sediment but this relationship is greatly affected by dissolved selenium inputs. Amelioration of selenium contamination in Benton Lake will require a combination of land and water management modifications. Within the wetland system, minimizing the duration of inlet-perennial ponds would minimize selenium accumulation and increase the life of the refuge.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407470
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    Selenium Associations in Estuarine Sediments: Redox Effects (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 275-282 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: selenium ; sediment ; estuaries ; sequential extraction ; redox potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Selenium (Se) is a contaminant of concern in environments affected by discharges from smelting and coal-burning industries. Experiments have been performed to investigate the phase associations of selenium in contaminated sediments under a range of controlled redox conditions. In this study, Se sediment associations were examined using the BCR sequential extraction technique after stabilisation at different redox states. It was shown that although most of the sediment-bound Se is associated with the operationally-defined "organic/sulfide" fraction, as the measured redox potential of the system is increased, more Se moves into the "exchangeable" and "iron/manganese oxyhydroxide" fractions. In these fractions, contaminants can be expected to be more bioavailable. As the mass of Se absorbed to sediments is typically at least an order of magnitude higher than the mass dissolved in porewaters, significant Se exposure may result from oxidative shifts in Se associations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018337928312
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    Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Fractionation in the Sediment of Lake Bled (Slovenia) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 315-323 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lake ; sediment ; carbon ; nitrogen ; stable isotope ; fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Stable isotope composition of carbon and nitrogen in the sediment and pore water of a eutrophic freshwater lake was studied. Based on changes in the δ13C and δ15N values of dissolved components and sediment fraction, possible processes involved in the decomposition of sedimentary organic matter are outlined. The relative importance of acetate fermentation and CO2 reduction was estimated using known mathematical models, and ammonia assimilation by methanogenic bacteria is hypothesised to be the main process governing the isotope fractionation of dissolved nitrogen in pore water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018354415109
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    CONTROLS ON SELENIUM DISTRIBUTION IN WETLAND SEDIMENT, BENTON LAKE, MONTANA (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 323-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: carbon ; management ; sediment ; selenium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of selenium in sediment in Benton Lake is mainly controlled by the location of the dissolved selenium inputs. Selenium concentrations in sediment decrease along flow paths downgradient within the wetland system. Construction in 1961 of a pump station to increase water supply and dikes to facilitate water management, along with current water management, has increased the rate of selenium accumulation in sediments as compared to the pre–1961 natural lake. Agricultural practices (alternate crop/fallow rotation) in the non-irrigated farm land of the seleniferous Benton Lake basin also have increased selenium loading to Benton Lake. Carbon content is an important factor affecting selenium distribution in sediment but this relationship is greatly affected by dissolved selenium inputs. Amelioration of selenium contamination in Benton Lake will require a combination of land and water management modifications. Within the wetland system, minimizing the duration of inlet-perennial ponds would minimize selenium accumulation and increase the life of the refuge.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026424530399
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    Environmental Implications of Magnetic Measurements on Recent Sediments from Lake Donghu, Wuhan (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 187-195 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: environment ; industrial pollution ; lake ; magnetic measurements ; metals ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mineral magnetic measurements have been made on three sediment cores from Lake Donghu, Wuhan, which reveal evidence for changes in magnetic properties of the sediments. It is suggested that the recent lake sediment profiles contain deposited magnetic minerals and atmospherically derived fly ash from industrial processes. In the cores, the record of ‘magnetite’ deposition shows that the environment of the lake has been affected by heavy industrial processes in intensity and range beginning from the 1950's onwards and remaining relatively uniform in the last decades. In Core I the record of ‘hematite’ deposition parallels that for influence of urban waste water input.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026496904708
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    Real-time measurement and interpretation of the conductivity and pH of precipitation samples (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 325-344 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; acid deposition ; acid fraction ; precipitation pH and conductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A microprocessor-based acid rain monitor was used to make real-time measurements of conductivity and pH of rainwater within individual storms. The automated measurements were compared with laboratory analyses of a subset of the samples taken. The laboratory measurements tended to overestimate the pH because of temperature induced changes in dissociation and Henry's Law constants affecting ionic compounds in the rainwater. The measurement artefact due to these effects may result in average hydrogen ion concentrations being underestimated by approximately 10 to 15% at UK sites. The greatest systematic discrepancies would be anticipated at highly polluted sites and during low temperature acidic episodes. The concept of a rainwater acid fraction was investigated and found to be useful fro quality control and interpretative purposes. The field measurement of conductivity of low ionic strength samples was slightly lower than the corresponding laboratory measurement, possibly caused by limited resolutio nof the conductivity probe or dissolution of fine particulate material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02047042
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    The distribution of PCB's and chlorinated pesticides in two connected Himalayan lakes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 717-725 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: chlorinated pesticides ; PCB ; sediment ; Himalayan lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract PCBs and organochlorine pesticides were determined in water, sediment and zooplankton of two Himalayan lakes, located at different altitudes and connected to each other in such a way that Superior Lake acts as a sedimentation basin for Inferior Lake. Surficial sediments of both lakes show PCB contamination comparable to lakes of industrialised areas. Biota appear to be the main machanism responsible for micropollutant burial in the sediments of Inferior Lake, whereas inorganic particles are more relevant in Superior Lake. Physical and chemical properties of individual chemicals, particularly Henry's law constant and Kow values, seem to regulate distribution in different environmental compartments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406911
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    Indices of Benthic Community Tolerance in Contaminated Great Lakes Sediments: Relations with Sediment Contaminant Concentrations, Sediment Toxicity, and the Sediment Quality Triad (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 49 (1998), S. 23-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: benthic community tolerance ; sediment ; sediment quality triad ; toxicity ; toxic units
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the toxic-units model developed by Wildhaber and Schmitt (1996) as a predictor of indices of mean tolerance to pollution (i.e., Lenat, 1993; Hilsenhoff, 1987) and other benthic community indices from Great Lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls – PCBs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – PAHs, pesticides, chlorinated dioxins, and metals). Sediment toxic units were defined as the ratio of the estimated pore-water concentration of a contaminant to its chronic toxicity as estimated by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) or other applicable standard. The total hazard of a sediment to aquatic life was assessed by summing toxic units for all contaminants quantified. Among the benthic community metrics evaluated, total toxic units were most closely correlated with Lenat's (1993) and Hilsenhoff's (1987) indices of community tolerance (T L and T H , respectively); toxic units accounted for 42% T L and 53% T H of variability in community tolerance as measured by Ponar grabs. In contrast, taxonomic richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity were not correlated (P 〉 0.05) with toxic units. Substitution of order- or family-level identifications for lowest possible (mostly genus- or species-) level identifications in the calculation of T L and T H indices weakened the relationships with toxic units. Tolerance values based on order- and family-level identifications of benthos for artificial substrate samples were more strongly correlated with toxic units than tolerance values for benthos from Ponar grabs. The ability of the toxic-units model to predict the other two components (i.e., laboratory-measured sediment toxicity and benthic community composition) of the Sediment Quality Triad (SQT) may obviate the need for the SQT in some situations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005716111754
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    The Precision of Precipitation Chemistry Measurements in the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN) (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 57 (1999), S. 301-329 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: acid deposition ; acid rain ; precipitation chemistry ; precision ; quality assurance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Precision estimates are presented for precipitation chemistry and depth measurements made by the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN). The estimates were made for daily measurements of ion concentration and precipitation depth as well as for weekly, 28-day, seasonal and annual precipitation-weighted mean concentrations and depths. The data on which the estimates are based were collected from collocated samplers at five CAPMoN sites during the period 1985 to 1993. The data pairs from the collocated samplers were used to calculate the between-instrument error defined as 1/√2 times the difference between the paired sample concentrations (or depths). For all of the ion concentrations and depths, the between-sampler errors were found not to be normally distributed, but the normality of the distributions improved with the length of the (volume-weighting) time period considered. A set of quantitative measures of overall network precision were derived in absolute (mg L-1) and relative (%) units. These included the Modified Median Absolute Deviation (M.MAD), the P90% probability values and the Coefficient of Variation (CoV). The latter, defined as the percent ratio of the M.MAD to the median concentration (or depth), represents the relative precision at the center of the error and concentration (and depth) distributions. Based on the CoV values, the relative precision of the CAPMoN measurements was very high (better than 4%) for SO 4 2- , NO 3 - , pH, H+, NH 4 + , sample depth and standard gauge depth, and not as high (between 10 and 〈35%) for Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+. The ions with the lowest median concentrations had the poorest relative precision since so many of the concentrations were at or near the analytical detection limit. Except for the sample and standard gauge depths, both the absolute and relative precision improved with the length of the precipitation-weighting period. Detailed statistical testing established that the precision of the daily measurements is dependent on a number of factors, the most dominant being sample depth and concentration, i.e., the absolute precision improves with increasing sample depth and decreasing concentration. The strength of these relationships diminished with the length of the precipitation-weighting period being considered. Laboratory-related sources of imprecision were found to account for less than 4% of the overall daily measurement imprecision for most species, while field-related sources of imprecision accounted for the balance. Specialized plots are shown which allow data users to estimate the absolute and relative precision at any concentration and depth value.
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    Voltammetric and Spectroscopic Determination of Toxic Metals in Sediments and Sea Water of Salerno Gulf (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 58 (1999), S. 23-37 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: heavy metal ; sea water ; sediment ; spectroscopy ; voltammetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this present work the distribution of heavy metals in sea water and sediments of the Salerno Gulf is measured. The elements determined were Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Hg, employing, as instrumental techniques, either differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). A comparison of the results of the two analytical techniques is also made. Mercury determination was carried out employing the cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS) technique, with SnCl2 as the reducing agent. The sample digestion was performed by a new procedure using concentrated suprapure H2SO4–K2Cr2O7 mixture. The accuracy and precision of the analytical procedure were evaluated employing Sea Water BCR-CRM 403 and Estuarine Sediment BCR-CRM 277 as reference materials. Accuracy, expressed as relative error e and precision, expressed as relative standard deviation sr, were in order of 2 to 5%. For both matrices, the detection limits, for all the elements, were in the range μg g-1 to ng g-1.
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    Lead in Soil and Sediment in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada, and Links with Human Health (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 63 (2000), S. 329-339 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: bioavailable ; lead ; sediment ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study determined the spatial distribution of soiland of sediment-associated lead in Iqaluit, Nunavut.Samples were collected from the following areas:outside the built-up area of the town to reflectbackground concentrations; known or potential pointsources of lead, such as the Upper Base, the SylviaGrinnell Dump and the Metal Dump (North 40); andresidential and commercial areas of Iqaluit and Apex,a satellite community. In the laboratory, the 〈63 μm sample fraction was analyzed for total lead andbioavailable lead, estimated by non-residual acidextractable lead content. The research findings revealthat elevated levels of bioavailable lead are presentin the study area. Total lead concentrations generallydo not exceed environmental guidelines. However, leadconcentrations in the Sylvia Grinnell Dump, and Apexand Iqaluit grid areas exceed health-based guidelines.The research concludes that there is not a serioushealth hazard posed by lead levels in the soil andsediment in the study area. However, severalenvironmental (elevated lead levels, bioavailableforms of lead and bare soil surfaces) and behaviouralfactors (vigorous and unsupervised play outside) maycreate a risk of lead exposure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006253529308
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    Univariate Bayesian nonparametric binary regression with application in environmental management (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 7 (2000), S. 77-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: acid deposition ; Bayesian inference ; Dirichlet distribution ; fish response ; Gibbs sampler ; lake eutrophication ; PCB ; risk assessment ; salmonid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In environmental management, we often have to deal with binary response variables whose outcome dictates the course of action. This paper introduces a nonparametric Bayesian binary regression model with a single predictor variable that is more flexible than the commonly used logistic or probit models. Due to the Bayesian feature, the model can be easily used to combine observed data with our knowledge of the subject to produce site-specific results. By using three examples, this paper shows the potential application of the model in the environmental management, and its advantages in terms of flexibility in model specification, robustness to outliers, and realistic interpretation of data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009610913454
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    Sequential expression of biomarkers in Bluegill Sunfish exposed to contaminated sediment (1992)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 1 (1992), S. 45-73 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: biomarkers ; Bluegill ; sediment ; pollution ; EFPC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The temporal expression of various biological rsponses was determined in Bluegill SunfishLepomis macrochirus exposed under controlled laboratory conditions to sediment containing high concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals. Liver, gill, blood, kidney, brain, spleen and intestine were removed from Sunfish sampled at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 40 weeks post-exposure. Biomarker data were recorded for specific proteins, enzymatic activities, DNA integrity, and histopathology. Biomarkers in the laboratory exposed fish were similar to those of indigenous Sunfish sampled from the site of origin of the contaminated sediment. Several patterns of development of biomarkers over time were also evident. For example, the responses of certain biomarkers are not time-dependent (i.e., intestine and gill ATPase activities) while that of others, such as brain ATPase activity, liver cytochrome P450 and NADPH content, stress proteins, chromatin proteins and DNA strand breaks, fluctuate over time. Still other biomarkers, such as EROD activity, zinc protoporphyrin content of the blood, and DNA adducts, showed marked increases over time. Such patterns need to be considered when comparing laboratory and field results and deciding which biomarkers to use for biomonitoring programs. Implications for natural selection and population/community level responses are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00702655
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    Chemical contamination and associated liver diseases in two species of fish from San Francisco Bay and Bodega Bay (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 35-65 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: chemicalpollution ; fish ; sediment ; San Francisco Bay ; liver diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) and sediments were collected annually from selected sites within San Francisco Bay, and a reference site in Bodega Bay between 1984--1991. Fish livers were examined for toxicopathic lesions and analysed for selected chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs) such as PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and dieldrin; sediment and fish stomach contents were analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and CHs; and bile was analysed for PAH metabolites. Sediment concentrations of PAHs, PCBs and DDTs; bile concentrations of PAH metabolites; and liver concentrations of PCBs, dieldrin and chlordanes were generally significantly higher at all San Francisco Bay sites compared to the Bodega Bay reference site. For both species, hydropic vacuolation of biliary epithelial cells was the most prevalent liver lesion detected and was statistically associated with sediment and tissue concentrations of PAHs or their metabolites, PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and dieldrin. Temporal trends analyses showed that at Hunters Point, sediment PAHs and CHs increased between 1984--1991, while liver concentrations of CHs decreased. Liver concentrations of dieldrin in starry flounder decreased at all three San Francisco Bay sites
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018654122479
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    Biochemical responses to sediment-associated contaminants in brown bullhead (Ameriurus nebulosus) from the Niagara River ecosystem (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 13-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: Ameriurusnebulosus ; biomarkers ; sediment ; genotoxicity ; oxidativestress ; cytochrome P450
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Brown bullhead (Ameriurus nebulosus) were collected from three sites in the Niagara River ecosystem in June and September of 1991, and sediment samples from these sites were obtained in July 1991. The sites were located in the Buffalo River, the Niagara River adjacent to the Love Canal dump site, and in Black Creek, a Canadian tributary of the Niagara River which served as a reference site. Sediment samples from these sites contained measurable concentrations of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs). However, the Buffalo River and Love Canal samples were significantly more contaminated than those from Black Creek. Moreover, Buffalo River samples contained greater PAH concentrations than samples from the Love Canal, while the reverse was observed for CHs. Bile and liver of bullhead were used for the following analyses: fluorescent aromatic compounds in bile, a measure of exposure to PAHs, microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) and P450IA (CYP1A) contents and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities, total glutathione (TH-GSH) concentrations, concentrations of 8- oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), and concentrations of hydrophobic DNA adducts (as measured by 32P-postlabelling). Additionally, a laboratory experiment was performed to examine CYP1A-associated responses in bullhead exposed to the model inducer, β- naphthoflavone (BNF). Results from the laboratory induction study were generally consistent with those observed in the field study, but the field study results suggested induction of CYP1A in bullhead from the reference site (Black Creek). For both field collections, fish from the Buffalo River displayed the greatest concentrations of fluorescent compounds in bile and hepatic DNA adducts, whilst fish from the Love Canal site displayed the greatest microsomal CYP1A concentrations and EROD activities. TH- GSH concentrations were significantly greater in Buffalo River fish versus Black Creek only for the June sampling. No statistically significant differences in 8-oxo-dG concentrations in bullhead hepatic DNA were observed among the sites at either sampling date. The different patterns in biochemical responses observed were consistent with sediment chemistries, and these results suggest that exposure of feral teleosts to different suites of bioavailable contaminants can be associated with expression of a characteristic array of biochemical responses
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018692005641
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    Equilibrium partitioning as the basis for an integrated laboratory and field assessment of the impacts of DDT, DDE and DDD in sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 101-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: DDT ; DDE ; DDD ; equilibrium partitioning ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Many of the most biologically productive portions of streams are backwater areas which support large populations of benthic macroinvertebrates. The sediments in these locations and their associated macroinvertebrate communities are frequently subjected to chemical inputs and physical perturbations. Historically, assessment of the effects of contaminants in sediments have emphasized chemical analyses and either laboratory toxicity tests or in-stream monitoring of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure. However, combining the chemical and biological approaches provides a more powerful assessment technique. Such an integrated approach, combining laboratory water-only and sediment toxicity tests with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans, field surveys of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure and evaluation of chemical data using equilibrium partitioning theory was used to assess the effects of DDT, DDE and DDD (collectively termed DDTR) in the sediments of the Huntsville Spring Branch-- Indian Creek (HSB--IC) stream system in the southeastern USA. Benthic macroinvertebrate populations in the HSB--IC system still appear to be adversely affected by DDTR residues within the sediments even though DDT discharges to the stream were stopped over 20 years ago and a major remediation project was completed in the late 1980s. This conclusion is based on a weight of evidence approach which incorporates (1) the observed sediment toxicity to C. tentans and H. azteca in laboratory tests, (2) the identification of DDTR as the likely cause of effects observed during laboratory toxicity tests, (3) the absence of appropriate sensitive species from groups such as the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Amphipoda, (4) the presence of reduced numbers of both total individuals and species of chironomids and oligochaetes relative to nearby streams not contaminated by DDTR and (5) the observed distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in relation to organic carbon-normalized concentrations of DDTR and equilibrium partitioning-based predicted sediment toxic units of DDTR
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018610307458
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    Anthropogenic Mercury Deposition to Arctic Lake Sediments (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 309-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Arctic ; atmospheric deposition ; contaminants ; lead-210 ; mercury ; sediment ; sewage ; subarctic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The history of atmosheric mercury inputs to remote arctic regions can be measured in lake sediment cores using lead-210 chronology. In this investigation, total mercury deposition is measured in sediments from Imitavik and Annak Lakes on the Belcher Islands in southeastern Hudson Bay, an area in the southern Canadian Arctic with no history of local industrial or agricultural sources of contamination. Both lakes received background and atmospheric inputs of mercury while Annak also received mercury from raw domestic sewage from the Hamlet of Sanikiluaq, a growing Inuit community of about 550 established in the late 1960's. Results from Imitavik show that anthropogenic mercury inputs, apparently transported through the atmosphere, began to appear in the mid-eighteenth century, and continued to the 1990's. Annak had a similar mercury history until the late 1960's when disposal of domestic sewage led to increased sediment and contaminant accumulation. The high input of mercury to Annak confirms that Sanikiluaq residents are exposed to mercury through native food sources.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004998417316
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    The Global Exposure of Forests to Air Pollutants (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 5-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; ozone ; forests ; nitrogen deposition ; pollution climate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The tall, aerodynamically rough surfaces of forests provide for the efficient exchange of heat and momentum between terrestrial surfaces and the atmosphere. The same properties of forests also provide for large potential rates of deposition of pollutant gases, aerosols and cloud droplets. For some reactive pollutant gases, including SO2, HNO3 and NH3, rates of deposition may be large and substantially larger than onto shorter vegetation and is the cause of the so called "filtering effect" of forest canopies. Pollutant inputs to moorland and forest have been compared using measured ambient concentrations from an unpolluted site in southern Scotland and a more polluted site in south eastern Germany. The inputs of S and N to forest at the Scottish site exceed moorland by 16% and 31% respectively with inputs of 7.3 kg S ha-1 y and 10.6 kg N ha-1 y-1. At the continental site inputs to the forest were 43% and 48% larger than over moorland for S and N deposition with totals of 53.6 kg S ha-1 y-1 and 69.5 kg N ha-1 y-1 respectively. The inputs of acidity to global forests show that in 1985 most of the areas receiving 〉 1 kg H+ ha-1 y-1 as S are in the temperate latitudes, with 8% of total global forest exceeding this threshold. By 2050, 17% of global forest will be receiving 〉 1 kg H-1 ha-1 as S and most of the increase is in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Forests throughout the world are also exposed to elevated concentrations of ozone. Taking 60 ppb O3 as a concentration likely to be phytotoxic to sensitive forest species, a global model has been used to simulate the global exposure of forests to potentially phytotoxic O3 concentrations for the years 1860, 1950, 1970, 1990 and 2100. The model shows no exposure to concentrations in excess of 60 ppb in 1860, and of the 6% of global forest exposed to concentrations 〉 60 ppb in 1950, 75% were in temperate latitudes and 25% in the tropics. By 1990 24% of global forest is exposed to O3 concentrates 〉 60 ppb, and this increases to almost 50% of global forest by 2100. While the uncertainty in the future pollution climate of global forest is considerable, the likely impact of O3 and acid deposition is even more difficult to assess because of interactions between these pollutants and substantial changes in ambient CO2 concentration, N deposition and climate over the same period, but the effects are unlikely to be beneficial overall.
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    Effects of Environmental Stress on Forest Crown Condition in Europe. Part IV: Statistical Analysis of Relationships (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 387-420 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; air pollution ; correlative study ; critical load ; defoliation ; Fagus sylvatica ; forest vitality ; meteorological stress ; Picea abies ; Pinus sylvestris ; Quercus ilex ; Quercus petraea ; Quercus robur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Site-specific estimates for various environmentalstress factors were related with measured crowncondition data at a systematic 16 ×: 16 km2 gridover Europe, according to previously statedhypotheses, using a multiple regression approach,including interactions, and lagged effects of stressfactors. Methodological differences among countriesaccounted for 〉30% of the variation in defoliation.Nevertheless, crown condition was found to varynaturally with tree age, altitude, drought stress and,most likely, also pathogenic fungi and insects.Significant impacts of air pollution (specificallyozone but also NOx, SOx and acid deposition)were found at regional levels in parts of centralEurope, particularly for deciduous species. Impactsseemed less significant for conifers, especially forspruce, but this might be affected by confoundingeffects or strong correlations between (a harsh)climate and (low) atmospheric deposition in the areawhere spruce predominates. National studies indicatethat ozone and acid deposition can have a significanteffect on the defoliation of spruce as well. Weconclude that while forest condition varies naturally,continued emissions will contribute further to forestdecline in the long term.
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    Release Kinetics of Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC) from River Sediment and Wetland Soil (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 407-418 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: DOC ; release kinetics ; sediment ; Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC) ; wetland soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Release kinetics of Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC) from a wetlandsoil and a river bottom sediment were investigated under variousexperimental conditions in the laboratory. The laminar sublayerconcept was applied to model the release process. The resultsindicate that the release process can be characterized by atypical first order equation derived from the laminar sublayermodeling. The mass transfer rate constants of the releaseprocess increased with the increase in flow velocity following apower function. Due to texture difference, the transfer rateconstant of the wetland soil is about one order of magnitudelarger than that of the river bottom sediment. The influences oftemperature and pH on the release kinetics are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005134121710
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    Effects of environmental stress on forest crown condition in Europe. Part I: Hypotheses and approach to the study (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 317-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; acidification ; air pollution ; critical load ; defoliation ; drought ; meteorological stress ; N deposition ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the first in a series of four,describing the hypothesis and approach of acorrelative study between observed data on crowncondition in Europe, monitored since 1986 at asystematic 16 × 16 km grid, and site-specificestimations of various natural and anthropogenicstress factors. The study was based on the hypothesisthat forests respond to various natural andanthropogenic stress factors, whose contributiondepend on the geographic region considered. In view ofthis hypothesis, major stand and site characteristics,chemical soil composition, meteorological stressfactors (temperature and drought stress indices) andair pollution stress (concentrations and/ordepositions of SOx, NOy, NHx andO3) were included as predictor variables. Theresponse variables considered were actual defoliationand changes/trends in defoliation for five major treespecies. The spatial distribution of the averagedefoliation during the period 1986–1995 shows highdefoliation in Central Europe and in parts ofScandinavia and of Southern Europe. There are,however, sharp changes at country borders, which aredue to methodological differences between countries.The spatial distribution of the calculated trends showa distinct cluster of large deterioration in parts ofCentral and Eastern Europe and in Spain and a ratherscattered pattern of positive and negative trends for most of Europe, indicating that other factors than airpollution only have a strong impact on defoliation.The limitations of the study are discussed in view ofthe quality of the considered response and predictor variables.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005157509454
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    Element Fluxes and Buffer Reactions in Acidified Soils from a Humid-Temperate Region of Southern Europe (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 217-228 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid-buffering reactions ; acid deposition ; aluminium ; element budget ; soil acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The present study aimed to assess thebuffering reactions and identify the sources of ionreplenishment by carrying out a laboratory leachingexperiment using some soils from a humid, temperateregion of Northern Spain. The experiment consisted ofthe addition of a solution of H2SO4 to fivesoils developed on various types of parent materials(granulite, serpentinite, schist, granite and sandysediments) and differing markedly in their mineralogyand chemical properties. Although the treatmentconsiderably intensified the leaching of base cations,the exchangeable fraction increased or was notaffected, which indicated significant mobilization ofthese elements from non exchangeable fractions. Thesoils differed markedly in the amounts ofSO4 2- retained, however only a small part ofthe amount retained in the upper horizons wasadsorbed. Acid load was mainly produced by freedeposited H+ and nitrification of internalorganic N. Sulphate retention was the dominantbuffering mechanism in the soils developed onserpentinite and schist. Proton consumption linked toAl mobilization occurred in the surface horizons ofall soils, but especially in the most acidic soils,those on granite and schist. In the soil on sandysediments, the dissolution of CaCO3 constitutedthe only buffering mechanism.
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    Modeling the Concentration of Aluminum in Surface Waters (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 643-659 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; acidification ; aluminium ; modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Although the increased mobilization of aluminum from soils to surface waters is widely recognized as one of the most important ecological effects of acidic deposition, lumped-parameter mathematical models of acidification response typically overestimate the change in Al concentration under changing deposition by a considerable margin. The assumption of equilibrium with gibbsite (Al(OH)3) in the MAGIC model and other models of acid-base chemistry is shown to be inconsistent with measured values for a large variety of lake and stream databases. A modified algorithm for predicting Al concentration, based on empirical relationships evident in field data, provided superior estimates of changes in Al concentration in three long-term monitoring data sets and under experimental conditions at two experimental watershed manipulation sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004957426629
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    Environmental implications of magnetic measurements on recent sediments from lake Donghu, Wuhan (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 187-195 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: environment ; industrial pollution ; lake ; magnetic measurements ; metals ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mineral magnetic measurements have been made on three sediment cores from Lake Donghu, Wuhan, which reveal evidence for changes in magnetic properties of the sediments. It is suggested that the recent lake sediment profiles contain deposited magnetic minerals and atmospherically derived fly ash from industrial processes. In the cores, the record of ‘magnetite’ deposition shows that the environment of the lake has been affected by heavy industrial processes in intensity and range beginning from the 1950's onwards and remaining relatively uniform in the last decades. In Core I the record of ‘hematite’ deposition parallels that for influence of urban waste water input.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02128657
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    PCBs and Organochlorine Pesticides in Lake Orta (Northern Italy) Sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 245-254 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: PCB ; organochlorine pesticide ; sediment ; organic carbon content ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, lindane and HCB) distribution were studied in Lake Orta sediments. The results indicated a contaminated area in the northern part of the sub-basin. The observed high levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs) may be explained by the focusing phenomenon, ie. the preferential transport of lighter and smaller particles from the emission sources to this area. The PCBs and DDT values were correlated with the organic carbon content and the heavy metal contamination. The toxicity of the sediment samples was related also to PCB content. PCBs and OCs pollution of Lake Orta was of the same order of magnitude as in Lake Como, which is the most contamined lake in Northern Italy.
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    Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope fractionation in the sediment of Lake Bled (Slovenia) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 315-323 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lake ; sediment ; carbon ; nitrogen ; stable isotope ; fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Stable isotope composition of carbon and nitrogen in the sediment and pore water of a eutrophic freshwater lake was studied. Based on changes in the δ11C and δ15N values of dissolved components and sediment fraction. possible processes involved in the decomposition of sedimentary organic matter are outlined. The relative importance of acetate fermentation and CO2 reduction was estimated using known mathematical models, and ammonia assimilation by methanogenic bacteria is hypothesised to be the main process governing the isotope fractionation of dissolved nitrogen in pore water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406871
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    Assessing Benthic Impacts of Organic Enrichment from Marine Aquaculture (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 641-650 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish farms ; fecal waste ; sediment ; geochemistry ; metabolism ; macrofauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Benthic observations were carried out at 22 stations in the Western Isles region of the Bay of Fundy on the east coast of Canada to evaluate impacts at salmon aquaculture sites. Eleven sites were located under salmon net-pens and 11 sites (reference or control locations) were at distances 〉 50 m from net-pens. Total S- and redox potential (Eh) in surface sediment and benthic O2 uptake and CO2 release were sensitive indicators of benthic organic enrichment. High variability between replicate measurements of sediment gas exchange could reflect spatial patchiness in sedimentation of fecal waste and food pellets under fish pens. Biomass of deposit feeders was significantly increased at cage sites but total macrofauna biomass was similar at cage and reference locations. Surface sediment water content, modal grain size, pore water salinity and sulfate, and total biomass of macrofauna were the least sensitive indicators of enrichment.
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    Total mercury and methylmercury in sediments and in the polychaeteNereis diversicolor at Groot Buitenschoor (Scheldt estuary, Belgium) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 109-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment ; polychaete ; Nereis diversicolor ; methylation ; bioaccumulation ; Scheldt estuary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in sediments and in the polychaete wormNereis diversicolor at 13 stations of a brackish water intertidal mudflat of the Scheldt estuary. Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments ranged from 144 to 1192 ng g−1 dw and from 0.8 to 6 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Both Hg and MeHg concentrations increased with an increase of organic matter (OM) content and fine grain fraction. In contrast, Hg accumulation byN. diversicolor was significantly (p〈0.05) higher at stations with sandy sediments (mean value: 125 ng g−1 dw) than at stations with muddy sediments (mean value, 80 ng g−1), probably because Hg availability for bioaccumulation at muddy stations was reduced by high OM content of the muddy sediments. MeHg accounted for an average of 0.7% of the total Hg in sediments and 18% of the total Hg inN. diversicolor. Seasonal variations significantly affected Hg concentrations in sediments and MeHg inN. diversicolor. Total Hg concentrations in sediments were significantly (p〈0.05) higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer whereas MeHg concentrations were lowest in winter compared to the other seasons. On the other hand, total Hg concentrations in the worms were lowest in spring whereas MeHg concentrations were significantly (p〈0.01) higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407097
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    Whole-catchment liming at Tjønnstrond, Norway: An 11-year record (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 163-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; liming ; catchment ; lake ; water chemistry ; fish ; soil ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In June 1983 a whole-catchment liming experiment was conducted at Tjønnstrond, southernmost Norway, to test the utility of terrestrial liming as a technique to restore fish populations in remote lakes with short water-retention times. Tjønnstrond consists of 2 small ponds of 3.0 and 1.5 ha in area which drain a 25-ha catchment. The area is located at about 650–700 meters above sea-level in sparse and unproductive forests of spruce, pine and birch with abundant peatlands. A dose of 3 ton/ha of powdered limestone were spread by helicopter to the terrestrial area. No limestone was added to the ponds themselves. The ponds were subsequently stocked with brown and brook trout. Liming caused large and immediate changes in surface water chemistry; pH increased from 4.5 to 7.0, Ca increased from 40 to 200μeq/L, ANC increased from −30 to +70μeq/L, and reactive-Al decreased from about 10 to 3μmol/L. During the subsequent 11 years the chemical composition of runoff has decreased gradually back towards the acidic pre-treatment situation. The major trends in concentrations of runoff Ca, ANC, pH, Al and NO3 in runoff are all well simulated by the acidification model MAGIC. Neither the measured data nor the MAGIC simulations indicate significant changes in any other major ion as a result of liming. The soils at Tjønnstrond in 1992 contained significantly higher amounts of exchangeable Ca relative to those at the untreated reference catchment Storgama. In 1992 about 75% of the added Ca remains in the soil as exchangeable Ca, 15% has been lost in runoff, and 10% is unaccounted for. The whole-catchment liming experiment at Tjønnstrond clearly demonstrates that this liming technique produces a long-term stable and favourable water quality for fish. Brown trout in both ponds in 1994 have good condition factors, which indicate that the fish are not stressed by marginal water quality due to re-acidification. The water quality is still adequate after 11 years and 〉20 water renewals. Concentrations of H+ and inorganic Al have gradually increased and approach levels toxic to trout, but the toxicity of these are offset by the continued elevated Ca concentrations. Reduced sulphate deposition during the last 4 years (1990–94) has also helped to slow and even reverse the rate of reacidification. The experiment at Tjønnstrond demonstrates that for this type of upland, remote terrain typical of large areas of southern Norway, terrestrial liming offers a suitable mitigation technique for treating acidified surface waters with short retention times.
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    Selenium associations in estuarine sediments: Redox effects (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 275-282 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: selenium ; sediment ; estuaries ; sequential extraction ; redox potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Selenium (Se) is a contaminant of concern in environments affected by discharges from smelting and coal-burning industries. Experiments hate been performed to investigate the phase associations of selenium in contaminated sediments under a range of controlled redox conditions. In this study, Se sediment associations were examined using the BCR sequential extraction technique after stabilisation at different redox states. It was shown that although most of the sediment-bound Se is associated with the operationally-defined “organic sulfide” fraction, as the measured redox potential of the system is increased. more Se moves into the “exchangeable” and “iron manganese oxy hydroxide” fractions. In these fractions. contaminants can be expected to be more bioavailable. As the mass of Se absorbed to sediments is typically at least an order of magnitude higher than the mass dissolved in porewaters. significant Se exposure may result from oxidative shifts in Se associations.
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    Bottom sediments in a humic lake with artificially increased calcium content: Sink or source for phosphorus? (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 457-464 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; phosphorus ; fractionation ; release ; humic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lake Flosek (north-eastern part of Poland) is a small shallow and without outflow lake which has been limed in 1970. The concentration of Ca was increased from 3–4 mg L−1 to 17 mg L−1 in the water and from 0.2–0.3% dry weight to 0.9–1.7% dry weight in sediments (5 cm upper layer) due to CaCO3 addition to the lake. In the spring-summer seasons of 1992 and 1993, an experimental study was conducted in Lake Flosek to assess the capacity of bottom sediments to uptake and release mineral phosphorus. The rate of phosphorus exchange between sediments and near-bottom water was experimentally measured under conditions of high (100%), and of reduced (10%) oxygen saturation in near-bottom water. To determine the component of sediments responsible for the uptake of most phosphorus, the proportions of phosphorus forms in sediments were analysed. Sediments of Lake Flosek showed a slight tendency to release phosphates. The rate of this process was similar under high (100%) and low (10%) oxygen saturations ranging from - 0.161 to + 0.200 mg P m−2 d−1. This is much lower (by 1–2 orders of magnitude) than reported from other harmonic, non-humic lakes. In the total phosphorus pool, the highest content of phosphorus was found in the organic and residual phosphorus fractions (over 70% of the total phosphorus in sediments). The largest part of the readily extractable phosphorus was found in the fraction bound to AI and humic substances (41%). Both these fractions determine a weak exchange of phosphorus between sediments and water. No difference in P-release related to P-fraction compound was found in the cores taken from three sites in the lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406885
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  • 88
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    Reduced-Form Modelling of Surface Water and Soil Chemistry for the Tracking and Analysis Framework (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 617-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; Adirondacks ; integrated assessment ; lake acidification ; mathematical model ; reduced-form modelling ; soil acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A reduced-from modelling approach is used to predict soil and lake acidification as part of an integrated assessment of acid deposition effects and control strategies. The reduced-form model is based upon the mechanistic, lumped parameter watershed chemistry model, MAGIC (Model of Acidification of Groundwater in Catchments). Recent improvements to MAGIC are described, and its reduced-form representation in the Tracking and Analysis Framework (TAF), an integrated assessment model for decision and uncertainty analysis, is presented. Reduced-form models are developed for lake acid neutralising capacity (ANC), calcium, pH, and aluminium; and for soil base saturation. The model for lake ANC incorporates long-term depletion of the watershed acid neutralisation fraction, as is predicted to occur with MAGIC. In test calibrations for 33 representative watersheds in the Adirondacks, the resulting reduced-form model provides a close approximation to MAGIC, with average root mean square errors of 0.79 μeq l-1 for ANC, 1.09 μeq l-1 for calcium, 0.16 for pH, 2.52 μeq l-1 for aluminium, and 0.09% for soil base saturation. In addition, improved fish viability models are incorporated in the integrated assessment model, and predictions are demonstrated for a future deposition reduction scenario for the Adirondack region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004993425759
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  • 89
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    Modelling Acidification Effects on Coniferous Forest Soils (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 353-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; acidification history ; aluminum adsorption ; base cation exchange ; biologic acidification ; podsols ; sulphate adsorption ; swedish forest soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Two submodels for simulating the leaching of forest soils are described. SOILORG is used for O, E, and top B layers where Al(OH)3 is absent and organic matter is the major base cation storage. SOILMIN cares for the rest of the profile where Al(OH)3 control of Al is assumed and goethite provides most of the sulphate storage, clay mineral surfaces providing base cation storage. Results are presented from a test run for the period 1911 to 2030, based on data from a 260 cm deep soil profile in the SW of Sweden investigated 1990 and on a likely deposition scenario. Considering that the deposition of base cations exceeded the removal by stemwood in 1911 when the simulation started, the biologic acidification of the soil profile had reached a steady state before 1911 so that no additional acidification took place before 1930 and very little before 1950. After 1950 it was strongly enhanced by the increased acid deposition. In the mineral soil a considerable resistance against acidification is offered both by base cation exchange and sulphate adsorption, creating an acidification front which moved slowly down the B-horizon then accelerated, reaching the bottom of the profile in 1990. A deposition reduction by 2/3 during 1990–2010 will cause a partial recovery of pH, particularly in the deeper parts of the profile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004937026587
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  • 90
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    Beryllium Chemistry in the Lysina Catchment, Czech Republic (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 409-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; beryllium ; catchment ; groundwater ; soil solution ; stream water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The environmental chemistry of beryllium (Be) was investigated at the Lysina catchment in western Bohemia, Czech Republic, a forest ecosystem with high loadings of acidic atmospheric deposition. The catchment supports Norway spruce plantations; it is underlain by leucogranite and the soils are Spodosols. Average concentrations of Be were high in groundwater (3.3 µg L-1) and in stream water (1.5 µg L-1), in comparison to the drinking water standard of the Czech Republic (0.2 µg L-1). Chemical equilibrium calculations suggest that aquoberyllium Be2+ was the prevailing inorganic species in drainage waters at the site. Atmospheric deposition of Be (45 µg m-2 yr-1) was small in comparison to drainage outflow (586 µg m-2 yr-1) at Lysina. Elevated Be concentrations in drainage water appear to be the result of the mobilization of Be from soils and weathered bedrock due to acidic atmospheric deposition. Increased mobility of Be due to acidification may have serious ecological consequences in acid-sensitive areas with terrestrial pools of available Be.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005091728272
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  • 91
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    An Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Sediments Along the Albanian Coast (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 235-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atomic absorption spectroscopy ; background level ; heavy metal ; lognormal distribution ; normalization ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An evaluation is presented of heavy metal pollution, based on statistical analysis of metal concentrations in the sediments from an area along the Albanian Coast. This includes a detailed description of levels of the most important pollutants. Examination of lognormal metal distribution plots indicates that the curve inflections may be operationally used as a threshold between polluted and unpolluted areas. Fe is used for mineralogical normalization of the data. The normalization procedure identifies the most polluted areas. It is clearly demonstrated that some industrial activities such as mining, harbour and chlor-alkali plant, notably affect the heavy metals concentration in the sediments. An evaluation of bakcground levels for the sediments of the Adriatic Albanian coast is also carried out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005086208998
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  • 92
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    Sorption Kinetics and Transformation of DDT in Sediment (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: DDT ; kinetic ; organic pollutant ; sediment ; sorption ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The overall objective of this study was to investigate the sorption kinetics of DDT in sediment under similar experimental conditions employed in corresponding toxicity studies for bentic organisms. A batch of aerated Schoonrewoerdse Wiel sediment, initially spiked with DDT, was sampled over a period of seven days. Concentrations of DDT, DDD and DDE were determined in both the solid and the solution phase in the sediment/water system after separation by centrifugation. It was found that the extractable amount of DDT decreased with increasing contact time. This can partly be explained in terms of transformation of DDT into DDD. Furthermore, the present applied extraction procedure seems to be less effective with increasing contact time, indicating an increase in binding strength of DDT with the sediment material. Finally, on the basis of DDT, DDE and DDD concentrations in both the solid phase and the solution phase, partition coefficients were calculated, which appeared to be independent of the contact time. This points at a very rapid equilibrating between DDT in pore water and in the extractable forms adsorbed at the solid phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005087429581
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  • 93
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    Critical Loads of Acid Deposition on Soil in China (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 35-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; China ; critical load ; soil sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Critical loads of acid deposition havebeen mapped for Chinese soils using a modifiedsemi-quantitative method, which is based on theminerals controlling weathering and soil development,and corrected by introducing an Arrhenius relationshipto describe the effect of temperature and a weightedaveraging approach to evaluate the effect of soiltexture, land use and precipitation. As a consequenceof these modifications, the method has been quantifiedand can be more widely used. Results from this studyshow that the lowest critical loads of acid depositionin China, i.e., those areas most sensitive to aciddeposition, occur in the Podzolic soils in theNortheast, followed by Latosol, Dark brown forest soiland Black soil areas. The Ferralsol areas in SouthChina are intermediate, tolerating about 0.8–1.6 g m-2 yr-1 sulfur deposition. The highestcritical loads of acid deposition are mainly locatedin the Alpine soil areas on the Plateau of Tibet andareas of Xerosol and Podocal soil in Northwest China.The reason for lower critical loads in the Northeastrelative to South China can be attributed to thedifference of temperature, soil moisture and soiltexture. Comparison of critical loads with the sulfurdeposition in 1995 identifies almost one fourth of theland area in southeast China to be subject to risk of acidification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005197414074
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  • 94
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    Metal Pollution by Old Lead-Zinc Mines in Urumea River Valley (Basque Country, Spain). Soil, Biota and Sediment (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 107 (1998), S. 303-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: base metal mining ; biota ; metal pollution ; sediment ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soil, aquatic biota (moss: Brachythecium rivulare; aquatic macrophytes: Juncus effusus, Potamogeton crispus; fish: Salmo trutta fario, Anguilla anguilla, Phoxinus phoxinus, Chelon labrosus) and sediment samples from the Urumea river valley were analysed for metals by acid digestion and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The sediments show the presence of metal pollution (Cd: 2.5–24 mg kg-1; Pb: 125–1,150 mg kg-1; Zn: 125–2,500 mg kg-1) because mining and industrial wastes. A selective retention of dense minerals in dam sediments contributes to the load of metal, but interstitial water analysis (Cd: 〈0.02–0.1 mg L-1; Pb: 0.3–1.0 mg L-1; Zn: 〈0.05–0.6 mg L-1) shows that precipitation equilibrium controls their mobilisation. Biota samples show evidence of metal accumulation, moss reaching 1,100 mg kg-1 in lead and 6,800 mg kg-1 in zinc. Soil from the valley is polluted by both, river carried material and industrial sources (Cd: 1.0–4.0 mg kg-1; Pb: 26–1,120 mg kg-1; Zn: 105–1,390 mg kg-1/math〉), but they are used, indistinctly, for farming and pasture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004925922786
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  • 95
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    Trends in the Chemistry of Acidified Bohemian Lakes from 1984 to 1995: I. Major Solutes (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 107-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; acidification ; base cations ; Bohemian lakes ; chloride ; Czech Republic ; lake water ; nitrate ; pH ; reversibility ; sulphate ; temporal changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Temporal changes in major solute concentrations in six Czech Republic lakes were monitored during the period 1984–1995. Four chronically-acidic lakes had decreasing concentrations of strong-acid anions (CSA = SO4 2- + NO3 - + Cl-), at rates of 3.0 to 9.0 μeq L-1 yr-1. Decreases in SO4 2-, NO3 -, and Cl- (at rates up to 5.1 μeq L-1 yr-1, 3.2 μeq L-1 yr-1, and 0.6 μeq L-1 yr-1, respectively) occurred. The response to the decrease in deposition of S was rapid and annual decline of SO4 2- in lake water was directly proportional to SO4 2- concentrations in the acidified lakes. Changes in NO3 - concentrations were modified by biological consumption within the lakes. The decline in CSA was accompanied in the four most acidic lakes by decreases in AlT, increases in pH at rates of 0.011 to 0.016 pH yr- 1, and decreases of Ca2+ and Mg2+ (but not Na+) in three lakes. The acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) increased significantly in all six lakes. Increases in base cation concentrations (CB = Ca2+ + Na+ + Mg2+ + K+) were the principal contributing factor to ANC increases in the two lakes with positive ANC, whereas decrease in CSA was the major factor in ANC increases in the four chronically-acidic lakes. The continued chemical recovery of these lakes depends on the uncertain trends in N deposition, the cycling of N in the lakes and their catchments, and the magnitude of the future decrease in S deposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005064829981
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  • 96
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    Biogeochemistry of Iron and Sulfur in Sediments of an Acidic Mining Lake in Lusatia, Germany (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 231-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bacterial sulfate reduction ; iron reduction ; sediment ; pore-water chemistry ; acidic mining lake ; stable sulfur isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Chemical, microbiological and stable isotope analyses of sediments from an acidic mining lake were used to evaluate whether biogeochemical processes, such as iron and sulfate reduction, are extant, because such processes can potentially generate alkalinity. Sediment cores were sliced in cm intervals to achieve a high resolution for spatial distribution of organic and inorganic components. Iron, sulfur, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus as well as the most probable number (MPN) of iron reducing bacteria, the amount of lipid phosphate and the stable isotope compositions of various sedimentary sulfur compounds were measured. Accumulation of degradable organic material, reduced mass fractions of iron, enhanced concentrations of lipid phosphate, high concentrations of DOC and ferrous iron in the pore water and a drastic change of sulfur isotope ratios in the upper 3 cm of the sediment all indicated a highly reactive zone of biogeochemical transformations. The data provide clear evidence for iron and sulfate reducing processes in the sediments that result in an increase of pH with depth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005195617195
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  • 97
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    Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels in Sediments from Tropical Catatumbo River (Venezuela) (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 117 (2000), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: eutrophication ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; river ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations were determined in sediment samples along the bed of Catatumbo river in both Colombian and Venezuelan territories until the river outlet in Maracaibo lake. Total phosphorus was determined by digestion with HCl followed by analysis using the ascorbic acid method and total nitrogen was done using the standard microkjeldahl method plus nitrate-nitrite. Ammonium, orthophosphate and nitrate were determined using standard methods after extraction steps. The mean concentrations along the river bed were found in an interval of 0.035 and 1.492 mg g-1 dry sed. for nitrogen and 0.027 and 1.039 mg g-1 dry sed. for phosphorus at 95% confidence level. The mean molar ratio N/P in the river bed was 4.42 and 3.46 for river outlet zones in the lake, which indicates that nitrogen is the limiting nutrient. For comparison with previous results of lake sediments from sites near the river outlet it was concluded that Catatumbo river is a significant source of nutrients to the Maracaibo Lake system because sediment nutrients concentrations from Catatumbo river were higher than the ones in Maracaibo Lake. Statistic studies showed significant differences between countries, zones and similar behaviour in the river bed as related to the affluent rivers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005189710803
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  • 98
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    Aluminium chemistry in two contrasted acid forest soils and headwater streams impacted by acid deposition, Vosges mountains, N.E. France (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 117 (2000), S. 217-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid brown earth ; acid deposition ; aluminium chemistry ; alunite ; podzols ; soil solution ; surface water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Al chemistry was studied in two acidic watersheds, one with a podzol, the other with an acid brown soil, in the Vosges mountains (N.E. France), by analysing both leaching and centrifugation soil solutions and spring waters over 3 yr. In the podzol, Al was mobilized in the eluvial horizons under the predominant influence of organic acidity, then leached down the profile as organic and F-bound Al. Strong undersaturation with respect to proto-imogolite and imogolite showed that the proto-imogolite theory of podzolization could not apply. Al was transferred from the soil to spring water mostly as Al3+ and Al-F. Al3+, as well as additional minor species (AlOH2+, AlSO4 +), originated from the redissolution of the top of the spodic horizons under the influence of both soil solution acidity and the occurrence of mobile anions derived from atmospheric deposition. Conversely, in the acid brown soil, Al mobilization was regulated by nitrate and occurred mainly as Al3+. Most of Al was retained in the deep soil and only traces of monomeric Al reached spring water. In the podzol eluvial horizons, soil solutions were undersaturated with respect to all relevant mineral phases and their chemical composition agree with the concept of a mobilization of Al from the solid soil organic Al and a control of Al3+ activity by complexation reaction with the solid and soluble soil organic matter and F. In the acid brown soil, soil solutions were found to be in equilibrium with natural alunite, and the formation of this mineral, if confirmed, would account for the occurrence of 'open' vermiculites instead of the expected hydroxy-Al interlayered vermiculites. Al solubility control in surface water of both watersheds remains unclear. The Al-F species in both watersheds and the likely control of Al solubility by alunite in the acid brown soil emphasize the influence of acid deposition on Al chemistry in acid watersheds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005132321147
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  • 99
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    Trace Metals in Marine Algae and Sediment Samples from the Bosphorus (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: algae ; Bosphorus ; sediment ; trace metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concentration of As, Cr, Fe, Zn, Co, Sb, Pb, Cd and Cu weredetermined in sediment and algae samples collected from theBosphorus in Turkey. Certain algae species were chosen among thegreen, brown and red algae species at three sampling stations.Element analyses were carried out by atomic absorptionspectrophotometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis. The locations having the highest metal concentrations insediments were as follows: As at Poyraz; Cr, Zn, Sb at RumeliFeneri and Fe, Co at Garipçe. In genral, the accumulation ofmost of the metals showed no direct correlation with algaespecies. On the other hand, C. verticillatus and C. barbataspecies of brown algae showed ability to accumulate arsenic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005149500870
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  • 100
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    Runoff and Sediment Attenuation by Undisturbed and Lightly Disturbed Forest Buffers (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 122 (2000), S. 121-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Soil erosion ; sediment ; water pollution ; forestry ; logging ; buffer strips
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A runoff plot experiment found that ten metre undisturbed forest buffers removed80–90% of runoff and over 95% of sediment produced by logging skid tracks. The study was carried out on 21º slopes in a native forest in eastern New South Wales, Australia. The experiment included three replicates of four treatments including undisturbed control, skid track, skid track + undisturbed buffer and skid track + disturbed buffer. Skid track and control plots were 20 m long by 5 m wide. Buffer plots consisted of a 20 m by 5 m skid track directing runoff to a 10 m by 5 m naturally vegetated buffer that was either undisturbed or lightly disturbed. Runoff and sediment yields from plots were monitored over two successive summers. Undisturbed buffers greatly reduced overland flow and decreased sediment yields from around 100 Mg ha1 to less than 0.5 Mg ha-1. Differences in both runoff and sediment yield between undisturbed buffer and control treatments were minimal and not statistically significant. Disturbed buffers achieved similarly large reductions in runoff and sediment yield in two out of three replicates. The third replicate yielded as much or more runoff and sediment than the skid track plots suggesting that disturbance increased the risk of buffer failure. The peak rate of outflow from buffer plots was generally not related to peak buffer inflow until a threshold inflow of 1.6 L s-1 was reached, after which peak outflow and peak inflow were linearly related.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005283403178
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