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  • Articles  (36,585)
  • Humans  (26,747)
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems  (9,672)
  • dispersion
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Sweet chestnut leaves (Castanea sativa) collected from the flanks of Mt Etna volcano in 2005–2007 were analysed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of element concentrations. The aim of this work was to determine whether these leaves are a bio-indicator for volcanic gas, aerosol and ash deposition and to gain new insights into the environmental effects of quiescent and eruptive volcanic plumes. Results show a positive correlation between sample variability in the concentration of elements in Castanea sativa and enrichment factors of elements in the plume. The spatial and temporal variability of chalcophilic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Mo, Tl, Zn) is consistent with prevailing winds transporting eruptive plumes to the south-east of the summit, resulting in enhanced plume deposition onto the flanks of the volcano. Similar spatial and temporal variability was found for the halideforming elements (Cs, K, Rb) and intermediate elements (Al, Co, Mn). The spatial variability of chalcophilic, intermediate and halide-forming elements during quiescent periods was diminished (relative to eruptive periods) and could not be explained by plume deposition. In contrast, the concentrations of lithophilic elements (Ba, Ca, Mg, Sr) did not show any clear spatial variability even during eruptive periods. Comparisons between enrichment factors for elements in Castanea sativa and literature values for enrichment factors of the volcanic plume, groundwater and lichen were made. Whilst Castanea sativa offers insights into the spatial and temporal variability of deposition, the species may not be a bio-indicator for plume composition due to biological fractionation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107-119
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt Etna ; vegetation ; Castanea sativa ; bio-indicator ; emission ; dispersion ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2015-11-20
    Keywords: dispersion ; ecological effects ; invasive species ; management options ; public health ; socio-economic impacts ; 42.54 ; 42.44
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: report
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  • 3
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    In:  graciela@cenpat.edu.ar | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/16708 | 9602 | 2016-05-04 14:47:08 | 16708 | Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: En diciembre de 1992, a varios metros de profundidad y adheridos a los pilotes del muelle Almirante Storni de Puerto Madryn (Prov. Chubut, Argentina), se observaron algunos ejemplares de un alga de gran tamaño no registrada entre la flora marina argentina. Se trataba de Undaria pinnatifida, una especie originaria de las costas de Japón, que arribó presumiblemente en forma accidental, trasladada por barcos. Progresivamente esta especie se fue dispersando a lo largo de las costas de la Patagonia Argentina, con indeseables efectos ambientales, sociales y económicos. Se incluye información sobre las características del alga, su adaptación a diversas condiciones ambientales, su dispersión mundial, el impacto ambiental en la región, además de un glosario y lecturas sugeridas.
    Description: Reprinted as: pp.99-107 in, Ciencia del Mar. Volumen temático 1, 12/2014; Asociación Ciencia Hoy. ISBN: 978-987-45584-0-4 (Special issue dedicated to 'Marine Sciences: 1988-2014')
    Keywords: Biology ; Environment ; Undaria pinnatifida ; PSW ; Argentina ; Patagonia ; marine environment ; environmental impact ; ecosystem disturbance ; geographical distribution ; dispersion ; plant morphology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 31-39
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: El sistema DISPERSIM Profesional es un simulador de trayectoria y dispersión de hidrocarburos en el mar, mediante el cual se obtiene el pronóstico de la trayectoria de un derrame de estos compuestos. Posee una base de datos de 91 tipos de petróleo y sus propiedades fundamentales. Calcula la evolución y trayectoria del derrame conociendo la posición, el volumen inicial vertido y la velocidad del viento que incide sobre la superficie. DISPERSIM obtiene un modelo de los procesos físicos que atraviesa el petróleo durante su dispersión y da seguimiento en tiempo real a un derrame de hidrocarburos.
    Description: DISPERSIM Professional system is a simulator of oil trajectory and dispersion at sea, by means of which it is possible to forecast the trajectory of an oil spill. Its database includes 91 types of oil and their main properties. The system calculates the evolution and trajectory of an oil slick knowing the position, initial spill volume and wind speed incident on the surface. DISPERSIM obtains a model of the physical processes influencing oil during its dispersion. It also allows real-time monitoring of an oil spill.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: simulador ; trayectoria ; dispersión ; hidrocarburos ; dispersion ; oil
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp. 1-9
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The primary objective of this publication is to share with a wider audience the valuable information and extensive dialogue that took place amongst over 140 individuals who attended the second in a series of planned workshops on the science and management of coastal landforms in Massachusetts. This workshop took place at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on January 24, 2001. The individuals who attended this workshop are actively engaged in planning, managing, regulating, engineering, educating, and studying coastal landforms and their beneficial functions. This workshop titled, Can Humans & Coastal Landforms Co-exist?’, was a natural follow-up to a previous workshop, Coastal Landform Management in Massachusetts, held at WHOI October 9-10, 1997 (proceedings published as WHOI Technical Report #WHOI-98-16). The workshop had a very practical, applied focus, providing state-of-the-art scientific understanding of coastal landform function, case history management and regulation of human activities proposed on coastal landforms, a multi-faceted mock conservation commission hearing presented by practicing technical consultants and attorneys that involved all attendees acting as regulators in breakout sessions, and, at the conclusion of the workshop, an open discussion on all issues related to the science and management of coastal landforms, including future research needs.
    Description: Funding for these proceedings was provided by WHOI Sea Grant and the NOAA National Sea Grant College Program Office, Department of Commerce, under NOAA Grant No. M10-2, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sea Grant Project No. NA86R60075.
    Keywords: Coastal ; Landforms ; Humans
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 1574993 bytes
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (2018): 723, doi:10.3390/ijerph15040723.
    Description: There has been a massive increase in recent years of the use of lead (Pb) isotopes in attempts to better understand sources and pathways of Pb in the environment and in man or experimental animals. Unfortunately, there have been many cases where the quality of the isotopic data, especially that obtained by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICP-MS), are questionable, resulting in questionable identification of potential sources, which, in turn, impacts study interpretation and conclusions. We present several cases where the isotopic data have compromised interpretation because of the use of only the major isotopes 208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb, or their graphing in other combinations. We also present some examples comparing high precision data from thermal ionization (TIMS) or multi-collector plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) to illustrate the deficiency in the Q-ICP-MS data. In addition, we present cases where Pb isotopic ratios measured on Q-ICP-MS are virtually impossible for terrestrial samples. We also evaluate the Pb isotopic data for rat studies, which had concluded that Pb isotopic fractionation occurs between different organs and suggest that this notion of biological fractionation of Pb as an explanation for isotopic differences is not valid. Overall, the brief review of these case studies shows that Q-ICP-MS as commonly practiced is not a suitable technique for precise and accurate Pb isotopic analysis in the environment and health fields
    Keywords: Lead isotopes ; ICP-MS ; TIMS ; MC-ICP-MS ; Environment ; Humans ; Rats ; Fractionation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-04-16
    Keywords: dispersion ; ecological effects ; invasive species ; management options ; public health ; socio-economic impacts
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 10 (1980), S. 289-303,IN1-IN2 
    ISSN: 0302-3524
    Keywords: Dredge spoil ; USA ; bottom surveys ; cohesion ; dispersion ; hardness ; sediment movement ; turbidity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 13 (1981), S. 27-45 
    ISSN: 0302-3524
    Keywords: circulation ; dispersion ; numerical model ; partially mixed estuary ; turbulent diffusion
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 10 (1980), S. 495-505 
    ISSN: 0302-3524
    Keywords: Kinorhyncha ; South Carolina coast ; dispersion ; meiofauna ; population dynamics ; salt marshes
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 14 (1982), S. 599-621 
    ISSN: 0302-3524
    Keywords: circulation ; dispersion ; estuaries ; mixing processes ; salinity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 12 (1981), S. 525-533 
    ISSN: 0302-3524
    Keywords: continuity of salt ; convective mixing ; diffusion-advection models ; dispersion ; mixing ; mixing processes
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Free Radical Biology and Medicine 10 (1991), S. 177-184 
    ISSN: 0891-5849
    Keywords: Free radicals ; Humans ; Noninvasive analytical techniques ; Oxidative stress status
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research DNAging 256 (1991), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 0921-8734
    Keywords: Ageing ; Humans ; Skin cells ; Telomeres
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytical Biochemistry 137 (1984), S. 20-24 
    ISSN: 0003-2697
    Keywords: capillary ; chromatography ; diffusion ; dispersion ; molecular weight ; peak shapes ; protein
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 304 (1994), S. 285-294 
    ISSN: 0027-5107
    Keywords: Cotinine ; Genetic monitoring ; Hprt mutation ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; Pregnancy ; Smoking ; Tobacco
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Computer Physics Communications 64 (1991), S. 167-182 
    ISSN: 0010-4655
    Keywords: accelerators ; dispersion ; divergence ; electron ; first-order ; ion ; ion-optics ; matrix ; optimization ; paraxial ; prism ; size ; trajectories ; transport
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Computer Science , Physics
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research DNAging 237 (1990), S. 123-130 
    ISSN: 0921-8734
    Keywords: Aging ; Humans ; Ionizing radiation ; Single cell electrophoresis
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 10 (1991), S. 432-444 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Weeds ; dispersion ; economics ; mathematical models ; population biology ; spatial distributions ; threshold densities ; weed-crop interactions
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 10 (1989), S. 489-492 
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Angiotensin II ; Blood ; Humans ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rats ; [des-Leu^1^0]-angiotensin I
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Autocrine feedback mechanism ; Cholecystokinin ; Feeding ; Humans ; Radioimmunoassay
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 31 (1990), S. 651-665 
    ISSN: 0272-7714
    Keywords: dispersion ; estuarine stratification ; residual currents ; salt transport ; tidal currents ; tropical estuary ; vertical current shear ; vertical-shear transport
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 31 (1990), S. 651-665 
    ISSN: 0272-7714
    Keywords: dispersion ; estuarine stratification ; residual currents ; salt transport ; tidal currents ; tropical estuary ; vertical current shear ; vertical-shear transport
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39 (1994), S. 141-150 
    ISSN: 0168-1591
    Keywords: Cats ; Foraging ; Humans ; Livestock ; Predators ; Vampire bats
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Applied Animal Behaviour Science 41 (1994), S. 101-114 
    ISSN: 0168-1591
    Keywords: Fear ; Handling ; Humans ; Poultry ; Productivity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Thermal Biology 5 (1980), S. 249-251 
    ISSN: 0306-4565
    Keywords: Humans ; exercise ; hyperthermia ; oesophageal temperature
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 263-279 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Porous media ; heterogeneity ; groundwater ; dispersion ; stochastic theory ; plume evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The migration of contaminants in heterogeneous aquifers involves dispersive processes that act at different scales. The interaction of these processes as a plume evolves can be studied by micro-scale modelling whereby two scales, a local- or micro-scale and an aquifer- or macro-scale, are covered simultaneously. Local-scale dispersive processes are represented through the local dispersion coefficient in the transport equation, while large-scale dispersion due to heterogeneities is represented through the resolution of the flow field and the diffusive exchange between streamtubes. The micro-scale model provides both the high degree of resolution compatible with local-scale processes, and the extent required for the approach to asymptotic conditions, using grids of up to a million nodal points. The model is based on the dual potential-streamfunction formulation for flow, and the transport problem is formulated in a natural coordinate system provided by the flownet. Simulations can be used to verify stochastic theories of dispersion, without the restrictive assumptions inherent in the theory. For the two-dimensional case, results indicate convergence of the effective dispersivity to the theoretical macrodispersivity value. Convergence takes place within a travel distance of about 50 correlation lengths of the hydraulic conductivity field. However, the approach taken to asymptotic conditions, as well as the macrodispersivity value, may differ for different realizations of the same medium. The influence of early-time events such as plume splitting on the asymptotic convergence remains to be investigated.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 105-116 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Nonlocal ; transport ; dispersion ; heterogeneity ; integro-differential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Analysis from a number of different perspectives has shown diffusion and dispersion in natural porous formations to generally be nonlocal in character, i.e., the mass balance involves integro-partial differential equations. Only in certain asymptotic limits do these laws localize to classical partial differential equations. Compiled within is a resume of nonlocal laws that our group has developed over the last few years for systems with physical, chemical and biological heterogeneity. Analytical tools used to obtain these laws are nonequilibrium and equilibrium statistical mechanics, and first-order spectral-perturbation methods. This paper is an expansion of the material presented at the Waterloo conference held in the memory of Dr. Unny.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
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    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 450-454 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polymeric microsphere ; radiation polymerization ; acrolein ; dispersion ; 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate ; polyvinyl alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The preparation of polymeric microspheres having aldehyde groups by radiation polymerization of acrolein solution containing various monomers at low temperatures was studied, in which the monomer solution was dispersed with polyvinyl alcohol in order to obtain monomeric microspheres and then irradiated. The particle size of the microspheres from acrolein — 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate system varied with polymerization and dispersion condition, in which the particle size increase of the concentration of 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate and its particle size distribution was broadened. In acrolein — polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate system, the effect of the molecular structure of monomers on the particle size was studied, and it was found that the particle size decreased with number of oxyethylene units in monomers.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 406-412 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Iron(III) hydroxide sol ; amino acid ; dispersion ; coagulation ; electrical surface ; phenomena
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The dispersion and coagulation phenomena of iron(III) hydroxide sols were investigated as a function of pH in the absence and presence of amino acids. The amino acids used were glycine,L-α-alanine,DL-α-amino-n-butyric acid,L-valine,L-leucine,L- isoleucine,L-glutamic acid andL-arginine. The turbidity measurements of the iron-(III) hydroxide sols, which were prepared by pouring an aqueous iron(III) chloride solution into boiling distilled water, were carried out using a spectrophotometer with an addermixer device and an automatic recording system. The zeta potentials of sol particles were obtained by ultra-microelectrophoresis. The change in turbidity of the sol, as a measure in stability of the sol, increased with increasing pH in the region of pH 2–8, and reached a maximum at the isoelectric point of the particles. The coagulation at the isoelectric point was prevented by adding amino acids, and the stabilization had an optimum point at concentrations which depended upon the kinds of amino acids. The remarkable dispersing effect of amino acids which occurred near the isoelectric point of the particles at the suitable concentration of the ammo acids may be due to the steric protection by amino acid adsorbed. The protective action was explained according to a modified DLVO theory, the modification for London-van der Waals force being applied in order to take the effect of the adsorption layer into account.
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  • 31
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 201-205 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: cockroaches ; Blattella germanica ; behaviour ; aggregation ; faeces ; dispersion ; Blattodea ; Blattellidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The patterns of faeces deposition in glass arenas with three groups of Blattella germanica L. during colonization of new refuges were recorded. The individual positions of more than 17,500 faeces were recorded. The average daily rate of faeces excretion per adult was 9.6 in males, 9.1 in non-gravid females and 2.7 in gravid females. Significant differences of faeces accumulation at various sites of the arena were found. In all three groups, mean density of faeces decreased in the following order: shelter, edges of arena, area around shelter, remainder of open area. The faeces were not accumulated more significantly at food and water sources than within the remainder of the open area. Low concentrations of faeces around edges were recorded with gravid females. The ratio of numbers of faeces in the shelter and those on the remainder of the arena was nearly identical in all tested groups. The rate of faeces deposition fluctuated during colonization of a new refuge. The role of faeces containing aggregation pheromone and ammonia in the ecology and behaviour of B. germanica is discussed.
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  • 32
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 119-127 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: spatial covariance ; quantile variance ; total covariance ; dispersion ; patchiness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect populations tend to be patchy, and the nature of the patches is a critical component of ecology. Predator-prey interactions, coexistence of competing species, survival of rare species as habitat is destroyed, and damage to crops are just a few examples of spatially-dependent ecological processes. For want of tractable quantitative approaches, understanding of spatial ecology has lagged far behind recognition of its importance. We assert that a quantitative foundation of a spatial ecology involves the reification of patches as objects of study. We introduce two new measures of patch dynamics: total covariance for comparing degrees of patchiness between populations, and quantile variance for quantifying the constancy of dispersion patterns through time. These new measures, in combination with the long-established spatial covariance from geostatistics, comprise a rudimentary toolbox for reification of patches and empirical field studies in spatial ecology.
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  • 33
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    Optical and quantum electronics 32 (2000), S. 963-970 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Keywords: dispersion ; optical fibres ; optical waveguides ; photonic crystal fibres
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The modal characteristics of silica-based photonic crystal fibres (PCF) are examined through a scalar modal analysis combined with an effective V-parameter model using a finite-difference method. Cut off frequencies of the lowest-order modes and the normalised dispersion curves are given and are found to be quasi-independent of the hole-size-to-pitch ratio. A simple and accurate empirical relation for the cutoff wavelength is given for the first higher-order mode for fibres with hole-size-to-pitch ratio below 0.7. These results should be very useful in designing PCF's for various applications.
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  • 34
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    Fire technology 28 (1992), S. 168-173 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Fires ; combustion products ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Conclusions The computer models discussed here are used by MHAU to give an initial indication of the possible hazards to the local population from the dispersion of combustion products from large fires. Agreement between the computer model and the wind tunnel data is encouraging, particularly at relatively low values of the buoyancy flux parameterF U −3 L −1. HSE is proposing to commence large-scale dispersion trials in the open air in the near future. It is hoped that this will enable greater confidence to be had in the predictions of the computer models.
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  • 35
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    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 805-812 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: katydid ; dispersal ; dispersion ; mating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 36
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    Journal of solution chemistry 14 (1985), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Molten nitrates ; HTS ; dispersion ; refractive index ; polarizability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Refractive indices of a certain molten nitrate mixture measured goniometrically with visible light at nine wavelengths, varied linearly with temperature at a given wavelength. Dispersion phenomenon was also observed at a fixed temperature. Electronic polarizability was determined using the refractive index extrapolated to infinite wavelength and the semiclassical Clausius-Mossotti equation.
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  • 37
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    Catalysis letters 19 (1993), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: L-zeolite ; Pt/KL catalyst ; aromatization ; channel effect ; basicity ; dispersion
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Designed Pt/KL catalysts were prepared and characterized by CO chemisorption and XRD. Pulse catalytic tests usingn-hexane as the probe were performed. The results showed that Pt particles located in the L-zeolite channels were fundamental for aromatization, and the spatial effect of the channels was essential for dehydrocyclization. Obstruction of the channels, while having no influence on the high Pt dispersion, affects the product distribution ofnC6 in addition to a sharp reduction in reactivity.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Vanadia ; titania-silica ; dispersion ; monolayer ; oxygen uptake
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of heat treatments on the dispersion and thermal stability of series of titania-silica mixed oxide supported vanadia catalysts has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, infrared, oxygen chemisorption and surface-area measurements. The results of V2O5/TiO2-SiO2 catalysts calcined at 773 K suggest that vanadia (upto 20 wt%) is in highly dispersed state on the carrier. Thermal treatments at 873 K and above transform vanadia and titania into crystalline phases and then TiO2 anatase into rutile. In the absence of vanadia the TiO2-SiO2 remains unaffected by thermal treatments.
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  • 39
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    Catalysis letters 21 (1993), S. 345-352 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: MoO3/AlPO4 ; characterisation (LTOC, XRD, ESR,NH3 adsorption) ; dispersion
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A series of MoO3/AlPO4 catalysts with molybdena content varying from 2 to 16 wt% were prepared and characterized by low temperature oxygen chemisorption (LTOC), ammonia chemisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron spin resonance (ESR). Maximum O2 uptake was observed at 6 wt% MoO3 loading indicating the completion of monolayer. The ESR results are in conformity with LTOC and XRD data. The activities of the catalysts were tested in methanol partial oxidation and are correlated with their surface characteristics wherever possible.
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  • 40
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    Catalysis letters 24 (1994), S. 37-46 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: ESCA ; CO adsorption ; dispersion ; Pd deposition ; Pd/Al2O3
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and carbon monoxide adsorption techniques have been applied to study the percent exposed (i.e., dispersion) and Pd deposition in the pores of highly porous gamma alumina-supported Pd catalysts. A correlation has been found between Pd dispersion and its extent of penetration into the pores: more edge-coated catalysts are less dispersed. The dispersion of Pd is controlled by a carrier-catalyst interaction that originates in part from electron transfer from the support to the supported Pd. This electronic interaction is demonstrated by the broadening of the ESCA peaks. The activity of the catalysts, measured by the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline, is dependent on the dispersion of palladium.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Reverse micelle ; Fischer-Tropsch ; ruthenium ; particle size ; water-gas shift ; dispersion ; agglomeration
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Highly dispersed ruthenium catalysts can be prepared on alumina by aqueous impregnation of ruthenium. EXAFS at the K-edge showed that this type of catalyst, after calcination and reduction, consisted of ruthenium particles, which were about 0.8 nm in size. When highly dispersed on alumina, ruthenium appears to catalyze the water-gas shift reaction, which occurs subsequent to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The hydrocarbons produced had low olefinicity, possibly because ofin situ production of hydrogen via the water-gas shift reaction. Highly dispersed ruthenium was not stable on alumina during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The ruthenium agglomeration on the alumina surface, as well as overall ruthenium loss from the catalyst, was attributed to the formation of a volatile ruthenium carbonyl species. Catalysts with about 85% of the ruthenium in the form of 3–7 nm particles were prepared on alumina by reverse micelle impregnation of ruthenium. These larger particles were stable against ruthenium carbonyl formation and, therefore, did not exhibit ruthenium agglomeration or loss of ruthenium. Catalysts with 3–7 nm ruthenium particles displayed a higher turnover number for hydrocarbon synthesis, higher olefinicity, and chain-growth probability and did not exhibit water-gas shift activity in contrast to ruthenium particles which were about 0.8 nm in size. The CO disproportionation measurements showed much less CO dissociation over highly dispersed ruthenium relative to 3–7 nm ruthenium particles. This phenomenon is consistent with the low activity, the low chain-growth probability and may also relate to the tendency to form ruthenium carbonyl that is observed with small ruthenium particles. The apparent water-gas shift activity of highly dispersed ruthenium can be explained by the low CO dissociation efficiency as well as by the proposed ability to dissociate the water molecule.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Vanadia ; molybdena ; dispersion ; partial oxidation ; dehydration
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of molybdenum oxide on the dispersion and activity of vanadium oxide supported on alumina was investigated. A series of MoO3 catalysts were prepared using monolayer V2O5/γ-Al2O3 catalysts by impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction and oxygen chemisorption at −78 °C. The catalytic properties were evaluated for the vapour-phase oxidation of methanol. The addition of MoO3 to V2O5/γ-Al2O3 results in the decrease of dispersion of vanadia and also the activity for the oxidation reaction. However, the selectivity of formaldehyde was found to increase with MoO3 loading indicating that MoO3 created additional sites for partial oxidation reaction.
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    Catalysis letters 33 (1995), S. 209-215 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: tungsten oxide ; silica ; Raman spectroscopy ; surface structure ; dispersion
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two sets of WO3/SiO2 catalysts were prepared from (NH4 6H2W12O40 (aqueous method) and W(η3-C3H5)4 (non-aqueous method). The molecular structures and dispersions of the surface tungsten oxide species for the WO3/SiO2 catalysts under ambient and in situ dehydrated conditions were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The samples prepared from (NH4)6H2W12O40 (aqueous method) exhibit very strong Raman features due to the presence of crystalline WO3 and the samples prepared from W(η3-C3H5)4 (non-aqueous method) do not possess crystalline WO3. These results suggest that the preparation method exerts an influence on the dispersion of the surface tungsten oxide species on SiO2. The surface tungsten oxide species under ambient conditions possess polytungstate clusters, W12O 42 12− , on the silica support. Upon dehydration at elevated temperatures, the hydrated polytungstate clusters decompose and interact with the silica support via the formation of isolated, octahedrally coordinated tungsten oxide species.
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    Catalysis letters 26 (1994), S. 209-215 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: dispersion ; CuCl2 ; ZSM-5 ; zeolite ; microwave
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract By using microwave technique, the high dispersion of CuCl2 in NaZSM-5 zeolite (CuCl2·2H2O/NaZSM-5 ratio of 0–0.50 g/g) has been prepared. The mechanical mixture of CuCl2-2H2O and NaZSM-5 (CuCl2·2H2O/NaZSM-5 ratio of 0–0.50 g/g) shows characteristic XRD peaks of both NaZSM-5 and crystalline CuCl2·2H2O. Notably, after reaction of the above samples in a microwave oven for 10 min, the sample XRD patterns only exhibit the peaks assigned to NaZSM-5, while the peaks assigned to crystalline CuCl2·2H2O disappear completely, indicating that CuCl2·2H2O no longer exists in the crystalline state in the CuCl2·2H2O/NaZSM-5 samples. Additionally, in DTA curves, we cannot observe the melting point of CuCl2 in a CuCl2·2H2O/NaZSM-5 sample (CuCl2·2H2O/NaZSM-5 ratio of 0–0.5 g/g) treated in a microwave oven, indicating that there is no CuCl2 crystalline phase in the CuCl2·2H2O/NaZSM-5 samples (CuCl2·2H2O/NaZSM-5 ratio of 0–0.50 g/g).
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    Acta applicandae mathematicae 39 (1995), S. 307-314 
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: 58F07 ; functionals ; limit pass ; dispersion ; Cauchy problem ; Galerkin method
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We present the new approach to the background of approximate methods of convergence based on the theory of functional solutions and solutions in the mean one for conservation laws. The applications to the Cauchy problem to KdV equation, when dispersion tends to zero are considered. Also the Galerkin method for a periodic problem for the KdV equation is considered.
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    Optical review 6 (1999), S. 410-414 
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: nanocomposite ; dispersion ; Kramers-Kronig relations ; sum rules ; nonlinear susceptibility
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A dispersion theory for linear optical properties of two-phase layered-geometry nanocomposites is presented. Generalized dispersion relations and sum rules are stated using the results from complex analysis. The concept of Lorentzian linear susceptibility is exploited in theoretical treatment of the effective linear susceptibility of the nanocomposite. The meromorphism of total reflectance in the case of effective meromorphic nonlinear susceptibility was observed.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 287-294 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: density-dependence ; dispersion ; marking pheromone ; oviposition ; Rhagoletis ; Tephritidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des études précédentes sur Rhagoletis avaient suggéré que différentes caractéristiques de la plant-hôte,-densité des fruits, taille de la plante, présence de phéromones de marquage, etc.-, influençaient la prospection par les femelles gravides. Ce travail examine si ces caractéristiques sont utilisables pour prévoir la distribution des larves de R. indifferens dans un verger abandonné; par exemple, si une prospection concentrée dans les zones de forte densité de fruits entraîne une relation positive entre densité des hôtes et intensité des contaminations. En 1986, le niveau d'attaque était élevé: 89% des fruits examinés contenaient au moins une larve. Tant le nombre de larves par fruit que le pourcentage des fruits attaqués étaient indépendants de la densité des fruits et de l'échelle spatiale utilisée: entre les arbres, dans l'arbre, parmi le paquet de fruits. L'abondance de larves n'était pas plus liée à la taille de l'arbre, qu'à son aspect ou à sa position dans le verger. En 1987, quand l'attaque a été faible (〈60% des fruits attaqués), l'échantillonnage des fruits pendant toute la saison a donné un nombre de larves par fruit, soit indépendant de la densité de fruits, soit, à l'opposé de nos prévisions, inversement dépendant de la taille de l'arbre et de sa densité en fruits. Bien que des infections multiples de fruits aient été fréquentes (17% des fruits contenaient de une à cinq larves), les larves étaient clairement distribuées uniformément parmi les fruits de l'arbre, probablement par suite de la présence de phéromones de marquage déposées après la ponte. Les mouches peuvent déceler lors de leur ponte la présence de larves d'autres espèces dans le fruit; la distribution des asticots est en relation négative avec celles des chenilles qui entrent plus tôt dans les fruits. Chez les insectes des fruits, comme chez de nombreux parasitoïdes, les réponses des populations aux variations spatiales de la densité de l'hôte peuvent difficilement être déduites de l'analyse du comportement individuel.
    Notes: Abstract Previous foraging studies of individual Rhagoletis flies predict a positive relationship between the density of host fruits and probability of fruit infestation. This study examines how fruit density and other traits influence the distribution of Rhagoletis indifferens Curran larvae in an abandoned orchard. In 1986, when the level of fruit infestation was high, both the number of larvae/fruit and the percentage of fruits attacked were independent of fruit density at all spatial scales examined (among trees, within trees, or among fruit clusters). In 1987, when the level of fruit infestation was low and fruits were sampled throughout the season, the number of larvae/fruit was either independent of fruit density or, contrary to prediction, was inversely dependent on fruit density and tree size. In fruit-parasitic insects, as in many parasitoids, population-level responses to spatial variation in host density may be difficult to predict from analyses of individual behavior.
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    Catalysis letters 53 (1998), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: ethene hydroformylation ; heterogeneous catalysts ; cobalt catalysts ; gas‐phase deposition ; dispersion ; stability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The results from ethene hydroformylation at 173°C showed that a Co(acac)3/SiO2 catalyst prepared from Co(acac)3 precursor by gas‐phase deposition was three times as active as a catalyst prepared by impregnation from cobalt nitrate, but oxo‐selectivities were similar. The high propanal selectivities on the Co(acac)3/SiO2 seem to be related to the presence of highly dispersed active sites favouring CO insertion. As dispersion is decreased from 23 to 8% due to increasing metal content (from 5 to 16 wt%), oxo‐selectivity decreased from 39 to 25%. The activity of Co(acac)3/SiO2 remained unchanged during 68 h on stream. The gas‐phase deposition technique described here is a promising method for the preparation of active, selective and stable heterogeneous hydroformylation catalysts.
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  • 49
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    Catalysis letters 31 (1995), S. 341-350 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: carbon monoxide hydrogenation ; palladium ; HZSM-5 ; dispersion ; selectivity (oxygenate) ; catalyst characterization (IR)
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pd/HZSM-5 catalysts prepared by ion-exchange method using Pd(NH3) 4 2+ were calcined and reduced at different temperatures to provide different metal dispersions. The effect of Pd dispersion on CO adsorption characteristics and acidity were observed through FT-IR study. Methanol and dimethyl ether were the main products in CO hydrogénation over Pd/HZSM-5 catalyst with small Pd particles on which CO was weakly adsorbed, while the selectivity to methane increased with metal sizes.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: vanadia ; titania-alumina ; dispersion ; monolayer ; oxygen uptake
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Titania-alumina binary oxide supported vanadia catalysts calcined at different temperatures were studied by X-ray diffraction, infrared, oxygen chemisorption and surface area measurements to establish the effects of vanadia loading and thermal treatments on the structure of the dispersed vanadium oxide species. The results suggest that vanadia when calcined at 773 K is in highly dispersed state on the support surface. This dispersion is mostly retained upto a calcination temperature of 873 K. However, thermal treatments above 873 K transform vanadia and titania into crystalline phases and then TiO2 anatase into rutile.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: MCM‐48 ; direct incorporation ; incipient wetness impregnation ; dispersion ; hydrogenation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Platinum‐cluster‐containing cubic mesoporous material (Pt‐MCM‐48) has been synthesized by direct introduction of chloroplatinic acid during the synthesis of MCM‐48. In addition, we have also studied the incipient wetness impregnation and ion‐exchange method to obtain the platinum‐containing cubic mesoporous material. The nature of the platinum‐MCM‐48 catalyst has been characterized by different techniques such as XRD, N2 adsorption, TEM, XPS, and NMR. The catalyst obtained by direct introduction of platinum in the synthesis gel shows higher activity in the hydrogenation of benzene and toluene.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 83-98 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: spatial manoeuvering ; orientation ; host plant finding ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Colorado potato beetle ; directionality ; release-recapture ; dispersion ; field experiments ; turning angles ; walking speed ; photomenotaxis ; radius of detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A short critical review is given on the literature of host plant finding in phytophagous insects with main emphasis on the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, col.: Chrysomelidae). The literature data are compared with the results of field experiments: (1) the foraging behaviour of adults was observed in a field arena on bare ground, and (2) adults were released in closed plant stands and recaptured by potted potato plants. It is concluded that host plant finding is a chance event in this species. The observed high directionality of move must be an adaptation increasing probability of host finding. Implications on population dynamics and agricultural practice are discussed.
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  • 53
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ceratitis capitata ; medfly ; C. rosa ; C. nigra ; dispersion ; phylogeny ; allozyme frequencies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We used three different approaches, a phylogenetic analysis, the principal component analysis, and Gabriel Graphs, to study the dispersion of the medfly from its geographic centre of origin. Our analysis was based on 13 enzyme polymorphisms detected electrophoretically in 15 natural populations coming from distinct geographic areas. The results indicate that (i) there is a clear-cut separation of the native African from the introduced populations, (ii) the population from Spain seems to connect the African and the Mediterranean or American populations, and (iii) the Mediterranean populations as well as the American ones comprise two distinct groups of closely related populations. We have also estimated a phylogenetic tree for 3 species of the genus Ceratitis: C. capitata, C. rosa and C. nigra, based on electrophoretic data under the assumption of a molecular clock. The results suggest that C. capitata and C. rosa are more closely related to each other than either is to C. nigra.
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  • 54
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    Archive of applied mechanics 68 (1998), S. 158-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Keywords: Key words Critical velocities ; subcritical and supercritical state ; Mach radiation ; dispersion ; length scale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary In this contribution, attention is focused on the problem of a moving load on a Timoshenko beam-half plane system. Both the subcritical and the supercritical state will be analysed via a FE-simulation. The character of the response is explained by the analytical derivation and the elaboration of the eigen-value problem that follows from the characteristic wave equations together with the boundary conditions. It will be demonstrated that also transcritical states can occur. The total number of critical states and the values of the corresponding critical velocities are determined by the beam-half plane stiffness properties as well as the contact conditions.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 27 (1988), S. 311-320 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genome composition ; Coding sequences ; Isochores ; Humans ; Murids
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The compositional distributions of coding sequences and DNA molecules (in the 50-100-kb range) are remarkably narrower in murids (rat and mouse) compared to humans (as well as to all other mammals explored so far). In murids, both distributions begin at higher and end at lower GC values. A comparison of homologous coding sequences from murids and humans revealed that their different compositional distributions are due to differences in GC levels in all three codon positions, particularly of genes located at both ends of the distribution. In turn, these differences are responsible for differences in both codon usage and amino acids. When GC levels at first+second codon positions and third codon positions, respectively, of murid genes are plotted against corresponding GC levels of homologous human genes, linear relationships (with very high correlation coefficients and slopes of about 0.78 and 0.60, respectively) are found. This indicates a conservation of the order of GC levels in homologous genes from humans and murids. (The same comparison for mouse and rat genes indicates a conservation of GC levels of homologous genes.) A similar linear relationship was observed when plotting GC levels of corresponding DNA fractions (as obtained by density gradient centrifugation in the presence of a sequence-specific ligand) from mouse and human. These findings indicate that orderly compositional changes affecting not only coding sequences but also noncoding sequences took place since the divergence of murids. Such directional fixations of mutations point to the existence of selective pressures affecting the genome as a whole.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 35 (1992), S. 7-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Alu source genes ; Humans ; Gorillas ; Retrotransposition
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A member of the young PV Alu sub-family is detected in chimpanzee DNA showing that the PV subfamily is not specific to human DNA. This particular Alu is absent from the orthologous loci in both human and gorilla DNAs, indicating that PV subfamily members transposed within the chimpanzee lineage following the divergence of chimpanzee from both gorilla and human. These findings and previous reports describing the transpositional activity of other Alu sequences within the human, gorilla, and chimpanzee lineages provide phylogenetic evidence for the existence of multiple Alu source genes. Sequences surrounding this particular Alu resemble known transcriptional control elements associated with RNA polymerase III, suggesting a mechanism by which cis-acting elements might be acquired upon retrotransposition.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 442-449 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Humans ; Mouse ; Rat ; Codon usage ; Mutation bias ; Selection
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A new statistical test has been developed to detect selection on silent sites. This test compares the codon usage within a gene and thus does not require knowledge of which genes are under the greatest selection, that there exist common trends in codon usage across genes, or that genes have the same mutation pattern. It also controls for mutational biases that might be introduced by the adjacent bases. The test was applied to 62 mammalian sequences, the significant codon usage biases were detected in all three species examined (humans, rats, and mice). However, these biases appear not to be the consequence of selection, but of the first base pair in the codon influencing the mutation pattern at the third position.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 34 (1992), S. 336-344 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Humans ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Nuclear polymorphisms ; Heteroplasmy ; Genetic differentiation ; Sickle cell ; Rain forest refuges
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The identification of genetically coherent populations is essential for understanding human evolution. Among the culturally uniform ethnic groups of west Africa, there are two geographically distinct populations with high frequencies of sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS). Although the HbS mutation in each group is found on distinguishable chromosomes 11, these populations have been assumed to be parts of a single population. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in these populations demonstrated that the two populations identified by alternative chromosomes 11 bearing HbS have distinct distributions of mitochondrial genotypes, i.e., they are maternally separate. These studies also showed that, contrary to expectation, the mtDNA of some individuals is heteroplasmic. For nuclear loci, a comparison of the frequency of alternative alleles established that these populations are genetically distinct. Both the mitochondrial and nuclear data indicate that these populations have been separate for approximately 50,000 years. Although HbS in the two populations is usually attributed to recent, independent mutations, the duration of the separation and the observed geographic distribution of the population allow for the possibility of an ancient origin of HbS. Assuming an ancient mutation and considering the known biogeography, we suggest that HbS protected selected populations from malaria in rain forest refuges during the most recent ice age.
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    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 13 (1991), S. 190-201 
    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Keywords: Mathematical modelling ; carbon partitioning ; dispersion ; dynamic systems ; phloem translocation ; pollutant transport ; rainfall-streamflow modelling ; recursive estimation ; time variable parameters ; time-series analysis
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Ultrasonics 29 (1991), S. 13-21 
    ISSN: 0041-624X
    Keywords: absorption ; adhesive ; dispersion ; thin layer ; ultrasonics
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    Topics: Physics
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    Ultrasonics 29 (1991), S. 275-282 
    ISSN: 0041-624X
    Keywords: Doppler ; attenuation ; blood flow ; dispersion ; scatter
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    Topics: Physics
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    Ultrasonics 31 (1993), S. 201-204 
    ISSN: 0041-624X
    Keywords: Lamb waves ; dispersion ; signal regeneration
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    Ultrasonics 29 (1991), S. 22-28 
    ISSN: 0041-624X
    Keywords: absorption ; adhesive ; dispersion ; thin layer ; ultrasonics
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    Peptides 4 (1983), S. 451-455 
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Biliary system ; Cat ; Guinea-pig ; Humans ; Mucosa ; Rabbit ; Radioimmunoassay ; Respiratory system ; Skin ; Substance P ; Sympathetic nervous system ; Urinary system
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Peptides 1 (1980), S. 55-57 
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: ACTH ; Aging ; Attention ; Cognition ; Humans ; MSH ; Peptide ; Visual retention
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    Peptides 5 (1984), S. 319-323 
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Blood flow ; Circulation ; Electromagnetic flowmetry ; Humans ; VIP
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    ISSN: 0165-7992
    Keywords: Cytochrome P-450 ; Dogs ; Humans ; Monkeys ; P-448-H ; Rats
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 6 (1985), S. 183-187 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Assortative mating ; Genetic similarity ; Heritability ; Humans ; Kin recognition
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 8 (1987), S. 215-220 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Humans ; Paternity confidence ; Relatedness
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    Optics and Laser Technology 18 (1986), S. 85-88 
    ISSN: 0030-3992
    Keywords: dispersion ; fibre optics ; laser radiation therapy ; lasers
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Optics and Laser Technology 20 (1988), S. 39-44 
    ISSN: 0030-3992
    Keywords: dispersion ; optical fibres ; optical instruments ; pulse broadening
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Mangroves and salt marshes 3 (1999), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: dispersion ; mangrove swamp ; secondary circulation ; tidal creek ; tidal trapping ; vegetation density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dependence of dispersion in a tidal creek on the vegetation density in a fringing mangrove swamp is discussed through a numerical model. A secondary circulation prevails everywhere in the tidal creek‐mangrove swamp system and is generated by the overflow into the swamp at every high tide. As a result, dissolved and suspended matter moving with the circulation is trapped in the swamp for a fraction of the tidal cycle; it flows out of the swamp at ebb tide and disperses in the creek. The relation between the dispersion coefficient and the mangrove vegetation density is shown to be non‐linear. Dispersion is large both for bare and high vegetation densities and minimum for intermediate vegetation density. The ecological and management applications may be profound as our study suggests that such systems may be unstable and cannot naturally recover from excessive anthropogenic disturbances.
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    Earth, moon and planets 73 (1996), S. 181-186 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Diffused whistler ; ducts ; electron density ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Morphological features of whistlers recorded at low latitude ground station Gulmarg (geomag. lat., 24
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comet dust trial ; dispersion ; Leonids 1999 ; meteor ; meteor orbit ; meteor trajectory ; orbital dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photographic multi-station observations of 47 Leonid meteors are presented that were obtained from two ground locations in Spain during the 1999 meteor storm. We find an unresolved compact cluster of radiants at α = 153.67 ± 0.05 and δ = 21.70 ± 0.05 for a mean solar longitude of 235.282 (J2000). The position is identical to that of the Nov. 17/18 outburst of 1998, which implies that both are due to comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle's ejecta from 1899. We also find a halo which contains about 28% of all meteors. The spatial distribution of radiant positions appears to be Lorentzian, with a similar fraction of meteors in the profile wings as the meteor storm activity curve.
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    Mycopathologia 124 (1993), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Assessment ; Cancer ; Humans ; Hydrazines ; Mushroom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This assessment focuses on the concentrations of some chemicals present in theAgaricus bisporus mushroom, the cancer-inducing doses of these chemicals or mushroom used in the animal experiments, the total amounts of these chemicals or mushroom needed to induce cancer in these mice, and the estimated total amounts of these chemicals or mushroom needed to induce cancer in humans. By adding the estimated amounts of chemicals needed to induce cancer and by comparing it with the amount of raw mushroom needed to induce the same effect, it becomes obvious that we have accounted for less than 2% of the carcinogenic components of theAgaricus bisporus mushroom. Since some unavailable data handicapped this assessment, it should be regarded as tentative and subject to further adjustment.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: sulfur/sodium bentonite ; sulfur fertilizer ; particle size of sulfur ; elemental sulfur ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sulfur/sodium bentonite fertilizer prills were made by blending between 5 and 40% by weight of a swelling sodium bentonite clay with molten sulfur (S) and chilling droplets of the mixtures in oil. The resulting prills were hard and dust free and thus offered a suitable form for elemental sulfur (S°) transportation and application. The prills were stable at normal room temperature and RH. Prill strength was much reduced by prolonged storage at 80% RH. With 15% or more bentonite the bulk resistivity was sufficiently low that no electrostatic charge build-up was likely and consequently there was little risk of spontaneous combustion. Prills containing 10% or more bentonite disintegrated when placed in water and both the rate of dispersion and the fineness of the dispersed S° particles increased bentonite content. Bentonite contents of 15–20% appeared to offer the best combination of rapid prill dispersion, fine dispersed S° particle size, and high S° content.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 73-89 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: aggregate stability ; dispersion ; dissolution kinetics ; flocculation ; Gibbs phase rule ; infiltration ; phosphogypsum ; reclamation ; sodicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Gypsum is the source of calcium most commonly used to reclaim sodic soils and to improve soil water infiltration when it has been decreased by low electrolyte concentration. The electrolyte concentration of the soil water and exchangeable sodium fraction,E Na, are the two predominant chemical factors that influence soil hydraulic properties. In sodic soil reclamation with gypsum, the maximum electrolyte concentration increases with increasingE Na: for soil solutions in equilibrium with both gypsum and anE Na of 0 and 0.4, the concentrations are 15 and 133 mol m−3. These concentrations are generally adequate to maintain the existing hydraulic conductivity. Higher concentrations can increase the soil hydraulic conductivity and the rate of reclamation. Thus, combining calcium chloride or sulphuric acid with gypsum, can reduce both the time and amount of water required to achieve reclamation. Infiltration is especially sensitive to low electrolyte concentration. Thus, surface application of gypsum or its direct addition to irrigation water, can potentially increase water infiltration rates of soils susceptible to aggregate dispersion and crusting. This is particularly true in areas where rainfall is interspersed with the application of irrigation water — as in the Midwest and Plains States of the US — or where mediterranean or monsoon climates prevail and wet and dry (irrigation) seasons alternate. As supplemental irrigation and the use of poor quality irrigation waters (sewage effluents, brackish well waters, irrigation drainage waters, etc.) intensify the need for gypsum will increase and phosphogypsum may help meet this need. Recent data indicate phosphogypsum dissolves faster than mined gypsum, and hence it develops a higher electrolyte concentration during an infiltration event. This attribute of phosphogypsum, in conjunction with its acid content, would increase its effectiveness as compared to mined gypsum for both sodic soil reclamation and maintenance of infiltration rates. The acid content of phosphogypsum is of direct benefit for reducing aggregate dispersion through promotion of soil particle flocculation and bonding by calcium, iron and aluminium released by dissolution of calcite and other soil minerals. It would decrease soil pH, thereby increasing the availability of trace metal nutrients and of phosphate which are typically deficient in sodic soils (E Na 〉 0.15) because of high pH. Also, the phosphate content of phosphogypsum has value as a phosphate fertilizer. Significant expansion of the agricultural use of gypsum would depend on its application in both irrigated and dryland agriculture to increase water infiltration. An annual production rate of phosphogypsum of 30 × 106 Mg (1 Mg = 1 tonne) is sufficient to treat 73 000 km2 (29 000 mi2) at a rate of 4 Mg per ha, or nearly half the total area irrigated in the USA. Although extensive farmland areas with limited rainfall exist along the Gulf of Mexico within the North American continent, market development within this area would require extensive field evaluation by local agricultural research personnel in cooperation with the phosphate fertilizer industry to determine if the economic benefits exceed the cost of phosphogypsum.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Surface waves ; transversely isotropic ; liquid saturated porous solid ; dispersion ; Rayleigh type waves ; nondissipative porous media ; frequency equation ; phase velocity
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Dispersion of Rayleigh-type surface wave is studied in a homogeneous transversely isotropic elastic layer overlying a nondissipative liquid-saturated porous solid half-space and lying under a uniform layer of homogeneous liquid. The frequency equation in the form of ninth-order determinant is obtained. Special cases have been deduced by reducing the depth of the layers to zero and by changing the transverse isotropic layer to an isotropic layer. Dispersion curves for the phase velocity have been plotted for a particular model.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 141 (1993), S. 445-466 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Viscoeasticity ; anelasticity ; dispersion ; attenuation ; shear modulus ; creep ; forced oscillation methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An apparatus is described which provides for the investigation of viscoelasticity/anelasticity in geologic and related materials under conditions of high pressure and temperature. Cylindrical specimens are tested in torsion—a geometry particularly well suited to shear mode observations at the low strain amplitudes of the linear regine. Forced oscillation experiments allow the measurement of disperision and attenuation at the low frequencies of teleseismic wave propagation. The conduct of complementary forced oscillation and creep tests allows recoverble anelastic strains to be distinguished from those of permanent viscous deformation. It has been demonstrated that robust measurements can be made at strain amplitudes below 10−5 and frequencies of 1 mHz–1 Hz, underP-T conditions to 300 MPa and 1200°C. The prospects for further development of this facility are outlined.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 137 (1991), S. 233-249 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: PL-wave ; group velocity ; dispersion ; crustal structure ; sensitivity to layer velocity ; approximation method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Forward modelling of the crustal structure of the eastern Honshu Island, Japan, was made based on the group velocities ofPL-waves in the period range of 20–30 s. The observed values of group velocity were obtained by appling the multiple filter technique to the seismograms for earthquakes with the epicentral distance ranging from 500 to 1000 km. The theoretical values were calculated using Oliver and Major's method to find the best fit dispersion curve in the least-squares sense. The obtained structural model has considerably high crustal velocities compared to other previous models. It was shown that thePL-wave group velocity in the period range of interest was most sensitive to seismic velocities of the center of the crust. Numerical experiments confirmed the applicability of the approximation methods employed to obtain both observed and theoretical group velocities.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 132 (1990), S. 49-65 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Multiple scattering ; dispersion ; earth filter ; Q ; random scattering
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A plane-wave signal traveling at normal incidence through the earth's sedimentary layers attenuates, spreads, and changes waveform as it propagates, partly in response to “stratigraphic filtering” resulting from the buildup in the medium of intrabed multiples caused by the layering, and partly in response to absorption. This paper consists of a review of one-dimensional stratigraphic filtering. The action of stratigraphic filtering resembles that of absorption, and the filter's spectrum can be characterized by an effective quality factor. A comparison between the spectra of field data and synthetic data derived from absorption-free one-dimensional models suggests that in some geologic formations, stratigraphic filtering causes a significant fraction of the total attenuation evident on seismic records. In such studies, however, the simplicity of one-dimensional models leaves some uncertainty regarding the generality of the results. Nonetheless, one-dimensional stratigraphic filtering can serve as a useful metaphor that provides insight into the workings of more complex multi-dimensional scattering models.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 136 (1991), S. 561-576 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Body waves ; attenuation ; dispersion
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Generalizing previous studies on short-period data, it is shown that body-wave dispersion can be measured from broad-band records of earthquakes of moderate magnitude. The method is based on the direct measurement of the arrival time of the frequency components of a seismic wave, and the arrival time is defined by its expectation value. The frequency components of the signal are obtained through a narrow band-pass filtering process. Previous to any interpretation, a correction of the arrival time for instrument response and group delay of the filter is needed. In the first step, body-wave dispersion is related to an absorption band to account for intrinsic attenuation, and thereafter we generalize this interpretation by considering a cascade of filters to account for medium parameters (attenuation and a layered crust) and source parameters (source time function and finiteness of fault). An inversion scheme to obtain the filter parameters can be devised by following, in a formal way, the same procedure as for the case of surface wave dispersion.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 128 (1988), S. 147-156 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Random media ; waves ; scattering ; causality ; dispersion ; attenuation
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Basic ideas of the causal approach to wave propagation in random media are first overviewed. This approach appeals from the outset to the linearity, causality, and passivity of the effective medium and is therefore particularly simple from the conceptual viewpoint. The energy analysis and the Kramers-Kronig relations play the major role in this method, which does not resort to ensemble averaging. Then the dispersion of plane wave propagation in randon media is evaluated by extending Wu's results on attenuation induced by scattering. These results are particularly suitable for seismic waves, for which the so-called mean-field approach may not provide adequate modeling. The presence of intrinsic losses is also incorporated. The analysis also includes the case of propagation of a small-amplitude discontinuity.
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    International journal of biometeorology 34 (1990), S. 42-48 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Briths ; Humans ; Solar wind ; Geomagnetism ; Melatonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Data obtained from the literature on the annual pattern of human conceptions and plasma melatonin at high latitudes indicated that simple annual rhythms do not exist. Instead, prominent semiannual rhythms are found, with equinoctial troughs and solsticial peaks. A prominent semiannual environmental event is the magnetic disturbance induced by the solar wind. The semiannual magnetic disturbances are worldwide, but most pronounced in the auroral zones where the corpuscular radiation enters the atmosphere. Magnetic indices that predominantly reflect these events were obtained from the literature and correlated with the melatonin and conception data. Significant and inverse correlations were found for Inuit conceptions and the melatonin data. The correlations obtained for 48 contiguous states of the United States indicated that only the extreme northern states exhibited this relationship. These data were compared with a previous correlational study in the United States which established that sunshine was correlated with conceptions in the middle latitude and southern states. An hypothesis of dual control by electromagnetic and magnetic energies is proposed: melatonin is a progonadal hormone in humans controlled by both factors, depending on their relative strength. Other studies are reviewed regarding the possible factors involved in determining the annual pattern of human conceptions. Demographic studies of geographic variation in temporal patterns of conceptions, with particular regard to variations of the magnetic fields on the earth's surface, may provide some insight into the efficacy of these different factors.
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    Journal of population economics 10 (1997), S. 273-283 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: C25 ; J13 ; Key words: Fertility decision ; generalized Poisson model ; dispersion ; goodness-of-fit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper models household fertility decisions by using a generalized Poisson regression model. Since the fertility data used in the paper exhibit under-dispersion, the generalized Poisson regression model has statistical advantages over both standard Poisson and negative binomial regression models, and is suitable for analysis of count data that exhibit either over-dispersion or under-dispersion. The model is estimated by the method of maximum likelihood. Approximate tests for the dispersion and goodness-of-fit measures for comparing alternative models are discussed. Based on observations from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics of 1989 interviewing year, the empirical results support the fertility hypothesis of Becker and Lewis (1973).
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 46 (1996), S. 1061-1079 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: atomic force microscopy ; composites ; dispersion ; phase structure ; polymerizationin situ ; polypropylene ; polystyrene ; viscoelastic properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The phase structure and dynamic mechanical properties of three polypropylene/polystyrene (PP/PS) systems of similar composition but various dispersion of the minor PS component have been examined. Two different PP/PS systems were prepared by polymerization of styrene (ST) molecularly dispersed in PP matrices (with the same initial structure) under the conditions leading to a linear or crosslinked PS component. The third PP/PS system has been prepared blending the homopolymers in the molten state. Studies of materials containingin situ polymerized PS revealed nanoscale phase separation of PS (atomic force microscopy) and pointed to the presence of physical entanglements between PS and non-crystalline phase of PP (DSC, dynamic mechanical analysis). The PS component in material prepared by melt mixing appeared to be completely phase-separated into micron-sized domains. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed also the dependence of viscoelastic behavior of the PP/PS systems on dispersion of the PS inclusions and on the nature of the interface.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 619-626 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: catalytic hydrodehalogenation ; CFCs ; dispersion ; supported metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the reported studies was to determine the catalytic behaviour of M-C systems (M=Pt, Pd and Ru) towards hydrogenolysis of the C-X bond (X=Cl and F). The level of noble metal loading is reflected in the size of the metal clusters formed on the surface of the carbon support and affects the product distribution and the amount of carbonaceous deposit formed upon the conversion of CCl2F2.
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    Transport in porous media 7 (1992), S. 127-145 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Miscible displacement ; dispersion ; in-situ concentration measurement ; computerized data acquisition
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    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A technique for measurement of thein-situ concentration in an unconsolidated porous medium has been developed. The method involves measurement of electrical conductivityin-situ, under dynamic conditions, for flow involving brine of differing concentrations, at selected locations along the porous medium and relating it to the brine strength. Data acquisition and analysis is carried out using a Hewlett — Packard micro-computer and its interface. A user-friendly software was designed and developed for the system. The measurement technique was evaluated by studying the effect of brine concentration, brine flow rate, and by conducting miscible displacements experiment. The experimentally measured dispersion coefficients for the porous medium agreed closely with the value predicted by the correlation available in the literature.
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    Transport in porous media 28 (1997), S. 109-124 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: seepage ; conductivity ; double-periodic structure ; advection ; dispersion
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    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A study is made of steady two-dimensional seepage in a porous massif composed by a double-periodic system of ‘white’ and ‘black’ chequers of arbitrary conductivity. Rigorous matching of Darcy's flows in zones of different conductivity is accomplished. Using the methods of complex analysis, explicit formulae for specific discharge are derived. Stream lines, travel times, and effective conductivity are evaluated. Deflection of marked particles from the ‘natural’ direction of imposed gradient and stretching of prescribed composition of these particles enables the elucidation of the phenomena of transversal and longitudinal dispersion. A model of pure advection is related with the classical one-dimensional vective dispersion equation by selection of dispersivity which minimizes the difference between the breakthrough curves calculated from the two models.
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    Transport in porous media 9 (1992), S. 25-37 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Waves ; dispersion ; shock tube ; gas bubbles
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    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The propagation of compressional waves in a porous medium is investigated in case the pore liquid contains a small volume fraction of gas. The effect of oscillating gas bubbles is taken into account by introducing a frequency-dependent fluid bulk modulus, which is incorporated in the Biot theory. Using a shock tube technique, new experimental data are obtained for a porous column subjected to a pressure step wave. An oscillatory behaviour is observed, consisting of two distinct frequency bands, which is predicted by the theoretical analysis.
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 407-415 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: urban air-pollution ; dispersion ; computational fluid dynamics ; turbulence modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Computational Fluid Dynamics code CFX-TASCflow is used for simulating the wind flow and pollutant concentration patterns in two-dimensional wind-tunnel models of an urban area. Several two-dimensional multiple street canyon configurations are studied corresponding to different areal densities and roof shapes. A line source of a tracer gas is placed at the bottom of one street canyon for modelling street-level traffic emissions. The flow fields resulting from the simulations correspond to the patterns observed in street canyons. In particular and in good agreement with observations, a dual vortex system is predicted for a deep flat-roof street canyon configuration, while an even more complex vortex system is evidenced in the case of slanted-roof square street canyons. In agreement with measurement data, high pollutant concentration levels are predicted either on the leeward or the windward side of the street canyon, depending on the geometrical details of the surrounding buildings.
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    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 13 (1994), S. 33-42 
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Laser ultrasonics ; Lamb waves ; Fresnel arrays ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An experimental technique is proposed to analyze and control laser-generated Lamb waves propagating in aluminum plates. The technique consists in forming on the surface of the specimen an array of concentric arc sources by passing the laser beam through a Fresnel lens. The spacing between the illuminated arcs produces a “forcing wavelength” for which only a few specific frequencies (those which satisfy the dispersion relation) can propagate in the sample. Dispersion curves can be obtained by measuring the frequency content of the received signals for a range of wavenumbers. The technique offers a relatively high signal-to-noise ratio because of the narrow-band nature of the method and because of the confocal geometry of the source distribution. Reasonably good agreement is obtained between theoretical and experimental dispersion curves especially for the lower modes, thus showing that the proposed technique may have some potential for some specific applications in laser ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscles ; Ultrastructure ; Exercise ; Glycogen ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distribution of glycogen particles in semithin and ultrathin sections of biopsy samples from human muscles subjected to either short- or long-term running were investigated using PAS and Periodic Acid-ThioSemiCarbazide-Silver Proteinate (PA-TSC-SP) staining methods. Glycogen particles were predominantly found immediately under the sarcolemma or aligned along the myofibrillar Iband. After long-term exhaustive exercise type-1 fibers with a few or no glycogen particles in the core of the fibers were frequently observed. The subsarcolemmal glycogen stores of these “depleted” type-1 fibers were about three times as large as after exhaustive short-time exercise. Another indication of utilization of subsarcolemmal glycogen stores during anaerobic exercise was that many particles displayed a pale, rudimentary shape. This observation suggests fragmental metabolization of glycogen. Thus, depending on type of exercise and type of fiber differential and sequential glycogen utilization patterns can be observed.
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    Aquatic ecology 28 (1994), S. 317-328 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: particles ; mathematical models ; kinematics ; hydrodynamics ; transport ; dispersion ; tidal waters ; sediments ; decay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Small particles and organisms in the aquatic environment can be represented in model simulations in a very direct way by ‘model particles’. The behaviour of one model particle is a close approximation of that of a real particle; a set of model particles corresponds to a random sample of the corresponding set of real particles. A description is given of the characteristics of the model particles and the mathematical models in which they figure. Two types of sub-gird modelling are briefly described and compared. Examples of applications and comparison between measurements and simulations are presented.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 41 (1997), S. 15-28 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: lithospheric structure ; dispersion ; surface waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental dispersion curves of Rayleigh and Love waves along the Uppsala-Prague profile have been determined using records of several Italian earthquakes. To interpret the dispersion data, results of previous geophysical investigations in this region were first analyzed. Seven blocks of the crust and upper mantle were distinguished along the profile on the basis of deep seismic sounding and other seismic data. Layered models were proposed for these blocks. Computation of Rayleigh and Love waves shows a large differentiation of theoretical dispersion curves for the northern (Precambrian) and southern (Palaeozoic) part of the profile. A laterally inhomogeneous model for theUppsala - Prague profile, composed of the seven blocks, satisfies the surface wave data for the profile. Moreover, a mean layered model for the whole profile has also been proposed.
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    Aquatic ecology 26 (1992), S. 347-354 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: habitat preference ; Axarus ; behaviour ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During fall draw-down of a reservoir in northeast Kansas it was observed that larvae ofAxarus festivus were restricted to highly weathered Pennsylvanian Shale outcrops and surrounding coarse sediments with high-clay content derived from erosion of the shale outcroppings. Larvae constructed burrows into the outcrops and eroded coarse sediments, which they used to filter feed by setting up currents through the burrows. Burrows were widely distributed over the outcrops, with average densities ranging from 372–2,351 burrows m−2. However, closer inspection revealed that burrows were more common at apices of individual shale strata, where weathering of the outcrop was most advanced. Here burrows were more uniformly distributed and densities ranged to 4,166 burrows m−2. 73% of burrows contained larvae. Burrows were generally U-shaped, and averaged 1.8 mm in diameter and 42 mm in total length. Laboratory experiments revealed that 4th instar larvae removed from burrows could construct new burrows in weathered shale, but preferentially used old empty burrows if available. When given choices among alternative sediment combinations of sandvs. finely-ground shale, sandvs. coarsely-ground shale, and finely-ground shalevs. coarsely-ground shale, larvae exhibited statistically significant preferences for the finely-ground shales (P〈0.001), coarsely-ground shales (P〈0.001), and coarsely-ground shales (P〈0.01), respectively. It is concluded that larvae (1) actively select shale or high-clay content sediments, (2) can differentiate among sediments with differing physical properties and (3) exhibit behavioral choices for sediment types that guide them toward shale outcrops.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 41 (1997), S. 345-381 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: Body waves ; evanescent waves ; diffraction ; anelasticity ; ray theory ; dispersion ; synthetic seismograms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Diffraction and anelasticity problems involving decaying, “evanescent” or “inhomogeneous” waves can be studied and modelled using the notion of “complex rays”. The wavefront or “eikonal” equation for such waves is in general complex and leads to rays in complex position-slowness space. Initial conditions must be specified in that domain: for example, even for a wave originating in a perfectly elastic region, the ray to a real receiver in a neighbouring anelastic region generally departs from a complex point on the initial-values surface. Complex ray theory is the formal extension of the usual Hamilton equations to complex domains. Liouville's phase-space-incompressibility theorem and Fermat's stationary-time principle are formally unchanged. However, an infinity of paths exists between two fixed points in complex space all of which give the same final slowness, travel time, amplitude, etc. This does not contradict the fact that for a given receiver position there is a unique point on the initial-values surface from which this infinite complex ray family emanates. In perfectly elastic media complex rays are associated with, for example, evanescent waves in the shadow of a caustic. More generally, caustics in anelastic media may lie just outside the real coordinate subspace and one must trace complex rays around the complex caustic in order to obtain accurate waveforms nearby or the turning waves at greater distances into the lit region. The complex extension of the Maslov method for computing such waveforms is described. It uses the complex extension of the Legendre transformation and the extra freedom of complex rays makes pseudocaustics avoidable. There is no need to introduce a Maslov/KMAH index to account for caustics in the geometrical ray approximation, the complex amplitude being generally continuous. Other singular ray problems, such as the strong coupling around acoustic axes in anisotropic media, may also be addressed using complex rays. Complex rays are insightful and practical for simple models (e.g. homogeneous layers). For more complicated numerical work, though, it would be desirable to confine attention to real position coordinates. Furthermore, anelasticity implies dispersion so that complex rays are generally frequency dependent. The concept of group velocity as the velocity of a spatial or temporal maximum of a narrow-band wave packet does lead to real ray/Hamilton equations. However, envelope-maximum tracking does not itself yield enough information to compute synthetic seismograms. For anelasticity which is weak in certain precise senses, one can set up a theory of real, dispersive wave-packet tracking suitable for synthetic seismogram calculations in linearly visco-elastic media. The seismologically-accepiable constant-Q rheology of Liu et al. (1976), for example, satisfies the requirements of this wave-packet theory, which is adapted from electromagnetics and presented as a reasonable physical and mathematical basis for ray modelling in inhomogeneous, anisotropic, anelastic media. Dispersion means that one may need to do more work than for elastic media. However, one can envisage perturbation analyses based on the ray theory presented here, as well as extensions like Maslov's which are based on the Hamiltonian properties.
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  • 98
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 43 (1999), S. 78-86 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: surface waves ; dispersion ; Love waves ; wave number ; partial derivative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dispersion relation for Love waves in a layer on a half-space is modified by introducing the wave number and its square instead of the phase velocity. The implicit function theorem is then used to derive the analytical formulae for the group velocity and for the phase- and group-velocity partial derivatives with respect to the parameters of the medium. The formulae are compared with those obtained by Novotný (1971) where the traditional formulation of the dispersion relation was used.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: hepatic extraction ; stochastic models ; dispersion ; gamma distribution ; log normal distribution ; enzyme heterogeneity ; drug distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The residence time distribution of noneliminated solutes in the liver can be represented by a variety of stochastic models. The dispersion model (closed and mixed boundary conditions), gamma distribution, log normal distribution and normal distribution models were used to describe output concentration-time profiles after bolus injections into the liver of labeled erythrocytes and albumin. The dispersion model and log normal distribution model provide the best representation of the data and give similar estimates of relative dispersion and availability for varying hepatocellular enzyme activity. The availability of solutes eliminated from the liver by first-order kinetics is determined by the residence time distribution of the solute in the liver and not on events occurring in the liver when a uniform enzyme distribution is assumed. Both enzyme heterogeneity (axial or transverse) and hepatocyte permeability may affect solute availability. A more complex model accounting for enzyme distribution and the micromixing of solute within the liver is required for solutes undergoing saturable kinetics.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 23 (1996), S. 107-124 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: solute transport ; Fick's law ; dispersion ; dispersivity ; equation of motion ; non-Fickian dispersion equation ; scale effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The Fickian dispersion equation is the basic relationship used to describe the nonconvective mass flux of a solute in a porous medium. This equation prescribes a linear relationship between the dispersive mass flux and the concentration gradient. An important characteristic of the Fickian relationship is that it is independent of the history of dispersion (e.g. the time rate of change of the dispersion flux). Also, the dispersivities are supposed to be medium constants and invariant with temporal and spatial scales of observation. It is believed that in general these restrictions do not hold. A number of authors have proposed various alternative relationships. For example, differential equations have been employed that prescribe a relationship between the dispersion flux and its time and space derivatives. Also, stochastic theories result in integro-differential equations in which dispersion tensor grow asymptotically with time or distance. In this work, three different approaches, which lead to three different non-Fickian equations with a transient character, are discussed and their primary features and differences are highlighted. It is shown that an effective dispersion tensor defined in the framework of the transient non-Fickian theory, grows asymptotically with time and distance; a result which also follows from stochastic theories. Next, principles of continuum mechanics are employed to provide a solid theoretical basis for the non-Fickian transient dispersion theory. The equation of motion of a solute in a porous medium is used to provide a rigorous derivation of various dispersion relationships valid under different conditions. Under various simplifying assumptions, the generalized theory is found to agree with the conventional Fickian theory as well as several other non-Fickian relationships found in the literature. Moreover, it is shown that for nonconservative solutes, the traditional dispersion tensor is affected by the rate of mass exchange of the solute.
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