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  • Other Sources  (6,553)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (6,553)
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • 101
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    Applications of aerospace technology in the electric power industry (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Existing applications of NASA contributions to disciplines such as combustion engineering, mechanical engineering, materials science, quality assurance and computer control are outlined to illustrate how space technology is used in the electric power industry. Corporate strategies to acquire relevant space technology are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 89-96
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  • 102
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    Adaptations of advanced safety and reliability techniques to petroleum and other industries (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The underlying philosophy of the general approach to failure reduction and control is presented. Safety and reliability management techniques developed in the industries which have participated in the U.S. space and defense programs are described along with adaptations to nonaerospace activities. The examples given illustrate the scope of applicability of these techniques. It is indicated that any activity treated as a 'system' is a potential user of aerospace safety and reliability management techniques.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 133-142
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  • 103
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    Energy recovery from solid waste (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: A recent group study on the problem of solid waste disposal provided a decision making model for a community to use in determining the future for its solid waste. The model is a combination of the following factors: technology, legal, social, political, economic and environmental. An assessment of local or community needs determines what form of energy recovery is desirable. A market for low pressure steam or hot water would direct a community to recover energy from solid waste by incineration to generate steam. A fuel gas could be produced by a process known as pyrolysis if there is a local market for a low heating value gaseous fuel. Solid waste can also be used directly as a fuel supplemental to coal in a steam generator. An evaluation of these various processes is made.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 121-132
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  • 104
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    DSN energy data base preliminary design (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-01
    Description: The design and implementation of a computerized data base created to support the DSN Energy Conservation Project with data relating to energy use at Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex are described. The results of development work to date, are presented along with work currently in progress or in the planning stage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 167-181
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  • 105
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    How much energy does energy cost? (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Estimating the energy cost of producing and delivering an energy product involves the quantitative determination of all relevant energy flows and the aggregation of these flows into meaningful indices of system performance. Five emerging energy technologies are subjected to energy analysis. The energy delivered by each is substantially greater than the energy consumed during construction and lifelong operation of the system. Net energy analysis can provide interesting and perhaps useful information regarding specific technologies, but it does not necessarily provide additional information essential to the making of decisions regarding those technologies.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 117-134
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  • 106
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    The impact of municipal refuse utilization on energy and our environment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: The incinerator/boiler configuration is stressed as the most reliable method of waste utilization. It is also pointed out that the high cost of refuse disposal and the ever increasing cost of energy, have made this method attractive. A plan is outlined for operating a waste utilization plant. Community participation is encouraged in investigating the feasibility of refuse to energy facilities in their area.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 95-116
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  • 107
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    Conservation as an alternative energy source (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: A speech is given outlining the energy situation in the United States. It is warned that the existing energy situation cannot prevail and the time is fast running out for continued growth or even maintenance of present levels. Energy conservation measures are given as an aid to decrease U.S. energy consumption, which would allow more time to develop alternative sources of energy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 87-94
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  • 108
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    Agricultural and industrial process heat (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: The application of solar energy to agricultural and industrial process heat requirements is discussed. This energy end use sector has been the largest and it appears that solar energy can, when fully developed and commercialized, displace from three to eight or more quads of oil and natural gas in U.S. industry. This potential for fossil fuel displacement in the agricultural and industrial process heat area sector represents a possible savings of 1.4 to 3.8 million barrels of oil daily.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 59-86
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  • 109
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    Impact of novel energy sources: OTEC, wind, goethermal, biomass (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Alternate energy conversion methods such as ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), wind power, geothermal wells and biomass conversion are being explored, and re-examined in some cases, for commercial viability. At a time when United States fossil fuel and uranium resources are found to be insufficient to supply national needs into the twenty-first century, it is essential to broaden the base of feasible energy conversion technologies. The motivations for development of these four alternative energy forms are established. Primary technical aspects of OTEC, wind, geothermal and biomass energy conversion systems are described along with a discussion of relative advantages and disadvantages of the concepts. Finally, the sentiment is voiced that each of the four systems should be developed to the prototype stage and employed in the region of the country and in the sector of economy which is complimentary to the form of system output.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for Southeastern States; p 39-57
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  • 110
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    Wood energy-commercial applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Wood energy is being widely investigated in many areas of the country because of the many obvious benefits of wood fuel such as the low price per million Btus relative to coal, oil, and gas; the wide availability of noncommercial wood and the proven ability to harvest it; established technology which is reliable and free of pollution; renewable resources; better conservation for harvested land; and the potential for jobs creation. The Southeastern United States has a specific leadership role in wood energy based on its established forest products industry experience and the potential application of wood energy to other industries and institutions. Significant questions about the widespread usage of wood energy are being answered in demonstrations around the country as well as the Southeast in areas of wood storage and bulk handling; high capitalization costs for harvesting and combustion equipment; long term supply and demand contracts; and the economic feasibility of wood energy outside the forest products industry.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 27-38
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  • 111
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    Alternatives in solar energy (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Although solar energy has the potential of providing a significant source of clean and renewable energy for a variety of applications, it is expected to penetrate the nation's energy economy very slowly. The alternative solar energy technologies which employ direct collection and conversion of solar radiation as briefly described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 19-25
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  • 112
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    An overview of the energy situation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Beginning with a historical review of the domestic pattern of energy usage, the current dependence of the United States upon dwindling petroleum resources is examined. The possible limit of petroleum usage is discussed, and recent oil production trends are presented. Coupling these with projected analyses of OPEC oil productive capability in the early 1980's indicates a serious worldwide as well as American energy problem in the next decade. The need for conservation and rapid development of application of alternative energy resources is discussed including quantitative projections of significant conservation efforts as well as estimates of domestic alternative energy resource capabilities.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Sourtheastern States; p 7-18
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  • 113
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    Ultraviolet damage in solar cell assemblies with various UV filters (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-24
    Description: Ultraviolet damage to the new violet and non-reflective type solar cell assemblies, was studied, and potential advantages of using coverslides with no filters or filters with cut-off wavelengths below 0.35 micron were determined. The experiments consisted of three types of tests on fused silica coverslides with 0.35- and 0.30-micron cut-off filters and no cut-off filters, as well as on ceria-doped microsheet coverslides. Ultraviolet irradiation for over 1500 hours at one sun conditions (AMO) was carried out under vacuum of about 1 million torr. Nearly identical results for non-reflective type cells with 0.35-micro cut-off filters or ceria-doped coverslides were obtained. The 0.30-um filtered cell shows greater than average degradation. The unfiltered cell shows an abrupt drop in the first 20 UVSH and very little subsequent degradation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 227-229
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  • 114
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    Ionization induced damage in crystalline silicon (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-24
    Description: Close examination of the interaction of the energetic knock-on atoms with the local lattice environment reveals a damage mechanism which does satisfy the experimental data on proton irradiation of silicon. A proton-atom interaction with high energy transfer is considered where the proton path is delineated by a trail of ionization, and the silicon ion path is characterized by much heavier ionization terminating in a dense displacement cluster. At collision, many of the silicon electrons are stripped off, and the resulting energetic ion subsequently loses energy rapidly by Coulomb interaction with bound electrons. The rate of energy loss depends on the charge state and velocity of the knock-on ion. For ion energies in excess of 1 MeV, the intensity of ionization is sufficient to permit lattice atoms, stripped of their binding electrons, to reorient randomly before having an opportunity to recombine with electrons and re-establish the lattice. The path of a knock-on ion thus becomes a thin cylinder of amorphous material within the crystal. Amorphous silicon has a Fermi level closer to mid-band than does single crystal silicon, and a strong field therefore, results around this damaged region. The field produces a large depletion region, representing a very large capture cross section for minority carriers.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 221-223
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  • 115
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    GaAs solar cell development (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-24
    Description: The motivation for developing GaAs solar cells is based on their superior efficiency when compared to silicon cells, their lower degradation with increasing temperature, and the expectation for better resistance to space radiation damage. The AMO efficiency of GaAs solar cells was calculated. A key consideration in the HRL technology is the production of GaAs cells of large area (greater than 4 sg cm) at a reasonable cost without sacrificing efficiency. An essential requirement for the successful fabrication of such cells is the ability to grow epitaxially a uniform layer of high quality GaAs (buffer layer) on state-of-the-art GaAs substrates, and to grow on this buffer layer the required than layer of (AlGa)As. A modified infinite melt liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) growth technique is detailed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 149-157
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  • 116
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    Theoretical studies of a new double graded band-gap Al sub x Ga sub 1-x As-Al sub y Ga sub 1-y As (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-24
    Description: A new double graded band-gap (DGBG) Al sub x Ga sub l-x As-Al sub z Ga sub l-z As solar cell has potential for providing high efficiency performance throughout the entire life of a solar cell in a space environment. A preliminary theoretical analysis indicates that short circuit current available from an optimized DGBG cell is slightly larger than that of a previously reported single graded band-gap cell. However, the DGBG cell potentially offers a substantial improvement in radiation resistance of the base region.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 139-147
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  • 117
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    High efficiency GaAs solar cells (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-24
    Description: The present status of the GaAlAs/GaAs heteroface solar cell program is reported. Studies have been concentrated on GaAlAs/GaAs heteroface solar cells; however, some research has been conducted on thin junction, diffused GaAs solar cells. Emphasis has been on obtaining high efficiency (18% to 20%) GaAs solar cells. Two problems that have limited the efficiency of GaAs solar cells are the high recombination velocity of carriers near the surface and the low minority carrier diffusion length in n-GaAs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage; p 133-138
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  • 118
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    NASA solar array flight experiment (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The NASA large flexible solar array space shuttle flight experiment is described. The 32 x 4 m wing is deployed from the shuttle bay, and experiments in electrical output, multiple deployment, and structural dynamics are planned. Both 2 x 4 cm and 5.9 x 5.9 cm cell assemblies on the array blanket are evaluated. Safety/hazards provisions are described, including emergency jettison provisions. Ground testing and hardware fabrication are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ESA Photovoltaic Generators in Space; p 179-184
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  • 119
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    Large area low-cost space solar cell development (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A development program to produce 5.9 x 5.9 cm space quality silicon solar cells with a cost goal of 30 $/W is described. Cell types investigated include wraparound dielectric, mechanical wraparound and conventional contact configurations with combinations of 2 or 10 ohm/cm resistivity, back surface reflectors and/or fields, and diffused or ion implanted junctions. A single step process to cut cell and cover glass simultaneously is being developed. Results for cell and array tests are given. Large solar arrays that might use cells of this type are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ESA Photovoltaic Generators in Space; p 23-26
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  • 120
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    The swing to concentrator arrays (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Objectives and progress in both low concentration ratio (6 to 10) and high concentration ratio ( 100) array developments are summarized. Problems encountered include: thermal control, maldistribution of concentrated sunlight, current busing, and optical surface degradation. The potential advantages over planar arrays are an order of magnitude reduction in per unit cost of power plus increased immunity to radiation damage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ESA Photovoltaic Generators in Space; p xix-xxiv
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  • 121
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    IUE flight experience (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Nickel cadmium batteries were designed to provide an alternate booster energy source to the IUE satellite during eclipse periods. Data shows the spacecraft can operate over the three year design life and a five year design goal.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 229-237
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  • 122
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    Single cell recongidioning test (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Reconditioning the voltage and current profiles, capacity discharge and current, and charge and discharge cycles are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 171-181
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  • 123
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    Microprocessor controlled advanced battery management systems (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The advanced battery management system described uses the capabilities of an on-board microprocessor to: (1) monitor the state of the battery on a cell by cell basis; (2) compute the state of charge of each cell; (3) protect each cell from reversal; (4) prevent overcharge on each individual cell; and (5) control dual rate reconditioning to zero volts per cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 287-299
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  • 124
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    Tadiran-Plainview Electronics presentation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Various environmental, mechanical, vibration, shock, etc., test were run on the manufacturer's lithium cells. The data obtained from these tests are graphically presented and briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 531-538
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  • 125
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    High rate of reversal in Nicd cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Pressure response to reverse current, pressure decay after reversal, and discharge performance of nickel cadmium cells are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 183-198
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  • 126
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    Tradeoff analysis with lithium cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Characteristic data, primarily on high rate lithium sulfur dioxide design (basically in the D and DD cell configuration), both before and after much exposure to environmental conditions are discussed. The environmental as opposed to signle cells. Discussion was generated among the Workshop participants and comments and questions are reported. Graphical representations of the test data are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space FLight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 475-487
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  • 127
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    Hazards of lithium thionyl chloride batteries (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Two different topics which only relate in that they are pertinent to lithium thionyl chloride battery safety are discussed. The first topic is a hazards analysis of a system (risk assessment), a formal approach that is used in nuclear engineering, predicting oil spills, etc. It is a formalized approach for obtaining assessment of the degree of risk associated with the use of any particular system. The second topic is a small piece of chemistry related to the explosions that can occur with lithium thionyl chloride systems. After the two topics are presented, a discussion is generated among the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 449-458
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  • 128
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    Life test of NiH2 flight battery (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Life cycle tests being run on the 50 A lightweight nickel hydrogen flight battery are discussed and the preliminary results are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 341-346
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  • 129
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    USAF nickel hydrogen cell (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Air Force activities in nickel hydrogen battery research were summarized. The latest developments for the past year were discussed and applications of the nickel hydrogen batteries were reviewed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 317-329
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  • 130
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    HCMM/SAGE test results (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The salient features of the nickel cadmium batteries used in the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission spacecraft and the SAGE satellite are presented. Life tests, battery profiles, and recommendations for structural improvement are reported.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 271-285
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  • 131
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    NTS-2 battery after 1 year and 3 eclipse seasons (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The performance of the nickel hydrogen batteries on board the NTS-2 satellite was determined after being in orbit for several months. The effects of the eclipses were presented as well as the power loading operations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 309-315
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  • 132
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    RCA Satcom in orbit: Reconditioning and flight experience (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The performance of the nickel cadmium batteries on the SATCOM in orbit, and the effects of aging and changes in temperature due to eclipses are described. A description of the battery reconditioning is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 253-265
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  • 133
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    Standard cell data (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Performance tests of the mechanical designs of nickel cadmium cells are presented. The framework of the manufacturing and processing of these cells is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 163-170
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  • 134
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    Synchronous orbit models (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The NASA guidelines for synchronous orbits are presented. Mathematical models are developed which encompass all test variables and systems engineering.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 149-154
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  • 135
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    Reconditioning experience at Marshall Space Flight Center (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Problems encountered on Skylab prompted the development of a reconditioning circuit which involves a DC to DC converter, a circuit sensing device, and the capability of switching several size reconditioners onto a circuit. Across each cell there is a full bridge rectifier. During battery discharge, if there is low cell voltage, the reconditioning systems holds that voltage up and permits discharge to continue on the system. When the cell is good, the voltage is up about one volt, the diodes are back, or reversed biased, and the current drawn out of the system is very low. The system has a standby power thrown at about one volt. As the voltage drops on a cell, the circuit strts picking up the load and helps hold the overall battery voltage up.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 305-313
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  • 136
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    Safety characteristics of the lithium SO2 system (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Extensive tests were conducted to quantitatively define the safety characteristics of high-rate SO2 multicell batteries under various discharge and temperature profiles, which closely simulated actual field-use conditions. The resulting behavior patters of the multicell batteries and the corrective action which can be implemented to minimize or prevent hazardous battery performance are briefly summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 539-548
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  • 137
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    Life testing of Mallory cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Tests were performed to assess the effects of storage time, storage temperature, vibration, discharge rate and temperature, and capacity of high-rate, D size, lithium sulfur dioxide cells. Data from these tests are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 489-497
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  • 138
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    Characteristics of Li-SOCl2 cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A general discussion of the characteristics of Li-SOC12 cells is presented. Three different shaped cells were selected for study; prismatic, cylindrical, and disc. The characteristics of the cells were obtained through nondestructive and destructive testing which are discussed. Graphs are presented which represent the various parameters investigated. Workshop participant comments and questions are also included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA Goddard Space FLight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 465-474
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  • 139
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    Seal problems of lithium cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The problem of leakage through a seal in lithium cells is addressed. The use of ceramic and glass-to-metal seals is briefly discussed. Comments are presented from the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 459-464
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  • 140
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    US Army lithium cell applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The how, why and where the Army is applying lithium batteries are addressed. The Army is committing its efforts to the utilization of lithium batteries in new equipment that will be going into the field possibly from FY-80 and thereafter. The Army's philosophy is to guide their users and the equipment designers, to use battery packs are opposed to singel cells. After a detailed description of the battery types that are being considered, a discussion is presented in which questions and comments are exchanged among the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space FLight Center, 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 441-448
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  • 141
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    Common pressure vessel battery performance (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Performance tests run on two common pressure vessel type nickel hydrogen batteries are described and the results presented. The study included: (1) charge retention tests, (2) synchronous eclipse season cycling tests, and (3) temperature differential tests.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 361-370
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  • 142
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    NASA lithium cell applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The advantages of lithium systems are described and a general summary of their application in present and future NASA programs is presented. Benefits of the lithium systems include an increased payload weight and an increased cost effectiveness to the customer. This also allows for more flexibility in the design of future space transportation systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 395-410
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  • 143
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    Silver hydrogen voltage/pressure performance (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: High pressure tests were run on silver hydrogen cells in order to determine: (1) the self discharge characteristics at 1000 and 2000 psig; (2) the state of charge parameters; and (3) the trickle charge rates. These results were then compared with pressure test results from a nickel hydrogen cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 383-391
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  • 144
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    Configuration analysis of nickel hydrogen cell (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The significance of various stack configurations and components on the cycle life for nickel hydrogen cells for synchronous orbit used was evaluated. Failure modes of electrolyte management and 02 management were solved by modifications in the reservoir, the wick, and/or the stack configuration.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 347-359
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  • 145
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    Acceptance test data on Hughes-USAF lightweight nickel hydrogen cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Cell capacity, stabilization cycling, and failure analysis data on 50 A hour lightweight nickel hydrogen cells is presented and discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 331-340
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  • 146
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    Parallel battery test results (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effects of disabling and enabling the charger on one of two batteries that are operating in a parallel mode are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 201-211
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  • 147
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    Hughes/GE improved NiCd cell design (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Synchronous orbit and elliptical orbit life tests are used to make improvements in cell design for spacecraft application. The test increased the electrolyte volume and the surface area in cells to reduce the current density on charge and discharge.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 155-162
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  • 148
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    Data analysis for the accelerated test (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Test variables discussed graphically include the effects of: (1) ambient temperature; (2) depth of the discharge; (3) discharge rate; (4) percent of recgargel (5) KOH concentration; (6) KOH volume; (7) charge rate and (8) negative per charge.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 110-117
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  • 149
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    Ceramic-metal seals for advanced battery systems (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The search for materials which are electrochemically compatible with the lithium sulfur and sodium sulfur systems is discussed. The use liquid or braze alloys, titanium hydrite coatings, and tungsten yttria for bonding beryllium with ceramic is examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 87-100
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  • 150
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    Comparison of cells with Pellon 2503 and 2505 separator (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Unlike the 2505 nonwoven nylon separator material which has fibers in a random direction, the 2503 material has fibers oriented all in one direction. Properties of the two materials discussed include density, porosity, absorptivity, electrolyte retention, capacity, and charge voltage pressure. With only 1,000 test cycles completed, it is not possible to determine whether 2503 is a suitable substitute.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 57-63
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  • 151
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    Accelerated test program at Crane (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Statistical analysis of work performed, the present status, and the future plans of the program are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 103-109
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  • 152
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    Characterization of degraded nickel cadmium cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Various cells were cycled until degradation and then tested to determine the electrochemical characterization of the cells with regard to charge control. A constant voltage charged to a temperature-biased voltage, using up to an 8-voltage limit was used for the evaluation. Graphs show severe discharge voltage degradation with cycling and periodic capacity discharge; voltage extremes for cells with and without periodic capacity discharges; voltage extremes for cells with high rate discharge; voltage-temperature levels used for charge control; end of charge current and discharge voltage for 5 percent DOD cycling; cell capacity following 5 percent DOD cycling; and the end of discharge voltage and typical charge current profiles for the 20 percent DOD cycling.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 65-74
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  • 153
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    Lightweight porous plastic plaque (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The porosity and platability of various materials were investigated to determine a suitable substrate for nickel-plated electrodes. Immersion, ultrasonics, and flow-through plating techniques were tried using nonproprietary formulations, and proprietary phosphide and boride baths. Modifications to the selected material include variations in formulation and treatment, carbon loading to increase conductivity, and the incorporation of a grid. Problems to be solved relate to determining conductivities and porosities as a function of amount of nickel plated on the plastics; loading; charge and discharge curves of electrodes at different current densities; cell performance; and long-term degradation of electrodes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 31-42
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  • 154
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    Accelerated test modeling (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Cycle life regression model, cycle life prediction model, and acceleration factors are discussed. A method was presented to: (1) select a mathematical model; (2) determine model coefficients using accelerated test data; (3) test model fit of the accelerated test data; and (4) predict normal packs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 119-133
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  • 155
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    Dynamics of cell degradation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The use of chemical and physical data as a supplement to linear regression models in the prediction of cell failure is discussed. Principal factors to be considered are the positive thickness and weight, and the negative thickness. A model for cell degradation and failure in accelerated life test cells is presented and predictions based on a teardown analysis are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 75-85
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  • 156
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    Potential prediction needs in support of energy systems (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The relationship between emerging energy systems and the natural environment is discussed, including selected examples to show that energy systems are tied to global solar terrestrial processess. The interdependence of resources, technology, and environmental impact is considered in terms of needed geophysical, atmospheric, and solar terrestrial data inputs. The need for long term basic research on the solar terrestrial system is emphasized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 198-202
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  • 157
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    Applications and safety data (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A general overview of activities involving lithium batteries, which shows the various applications and data that were performed for numerous industry and government sponsors is presented. Brief discussions on electrochemical criteria selection, and typical storage and performance data obtained from three systems being developed are presented. Current safety work being done on high-rate, D, SO2 cells is also discussed. Three chemistries were developed and are discussed: lithium vanadium pentoxide, lithium sulfur dioxide, and lithium thionyl chloride. Storage, performance and safety data are graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 511-530
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  • 158
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    Large cells and their performance (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Some of the large primary cells presently made, ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 ampere-hours are discussed. Performance data obtained on a 2,000 ampere-hour cell are graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 499-503
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  • 159
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    NASA's lithium cell technology program (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Briefly outlined are the activities of the various research centers involved in the NASA program. Graphs are presented for: (1) the initial results on SOCl2 decomposition rate; (2) effect of rate on output of Li-SOCl2 cells; (3) comparison of high and low rate Li-SOCl2 cells; and (4) effect of temperature on output of Li-SOCl2 cells. Abusive test results and a description of secondary lithium cells are also presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 431-440
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  • 160
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    Silver hydrogen batteries (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The feasibility of silver hydrogen batteries was investigated. Cell configurations and cell cycling were discussed. Energy density was found to be 65 to 100 watt hours per kilogram. Electrolyte management was considered critical to the cell's performance. Factors of electrolyte management which were particularly important were: (1) the nature of the separator system, and (2) the amount of electrolyte.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 371-381
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  • 161
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    US Navy lithium cell applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Applications of lithium systems that are already in the fleet are discussed. The approach that the Navy is taking in the control of the introduction of lithium batteries into the fleet is also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop 411-420 (SEE N79-28669 19-44)
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  • 162
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    Air Force electrochemical impregnation process results (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The status of the Air Force Electrochemical program was reviewed. The performance characteristics of the system was attributed to the use of an electrochemical impregnation process. The electrode improvements, the prototype equipment designs, and the actual construction of a production facility are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 303-308
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  • 163
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    Synopsis of Viking flight data (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The temporary failure of the data collection hardware along with the fifty percent degradation on the batteries in lander 1 were discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 249-251
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  • 164
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    Canadian Technology Satellite, an update (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An update on the performance of the nickel cadmium batteries on the Communications Technology Satellite is presented. The wattage and capacity during the winter and summer solstices are pointed out.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 267-269
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  • 165
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    Viking flight data after 24 months on Mars surface (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An update of the Viking landers after two years of operation is presented along with an evaluation of the battery system aboard the spacecrafts which supplied them with an alternate booster energy source.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 239-247
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  • 166
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    Safety and abuse testing (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A series of abuse tests on large lithium thionyl chloride cells was initiated. Performance data obtained in testing rectangular 2,000 and 10,000 ampere-hour cells are discussed and graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 505-510
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  • 167
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    Nonlinear prediction modeling for accelerated testing (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Empirical equation derived from cycles-to-failure, temperature cells, and prediction of normal packs are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 135-147
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  • 168
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    Cell design and manufacturing changes during the past decade (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Eight of the most important changes that occurred in the GE 12 AH cell over the past ten years, which are currently being used are evaluated, and a systematic approach to compare their relative merits is presented. Typical positive thickness, typical negative thickness, positive loading, negative loading, final KOH quantity, and precharge as adjustment are shown for the control cell, and the following variables: Teflon treatment; silver treatment; light loading; no PQ treatment; polypropylene separator; the A.K. 1968 plate design no PQ, old elec process, no decarb process and the A.K. 1968 plate design, no PQ, present aerospace processes. The acceptance test cell voltage and cell pressure performance and capacity test results are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 49-56
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  • 169
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    Voltage/temperature charge characteristics (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A series of nickel cadmium batteries were tested to determine the effects of boltages and various temperatures on the charge discharge ratios and the recharge percentage. It was concluded that the selection of a proper temperature should consider the satellite orbit characteristics, the cell operating characteristics, the battery operating temperature range, and the final taper charge current.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 213-228
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  • 170
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    Chemical analysis of positive and negative plates, a survey (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Regular arrays of 1 inch discs cut from chemically impregnated positive and negative plates were sent to various contractors and government organizations for chemical analysis in order to determine whether there is consistency in analysis. Techniques used included NASA procedures as specified, variations, wet chemical techniques, and atomic absorption. The weight, thickness of disc, and active material quantity as measured by four respondents are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 43-48
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  • 171
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    Lightweight electrodes (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The fabrication of a lightweight composite nickel hydroxide electrode based on nickel-coated graphite is described and its effect on the load to failure and electrical resistivity of nickel cadmium and nickel zinc systems was evaluated. The use pure lead in lead acid batteries for submarines is also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 17-30
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  • 172
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    Analysis of aerospace nickel-cadmium battery cells (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Various steps followed in analyzing the electrolyte, separator, and electrodes are reviewed. Specific emphasis is given to scanning electron microscopic and metallographic analysis of the plates. Cadmium migration is defined, its effects and causes are examined, and methods for its reduction in cells are suggested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 377-388
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  • 173
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    The long term energy problem and aeronautics (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The projected increase in energy consumption by transportation in general and civil aviation in particular is directly opposed to the dwindling supplies of natural petroleum crude oil currently used to produce aircraft fuels. This fact dictates the need to develop even more energy conservative aircraft and propulsion systems than are currently available and to explore the potential of alternative fuels to replace the current petroleum derived hydrocarbons. Advances in technology are described in the areas of improved component efficiency, aircraft and engine integration, control systems, and advanced lightweight materials that are needed to maximize performance and minimize fuel usage. Also, improved turbofan and unconventional engine cycles which can provide significant fuel usage reductions are described. These advancements must be accomplished within expected environmental constraints such as noise and pollution limits. Alternative fuels derived from oil shale and coal are described, and the possible technological advancements needed to use these fuels in aircraft engines are discussed and evaluated with relation to potential differences in fuel characteristics.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA/Univ. Conf. on Aeron.; p 183-210
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  • 174
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    Low concentration ratio solar array structural configuration (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-03
    Description: The design and structural properties of a low concentration ratio solar array are discussed. The assembled module consists of six interconnected containers which are compactly stowed in a volume of 3.24 m(3) for delivery to orbit by the shuttle. The containers deploy in accordian fashion into a rectangular area of 19.4 x 68 meters and can be attached to the user spacecraft along the longitudinal centerline of the end container housing. Five rotary incremental actuators requiring about 8 watts each will execute the 180-degree rotation at each joint. Deployable masts (three per side) are used to extend endcaps from the housing in both directions. Each direction is extended by three masts requiring about 780 watts for about 27 minutes. Concentrator elements are extended by the endcaps and are supported by cable systems that are connected between the housings and endcaps. These power generating elements contain reflector panels which concentrate light onto the solar panels consisting of an aluminum radiator with solar cells positioned within the element base formed by the reflectors. A flat wire harness collects the power output of individual elements for transfer to the module container housing harnesses.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center STEP Expt. Requirements; p 185-198
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  • 175
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    High-efficiency Conventional Cells Workshop (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Participants expressed more interest in GaAs cells than in Si cells. For silicon cells, the beginning of life efficiency is not a major problem but more research is needed in the end of life efficiency. The beginning of life efficiency of GaAs cells must be brought up to 20% at AMO. More proton damage tests must be conducted. Liquid phase epitaxy technology is current but chemical vapor deposition technology is more flexible. There are no obvious problems in limiting process yields. Technology transfer should occur when market demands are generated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 251-252
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  • 176
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    Transparent arrays: Progress toward higher efficiency (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Principles and design considerations of IR transparent solar arrays are discussed. Optimization of performance of flexible solar arrays was studied. Measured solar absorptance as low as alpha s = 0.59 was achieved which leads to a predicted BOL power density of 182.7 = W/square meters. Advanced array concepts, system level cascaded panels, and transparent rigid panels are proposed and expected benefits discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 210-219
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  • 177
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    Development and support structures for high-power solar arrays (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A number of structurally efficient configurations for wing-type solar arrays are developed by a combination of deepening the planform of the blanket and structure and by partitioning the blanket with battens and frequent attachments to the support structure. This technique reduces the tension required to avoid a low natural frequency for the blanket, and the load reduction results in a lighter structure. The use of three different structures are investigated: the Astromast, the Extendible Support Structure (ESS), and a new beam called the STACBEAM (Stacking Triangular Articulated Compact Beam) and their relative performances are compared. The investigation of the STACBEAM is emphasized because its sequential deployment is more reliable for very long systems, and its linear deployment facilitates local attachments to the blanket and the development of a low mass deployer.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 193-204
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  • 178
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    Preliminary space station solar array structural design study (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Structurally efficient ways to support the large solar arrays (3,716 square meters which are currently considered for space station use) are examined. An erectable truss concept is presented for the on orbit construction of winged solar arrays. The means for future growth, maintenance, and repair are integrally designed into this concept. Results from parametric studies, which highlight the physical and structural differences between various configuration options are presented. Consideration is given to both solar blanket and hard panel arrays.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 182-192
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  • 179
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    Preliminary concept of a 100-kilowatt miniaturized Cassegrainian concentrator solar array (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A miniaturized Cassegrainian concentrator (MCC) solar array system is examined to assess the practicality of assembling the basic MCC element into a total array system capable of producing multi-hundred kilowatts of power for Space Platform/Space Station or other low Earth orbit long lifetime missions. Preliminary mechanical and electrical subsystems are developed in order to determine first order performance characteristics. Results of the study support the feasibility of a 100-kilowatt MCC array system with beginning-of-life (BOL) performance of 160 watts per square meter and 28 W/kg. The performance numbers are based on 20 percent efficient (at operating temperature) solar cells and 0.25-millimeter thick electroformed nickel optics. These performance numbers can be improved upon significantly with the development of higher efficiency solar cells and/or lighter weight optics.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 157-162
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  • 180
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    High-efficiency solar cells fabricated by vacuum MO-CVD (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: High-efficiency, monolithic, two-color, three-terminal solar cells were fabricated by a novel growth technique, vacuum metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The technique uses the expensive metal alkyls efficiently and toxic gases sparingly. The fact that the outer chamber is constructed of nonbreakable stainless steel is an attractive safety feature associated with this deposition system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 148-154
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  • 181
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    Optimal design of high-efficiency single-junction and tandem concentrator space cells at 80 deg C and 100 SUNS (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Computer analysis was used to determine the AMO conversion efficiency of single-junction crystalline cells, two-cell and three-cell crystalline tandem structures operating under 100 suns and at 80 C. For optimally designed devices, the calculated efficiencies are 24% for single-junction cells, 33 to 35% for two-cell tandem structures, and 37 to 39% for three-cell tandem structures. Practical efficiencies are expected to be about 15 relative percentage points lower in each case.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 120-127
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  • 182
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    Equivalent electron fluence for solar proton damage in GaAs shallow junction cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The short-circuit current reduction in GaAs shallow junction heteroface solar cells was calculated according to a simplified solar cell damage model in which the nonuniformity of the damage as a function of penetration depth is treated explicitly. Although the equivalent electron fluence was not uniquely defined for low-energy monoenergetic proton exposure, an equivalent electron fluence is found for proton spectra characteristic of the space environment. The equivalent electron fluence ratio was calculated for a typical large solar flare event for which the proton spectrum is PHI(sub p)(E) = A/E(p/sq. cm) where E is in MeV. The equivalent fluence ratio is a function of the cover glass shield thickness or the corresponding cutoff energy E(sub c). In terms of the cutoff energy, the equivalent 1 MeV electron fluence ratio is r(sub p)(E sub c) = 10(9)/E(sub c)(1.8) where E(sub c) is in units of KeV.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 112-117
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  • 183
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    Cell and defect behavior in lithium-counterdoped solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Some n(+)/p cells in which lithium is introduced as a counterdopant, by ion-implantation, into the cell's boron-doped p-region were studied. To determine if the cells radiation resistance could be significantly improved by lithium counterdoping. Defect behavior was related to cell performance using deep level transient spectroscopy. Results indicate a significantly increased radiation resistance for the lithium counterdoped cells when compared to the boron doped 1 ohm-cm control cell. The increased radiation resistance of the lithium counterdoped cells is due to the complexing of lithium with divacancies and boron. It is speculated that complexing with oxygen and single vacancies also contributes to the increased radiation resistance. Counterdoping silicon with lithium results in a different set of defects.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 102-110
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  • 184
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    On-orbit performance of LIPS gallium arsenide solar cell experiment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Telemetry from the Living Plume Shield's gallium arsenide solar panel experiment was evaluated to determine degradation. The data were culled to preclude spurious results from possible shadowing or inaccurate measurements on a cold array. Two independent methods were then used to obtain the maximum power points and the various characteristics of the solar array. Fill factor, open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and series and shunt resistances were examined. The data analysis concluded that, to date, nearly all of the solar array degradation is due to the reduction in the short circuit current.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 81-89
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  • 185
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    Radiation tolerance of low resistivity, high voltage silicon solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The radiation tolerance of the following three low resistivity, high voltage silicon solar cells was investigated: (1) the COMSAT MSD (multi-step diffused) cell, (2) the MinMIS cell, and (3) the MIND cell. A description of these solar cells is given along with drawings of their configurations. The diffusion length damage coefficients for the cells were calculated and presented. Solar cell spectral response was also discussed. Cells of the MinMIS type were judged to be unsuitable for use in the space radiation environment.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 74-80
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  • 186
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    Piecewise simulaton proton test of gallium arsenide and thin silicon solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) solar cells are viewed as a potential primary power source on certain future Earth orbiting satellites. However, the relative merits of gallium arsenide over silicon in a space radiation environment are largely unknown because a general degradation model for gallium arsenide does not exist. The results of a test simulating the proton radiation environment existing in a polar orbit and the concomitant effects on GaAs and thin silicon (Si) solar cells are presented. The objectives and methodology of the simulation test were discussed. The electrical characteristics of GaAs and Si solar cells are given in graph form. It was concluded that GaAs cells are viable for use on satellites in low Earth orbit.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 63-73
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  • 187
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    Solar cell degradation in proton radiation orbits (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Significant discrepancies have been observed between predicted and actual in-orbit silicon solar array degradation in orbits other than LEO (low Earth orbits) and GEO (geosynchronous orbit). These discrepancies have been diagnosed to arise probably from a combination of a lack of appropriate solar cell test data and from inadequacies in the models that relate the unidirectional and mono-energetic proton test data to the omnidirectional flux-energy spectra actually found in orbit. Relative damage coefficients and solar cell power outputs were discussed, and also were presented in graph form. Silicon and gallium arsenide solar cells were considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 49-55
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  • 188
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    Radiation testing of GaAs on CRRES and LIPS experiment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The radiation damage of solar cells has become a prime concern to the U.S. Air Force due to longer satellite lifetime requirements. Flight experiments were undertaken on the Navy Living Plume Shield (LPS) satellite and the NASA/Air Force Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) to complement existing radiation testing. Each experiment, the rationale behind it, and its approach and status are presented. The effect of space radiation on gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells was the central parameter investigated. Specifications of the GaAs solar cells are given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 41-48
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  • 189
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    Two-dimensional computer simulation of EMVJ and grating solar cells under AMO illumination (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A computer program, SCAP2D (Solar Cell Analysis Program in 2-Dimensions), is used to evaluate the Etched Multiple Vertical Junction (EMVJ) and grating solar cells. The aim is to demonstrate how SCAP2D can be used to evaluate cell designs. The cell designs studied are by no means optimal designs. The SCAP2D program solves the three coupled, nonlinear partial differential equations, Poisson's Equation and the hole and electron continuity equations, simultaneously in two-dimensions using finite differences to discretize the equations and Newton's Method to linearize them. The variables solved for are the electrostatic potential and the hole and electron concentrations. Each linear system of equations is solved directly by Gaussian Elimination. Convergence of the Newton Iteration is assumed when the largest correction to the electrostatic potential or hole or electron quasi-potential is less than some predetermined error. A typical problem involves 2000 nodes with a Jacobi matrix of order 6000 and a bandwidth of 243.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 34-40
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  • 190
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    Recent advances in LPE GaAs-based solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Several modifications were made to an infinite solution liquid phase epitaxy system that help fabricate both GaAs-based cells and thin cells that effectively reduce power-to-weight ratio for space applications. The most important development is the multiwell crucible for multilayer growth. Using a split crucible in one system, as many as five layers were grown in succession with varying Al levels and dopants. The structures grown were used to produce thin GaAs cells only 10 to 20 microns thick and also to grow cascade cell components. Results of these studies are presented and their applications to the future development of GaAs-based cells are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 12-17
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  • 191
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    Structurally stable, thin silicon solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A fabrication process for structurally stable thin solar cell wafers that produce good power output after irradiation is described. The fabrication process is as follows. A 6 mil, circular wafer is oxidized on both sides. One side is then patterned with a rectangular array of holes in the oxide that are nominally 75 mils square and separated by 2 mil spacings. Wells are then etched into the silicon with KOH to a depth of 4 mils, leaving a 2 mil, unetched thickness. Two areas on the surface are left unetched to provide pads for bonding or testing. All oxide is then removed and the rest of the processing is normal; the unetched face is used as the illuminated face. When all other processing is complete, a 2 X 2 cm cell is sawed from the starting wafer leaving a border that is approximately 10 mils wide. The effective thickness, determined by weighing an unmetallized sample, of such a cell is about 2.4 mil.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 8-11
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  • 192
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    Advanced photovoltaic experiment (S0014) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The advanced photovoltaics-related experiments for investigating a portion of the solar spectrum and the effect of the space environment on photovoltaics. The information will be used to provide correlation between space and ground testing and also to provide for more accurate performance measurement in the laboratory. Specific objectives of these experiments are to provide information on the performance and endurance of advanced and conventional solar cells, to improve reference standards for photovoltaic measurements, and to measure the energy distribution in the extraterrestrial solar spectrum. Data to be obtained will include temperatures and short-circuit current of the samples. Six-point current-voltage (I-V) characteristics will be obtained for selected samples. These data will be recorded once a day during the flight. Orbit data will be correlated with preflight and postflight measurement of the samples.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 88-90
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  • 193
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    Determination of optimum sunlight concentration level in space for 3-5 cascade solar cells (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Current-voltage curves were calculated for each cell in a cascade structure using a solar cell diode equation and superposition. Terms for the light generated current, diffusion current, space charge recombination current and series and shunt resistance are included. Individual current voltage curves are added in series with ohmic resistance losses for the cell interconnects to obtain the cascade cell performance. Temperature was varied with concentration, using several models, and ranged from 55 C at one Sun to between 80 and 200 C at 100 Suns. A variety of series resistance and internal resistances were used. Coefficients of the diffusion and recombination terms are strongly temperature dependent. The study indicates that maximum efficiency (30%) occurs in the 50 to 100X Sun concentration range, provided series resistance is below 0.015 ohm-sq cm and cell temperature is 80 C at 100 Suns.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ESA Photovoltaic Generators in Space; p 265-270
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  • 194
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    Effects of processing and dopant on radiation damage removal in silicon solar cells (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Gallium and boron doped silicon solar cells, processed by ion implantation followed by either laser or furnace anneal were irradiated by 1 MeV electrons and their postirradiation recovery by thermal annealing was determined. During the postirradiation anneal, gallium doped cells prepared by both processes recovered more rapidly and exhibited none of the severe reverse annealing observed for similarly processed 2 ohm-cm boron doped cells. Ion implanted furnace annealed 0.1 ohm-cm boron doped cells exhibited the lowest post-irradiation annealing temperatures after irradiation. The drastically lowered recovery temperature is attributed to the reduced oxygen and carbon content of the 0.1 ohm-cm cells. Analysis based on defect properties and annealing kinetics indicates that further reduction in annealing temperature is attainable with further reduction in the silicon's carbon and/or divacancy content after irradiation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ESA Photovoltaic Generators in Space; p 89-93
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  • 195
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    Effects of cell reversal during flight testing (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: A discussion on cell reversal during flight is presented. Data tables and graphs are also presented to clarify the discussion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 285-292
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  • 196
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    The characteristics of sealed nickel-cadmium cells during voltage reversal (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: A mechanism which allows a cell voltage reversal in a nickel cadmium battery are discussed. The effects of reconditioning and the characteristics of Ni-Cd cells during voltage reversal at low overdischarge rates are outlined. Graphs are presented for: (1) hydrogen pressure decay-effect of state of charge (open circuit stand); (2) hydrogen pressure increase during overdischarge; (3) hydrogen pressure decay-effect of temperature (cells terminals connected through resistors); (4) cell, positive and negative electrode voltage during reversal when reconditioning a 13 cell-24-Ah battery pack through a 40 Omega resistor; (5) pressure discharge current and recombination current during voltage reversal when reconditioning a 13 cell-24-Ah battery pack through a 40 Omega resistor; (6) theoretical hydrogen gas pressure if there were no recombination; and (7) effect of hydrogen pressure on recombination rate during overcharge.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 271-283
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  • 197
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    Performance of battery reconditioning on the communications technology satellite (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-15
    Description: Some real life data on the flight performance and reconditioning on the Communications Technology Satellite are presented. There are two 24-cell nominal 5 amp-hour nickel cadmium batteries on board. The two batteries are operated in parallel with isolating diodes in between and permanently connected to the housekeeping buses. The recharge can be at C over 10 or C over 20 to a 1.4 charge/discharge ratio; and recharge is terminated either when a computed 1.4 charge/discharge ratio is reached, or a charge voltage peak is reached.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 245-257
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  • 198
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    Long-term storage effects-up-date (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-15
    Description: The long-term effects of storing batteries over a period of years prior to their use in a synchronous orbit application are discussed. A previous experiment is discussed where life testing was performed on cells after having stored the battery for a period of three years with the cell shorted and at a temperature on the order of 5-10 C. The test consisted of performing a sequence of 10 simulated eclipse seasons (equivalent in cycling of five years in synchronous orbit). Results of this test indicated very little degradation and change in the physical and chemical conditions of the cell. The program was extended for an additional year (battery was stored for four years) under the same conditions and testing. The results of the four year storage (one exception) indicate that no further change occurred that is significant from the three year test.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 219-222
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  • 199
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    Multimission modular spacecraft parallel battery tests (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-15
    Description: An engineering evaluation of the Multimission Modular Spacecraft power supply is presented. The spacecraft has one charger with eight commandable voltage versus temperature levels. Graphs are presented which represent: (1) cell voltage limits vs. temperature; (2) charge ratio vs. temperature; (3) effect of 0.0 percent impedance unbalance at 10 C; (4) shorted cell at 10 C; and (5) discharge voltage profile at 10 C.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 197-211
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  • 200
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    Multistack nickel-hydrogen units (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-18
    Description: A typical 625 Inconel pressure vessel, equipped with four thermocouples, has voltage taps not only for the cell, but for each of the several packs inside the container. In a two-stack design, a weld ring is used to separate the packs which, joined together, form one solid group. In the four-stack design, stacks are separated mechanically with about half inch Plexiglas and are connected through the center. Electrolytes are forced out by vacuum. The two stack design is intended for 500 psi and was pressure tested up to 1,000. The problem of electrolyte shorts is discussed and possible solutions for its correction are given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1977 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 519-524
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