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  • Organic Chemistry  (68,964)
  • 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 1
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Processing and Conversion of Oil and Gas: Modeling, Control, Simulation, and Optimization describes the core of the activity of petrochemical engineers, process controller engineers, industrial engineers, energy engineers, and researchers in the oil and gas field. This reprint explores the modeling, control, simulation, and optimization of new and revamped petrochemical processes using proven software. Thus, it offers novel illustrative examples, prospective applications, and solutions to improve these processes. This reprint aims to combine theoretical principles with examples modeled by commonly used simulation software employing steady-state or dynamic process simulation. Furthermore, applying numerical methods and optimization at both the theoretical and practical levels is within the scope of this reprint.
    Keywords: jet stability ; swirl ; twist ; dominant mode ; Brassica Napus ; fatty acid methyl esters ; 2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol ; viscosity ; batch reactor ; kinetics ; self-excited oscillation pulse jet ; nozzle ; large eddy simulation ; peak velocity ; cavitation number ; coal tar ; wash oil ; nitrogen-containing compounds ; indole ; formamide equilibrium extraction ; price bubbles ; bubble length ; petroleum products ; GSADF ; Pakistan ; pipeline safety ; risk classification ; pipeline failure ; fuzzy analytic hierarchy process ; pipeline risk assessment ; shale gas pipelines ; pressure gradient ; gas–liquid two-phase flow ; flow patterns ; Generalized Additive Model ; dimensionless numbers ; discrete element method ; optimal design ; simulation analysis ; anti-corrosion pill particles ; butyl acetate ; acetic acid ; n-butanol ; esterification ; membrane reactor ; reactive distillation ; amberlyst-15 catalyst ; energy efficiency ; economic evaluation ; methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) ; acetone self-condensation ; selective hydrogenation ; process development ; heat integration ; economic analysis ; nano-Pd/nano-ZnCr2O4 catalyst ; dimethyl carbonate ; dimethyl oxalate ; oxidative carbonylation ; azeotropic distillation ; profitability analysis ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Unconventional reservoirs are usually complex and highly heterogeneous, such as shale, coal, and tight sandstone reservoirs. The strong physical and chemical interactions between fluids and pore surfaces lead to the inapplicability of conventional approaches for characterizing fluid flow in these low-porosity and ultralow-permeability reservoir systems. Therefore, new theories and techniques are urgently needed to characterize petrophysical properties, fluid transport, and their relationships at multiple scales for improving production efficiency from unconventional reservoirs. This book presents fundamental innovations gathered from 21 recent works on novel applications of new techniques and theories in unconventional reservoirs, covering the fields of petrophysical characterization, hydraulic fracturing, fluid transport physics, enhanced oil recovery, and geothermal energy. Clearly, the research covered in this book is helpful to understand and master the latest techniques and theories for unconventional reservoirs, which have important practical significance for the economic and effective development of unconventional oil and gas resources.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; shale gas ; permeability ; prediction by NMR logs ; matrix–fracture interaction ; faults ; remaining oil distributions ; unconventional reservoirs ; coal deformation ; reservoir depletion ; carbonate reservoir ; nanopore ; fracturing fluid ; pseudo-potential model ; shale reservoirs ; matrix-fracture interactions ; multi-scale fracture ; succession pseudo-steady state (SPSS) method ; fluid transport physics ; integrated methods ; chelating agent ; dissolved gas ; non-equilibrium permeability ; effective stress ; fractal ; fracture network ; spontaneous imbibition ; tight oil ; porous media ; 0-1 programming ; the average flow velocity ; geothermal water ; micro-fracture ; pore types ; pore network model ; petrophysical characterization ; nitrogen adsorption ; analysis of influencing factors ; mudstone ; rheology ; velocity profile ; shale permeability ; flow resistance ; global effect ; tight sandstones ; fractal dimension ; contact angle ; temperature-resistance ; fractured well transient productivity ; reservoir classifications ; deep circulation groundwater ; viscosity ; NMR ; fractional diffusion ; lattice Boltzmann method ; multiporosity and multiscale ; fractal geometry ; imbibition front ; productivity contribution degree of multimedium ; wetting angle ; pH of formation water ; enhanced oil recovery ; isotopes ; tight sandstone ; fracture diversion ; shale ; SRV-fractured horizontal well ; low-salinity water flooding ; shale gas reservoir ; tight reservoirs ; fracture continuum method ; tight oil reservoir ; Lucaogou Formation ; hydraulic fracturing ; clean fracturing fluid ; recovery factor ; flow regimes ; local effect ; complex fracture network ; pore structure ; gas adsorption capacity ; polymer ; non-linear flow ; conformable derivative ; production simulation ; analytical model ; enhanced geothermal system ; multi-scale flow ; experimental evaluation ; extended finite element method ; fluid-solid interaction ; groundwater flow ; well-placement optimization ; thickener ; imbibition recovery ; equilibrium permeability ; slip length ; large density ratio ; clay mineral composition ; finite volume method ; volume fracturing ; influential factors ; sulfonate gemini surfactant ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: In this book, the performance of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts applied in biomass processing was assessed, paying special attention to the main advantages and challenges related to their use. Indeed, these challenges are opportunities to develop new research lines that could be fruitful in the near future. Thus, different studies are included, dealing with diverse subjects, with one main goal in common: the improvement of different aspects related to biomass processing through the use of catalysts.
    Keywords: nanospheroids ; zinc-doped CaO ; natural triglycerides ; aminolysis ; heterogeneous catalyst ; recyclability ; catalyst ; sodium hydroxide ; fatty acid methyl ester ; central composite rotatable design ; operational conditions ; aerated irrigation ; soil enzyme activity ; soil microbial biomass ; soil respiration ; bio-derived phenol ; Ni-Cu-Co/Al2O3 ; in-situ hydrodeoxygenation ; cyclohexane ; hydrogenolysis ; biomass ; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural ; 2,5-furandicrboxylic acid ; aerobic oxidation ; metal catalysts ; acid catalysis ; biodiesel ; biofuel ; esterification ; fatty acid ; methanolysis ; molybdenum oxide ; transesterification ; vegetable oil ; fatty acid methyl esters ; 2-ethyl-1-hexanol ; 1-heptanol ; 4-methyl-2-pentanol ; viscosity ; flash and combustion points ; methyl oleate ; methyl ricinoleate ; cellulase ; cellulose ; paper sludge ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; synergism ; furfural ; carbon-supported catalyst ; xylose conversion ; iron ; heterogeneous catalysts ; thermoset polymer ; epoxy ; cellulose nanofiber ; curing characteristics ; thermal properties ; mechanical properties ; RSM ; numerical optimization ; keratinase ; feather ; Bacillus sp. ; amino acids ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 4
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-20
    Description: There is increasingly intensive research for energy storage technologies development due to the enhanced energy needs of the contemporary societies. Increased global energy consumption results in the reduction in the availability of traditional energy resources, such as coal, oil and natural gas. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new systems development based on the conversion and storage of sustainable and clean energy. Phase change materials (PCMs) are one of the key components for the development of advanced sustainable solutions in renewable energy and engineering systems. In order to update the field of renewable energy and engineering systems with the use of PCMs, a Special Issue entitled “Phase Change Materials: Design and Applications” is introduced. This book gathers and reviews the collection of ten contributions (nine articles and one review), with authors from Europe, Asia and Americam accepted for publication in the aforementioned Special Issue of Applied Sciences.
    Keywords: phase change materials ; thermal energy storage ; energy efficiency ; building applications ; construction materials ; phase-change material ; dispersion ; thermal-mechanical stability ; viscosity ; supercooling ; nucleating agent ; cold storage ; battery cooling ; LPMO ; Fourier Transform ac Voltammetry (FTacV) ; cyclic voltammetry ; Direct Electron Transfer (DET) ; lathrate hydrate ; tetrabutylammonium acrylate (TBAAc) ; crystal growth ; ultrasonic vibration ; polyurethane elastomers ; microencapsulated PCMs ; thermal properties ; mechanical properties ; phase change material ; sugar alcohol ; erythritol ; latent heat storage ; thermal stability ; degradation kinetics ; PCM ; mini-channels ; air ; melting ; solidification ; latent heat thermal energy storage ; phase change materials (PCM) ; macro-encapsulation ; rectangular slab ; experimental study ; sodium nitrate ; thermal conductivity ; microencapsulation ; latent heat ; multicriteria decision ; finite element ; automotive ; energy storage ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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  • 5
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: Processing and Conversion of Oil and Gas: Modeling, Control, Simulation, and Optimization describes the core of the activity of petrochemical engineers, process controller engineers, industrial engineers, energy engineers, and researchers in the oil and gas field. This reprint explores the modeling, control, simulation, and optimization of new and revamped petrochemical processes using proven software. Thus, it offers novel illustrative examples, prospective applications, and solutions to improve these processes. This reprint aims to combine theoretical principles with examples modeled by commonly used simulation software employing steady-state or dynamic process simulation. Furthermore, applying numerical methods and optimization at both the theoretical and practical levels is within the scope of this reprint.
    Keywords: jet stability ; swirl ; twist ; dominant mode ; Brassica Napus ; fatty acid methyl esters ; 2-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol ; viscosity ; batch reactor ; kinetics ; self-excited oscillation pulse jet ; nozzle ; large eddy simulation ; peak velocity ; cavitation number ; coal tar ; wash oil ; nitrogen-containing compounds ; indole ; formamide equilibrium extraction ; price bubbles ; bubble length ; petroleum products ; GSADF ; Pakistan ; pipeline safety ; risk classification ; pipeline failure ; fuzzy analytic hierarchy process ; pipeline risk assessment ; shale gas pipelines ; pressure gradient ; gas–liquid two-phase flow ; flow patterns ; Generalized Additive Model ; dimensionless numbers ; discrete element method ; optimal design ; simulation analysis ; anti-corrosion pill particles ; butyl acetate ; acetic acid ; n-butanol ; esterification ; membrane reactor ; reactive distillation ; amberlyst-15 catalyst ; energy efficiency ; economic evaluation ; methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) ; acetone self-condensation ; selective hydrogenation ; process development ; heat integration ; economic analysis ; nano-Pd/nano-ZnCr2O4 catalyst ; dimethyl carbonate ; dimethyl oxalate ; oxidative carbonylation ; azeotropic distillation ; profitability analysis ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 6
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: In order to further promote the development of functional pavement technology, a Special Issue entitled “Achievements and Prospects of Functional Pavement” has been proposed by a group of guest editors. To achieve this objective, the articles included in this Special Issue are related to different aspects of functional pavements, including green roads to decrease carbon emissions, noise, and pollution, safety pavements to increase skid resistance through water drainage and snow removal, intelligent roads for monitoring, power generation, temperature control and management, and durable roads to increase service life with new theories, new design methods, and prediction models, as highlighted in this editorial.
    Keywords: oyster shell powder ; calcite filler ; asphalt mastics ; rutting ; fatigue cracking ; thermal stability ; glass transition temperature ; modified asphalt ; fatigue resistance ; MSCR ; intermediate temperature ; cement-treated aggregate base ; fatigue equation ; loading rates ; true stress ratio ; flexural strength ; algorithm ; aggregates ; reconstitution ; image processing ; virtual modelling ; asphalt pavements ; top-down cracking mechanism ; shear damage ; tension propagation ; rock asphalt ; creep test ; thermal crack ; viscoelastic model ; oil shale waste ; silane coupling agent ; replace fine aggregate ; response surface methodology ; central composite design ; bio-char ; asphalt ; microscopic morphology ; rheological properties ; anti-aging properties ; non-Newtonian behavior ; viscosity ; bitumen ; crumb rubber modifier (CRM) ; warm mix asphalt ; asphalt mixture ; PAN fiber ; fatigue performance ; fatigue model ; loading condition ; intermediate principle stress ; compressive strength ; true-triaxial ; asphalt mixtures ; cement stabilized macadam ; gradation ; cement content ; preparation technique ; emulsified asphalt ; nano-TiO2 ; photocatalytic coating ; degradation of exhaust gas ; road engineering ; crack resistance ; fatigue crack propagation test ; reliability ; rubber asphalt stress absorption layer (RASAL) ; high viscous asphalt sand stress absorption layer (HVASAL) ; asphalt overlay ; concrete pavement ; textural characteristics ; noise ; correlation analysis ; asphalt mortar ; ageing ; FTIR ; stiffness ; strength ; Induction heating ; pavement compaction ; porous asphalt mixes ; computational tools ; HMAC ; dynamic response ; moving load ; temperature field ; rutting resistance ; the permanent deformation ; rejuvenation ; alginate ; capsules ; diatomite ; rheological characteristics ; high temperature performance ; low temperature performance ; red clay ; additive ; resilient modulus ; prediction models ; new comprehensive prediction model ; functional pavement ; green road ; safety pavement ; intelligent road ; durable road ; pavement materials ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TR Transport technology and trades
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  • 7
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This Special Issue of Processes operates on the basis of a rigorous peer-review with a single-blind assessment and at least two independent reviewers, thereby ensuring a high quality final product. I would like to thank our reviewers, for providing the authors with constructive comments, and Editorial Board, for their professional advice that led to the final decision. I am sure that, in coming years, readers of this Special Issue will find the scientific manuscripts interesting and beneficial to their research.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; three-dimensional temperature field ; n/a ; forced convection ; RNG k-? model ; PIV measurements ; water friction loss ; flat plate ; horizontal ; optimization ; casson fluid ; finned tube ; plate-fin heat sink ; computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ; plate heat exchanger ; partial heating ; thermo-diffusion ; HEN synthesis ; Keller-Box technique ; visualization experiment ; ice-cream ; modelling ; computational intelligence techniques ; canned motor ; boiling ; heat transfer ; operating condition ; vertical ; phase change ; flow distribution characteristics ; scraped surface heat exchanger ; heat flux ; numerical simulation ; aspect ratio ; orientation ; axisymmetric flow ; CACRS ; natural convection ; MINLP ; multi-slip ; ice storage ; viscosity ; axial piston pump ; crystallization ; multiphase flow ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 8
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Biocatalysis is very appealing to the industry because it allows, in principle, the synthesis of products not accessible by chemical synthesis. Enzymes are very effective, as are precise biocatalysts, as they are enantioselective, with mild reaction conditions and green chemistry. Biocatalysis is currently widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, food industry, cosmetic industry, and textile industry. This includes enzyme production, biocatalytic process development, biotransformation, enzyme engineering, immobilization, the synthesis of fine chemicals and the recycling of biocatalysts. One of the most challenging problems in biocatalysis applications is process optimization. This Special Issue shows that an optimized biocatalysis process can provide an environmentally friendly, clean, highly efficient, low cost, and renewable process for the synthesis and production of valuable products. With further development and improvements, more biocatalysis processes may be applied in the future.
    Keywords: catechin ; degalloylation ; flavonol ; glycoside hydrolase ; optimization ; tannase ; immobilized DERA ; statin side chain ; continuous flow synthesis ; alginate-luffa matrix ; design of experiments ; Anguilla marmorata ; eel protein hydrolysates ; functional properties ; herbal eel extracts ; agarose ; agarase ; agarotriose ; agaropentaose ; expression ; calycosin ; calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside ; glucosyltransferase ; sucrose synthase ; UDP-glucose recycle ; UGT–SuSy cascade reaction ; Candida antarctica lipase A ; surface-display system ; shear rate ; mass transfer rate ; enzymatic kinetic study ; enzymatic synthesis ; β-amino acid esters ; microreactor ; aromatic amines ; Michael addition ; kraft pulp ; cellulose ; xylan ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; Penicillium verruculosum ; glucose ; xylose ; lipase ; acidolysis ; docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester ; eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester ; ethyl acetate ; kinetics ; styrene monooxygenase ; indole monooxygenase ; two-component system ; chiral biocatalyst ; solvent tolerance ; biotransformation ; epoxidation ; NAD(P)H-mimics ; superoxide dismutase (SOD) ; catalase (CAT) ; glutathione reductase (GR) ; aluminum (Al) ; selenium (Se) ; mouse ; brain ; liver ; phosphatidylcholine ; 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid ; enzymatic interesterification ; biocatalysis ; Pleurotus ostreatus ; enenzymatic hydrolysis ; peptide ; antioxidant ; hepatoprotective activity ; Yarrowia lipolytica ; whole–cell biocatalysis ; indolizine ; cycloaddition ; trehalose ; viscosity ; enzymes ; protein dynamics ; Kramers’ theory ; protein stabilization ; enzyme inhibition ; Lipase ; transesterification ; 2-phenylethyl acetate ; packed-bed reactor ; solvent-free ; cyclic voltammetry ; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ; carbon nanotubes ; redox mediators ; CYP102A1 ; naringin dihydrochalcone ; neoeriocitrin dihydrochalcone ; regioselective hydroxylation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 9
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Semi-solid metal (SSM) processing, as a viable alternative manufacturing route to those of conventional casting and forging, has not yet been fully exploited despite nearly half a century since its introduction to the metal industry. The slow pace of adopting SSM routes may be due to various reasons, including capital costs, profit margins, and, most importantly, the lack of detailed analysis of various SSM processes in open literature to confidently establish their advantages over more conventional routes. Therefore, the SSM community must disseminate their findings more effectively to generate increased confidence in SSM processes in the eyes of our industrial leaders. As such, we have embarked on the task to invite the leaders in SSM research to share their findings in a Special Issue dedicated to semi-solid processing of metals and composites. SSM processing takes advantage of both forming and shaping characteristics usually employed for liquid and solid materials. In the absence of shear forces, the semi-solid metal has similar characteristics to solids, i.e., easily transferred and shaped; by applying a defined force, the viscosity is reduced and the material flows like a liquid. These unique dual characteristics have made SSM routes attractive alternatives to conventional casting on an industrial scale. With the intention of taking full advantage of SSM characteristics, it is crucial to understand SSM processing, including topics such as solidification and structural evolution, flow behavior through modelling and rheology, new processes and process control, alloy development, and properties in general. This Special Issue focuses on the recent research and findings in the field with the aim of filling the gap between industry and academia, and to shed light on some of the fundamentals of science and technology of semi-solid processing.
    Keywords: 7075 aluminum alloy ; thixoforming ; post-welding-heat treatment ; electron beam welding (EBW) ; nano-sized SiC particle ; wear rate ; friction coefficient ; rheoformed ; thixoformed ; semi-solid ; microstructure ; mechanical properties ; wear ; corrosion ; Al–Si alloys ; rheocasting ; HPDC ; electrochemical evaluation ; rheological model ; semi-solid state ; Mg alloys ; high-temperature rheology ; rheological properties ; rheology ; semi-solid alloys ; thixotropy ; rheometer ; compression test ; viscosity ; semi-solid material ; A356 alloy ; electromagnetic stirring ; compression ; primary α-Al particle ; enclosed cooling slope channel ; ZCuSn10P1 ; microstructure refinement ; properties ; thixowelding ; thixojoining ; semisolid joining ; cold-work tool steel ; semisolid processing ; thixoformability ; Fe-rich Al-Si-Cu alloy ; 2024 aluminum matrix composites ; Al2O3 nanoparticles ; polarized light microscopy ; anodic etching ; EBSD ; grain ; globule ; Al-Si alloy ; semi-solid metal processing ; EMS ; thixocasting ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 10
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team are delighted to present the inaugural “Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars” article collection, showcasing the high-quality work of internationally recognized researchers in the early stages of their independent careers. All Rising Star researchers featured within this collection were individually nominated by the Journal’s Chief Editors in recognition of their potential to influence the future directions in their respective fields. The work presented here highlights the diversity of research performed across the entire breadth of the chemical sciences, and presents advances in theory, experiment and methodology with applications to compelling problems. This Editorial features the corresponding author(s) of each paper published within this important collection, ordered by section alphabetically, highlighting them as the great researchers of the future. The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team would like to thank each researcher who contributed their work to this collection. We would also like to personally thank our Chief Editors for their exemplary leadership of this article collection; their strong support and passion for this important, community-driven collection has ensured its success and global impact.
    Keywords: Green and Sustainable Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry ; Theoretical and Computational Chemistry ; Polymer Chemistry ; Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry ; Nanoscience ; Catalysis and Photocatalysis ; Supramolecular Chemistry ; Electrochemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry ; Chemical Biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
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  • 11
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: For many years, the trend of increasing energy demand has been visible. Despite the search for alternative energy sources, it is estimated that oil and natural gas will be the main source of energy in transport for the next several dozen years. However, the reserves of renewable raw materials are limited in volume. Along with the degree of depletion, oil recovery becomes more and more difficult, even though the deposits are not yet completely empty. Therefore, it is essential to find new methods to increase oil and gas recovery. Actions aimed at intensifying oil recovery are very rational use of energy that has not yet been fully used. Usually, an increase in oil recovery can be achieved by using extraction intensification methods. However, measures to increase oil recovery can be implemented and carried out at any stage of the borehole implementation. Starting from the well design stage, through drilling and ending with the exploitation of oil and gas. Therefore, in order to further disseminate technologies and methods related to increasing oil recovery, a special edition has been developed, entitled "Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery". This Special Issue mainly covers original research and studies on the above-mentioned topics, including, but not limited to, improving the efficiency of oil recovery, improving the correct selection of drilling fluids, secondary methods of intensifying production and appropriate energy management in the oil industry.
    Keywords: gas migration ; well cementing ; cement slurry ; cement sheath ; corrosion resistance ; gas outflows ; oil-based mud ; invert drilling fluid ; water phase ; oil phase ; emulsion stability ; emulsifier ; drilling mud ; oxidants ; enzymes ; filter cake ; improving the sealing of the borehole ; rational selection of drilling fluids ; cleaning the borehole ; adhesion ; spacer fluid ; CO2 and H2S geological sequestration ; acid gas reinjection ; acid gas migration ; bottomhole sampling ; isotopic composition ; gas and water chemical analysis ; soil gas analysis ; leakage risk analysis ; improved borehole sealing ; nanosilica ; cement stone ; mechanical parameters ; drilling fluids ; wash ; mud cake ; annular space ; borehole cleaning ; cementing ; wash contact time ; high temperature on corrosion of mining pipes ; water ; aggressive natural gas components ; L80-1 steel ; water shut-off treatment ; gas production ; water-gas ratio (WGR) ; formation permeability ; well logging data quality and quantity interpretation ; gas well ranking ; water flooding ; pore scale ; enhanced oil recovery ; viscosity ; capillarity ; jet pump ; oil ; well ; sucker-rod pump ; gas-water-oil mixture ; chrome coating ; unconventional resources ; shale gas ; oil gas ; total organic carbon (TOC) ; cluster analysis ; genetic type of kerogen ; WAG ; carbonate reservoir ; CO2 ; acid gas ; high-nitrogen natural gas ; water alternating gas ; EOR ; recovery factor ; genetic programming ; fine-grained material ; borehole sealing efficiency ; technological parameters ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 12
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Fluid interfaces are promising candidates for confining different types of materials - e.g., polymers, surfactants, colloids, and even small molecules - and for designing new functional materials with reduced dimensionality. The development of such materials requires a deepening of the Physico-chemical bases underlying the formation of layers at fluid interfaces, as well as on the characterization of their structures and properties. This is of particular importance because the constraints associated with the assembly of materials at the interface lead to the emergence of equilibrium and dynamics features in the interfacial systems, which are far from those conventionally found in the traditional materials. This Special Issue is devoted to studies on fundamental and applied aspects of fluid interfaces, trying to provide a comprehensive perspective on the current status of the research field.
    Keywords: thermal radiations ; magnetic field ; Carreau fluid ; stretching/shrinking surface ; Hall effect ; nonlinear radiations ; HAM ; desulfurization wastewater evaporation technology ; evaporation performance ; orthogonal test ; simulation ; spray coating ; coating film formation ; leveling of coating surface ; fluorescence method ; visualization ; ferromagnetic ; nanofluid ; bioconvection ; porous medium ; heat suction/injection ; magnetic dipole ; liquid-infused surfaces ; durability ; lubricants ; wetting ; liquid-repellent coatings ; annealed Co40Fe40W20 thin films ; magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) ; X-ray diffraction (XRD) ; contact angle ; surface energy ; nanomechanical properties ; Prandtl nanofluid flow ; convectively heated surface ; stochastic intelligent technique ; Levenberg Marquardt method ; backpropagated network ; artificial neural network ; Adam numerical solver ; surface hydrophilicity ; graphene ; ice formation ; clearance ; molecular dynamic simulation ; dynamics ; fluid interfaces ; inhalation ; lung surfactant ; nanoparticles ; pollutants ; rheology ; emulsion ; droplet size ; microscopy-assisted ; image analysis ; laser diffraction ; turbidity ; viscosity ; Ree-Eyring nanofluid ; viscous dissipation ; Cattaneo-Christov model ; Koo-Kleinstreuer model ; chemical reaction ; heat transfer ; stretching cylinder ; nonlinear radiation ; Powell–Eyring ; Darcy–Forchheimer ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 13
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: This book is a compendium of scientific articles submitted to a Special Issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences, fostered by MDPI and curated by Dr. Annamaria Sandomenico and Dr. Menotti Ruvo from the Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging of the National Research Council. All articles underwent a rigorous peer review and were selected to highlight the properties that make monoclonal antibodies and their functional fragments some of the most useful and versatile assets in therapy and diagnosis.
    Keywords: porcine deltacoronavirus ; nucleocapsid ; monoclonal antibodies ; neurodegenerative disorders ; affibody molecules ; blood–brain barrier ; receptor-mediated transcytosis ; transferrin receptor ; AL amyloidosis ; CD38 ; anti-CD38 MoAb ; Daratumumab ; Isatuximab ; myeloma ; BCMA ; bispecific T-cell engager ; antibody-drug conjugates ; chimeric antigen receptor T-cells ; belantamab mafodotin ; idecabtagene vicleucel ; JNJ-68284528 ; Mabs ; Antibody-Drug Conjugate ; cancer therapy ; drug targeting ; payload ; cross-linking ; antibody fragment ; Fab ; scFv ; E. coli ; YKL-40 ; CHI3L1 ; monoclonal antibody ; phage display ; lung metastasis ; prostate-specific membrane antigen ; in vivo imaging ; prostate cancer ; glutamate carboxypeptidase II ; NAALADase ; immunization ; antibody ; protocol ; guinea pig ; cDNA ; chimeric antigen receptor (CAR T) ; universal CAR T ; modular CAR T ; universal immune receptor ; CAR adaptor ; adoptive immunotherapy ; split CAR ; bispecific ; polyspecificity ; pharmacokinetics ; solubility ; aggregation ; viscosity ; developability ; stability ; affinity ; specificity ; protein engineering ; self-association ; non-specific binding ; immunogenicity ; antibody fragments ; single chain ; amyloid ; oligomer ; neurotoxicity ; NUsc1 ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 14
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: “Green chemistry”, as a rather novel field of chemistry and chemical engineering, is one of the key routes to assist researchers in sustainable development. Among the most valuable assets of green chemistry, “green solvents” are primary candidates to replace the industry workhorses, i.e., conventional harmful solvents.
    Keywords: hexavalent chromium ; humic acid ; vermiculite ; ionic liquid ; NMR ; adsorption ; N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide ; hypercrosslinked polystyrene ; supercritical fluid ; chromatography ; gravimetry ; isotherm ; DES ; deep eutectic solvents ; aqueous mixtures ; excess properties ; JAM ; PFP ; ammonium-based protic ionic liquids ; density ; viscosity ; refractive index ; phase transition ; thermal expansion coefficient ; standard entropy ; lattice potential energy ; CO2 absorption ; Acacia mearnsii ; supercritical fluid extraction ; p-anisic acid ; response surface methodology ; mathematical modeling ; green solvent ; solar energy ; Rankine cycle ; PCM ; exergy analysis ; energy analysis ; hydrothermal reaction ; CO2 conversion ; glucose ; metal catalysts ; metal oxide catalysts ; Sandmeyer reactions ; reaction mechanism ; Pyrus ussuriensis leaves ; flavonoids ; deep eutectic solvent ; green extraction ; neutron total scattering ; cellulose ; dissolution mechanism ; layered structure ; complexation ; artificial neural networks ; COSMO-RS ; multiple linear regression ; piecewise linear regression ; 1-butanol ; 2-methyltetrahydrofuran ; biodiesel ; coolant temperature ; cooling time ; stirring speed ; solvent-aided crystallization ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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  • 15
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: This reprint features a dozen high-quality research studies and reviews on different types of nanofluids and their important topics related to thermophysical and electrical properties, as well as convective and boiling heat transfer characteristics, contributed by renowned researchers around the world. It is expected to be a useful resource for related industrial professionals and researchers in this emerging and popular field of nanofluids.
    Keywords: nanofluids ; Fe2O3 nanoparticle ; multiwalled carbon nanotubes ; viscosity ; electrical conductivity ; hybrid nanofluids ; natural convection ; heat transfer ; water-based nanofluid ; Brownian motion ; porous medium ; Darcy–Brinkman equation ; numerical simulation ; nanofluid ; nonlinear dynamics ; colloidal suspension ; solitary wave ; Burgers–Huxley equation ; carbon nanotubes ; graphene ; nanodiamond ; parabolic trough solar collector ; nuclear reactor ; air conditioning and refrigeration ; heat conduction ; effective thermal conductivity ; particle aggregates ; polydispersity ; sintering ; melting process ; PCM ; FEM ; shell designs ; tubes ; branched fins ; latent heat ; water nanodroplets ; molecular dynamics ; dynamical behaviors ; translation surface ; vibration surface ; carbon nanostructures ; metallic oxides ; thermophysical properties ; convective heat transfer ; turbulent flow ; nanoparticles ; boiling ; heat transfer enhancement ; nanoparticle deposition ; magnetohydrodynamics ; inversed T-shaped enclosure ; NEPCM ; plate heat exchanger ; Al2O3 and TiO2 nanofluids ; numerical model ; fouling resistance ; re-suspension ; hydrodynamic instability ; thermal resistance ; roughness-to-particle size ratio ; nano/NePCM ; boiling heat transfer features ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 16
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Nowadays, we are witnessing highly dynamic research activities related to the intriguing field of biodegradable materials with plastic-like properties. These activities are stimulated by the strengthened public awareness of prevailing ecological issues connected to growing piles of plastic waste and increasing greenhouse gas emissions; this goes hand-in-hand with the ongoing depletion of fossil feedstocks, which are traditionally used to produce full carbon backbone polymers. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolyesters, a family of plastic-like materials with versatile material properties, are increasing considered to be a future-oriented solution for diminishing these concerns. PHA production is based on renewable resources and occurs in a bio-mediated fashion through the action of living organisms. If accomplished in an optimized way, PHA production and the entire PHA lifecycle are embedded into nature´s closed cycles of carbon. Sustainable and efficient PHA production requires understanding and improvement of all the individual process steps. Holistic improvement of PHA production, applicable on an industrially relevant scale, calls for, inter alia, consolidated knowledge about the enzymatic and genetic particularities of PHA-accumulating organisms, an in-depth understanding of the kinetics of the bioprocess, the selection of appropriate inexpensive fermentation feedstocks, tailoring of PHA composition at the level of its monomeric constituents, optimized biotechnological engineering, and novel strategies for PHA recovery from biomass characterized by low energy and chemical requirements. This Special Issue represents a comprehensive compilation of articles in which these individual aspects have been addressed by globally recognized experts.
    Keywords: TP248.13-248.65 ; T1-995 ; Cupriavidus necator ; alginate ; tissue engineering ; PAT ; simulation ; terpolyester ; high cell density cultivation ; process simulation ; selective laser sintering ; gaseous substrates ; microaerophilic ; in-line monitoring ; Pseudomonas sp. ; additive manufacturing ; fed-batch ; terpolymer ; on-line ; bubble column bioreactor ; biopolymer ; fused deposition modeling ; biomaterials ; polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) ; Pseudomonas putida ; fed-batch fermentation ; blends ; upstream processing ; wound healing ; activated charcoal ; downstream processing ; Archaea ; polyhydroxyalkanoates processing ; film ; bioreactor ; medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA) ; poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) ; Ralstonia eutropha ; hydrolysate detoxification ; extremophiles ; Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) ; process analytical technologies ; PHA composition ; COMSOL ; non-Newtonian fluid ; tequila bagasse ; biopolyester ; biosurfactants ; Haloferax ; PHA ; phenolic compounds ; polyhydroxybutyrate ; PHB ; in-line ; Pseudomonas ; haloarchaea ; plant oil ; PHA processing ; bioeconomy ; delivery system ; P(3HB-co-3HV-co-4HB) ; productivity ; electrospinning ; cyanobacteria ; waste streams ; polyhydroxyalkanoates ; oxygen transfer ; polyhydroxyalkanoate ; biomedical application ; photon density wave spectroscopy ; carbon dioxide ; salinity ; PDW ; rheology ; halophiles ; feedstocks ; high-cell-density fed-batch ; biomedicine ; process engineering ; bioprocess design ; viscosity ; computer-aided wet-spinning ; microorganism ; Cupriavidus malaysiensis ; poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHVB) ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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  • 17
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Green technologies can be identified as key components in Industry 4.0. The scope of this book is to address how conventional green technologies can be a part of smart industries by minimizing waste, maximizing productivity, optimizing the supply chain, or by additive manufacturing. This theme focuses on the scope and challenges of integrating current environmental technologies in future industries. This book, “Green Technologies: Bridging Conventional Practices and Industry 4.0”, aims to incorporate and introduce the advances in green technologies to the cyber-based industries. It is hoped that the novel green technologies presented in this book are useful in assisting the global community in working towards fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals.
    Keywords: wood flour ; oil adsorption ; superhydrophobic ; superoleophilic ; oil-water separation ; sustainable material ; sachet-water plastic waste ; oil palm empty fruit bunch ; TGA-DSC analysis ; activation energy ; physio-thermal analysis ; co-pyrolysis ; eutrophication ; sugarcane bagasse ; adsorption ; harvest ; biodiesel ; reusability ; Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel ; palm biodiesel ; engine performance ; exhaust emissions ; alternative fuel ; transesterification ; multiple frequency marine controlled-source electromagnetic technique ; Gaussian process ; uncertainty quantification ; computer experiment, electromagnetic profile estimation ; Malaysia ; Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ; Waste-to-Energy (WTE) ; sustainability ; technical ; economic ; environmental ; social ; optimization ; P-graph ; municipal solid waste conversion technology ; silicon oxycarbide ; thermal conductivity ; floating plants ; SiOC ; silica ; ammonium-based protic ionic liquids ; density ; thermal expansion coefficient ; viscosity ; thermal stability ; CO2 absorption ; rubber-seed shell ; activated carbon ; CO2 adsorption ; isotherms ; kinetics modeling ; milk ; protein ; liquid biphasic flotation ; dairy waste ; recovery ; Cape gooseberry ; color space selection ; color space combination ; food engineering ; anaerobic digestion ; co-digestion ; wastewater ; biogas production ; methane yield, sludge ; sandwich composite fire ; mechanical responses ; moisture content ; balsa core ; mass loss kinetic ; buckling failure ; liquid biphasic system ; aqueous two-phase system ; aqueous biphasic system ; purification ; separation ; biomolecules ; black soldier fly ; yeast ; fermentation ; larvae ; organic waste ; coconut endosperm waste ; n/a ; black soldier fly larvae ; lipid ; substrate ; PC/ABS ; carbon black ; electromagnetic shielding effectiveness ; dissipation of electrostatic discharge ; surface resistivity ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 18
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Rheology, defined as the science of deformation and flow of matter, is a multidisciplinary scientific field, covering both fundamental and applied approaches. The study of rheology includes both experimental and computational methods, which are not mutually exclusive. Its practical importance embraces many processes, from daily life, like preparing mayonnaise or spreading an ointment or shampooing, to industrial processes like polymer processing and oil extraction, among several others. Practical applications include also formulations and product development. Following a successful first volume, we are now launching this second volume to continue to present the latest advances in the fields of experimental and computational rheology applied to the most diverse classes of materials (foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, polymers and biopolymers, multiphasic systems, and composites) and processes.
    Keywords: graphene oxide ; polyethylene glycol ; rheological characterization ; human milk ; tube feeding ; breastfeeding ; viscosity ; complex modulus ; density ; rheological measurements ; non-viscometric geometries ; Couette analogy ; shear thinning fluids ; suspensions ; bread ; whey ; complex fluids ; experimental rheology ; breadmaking ; yield stress ; grout ; polypropylene fiber ; masonry ; consolidation ; rheology ; drop impact ; elasto-viscoplastic material ; free surface ; gravitational effects ; MRSA ; S. aureus ; antibiotics ; oxacillin ; bactericidal ; injection molding ; filling stage ; Cross-WLF model ; Tait model ; finite volume method ; openInjMoldSim ; OpenFOAM® ; Boger fluids ; circular contraction flow ; lip vortex ; pressure-drops ; vortex-enhancement ; first normal-stress difference ; swIM model ; reactive extrusion ; data-driven ; machine learning ; artificial engineering ; polymer processing ; digital twin ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 19
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Fluid mechanics has emerged as a basic concept for nearly every field of technology. Despite a well-developed mathematical theory and available commercial software codes, the computation of solutions of the governing equations of motion is still challenging, especially due to the nonlinearity involved, and there are still open questions regarding the underlying physics of fluid flow, especially with respect to the continuum hypothesis and thermodynamic local equilibrium. The aim of this book is to reference recent advances in the field of fluid mechanics, both in terms of developing sophisticated mathematical methods for finding solutions to the equations of motion, on the one hand, and presenting novel approaches to the physical modeling, on the other hand. A wide range of topics is addressed, including general topics like formulations of the equations of motion in terms of conventional and potential fields; variational formulations, both deterministic and statistic, and their application to channel flows; vortex dynamics; flows through porous media; and also acoustic waves through porous media
    Keywords: image processing ; streaky structures ; hairpin vortex ; attached-eddy vortex ; streamwise vortex ; wetting shock fronts ; shear flow ; viscosity ; capillarity ; kinematic waves ; log-law ; flow partitioning theory ; characteristic point location ; velocity ; discharge ; groundwater inrush ; the Luotuoshan coalmine ; damage mechanism ; karst collapse column ; poroacoustics ; Rubin–Rosenau–Gottlieb theory ; solitary waves and kinks ; Navier–Stokes equation ; stochastic Lagrangian flows ; stochastic variational principles ; stochastic geometric mechanics ; potential fields ; Clebsch variables ; Airy’s stress function ; Goursat functions ; Galilean invariance ; variational principles ; boundary conditions ; film flows ; analytical and numerical methods ; variational calculus ; deterministic and stochastic approaches ; incompressible and compressible flow ; continuum hypothesis ; advanced mathematical methods ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 20
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: This reprint includes research papers on different disciplines related to composites. It contains research related to new topics such as nanotubes, fibres, admixtures added in cement and concrete. Additionally self-healing and self-sensing issues are presented. Environmental, and thermal-related topics are also discussed. Studies related to consolidation topics and alkali activation of clays are included. This blend of traditional and modern building materials, all having a common ground, the use of new technologies for improving fresh and harden state properties, make this volume interesting.
    Keywords: single wall carbon nanotubes ; surfactant ; TritonX-100 ; mass of specimens ; compressive strength ; flexural Strength ; bulk density ; ternary cements ; limestone ; siliceous fly ash ; granulated blast furnace slag ; concrete properties ; concrete durability ; CO2 emission ; detached decorative plasters ; injection grout ; glass microspheres ; reduced density ; stability ; strength ; durability ; clay mortars ; activating solutions ; wetting–drying ; freeze–thaw cycles ; microstructure ; superabsorbent polymer ; steel fibers ; high-performance fiber reinforced concrete ; digital image correlation ; autogenous shrinkage ; tensile behavior ; nano-calcium oxide ; nano-silica ; self-healing ; cement pastes ; curing regime ; gypsum binder ; additives ; light-materials ; porosity ; thermal insulation ; cement ; hydrated lime ; HEMC ; mortar ; paste ; hydration ; setting process ; ultrasonic technique ; graphite ; electrical conductivity ; self-sensing ; multi-walled carbon nanotubes ; cement-based materials ; flexural strength ; electrical resistivity ; activation energy ; supplementary cementitious materials ; packing density ; filler effect ; high calcium fly ash ; ladle furnace slag ; limestone filler ; foamed geopolymer ; reinforcing lightweight concrete ; glass fiber composites ; concrete ; thermal properties ; structural properties ; composite modified asphalt binder ; rheological properties ; storage stability ; amorphous poly alpha olefin ; polyphosphoric acid ; application properties ; water retention ; plaster ; cellulose ether ; viscosity ; self-compacting concrete (SCC) ; mix proportion design ; optimization ; experimental verification ; the grey relational analysis ; hook-end steel fiber ; bond performance ; pullout test ; inclination angle ; fiber spacing ; pullout load-slip curve ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 21
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: This reprint provides a comprehensive overview and critically explores the recent trends in the zirconia additive manufacturing process or 3D printing and various surface treatments and their characterization for application in the dental and biomedical fields. It will be a valuable resource for the researchers to design or fabricate the implants according to clinical demands.
    Keywords: zirconia implant ; bibliometrics ; citations ; scientometric ; 3D zirconia-based scaffold ; bone-regeneration applications ; composite ; coating ; fabrication techniques ; bioceramics ; zirconia ; digital light processing ; continuous film supply ; recyclable slurry ; additive manufacturing ; digital light processing (DLP) technology ; zirconia suspension ; silane coupling agent ; physical property ; multilayer zirconia ; microroughness ; surface topography ; microhardness ; aging ; ceramic implant ; atmospheric plasma spraying ; abutment ; human gingival fibroblasts ; non-thermal plasma ; peri-implantitis ; inhibition of biofilm formation ; osteoblast viability ; cantilever length ; fracture ; bite force ; CAD/CAM ; implant-supported prosthesis ; UV absorbers ; cure depth ; geometric overgrowth ; additive manufacture ; dispersion stability ; viscosity
    Language: English
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  • 22
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Natural products and the preparations based on them play a stable and ever-increasing role in human and veterinary medicine, agriculture, in food and the cosmetic industry, and in an increasing number of other fields. Their importance is based on the fact that they are mostly bound to renewable sources, which in fact makes them valuable within a circular economy, inter alia. At the same time, natural products provide the origin of stereochemistry, optical activity, regioselectivity, chirality, and many other concepts and directions within science, development, and industry in a scope, which is indispensable. They serve as a constant powerful stimulus and model that inspires researchers to create new effective tools, similar to natural ones, for controlling bioregulation mechanisms and solving practical problems. This was the reason for organizing this Special Issue aimed at underlining the current developments in all the fields connected to natural products.
    Keywords: T1-995 ; TP155-156 ; varioxiranol A ; natural enantiomer ; n/a ; ribosomally synthesized ; triterpenoids ; apo-CpcB ; water resistance ; radical scavenger ; bardoxolone methyl ; antioxidant activity ; octadecanoid ; derivatives ; inhibitor ; chlorogenic acid ; biosynthesis ; microbial biosynthesis ; flow cytometry ; adhesive ; phycocyanin ; antioxidant ; anticancer drug ; resource chemistry ; ginkgolide ; anti-inflammation ; salt stress ; polyphenol ; synthesis of natural products ; rheumatoid arthritis ; PEGylated purpurin 18 ; photosensitizer ; RiPP ; isosorbide ; bioactivity ; cell opening ; stilbene ; tea tussock moth ; flavonoids ; flexible polyurethane foam ; gene expression ; genetical transformation ; research progress ; oleic acid-elicited ; pharmacokinetic features ; phenolic acid ; Plantago depressa ; platelet-activating factor receptor ; photodynamic therapy ; fatty acid ; soy protein isolate ; apoptosis ; HepG2 cells ; cancer cells ; live-cell fluorescence microscopy ; tomato ; caffeoylquinic acids ; pinocembrin ; insect sex pheromone ; 4-epi-varioxiranol A ; natural products ; singlet oxygen ; total synthesis ; lipid-lowering effects ; reversible urethane linkages ; cytotoxicity ; bromelain ; Ramulus mori ; polysaccharides ; SlCOMT1 ; pharmacological activities ; absolute structure ; natural product ; mitochondria ; Emericella variecolor ; triglycidylamine ; Spirulina ; viscosity ; post-translationally modified peptides ; phototoxicity ; melatonin ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 23
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Several factors influence consumers’ choices of food products. While price remains the main criterion, quality, pleasure, convenience, and health are also important driving factors in food market evolution. Food enterprises are making significant efforts to manufacture products that meet consumers’ demands without compromising on safety standards. Additionally, the food industry also aims to improve the efficiency of transformation and conservation processes by minimizing energy consumption, process duration, and waste generation. However, foods are highly complex systems in which: (i) Non-linear dynamics and interactions among different temporal and spatial scales must be considered; (ii) A wide range of physical phenomena occur; (iii) Different food matrices, with different microstructures and properties are involved; and (iv) The number of quality and safety indicators (such as bacteria, total volatile basic nitrogen, color, texture, odor, and sensory characteristics) is substantial. Mathematical modeling and simulation are key elements that allow us to gain a deeper understanding of food processes and enable the use of tools such as optimization and real-time control to improve their efficiency. This Special Issue gathers research on the development of dynamic mathematical models that describe the relevant factors in food processes, and model-based tools to improve such processes. The contributions published in this Special Issue can be grouped into two categories: the evolution of safety and quality indicators in unprocessed food systems, and transformation and preservation processes.
    Keywords: food safety ; predictive microbiology ; mathematical models ; microbial inactivation ; sublethal injury ; bioprocess engineering ; fermentation process ; batch bioreactors ; dynamical non-linear mathematical model ; model identification ; particle swarm optimization ; simulation ; Carnobacterium maltaromaticum ; modeling ; microbial growth ; optimization ; fermentation ; temperature-dependent thermal properties ; scaled sensitivity coefficient ; TPCell ; parameter estimation ; inverse problems ; food microstructure ; electronic nose ; Shewanella putrefaciens ; dynamic growth ; spoilage prediction ; GC-MS ; acrylamide formation ; thermal resistance ; dynamic models ; FSSP ; DoE ; smoke ; fish ; wine fermentation ; nitrogen ; mathematical modeling ; population model ; maintenance ; variable yield ; underutilized wild species ; lycopene ; viscosity ; thermal processing ; color ; mathematical modelling ; fish quality ; fish freshness ; bibliometric analysis ; stress variables ; quality degradation ; beer fermentation ; food industry ; multi-objective optimization ; model-based optimization ; equivalent solutions ; uncertainty ; Monte Carlo ; frying operation ; acrylamide ; quality ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 24
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2023-09-05
    Description: Earthquakes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications is a compilation of nine chapters covering aspects of tectonics, seismicity, earthquake forecasting, geotechnical engineering, and buildings. It presents state-of-the-art techniques for calculating moment tensors, rupture inversions, and hypocentral locations. It also presents methodologies to test probabilistic earthquake distributions on clustered and declustered catalogs and improves on classical methodologies to estimate bearing capacity and slope stability analysis. The final section discusses the structural behavior of vernacular and modern structures in the nonlinear range and the consequences of modifying the original structural system of a building.
    Keywords: finite element method ; viscosity ; plasticity ; forecasting ; seismic ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBC Volcanology & seismology
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  • 25
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    Unknown
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: This reprint focuses on different techniques and strategies to obtain high-quality crystalline structures of biological macromolecules via X-ray diffraction and synchrotron radiation. Contributions cover various aspects ranging from the fundamentals of crystal growth of biomolecules with biomedical applications and materials science through to the biotechnological applications of crystals.
    Keywords: acetylcholinesterase ; organophosphate ; carbamate ; backbone conformation ; oxime reactivation ; oxime antidote ; acetylcholine ; amidase ; amino acid ; amidase process ; proline ; aminopeptidase ; S33 family ; co-crystal engineering ; chemical ligation ; bioconjugation ; X-ray diffraction ; DNA ; DNA-binding protein ; protein engineering ; CLECs ; modeling ; ROY ; polymorphism ; microfluidics ; acoustic mixing ; diffusive mixing ; protein crystals ; breakage ; shear stress ; protein crystallization ; nucleation ; viscosity ; diffusion ; PEG ; FCS ; counter-diffusion ; self-searching ; crystallization scenario ; Parkinson’s disease ; istradefylline ; solubility ; crystal form ; dissolution ; biomorph synthesis ; effects of DNA concentration on biomorphs ; kerogen ; Precambrian era ; amantadine ; 2-methylcinnamic acid ; single crystal X-ray diffraction ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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  • 26
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Steel is a critical material in our societies and will remain an important one for a long time into the future. In the last two decades, the world steel industry has gone through drastic changes and this is predicted to continue in the future. The Asian countries (e.g. China, India) have been dominant in the production of steel creating global over-capacity, while the steel industry in the developed countries have made tremendous efforts to reinforce its global leadership in process technology and product development, and remain sustainable and competitive. The global steel industry is also facing various grand challenges in strict environmental regulation, new energy and materials sources, and ever-increasing customer requirements for high quality steel products, which has been addressed accordingly by the global iron and steel community. This Special Issue, “Ironmaking and Steelmaking”, released by the journal Metals, published 33 high quality articles from the international iron and steel community, covering the state-of-the-art of the ironmaking and steelmaking processes. This includes fundamental understanding, experimental investigation, pilot plant trials, industrial applications and big data utilization in the improvement and optimization of existing processes, and research and development in transformative technologies. It is hoped that the creation of this special issue as a scientific platform will help drive the iron and steel community to build a sustainable steel industry.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; QC1-999 ; artificial neural network ; n/a ; corrosion ; inclusion control ; steel-making ; simulation ; liquid steel ; phosphate capacity ; slag ; hydrogen ; TG analysis ; surface roughness ; iron sulfate ; shot peening ; refining kinetics ; iso-conversional method ; oxygen blast furnace ; Barkhausen noise ; gas flow rate ; ductile cast iron ; toughness ; self-reduction briquette ; Mg deoxidation ; phosphorus distribution ratio ; iron oxides ; phase analysis ; desiliconisation ; solid flow ; CaO/Al2O3 ratio ; surface depression ; carbothermal reduction ; rotary hearth furnace ; torrefied biomass ; hot metal pre-treatment ; inclusions ; microwaves ; ironmaking ; reactivity ; CaO–based slags ; high-aluminum iron ore ; oxides ; HPSR ; internal crack ; fluorapatite ; crystallization rate ; COREX ; liquid area ; Al addition ; Wilcox–Swailes coefficient ; plasma arc ; evaluation of coupling relationship ; penetration theory ; silicate crystals ; ionization degree ; pellet size ; prediction model ; continuous casting ; direct element method ; modified NPL model ; slag film ; volatile matter ; crystallite size ; Al-TRIP steel ; viscosity ; anosovite crystals ; slag formation ; CO2 emissions ; integrated steel plant ; flow pattern ; high-heat-input welding ; dephosphorisation ; copper stave ; direct reduction ; shrinkage ; Cr recovery ; chemical composition ; high speed steel ; material flow ; 33MnCrTiB ; gas-based reduction ; converter ; bio-coal ; flat steel ; sulfur distribution ratio ; cold experiment ; secondary refining process ; re-oxidation ; vaporization dephosphorization ; sulfide capacity ; electroslag cladding ; hydrogen attack ; oxygen steelmaking ; non-metallic inclusions ; cracks ; non-contact measurement ; energy consumption ; high-manganese iron ore ; non-metallic inclusion ; Ca deoxidation ; Ca-treatment ; compressive strength (CS) ; oil-pipeline steel ; thermal treatment ; carbon monoxide ; composite roll ; crystallization behaviors ; devolatilization ; carbon-saturated iron ; steelmaking factory ; slag crust ; combustion ; high heat input welding ; ore-carbon briquette ; activation energy ; flow velocity ; kinetics ; hydrogen plasma ; casting speed ; solid and gaseous oxygen ; hercynite ; low fluorine ; iron ore pellets ; fayalite ; heat-affected zone ; CO–CO2 atmosphere ; and nitrogen ; smelting reduction ; high-phosphorus iron ore ; iron oxide ; mold flux ; BaO ; intragranular acicular ferrite ; carbon composite pellet ; electrolytic extraction ; iron ore ; carbon dioxide ; agglomerate ; vanadium titano-magnetite ; emission spectrum ; static process model ; concentrate ; structure ; titanium slag ; bonding interface ; fork ; blast furnace ; reaction mechanism ; reduction ; synergistic reduction ; injection ; principal component analysis ; ultrafine particles exposure ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 27
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Joint replacement is a very successful medical treatment. However, the survivorship of hip, knee, shoulder, and other implants is limited. The degradation of materials and the immune response against degradation products or an altered tissue loading condition as well as infections remain key factors of their failure. Current research in biomechanics and biomaterials is trying to overcome these existing limitations. This includes new implant designs and materials, bearings concepts and tribology, kinematical concepts, surgical techniques, and anti-inflammatory and infection prevention strategies. A careful evaluation of new materials and concepts is required in order to fully assess the strengths and weaknesses and to improve the quality and outcomes of joint replacements. Therefore, extensive research and clinical trials are essential. The main aspects that are addressed in this Special Issue are related to new material, design and manufacturing considerations of implants, implant wear and its potential clinical consequence, implant fixation, infection-related material aspects, and taper-related research topics. This Special Issue gives an overview of the ongoing research in those fields. The contributions were solicited from researchers working in the fields of biomechanics, biomaterials, and bio- and tissue-engineering.
    Keywords: electrocautery ; titanium alloy ; cobalt-chrome alloy ; fatigue behavior ; biomechanical study ; Vertebral body replacement (VBR) ; non metallic ; radiolucent ; CF/PEEK ; biomechanics ; tumor ; vertebral fracture ; spine ; calcium phosphate ; granules ; bone graft substitutes ; total hip arthroplasty ; implant deformation ; acetabulum ; Metasul ; 28 mm small head ; metal-on-metal THA ; cobalt ; chromium ; titanium ; blood metal ions ; inflammation ; cytokines ; metal particles ; metal ions ; synovium ; dual taper modular hip stem ; acetabular revision ; asymptomatic stem modularity ; decision making model ; threshold ; biomaterials ; arthroplasty ; orthopaedic tribology ; experimental simulation ; total knee replacement ; PEEK-OPTIMA™ ; UHMWPE ; third body wear ; modular acetabular cup ; poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) ; ceramics ; ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) ; strain distribution ; bone stock ; cup-inlay stability ; disassembly forces ; relative motion ; periprosthetic joint infections ; infection prophylaxis ; Staphylococcus epidermidis ; in vivo osteomyelitis model ; metal wear ; retrieval study ; metal-on-metal articulation ; volumetric wear ; megaendoprosthesis ; total knee arthroplasty ; bone tumor ; Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis ; hip arthroplasty ; elementary geometrical shape model ; interchangeability ; head–taper junction ; migration ; ion implantation ; precision casting ; Ti6Al4V ; calcium ; phosphorus ; centrifugal casting ; porous implants ; tantalum ; hip replacement ; revision hip arthroplasty ; primary stability ; backside wear ; cross-linked ; total hip replacement ; hip cup system ; composite ; fibers ; polycarbonate-urethane ; meniscal replacement ; mechanical properties ; meniscus ; silicon nitride ; coating ; joint replacement ; wear ; adhesion ; trunnionosis ; trunnion failure ; fretting corrosion ; head–neck junction ; mechanically assisted crevice corrosion ; implant ; biomaterial ; corrosion ; residual stress ; taper connection ; anodic polarization ; surface treatment ; knee joint ; patellar component ; musculoskeletal multibody simulation ; patellofemoral joint ; polyetheretherketone ; fixation ; debonding ; implant–cement interface ; PMMA ; periprosthetic joint infection ; cement spacer ; articulating spacer ; hip spacer ; two-stage revision ; surface alteration ; surface roughness ; third-body wear ; zirconium oxide particles ; metal-on-cement articulation ; oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty ; bearing thickness ; retrieval analysis ; n/a ; biomedical rheology ; viscosity ; bovine calf serum ; shear thinning ; numerical simulation ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNT Media, entertainment, information and communication industries::KNTX Information technology industries
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  • 28
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The subject of this book is ""Biofuel and Bioenergy Technology"". It aims to publish high-quality review and research papers, addressing recent advances in biofuel and bioenergy. State-of-the-art studies of advanced techniques of biorefinery for biofuel production are also included. Research involving experimental studies, recent developments, and novel and emerging technologies in this field are covered. This book contains twenty-seven technical papers which cover diversified biofuel and bioenergy technology-related research that have shown critical results and contributed significant findings to the fields of biomass processing, pyrolysis, bio-oil and its emulsification; transesterification and biodiesel, gasification and syngas, fermentation and biogas/methane, bioethanol and alcohol-based fuels, solid fuel and biochar, and microbial fuel cell and power generation development. The published contents relate to the most important techniques and analyses applied in the biofuel and bioenergy technology.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; equilibrium model ; simulation ; syngas ; waste biomass ; calcination ; polymer electrolyte membrane ; combined pretreatment ; anaerobic digestion ; alkali pretreatment ; validation ; biodiesel ; synergistic effect ; relative humidity ; unbleached paper ; synergistic effects ; waste wood ; RSM ; stone fruit ; corn stover ; microbial community ; fatty acid methyl ester ; acid pretreatment ; energy exchange ; coal-fired flue-gas ; bio-electro-Fenton microbial fuel cells (Bio-E-Fenton MFCs) ; SOFC ; lignocellulose ; bio-oils ; diesel ; seed oil ; Clostridiales ; liquefaction ; sewage sludge ; counter-flow structure ; lignin recovery ; Vietnam ; iodine value ; hydrodynamic boundary layer ; energy yield ; second-generation biodiesel ; CHO index ; Jerusalem artichoke ; Carica papaya ; mass yield ; biochemical methane potential ; Chlorella ; engine performance ; emulsification ; single cell oil ; chemical oxygen demand (COD) ; anaerobic fermentation ; superabsorbent polymer ; isopropanol ; viscosity ; esterification ; mathematical modeling ; charge transfer resistance ; ball mill ; Annona muricata ; membrane bioreactors ; ethanol organosolv ; direct transesterification ; Methanothermobacter ; screening ; 〈i〉Rhodotorula glutinis〈/i〉 ; pyrolytic oil ; acetone ; soursop ; degradation ; torrefaction ; alcohols ; electroactive biofilm ; nitric acid ; organosolv pretreatment ; optimisation ; digester performance ; biodiesel production ; air-steam gasification ; acidity index ; prairie cord grass ; thermophoretic force ; recirculation mode ; wastewater ; alkanes ; tar ; biogas production ; two-step process ; thermogravimetric analysis ; electrochemical hydrogenation ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; herbaceous biomass ; hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio ; solid biofuel ; biodiesel testing ; catalyst ; exergy ; membrane contamination ; characterisation ; Nejayote ; methane ; photo catalyst ; gross calorific value ; bioreactors ; wastewater treatment ; response surface methodology ; MFC ; redox potential reduction ; microbial biofuel ; ethanol fermentation ; mechanical durability ; Van Krevelen diagram ; biodiesel property ; direct interspecies electron transfer ; lignocellulosic biomass ; methane and carbon dioxide conversion ; liquid lipase ; non-premixed combustion ; hydrogen-producing bacteria ; surfactant ; Taguchi method ; shear rate ; carbon dioxide ; calorific value ; biomass fuel ; granular activated carbon ; porosity ; biogas ; Miscanthus ; mixotrophic cultivation ; first-law/second-law efficiency ; voltage ; microbial community composition ; small-scale biogas plants ; mechanical pretreatment ; developing countries ; transesterification ; process stability ; co-surfactant ; thermophilic anaerobic digestion ; tri-reforming process ; metabolic engineering ; exergy efficiency ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are pharmaceutically accepted systems not only because they typically offer a serious enhancement of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) solubility, but also due to their non-toxicity. This fortunate conjuncture allows for designing new media for escalation and controlled release of APIs. For example, composition optimisation of a series of NADES comprising choline chloride with multi-hydroxyl compounds was successfully performed for a set of sulphonamide-based drugs. These results confirmed that NADES in general, and the ones based on choline chloride and glycerol particularly, are an attractive alternative to traditional solvents for sulphonamide dissolution. Experiments augmented with in silico modelling can offer deeper insights into the thermodynamic characteristics of these systems and an explanation for the origin of the observed solubility enhancement. Research of this type offers universal resolutions to the problem of low solubility issues for many types of drugs. Of particular interest is that such screening is not restricted to artificial in vitro environments but can be also easily adopted for the study of modelled in vivo situations. One of very important and interesting examples is a new curcumin–NADES formulation preserving its beneficial properties even after dilution with FaSSIF solution, which mimicks intestinal absorption.
    Keywords: deep eutectic solvents ; molecularly imprinted polymers ; extraction ; phenolic compounds ; antioxidant activity ; spruce bark ; phytomass ; valorization ; deep eutectic solvent ; composite resins ; hydrogen bond ; eutectic solvents ; natural deep eutectic solvents ; nanostructured ionic solvents ; neoteric solvents ; ionic liquids ; ionic liquid ; hybrid solvent ; CO2 solubility ; Henry’s constant ; viscosity ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Based on five Special Issues in Coatings, this e-book contains a series of 15 articles demonstrating actual perspectives and new trends in advanced coatings in buildings. Innovative materials and multiperformance solutions provide a basis, contributing also to the better protection of buildings’ surfaces during the service life, and the users’ wellbeing.
    Keywords: geopolymer ; metakaolin ; titanium oxide ; physical and mechanical properties ; polystyrene ; DOPA ; polydopamine ; antifouling ; polyethylene glycol ; Pluronic ; QCM-D ; coating ; building materials ; bacterial growth ; proliferation ; biofilm ; antibacterial ; hydrophobic ; photocatalytic ; sonochemistry ; mortar ; polydimethylsiloxane ; phenylmethylsilicone oil ; viscosity ; additive amount ; leach ; particle size ; distribution characteristics ; contaminated particle ; porcelain insulator ; adhesion simulation model ; cellulose ; aerogel ; thermal insulation ; building envelope ; silica ; ceramic coating ; fly ash ; anti-fouling ; slagging ; boiler ; energy efficiency ; biofilms ; DEMM ; DEME ; PMMA ; polymer brush coating ; polysaccharide ; protein ; lipid ; nucleic acid ; Raman spectroscopy ; AgNPs ; antibacterial coatings ; polyetheretherketone films ; tollens method ; acrylic resin ; bio-filler ; cone calorimeter ; heat release rate ; intumescent coating ; steel ; green roofs ; biological coatings ; hydraulic performance ; thermal performance ; sustainable construction certification ; LEED ; BREEAM ; CASBEE ; BEAM ; ESGB ; glass waste ; copper oxide ; antibacterial surfaces ; hydrophobic products ; silicon-based compounds ; claddings ; durability ; moisture transport properties ; recycled and reused materials ; drainage ; dead load ; protective coatings ; air-purifying coatings ; anti-fouling coatings ; ultra-low biofouling coatings ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: There are several major megatrends having an impact on pyrometallurgical metal processing. The steadily growing demand for all metals is strengthened by the emergence of electrical vehicles (EV), which brings a high need for battery metals, but additionally, a significant increase in copper consumption. Even if only moderate forecasts for the number of the EVs become true, production of the base metals must increase by tens of percentages, or even more than double. At the same time, pyrometallurgical processes have to produce fewer side products, such as slag, and maintain the quality level of the primary product, although raw material mixtures are increasingly complex and new elements are entering the processes in secondary raw materials. Therefore, it is imperative to continue the development of pyrometallurgical processes more efficiently and productively, while still improving their selectivity regarding slagging the unwanted material and recovering the desired elements. This Special Issue is for current advances in the pyrometallurgical processing of metals, including all aspects, namely, the basic unit processes and operations in a smelter, metallurgical engineering, furnace integrity, cooling systems, modelling, slag and offgas handling, to name a few. A collection of 13 papers deal with ferrous and ferroalloy development, and the processing of different raw materials for metal production.
    Keywords: blast furnace slag ; TiO2 ; titanium carbonitride ; viscosity ; limonite ; magnetization reduction roasting ; rotary kiln ; deposit ; fayalite ; FeO ; liquid phase ; medium manganese steel ; spinel inclusions ; Ce treatment ; modification mechanism ; copper concentrate ; pyrometallurgy ; flash smelting ; combustion ; classification ; spectroscopy ; PCA ; SIMCA ; PLS-DA ; k-NN ; support vector machines ; scandium ; master alloys ; aluminum alloys ; metallothermy ; vacuum induction melting ; factsage ; nickel laterite ; non-melting reducing ; sodium chloride ; magnetic separation ; garnierite ; vacuum carbothermal reduction ; mechanism ; CaF2 ; recovery ; devolatilization ; torrefied biomass ; bio-coal ; volatile matter ; reduction ; blast furnace ; multistage and deep reduction ; low-oxygen high titanium ferroalloy ; inclusions ; melt separation ; slag-metal separation ; hearth drainage ; iron and slag flow ; interface phenomena ; CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5 slag system ; distribution ratio of phosphorus ; dephosphorization ; n·2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 solid solution ; B2O3 ; vanadium–titanium sintering ; metallurgical properties ; microstructures ; Søderberg electrodes ; submerged arc furnace (SAF) ; ferro-alloy production ; ferrochrome ; electrical resistivity ; degree of graphitisation ; bulk density ; porosity ; compressive breaking strength ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Metallurgy involves the art and science of extracting metals from their ores and modifying the metals for use. With thousands of years of development, many interdisciplinary technologies have been introduced into this traditional and large-scale industry. In modern metallurgical practices, modelling and simulation are widely used to provide solutions in the areas of design, control, optimization, and visualization, and are becoming increasingly significant in the progress of digital transformation and intelligent metallurgy. This Special Issue (SI), entitled “Metallurgical Process Simulation and Optimization”, has been organized as a platform to present the recent advances in the field of modelling and optimization of metallurgical processes, which covers the processes of electric/oxygen steel-making, secondary metallurgy, (continuous) casting, and processing. Eighteen articles have been included that concern various aspects of the topic.
    Keywords: Al–Ag alloys ; Ag clusters ; positron annihilation ; monovacancies ; shallow trapping ; continuous casting ; electromagnetic stirring ; flow behavior ; uniform index of solidified shell ; digital image correlation ; mechanical properties ; stainless steel ; temperature ; thermovision ; uniaxial tensile test ; cryogenic vessel steels ; cerium ; microstructure ; inclusions ; electric arc furnace ; energy efficiency modelling ; process optimization ; mass and energy balances ; blast furnace ; hydrogen injection ; gas utilisation efficiency ; energy consumption ; CO2 emission ; EDA—exploratory data analysis ; rare Earth metal oxides ; wear resistance ; heatmap ; correlation ; electro-gas welding ; high heat input ; heat source movement path ; finite element analysis ; thermal evolution ; fluid-particle flow ; submerged entry nozzle ; lattice Boltzmann method ; large eddy simulation ; vortex structures ; crystallization ratio ; flux film ; heat transfer ; longitudinal crack ; peritectic steels ; high carbon steel ; cracking con-rod ; C70S6 ; tundish ; flow field ; water modelling ; mathematical simulation ; temperature field ; bloom quality consistency ; PFR lime kiln ; lime calcination ; BFG ; numerical simulation ; PMM ; SCM ; high-temperature confocal microscope ; phase-field simulation ; duplex stainless steel ; cooling rate ; near-α titanium alloy ; TiH2-based powder metallurgy ; hot compression ; strain hardening exponents ; strain rate sensitivity ; processing map ; alumina inclusion ; interfacial tension ; steelmaking ; continuous casting mold ; surfactant ; sulfur ; simulation ; dry vibrating material ; collapsed ladle ; mathematical modeling ; stress field ; strain field ; molecular dynamics simulation ; CaF2 ; melts’ structure ; transport properties ; viscosity ; inclusion ; ZrO2 ; nucleation mechanism ; first principles ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: This reprint includes research papers on different disciplines related to composites. It contains research related to new topics such as nanotubes, fibres, admixtures added in cement and concrete. Additionally self-healing and self-sensing issues are presented. Environmental, and thermal-related topics are also discussed. Studies related to consolidation topics and alkali activation of clays are included. This blend of traditional and modern building materials, all having a common ground, the use of new technologies for improving fresh and harden state properties, make this volume interesting.
    Keywords: single wall carbon nanotubes ; surfactant ; TritonX-100 ; mass of specimens ; compressive strength ; flexural Strength ; bulk density ; ternary cements ; limestone ; siliceous fly ash ; granulated blast furnace slag ; concrete properties ; concrete durability ; CO2 emission ; detached decorative plasters ; injection grout ; glass microspheres ; reduced density ; stability ; strength ; durability ; clay mortars ; activating solutions ; wetting–drying ; freeze–thaw cycles ; microstructure ; superabsorbent polymer ; steel fibers ; high-performance fiber reinforced concrete ; digital image correlation ; autogenous shrinkage ; tensile behavior ; nano-calcium oxide ; nano-silica ; self-healing ; cement pastes ; curing regime ; gypsum binder ; additives ; light-materials ; porosity ; thermal insulation ; cement ; hydrated lime ; HEMC ; mortar ; paste ; hydration ; setting process ; ultrasonic technique ; graphite ; electrical conductivity ; self-sensing ; multi-walled carbon nanotubes ; cement-based materials ; flexural strength ; electrical resistivity ; activation energy ; supplementary cementitious materials ; packing density ; filler effect ; high calcium fly ash ; ladle furnace slag ; limestone filler ; foamed geopolymer ; reinforcing lightweight concrete ; glass fiber composites ; concrete ; thermal properties ; structural properties ; composite modified asphalt binder ; rheological properties ; storage stability ; amorphous poly alpha olefin ; polyphosphoric acid ; application properties ; water retention ; plaster ; cellulose ether ; viscosity ; self-compacting concrete (SCC) ; mix proportion design ; optimization ; experimental verification ; the grey relational analysis ; hook-end steel fiber ; bond performance ; pullout test ; inclination angle ; fiber spacing ; pullout load-slip curve
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Biomass can be used to produce renewable electricity, thermal energy, transportation fuels (biofuels), and high-value functional chemicals. As an energy source, biomass can be used either directly via combustion to produce heat or indirectly after it is converted to one of many forms of bioenergy and biofuel via thermochemical or biochemical pathways. The conversion of biomass can be achieved using various advanced methods, which are broadly classified into thermochemical conversion, biochemical conversion, electrochemical conversion, and so on. Advanced development technologies and processes are able to convert biomass into alternative energy sources in solid (e.g., charcoal, biochar, and RDF), liquid (biodiesel, algae biofuel, bioethanol, and pyrolysis and liquefaction bio-oils), and gaseous (e.g., biogas, syngas, and biohydrogen) forms. Because of the merits of biomass energy for environmental sustainability, biofuel and bioenergy technologies play a crucial role in renewable energy development and the replacement of chemicals by highly functional biomass. This book provides a comprehensive overview and in-depth technical research addressing recent progress in biomass conversion processes. It also covers studies on advanced techniques and methods for bioenergy and biofuel production.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; oxidation stability ; power density ; lipids ; pre-treatment ; dark fermentation ; hydrodeoxygenation ; combustion characteristics ; hydrogen ; feed solution ; emission ; cow manure ; anaerobic digestion ; synergistic effect ; biodiesel ; thermophilic ; mesophilic ; antioxidant ; crude oil ; biofuel ; rice husk ; base-catalyzed transesterification ; enzymatic digestibility ; fatty acid methyl ester ; coffee mucilage ; osmotic membrane ; fermentation ; forward osmosis ; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; lignocellulose ; dimethyl carbonate ; diesel ; triacylglycerides ; drop-in fuel ; draw solution ; subcritical methanol ; free fatty acids ; Rhus typhina biodiesel ; sewage sludge ; alternative fuel ; vacuum ; intake temperature ; Physico-chemical properties ; bioethanol ; energy yield ; tert-butylhydroquinone ; non-edible oil ; biomass ; nano-catalysts ; Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ; bioenergy ; direct carbon fuel cell ; viscosity ; FAME yield ; reaction kinetics ; gasification ; operating conditions ; injection strategies ; instar ; butylated hydroxyanisole ; torrefaction ; nanomagnetic catalyst ; fatty acid methyl esters ; crude glycerol ; renewable energy ; pyrolysis ; glycerol carbonate ; single-pellet combustion ; biodiesel production ; nanotechnology ; microwave irradiation ; pressure-retarded osmosis ; black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) ; technology development ; concentration polarization ; waste ; nano-additives ; bio-jet fuel ; kinetic study ; thermogravimetric analysis ; rubber seed oil ; combustion ; potato peels ; power generation ; response surface ; biochar ; lipid ; organic wastes ; extrusion ; co-combustion ; biomass pretreatment ; microwave ; hardwood ; Rancimat method ; anaerobic treatment ; post-treatment ; fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) ; biogas ; GCI ; compression ratio ; membrane fouling ; environment ; rice straw ; pretreatment ; free fatty acid ; palm oil mill effluent ; acclimatization ; Box-Behnken design ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-10-25
    Description: Functional nutrition is deeply connected with healthy lifestyle and sustainable food production, due to its positive health benefits and the use of economically underexplored and natural raw materials. Expectedly, it appeals to large number of interested consumers while becoming lucrative segment of the food industry with a fast-growing market fueled by new sociodemographic trends. Accordingly, functional juices and beverages made of indigenous fruits are interesting niche for various food market stakeholders. Here, biologically active compounds (BACs) and probiotics that have positive health effects in functional foods (juices) are mostly thermolabile. This is especially important for industry that still employs classical heat treatments (e.g., pasteurization), while being concerned with degradation of food quality in the final products. To prevent this, focus is on designing economic and ecological technologies that are able to preserve nutritional and sensory quality while maintaining microbiological stability in products. Such approaches are based on low-energy consumption and low-impact processing, e.g. “hurdle technology” that combines advanced and conventional methods (e.g., high-power ultrasound, pulse electric field). Food design is another important focus point for consumers’ sensory appeal and economic success of foods. Hence, technologies as 3D food printing can be particularly useful for manufacturing. Based on the above, presented topics are relevant to sustainable functional food production, functional fruit juices, BACs, “hurdle technology,” advanced food processing, 3D food printing, and authentic fruits.
    Keywords: dehydration ; conserving vegetables ; improving shelf-life ; rehydrated pepper ; histological preparation ; green practices ; meat analogue ; liquid additives ; soy protein isolate ; lecithin ; emulsion ; functional fruit juice ; hurdle technology ; non-thermal processing ; preservation ; quality ; probiotic ; fruit by-products ; lulo bagasse powder ; fiber ; antioxidant properties ; carotenoids ; cocoa shell ; high voltage electrical discharge ; tannin ; dietary fiber ; water binding capacity ; grindability ; traditional ; slow ; pressure and microwave cooking ; polyphenols ; antioxidant activity ; faba bean ; lentil ; pea ; probiotic safety ; toxicity ; pathogenicity ; functional food industry ; pharmacological interactions ; functional fruit juices ; mushroom ; vitamin D ; reducing capacity ; glycation ; Lactuca sativa ; metabolomics ; antioxidants ; eustress ; total soluble solids ; particle size distribution ; total anthocyanin content ; antioxidant capacity ; non-dairy beverages ; pulses ; chickpea ; lupin ; flow behavior ; animal and plant proteins ; computer vision system ; nutritional value ; texture ; water activity ; viscosity ; microstructure ; heavy metals ; amino acids ; pesticide ; fruit wastes ; vegetable wastes ; drying ; extraction ; intensification technologies ; phenolic acids ; food processing ; minimally processed foods ; UHLPC-MS/MS ; sous-vide cooking ; vegetables ; seafood ; cephalopods ; safety ; nutritive quality ; beetroot ; convective drying ; infrared drying ; purée ; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ; confocal scanning microscopy ; fruit juice ; interaction ; drug ; phytochemical ; pharmacokinetics ; ginger ; pineapple ; turmeric ; juice mix ; physicochemical properties ; microbiological quality ; sensory attributes ; Diospyros kaki ; post-harvest losses ; dehydrated persimmon ; thin-layer modeling ; drying rate ; old apple cultivar ; biologically active compounds ; functional food ; agriculture ; extensive farming ; bisphosphonates ; SERMs ; food ; supplements ; bioavailability ; meal ; coffee ; juice ; mineral water ; edible mushroom ; nutrition ; phenolic compounds ; vacuum ; poria cubes ; optimization ; stage drying ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Geothermal energy is the thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth's core, mantle, and crust. Geothermal technologies are used to generate electricity and to heat and cool buildings. To develop accurate models for heat and mass transfer applications involving fluid flow in geothermal applications or reservoir engineering and petroleum industries, a basic knowledge of the rheological and transport properties of the materials involved (drilling fluid, rock properties, etc.)—especially in high-temperature and high-pressure environments—are needed. This Special Issue considers all aspects of fluid flow and heat transfer in geothermal applications, including the ground heat exchanger, conduction and convection in porous media. The emphasis here is on mathematical and computational aspects of fluid flow in conventional and unconventional reservoirs, geothermal engineering, fluid flow, and heat transfer in drilling engineering and enhanced oil recovery (hydraulic fracturing, CO2 injection, etc.) applications.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; karst carbonate reservoir ; fracture compressibility ; enhanced gas recovery ; cost of electricity (COE) ; microstructure ; permeability ; CO2 permeability ; ammonia ; shale oil ; process simulation ; aquifer support ; spatiotemporal characteristics ; semi-analytical solution ; injection orientation ; CO2 diffusion ; wellbore temperature ; fluid front kinetics ; nest of tubes ; supercritical CO2 ; multiple parallel fractures ; multifractal theory ; real-scale ; techno-economic model ; fractal ; inter-well connectivity ; apparent permeability ; heat transfer ; porous media ; multiple structural units (MSU) ; coupled heat conduction and advection ; diffusion ; bottom-hole pressure ; tight reservoir ; ventilation ; surface diffusion ; unsteady process ; underground coal gasification (UCG) ; dynamic crack tip ; mercury intrusion porosimetry ; energy conservation analysis ; methanol ; comprehensive heat transfer model ; pressure fluctuations ; production optimization ; numerical simulation ; percolation model ; rheology ; drilling ; AE energy ; pipeline network ; natural gas ; huff-‘n-puff ; cement ; viscosity ; mathematical modeling ; enhanced geothermal systems ; cement slurries ; yield stress ; non-Newtonian fluids ; capacitance-resistance model ; thixotropy ; conductivity ; enhanced oil recovery ; leakage and overflow ; geothermal ; coal and rock fracture ; impact pressure ; computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ; GSHP (ground source heat pump) ; pore size distribution ; Knudsen diffusion ; hydraulic fracturing ; efficient simulation ; constitutive relations ; electricity generation ; fractal theory ; pore structure ; complex fracture network ; sloshing ; cost-effective ; slippage effect ; dynamic hydraulic-fracturing experiments ; critical porosity ; fracture uncertainty ; carbon capture and utilization (CCU) ; tube bundle model ; continuity/momentum and energy equations coupled ; main gas pipeline ; Coal excavation ; longitudinal dispersion coefficient ; computational fluid dynamic (CFD) ; flowback ; fracture simulation ; highly viscous fluids ; carbon capture and storage (CCS) ; energy dissipation ; economics ; particles model ; variable viscosity ; multi-pressure system ; frequency conversion technology (FCT) ; three-dimensional numerical simulation ; tight oil reservoirs ; multiphase flow ; methane removal ; Navier-Stokes equations ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: This e-book version of the Special Issue “Hemorheology and Metabolites” has been dedicated to the novel findings and recent advances in hemorheology, presenting clinical or clinically oriented experimental research and review articles in the context of metabolites, metabolic alterations and blood macro- and micro-rheology.
    Keywords: hypercholesterolemia ; rabbit model ; hemorheology ; atherosclerosis ; autophagy ; apoptosis ; ischemia–reperfusion ; cold preservation ; mucosal injury ; small bowel grafts ; limb ischemia-reperfusion ; metabolites ; ischemic pre-conditioning ; ischemic post-conditioning ; interval exercise ; oxygen uptake (VO2) ; cardiac output (CO) ; oxygen availability (HHb/VO2) ; near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) ; ischemia-reperfusion injury ; molecular probes ; oxidative stress ; mesenteric ischemia ; viscosity ; red blood cell aggregation ; diabetes ; insulin ; metformin ; sulfonylureas ; executive function ; mental health ; brain-derived neurotrophic factor ; insulin-like growth factor-1 ; vascular endothelial growth factor ; neurogenesis ; angiogenesis ; cerebral blood flow ; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate ; COVID-19 ; platelet ; IPF ; hemostasis ; aggregometry ; viscoelastic test ; physical activity ; training ; sport ; RBC aggregation ; glucose ; poloxamer 188 ; erythrocyte deformability ; metabolism ; hormones ; homeostasis ; eryptosis ; stress ; sleep apnea ; intestinal transplantation ; rejection ; biomarkers ; enzymes ; chromogranin A ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MR Medical study & revision guides & reference material
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The pressure upon natural resources and the increasing awareness of the necessary transformation of the global food system are driving the quest of both academia and industry towards more sustainable approaches. Sustainability in the agro-food sector begins with the valorization of food industry waste and side streams, products with an extremely high intrinsic value but often discarded because unfit for further processing that meet consumers expectations. Apart from their use as feed, a more practical solution responding to the modern vision of circular economy must be sought. Indeed, several processes can guarantee that the potential of food industry by-products is fully unleashed, generating high-value ingredients while ensuring nutritional quality. In this framework, this Special Issue included the most recent advances in the valorization of food by-product (of both animal and plant origin), from extraction to bioprocessing, including their application in a variety of food-related industries throughout the entire food supply chain.
    Keywords: Newhall navel orange ; dietary fiber ; structural properties ; functional properties ; L-arabinose ; sucrose ; fat ; starch ; glucose ; insulin ; GLP-1 ; GIP ; healthy adults ; olive pomace ; natural phenolic compounds ; antioxidant activity ; macroporous absorbing resin ; hydroxytyrosol ; litchi pomace ; monosaccharide composition ; structure ; prebiotic activity ; Morus alba leaves ; phenolic compounds ; Box-Behnken ; HPLC-MS ; ultrasound-assisted extraction ; chufa ; HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS ; antioxidant ; cookies ; date seed ; flavonoids ; polyphenols ; degree of hydrolysis ; milk protein concentrate ; molecular mass distribution ; sodium caseinate ; turbidity ; viscosity ; whey protein ; foaming properties ; fish skin gelatin ; pea protein ; interfacial properties ; Turbiscan Tower ; CLSM ; sonication-assisted extraction ; solvent extraction ; Punica granatum L. ; pomegranate peels ; pomegranate seeds ; antimicrobial activity ; phytotoxicity ; U. pinnatifida ; traditional cooking methods ; quality characteristics ; color ; texture ; bioactive nutrients ; asarinin ; solid acid catalyst ; characterization ; optimization ; physicochemical properties ; dairy proteins ; caseins ; plant proteins ; protein beverages ; acid gel ; colloidal stability ; pulsed electric field ; pulse generation ; milk proteins ; protein structure ; Aloe vera ; anthraquinones ; stability ; aloin ; aloe-emodin ; rhein ; spray drying ; freeze drying ; processing temperature ; pH ; microencapsulation ; storage stability ; carotenoid degradation ; gum arabic ; vegetable fat ; starch-based film ; degradability ; active packaging ; intelligent packaging ; mechanical properties ; barrier properties ; freshness indicator ; time-temperature sensor ; silver carp ; collagen ; by-products ; rheological properties ; fried oil ; adsorbent ; lignocellulosic biomass ; fatty acid ; food waste ; oil regeneration ; oil quality ; sustainability ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNB Energy industries and utilities
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: Antibodies are key reagents in diagnostics and experimental biology, capable of detecting numerous antigenic targets. Proteins are often in focus and are usually effective targets for antibody production. Occasionally, however, the native protein is known but not available, or a very specific target is required. In these cases, synthetic peptides, copying essential sequences from the target, are good alternatives for antibody production. Peptide antibodies have been used in diagnostics and experimental biology with great success, especially because they can be produced to multiple targets, for example, native and denatured targets. Traditional peptide antibody proteins encompass animal-based immunization with a synthetic peptide, usually conjugated to a carrier protein to enhance immune presentation, as small peptides tend not to be immunogenic by themselves. There are several strategies for the conjugation of peptides to carriers applied for immunization. This is the most used approach for peptide antibody production. In addition to traditional peptide antibody production, peptide antibodies can be produced using libraries or sequencing. This Special Issue, “Design, Production and Characterization of Peptide Antibodies”, aims to describe the current state-of-the-art techniques and characterization/applications within the field as well as new and emerging uses of peptide antibodies.
    Keywords: 2xVH ; IgG-like bispecifics ; bivalent bispecific molecule ; symmetrical bispecific ; concomittant binding ; soluble VH ; antibody ; heavy-chain dimer ; heavy-chain antibody ; crystal structure ; single-domain antibody ; Lassa virus ; Arenaviridae family ; MagPlex ; protein ; self-association ; self-interaction ; developability ; in silico prediction ; computational modeling ; viscosity ; dynamic light scattering ; monoclonal antibodies ; promoters ; bidirectional ; antibody production ; upstream processing ; anti-citrullinated protein antibodies ; citrullinated peptides ; epitopes ; rheumatoid arthritis ; calreticulin ; epitope ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Metals have always played a significant role in human life, and the current global growth and prosperity are directly dependent on these materials. With the rapidly growing global demand for metals, their extraction from natural minerals (as their primary sources) has been enhanced, causing a significant reduction in the grade and quality of the ores in ore deposits and leading to the production of huge amounts of waste, which requires management. In light of this, new proposals to develop more advanced metal recovery technologies from minerals are needed. Additionally, the huge quantity of waste generated through all steps of metal production is known to be a source of environmental pollution, while its valorization can create value via recycling metals or even though use in the production of other valuable materials. Such waste valorization is also in line with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as well as the implementation of the Paris Agreement. In this regard, the recycling of end-user products in order to reproduce valuable metals can also create significant value and reduce mining activities, and thus, their harmful consequences worldwide. Therefore, research and development in the state-of-the-art technologies for the recovery and recycling of metals are absolutely necessary. The aim of this Special Issue was to collect a range of articles on different aspects of valuable metal recovery and recycling from primary and secondary sources, as well as to decipher all new methods, processes, and knowledge in valuable metal production. We hope that this open access Special Issue will provide a great opportunity to demonstrate the work of researchers working in this area all around the world and help to provide new ideas for researchers who are working in the areas of hydrometallurgy, mineral processing, and waste recycling and valorization.
    Keywords: solvent extraction ; t-BAMBP ; rubidium ; cesium ; brine ; chemical precipitation ; recovery ; reduced ilmenite ; synthetic rutile ; aeration leaching ; Becher process ; spent alkaline battery ; recycling ; leaching ; electrowinning ; hydrometallurgy ; techno-economic evaluation ; metal recovery ; rhenium ; molybdenum ; separation ; rare earth elements ; thorium ; uranium ; separation methods ; precipitation ; membrane ; pavement ; bituminous mixtures ; electric arc furnace slag ; ladle furnace slag ; cellulose fibers ; stone mastic asphalt ; sustainability ; steel ; circular economy ; zinc residue ; cobalt hydroxide ; cementation ; oxidative precipitation ; cobalt (Co) ; nickel (Ni) ; aluminum (Al) ; titanium dioxide (TiO2) ; silicon dioxide (SiO2) ; sulfide ; carbon material ; copper ; zinc ; copper processing ; copper leaching ; copper bearing dusts ; cyanex 272 ; ionquest 801 ; cobalt ; nickel ; vanadium extraction process ; vanadium yield ; minimum carbon loss ; temperature strategy ; steelmaking slag ; phosphorus ; 2CaO∙SiO2–3CaO∙P2O5 ; NdFeB magnets ; critical metals ; rare earth elements (REEs) ; focus infrared digestion ; ICP-OES ; electronic waste ; CaO–SiO2–FeO–Al2O3–MgO slag system ; viscosity ; slag structure ; silicate structure ; aluminate structure ; FeO recovery ; weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore ; rare earth recovery ; ion-exchange leaching ; chelation ; chelating agents ; polydentate ligands ; pyrometallurgy ; dysprosium ; liquid metal extraction ; phase transformation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The pressure upon natural resources and the increasing awareness of the necessary transformation of the global food system are driving the quest of both academia and industry towards more sustainable approaches. Sustainability in the agro-food sector begins with the valorization of food industry waste and side streams, products with an extremely high intrinsic value but often discarded because unfit for further processing that meet consumers expectations. Apart from their use as feed, a more practical solution responding to the modern vision of circular economy must be sought. Indeed, several processes can guarantee that the potential of food industry by-products is fully unleashed, generating high-value ingredients while ensuring nutritional quality. In this framework, this Special Issue included the most recent advances in the valorization of food by-product (of both animal and plant origin), from extraction to bioprocessing, including their application in a variety of food-related industries throughout the entire food supply chain.
    Keywords: Newhall navel orange ; dietary fiber ; structural properties ; functional properties ; L-arabinose ; sucrose ; fat ; starch ; glucose ; insulin ; GLP-1 ; GIP ; healthy adults ; olive pomace ; natural phenolic compounds ; antioxidant activity ; macroporous absorbing resin ; hydroxytyrosol ; litchi pomace ; monosaccharide composition ; structure ; prebiotic activity ; Morus alba leaves ; phenolic compounds ; Box-Behnken ; HPLC-MS ; ultrasound-assisted extraction ; chufa ; HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS ; antioxidant ; cookies ; date seed ; flavonoids ; polyphenols ; degree of hydrolysis ; milk protein concentrate ; molecular mass distribution ; sodium caseinate ; turbidity ; viscosity ; whey protein ; foaming properties ; fish skin gelatin ; pea protein ; interfacial properties ; Turbiscan Tower ; CLSM ; sonication-assisted extraction ; solvent extraction ; Punica granatum L. ; pomegranate peels ; pomegranate seeds ; antimicrobial activity ; phytotoxicity ; U. pinnatifida ; traditional cooking methods ; quality characteristics ; color ; texture ; bioactive nutrients ; asarinin ; solid acid catalyst ; characterization ; optimization ; physicochemical properties ; dairy proteins ; caseins ; plant proteins ; protein beverages ; acid gel ; colloidal stability ; pulsed electric field ; pulse generation ; milk proteins ; protein structure ; Aloe vera ; anthraquinones ; stability ; aloin ; aloe-emodin ; rhein ; spray drying ; freeze drying ; processing temperature ; pH ; microencapsulation ; storage stability ; carotenoid degradation ; gum arabic ; vegetable fat ; starch-based film ; degradability ; active packaging ; intelligent packaging ; mechanical properties ; barrier properties ; freshness indicator ; time-temperature sensor ; silver carp ; collagen ; by-products ; rheological properties ; fried oil ; adsorbent ; lignocellulosic biomass ; fatty acid ; food waste ; oil regeneration ; oil quality ; sustainability ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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  • 42
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The need to find suitable biomaterials and procedures from alternative sources able to imitate or even enhance the performance of currently used products has become an important focus of research today due to the depletion of non-renewable resources and the increasing concern related to climate change, sustainability and environmental preservation. Thus, this reprint gathers different original articles and review manuscripts from the Special Issue “Development of Bio-Based Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications”. The development of partial or fully bio-based materials has been included, with excellent outcomes in many different applications, as well as alternative procedures that can reduce the carbon footprint or optimize both production and energy consumption.
    Keywords: mangosteen leaves ; marker ink ; color lightness ; viscosity ; optimization ; RSM ; biomaterial ; palm oil ; radiation curing ; radiation processing ; surface coatings ; VOC ; cellulose nanocrystal ; film ; homogenization ; ultrasonication ; secondary processing mill residues ; wood flour ; wood pellets ; wood–plastic composites ; physical properties ; transportation costs ; biocomposite ; bio-sourced products ; mechanical properties ; micro-mechanics ; mechanical testing ; lignin ; emulsion ; rheology ; microstructure ; bitumen ; product design ; burn wound healing ; polymeric film ; microwave ; nanoparticles-film combined application ; xanthan gum ; potassium formate ; rheological behavior ; high-temperature aging ; citric acid ; oil palm trunk ; oil palm frond ; empty fruit bunch ; cyclic aging treatment ; biopolymer ; biomaterials ; biodegradations ; polysaccharide ; bone tissue engineering ; polymer ; plasma modification ; PMMA ; material morphology ; honeycomb-like pattern ; cell growth ; cytocompatibility ; FEP ; cell adhesion ; neat biochar ; palm kernel shell ; magnetic biochar ; adsorption mechanism ; encapsulated carvacrol ; gellan gum hydrogel ; antibacterial activity ; E. coli ; natural fibers ; socio-economic assessment ; technological aspects ; sustainability ; renewable resources ; cellulose nanofibers ; chemical pretreatment ; cytotoxicity ; nanocellulose ; Populus alba L. ; bioadhesive ; chitosan methacrylate ; graphene oxide ; bone repair ; photocrosslinking ; antimicrobial peptide (microspheres) ; Tricholoma matsutake ; physicochemical quality ; microbial quality ; lignocellulose ; cellulose ; biofuels ; biochemicals ; lubricating greases ; adhesives ; cushioning materials ; adsorption ; carrier ; covalent attachment ; entrapment ; immobilization ; protein engineering ; therapeutic enzyme ; polyesteramides ; biodegradable polymers ; biobased polymers ; mass spectrometry ; MALDI ; tandem mass spectrometry ; sequencing ; characterization ; Py-GC/MS ; high-fat diet ; obesity ; Tremella fuciformis ; uronic acid ; biopolymers ; tear strength ; amorphous structure ; droplet size distribution ; microfluidization ; Pickering emulsion ; response surface methodology ; Turbiscan Stability Index ; zein ; 3D printing ; additive manufacturing ; cell immobilization ; bio-based polymers ; dual curing ; shape-memory ; photocuring ; microtransfer molding ; compressed wood ; bleaching ; lignin content ; alpha-cellulose ; swelling ; chitooligosaccharides ; chitin ; chitosan ; anti-inflammatory ; antioxidant ; tissue engineering ; wound healing ; antimicrobial ; drug delivery ; antitumor ; n/a ; rigid foams ; tannin-based foams ; polyurethane foams ; phenolic foams ; Iron(III)-hemicellulose complex ; rhamnoxylan ; iron supplement ; magnetic polymer ; hematinic ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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  • 43
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: Several factors influence consumers’ choices of food products. While price remains the main criterion, quality, pleasure, convenience, and health are also important driving factors in food market evolution. Food enterprises are making significant efforts to manufacture products that meet consumers’ demands without compromising on safety standards. Additionally, the food industry also aims to improve the efficiency of transformation and conservation processes by minimizing energy consumption, process duration, and waste generation. However, foods are highly complex systems in which: (i) Non-linear dynamics and interactions among different temporal and spatial scales must be considered; (ii) A wide range of physical phenomena occur; (iii) Different food matrices, with different microstructures and properties are involved; and (iv) The number of quality and safety indicators (such as bacteria, total volatile basic nitrogen, color, texture, odor, and sensory characteristics) is substantial. Mathematical modeling and simulation are key elements that allow us to gain a deeper understanding of food processes and enable the use of tools such as optimization and real-time control to improve their efficiency. This Special Issue gathers research on the development of dynamic mathematical models that describe the relevant factors in food processes, and model-based tools to improve such processes. The contributions published in this Special Issue can be grouped into two categories: the evolution of safety and quality indicators in unprocessed food systems, and transformation and preservation processes.
    Keywords: food safety ; predictive microbiology ; mathematical models ; microbial inactivation ; sublethal injury ; bioprocess engineering ; fermentation process ; batch bioreactors ; dynamical non-linear mathematical model ; model identification ; particle swarm optimization ; simulation ; Carnobacterium maltaromaticum ; modeling ; microbial growth ; optimization ; fermentation ; temperature-dependent thermal properties ; scaled sensitivity coefficient ; TPCell ; parameter estimation ; inverse problems ; food microstructure ; electronic nose ; Shewanella putrefaciens ; dynamic growth ; spoilage prediction ; GC-MS ; acrylamide formation ; thermal resistance ; dynamic models ; FSSP ; DoE ; smoke ; fish ; wine fermentation ; nitrogen ; mathematical modeling ; population model ; maintenance ; variable yield ; underutilized wild species ; lycopene ; viscosity ; thermal processing ; color ; mathematical modelling ; fish quality ; fish freshness ; bibliometric analysis ; stress variables ; quality degradation ; beer fermentation ; food industry ; multi-objective optimization ; model-based optimization ; equivalent solutions ; uncertainty ; Monte Carlo ; frying operation ; acrylamide ; quality ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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  • 44
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    punctum books
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Description: Slime, goo, gunge, gloop, gels, sols, globules, jellies, emulsions, greases, soaps, syrups, glues, lubricants, liquid crystals, moulds, plasmas, and protoplasms – the viscous is not one thing, but rather a quality of resistance and flow, of stickiness and slipperiness. It is a state of matter that oozes into the gaps of our everyday existence, across age groups, between cultures and disciplines.Since the large-scale extraction of petroleum in the 19th century the viscous has witnessed a proliferation in the variety of its forms. Mechanized industry required lubricants and oil distillation produced waste products that were refined to form Vaseline. From this age, new viscous forms and technologies emerged, products from plastic (and plastic explosives) to cosmetics, glycerine, asphalt, sexual lubrication, hydro- and aero- gels, even anti-climb paint.Based on unique and wide-ranging research, The Viscous is the first major investigation of viscous encounter and possibility over the course of the last century, not simply as a material state, but also an imaginative event. We enter into a story of matter at its most wayward, deviant, hesitant, and resistant.From asphalt lakes to industrial molasses tanks, from liquid crystals squirming in our screens to milk fetishes, The Viscous discloses gooeyness as a peculiarly modern phase of matter. "Everything oozes," as Beckett’s Estragon famously proclaims in Waiting for Godot. Viscous dynamics are exposed as not only hugely various in a post industrial age, but particularly useful ways of thinking, feeling, writing, and making in a time of ecological anxiety.
    Keywords: viscosity ; phenomenology ; new materialism ; oil industry ; lubricantion ; ecology ; fluid dynamics ; material studies ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AF The Arts: art forms::AFK Non-graphic and electronic art forms::AFKP Performance art ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDH Philosophical traditions and schools of thought::QDHR Western philosophy from c 1800::QDHR5 Phenomenology and Existentialism ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNB Energy industries and utilities::KNBP Petroleum, oil and gas industries
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  • 45
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-06-23
    Description: Agricultural products such as fruit, vegetables, and cereal are believed to be some of the most crucial sources of certain phytonutrients necessary for humans, such as vitamins, dietary fibers, and minerals. However, agricultural products are prone to quality deterioration during storage under ambient temperatures. Currently, the annual post-harvest loss rate of agricultural products can reach up to 20–30%. Owing to their perishable nature, the development of processing and preservation technologies for agricultural products is an important research topic closely associated with the national economy and people’s livelihoods that has attracted ever-increasing attention. In view of the prominent issues of high energy consumption, high costs, serious pollution, and low-quality properties in agricultural product manufacturing, our journal mainly focuses on research articles on novel techniques and the underlying mechanisms of the processing, preservation, and quality control of agricultural products, so as to promote the upgrading and updating of the agricultural product industry.
    Keywords: fresh-cut ; electric peeling ; gas composition ; tray ; micro-perforated film ; rice ; starch structure ; physicochemical quality ; storage ; Acmella oleracea ; foam mat ; drying kinetics ; bending force ; bionic finger ; damage ; elasticity coefficient ; force loading ; low-loss picking ; microstructure ; pressure ; tea buds ; tension ; walnut ; physical properties ; crack ; broken shell experiment ; multi-point extrusion ; central composite design (CCD) ; parameter optimization ; jujube polysaccharide ; drying methods ; physicochemical property ; structural characteristic ; antioxidant activity ; potato ; pretreatment ; drying ; three-dimensional appearance ; quality ; polyphenols ; Sicily ; chemometrics ; Grillo ; wine ; grape ; potato flour ; gelatinization ; viscosity ; X-ray diffraction ; volatile aroma components ; gas-containing conditioning technology ; mild sterilization ; scheduled process ; preservation ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2021-01-27
    Description: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2009) American Geophysical Union
    Description: This contribution presents a semiempirical model describing the effective relative viscosity of crystalbearing magmas as function of crystal fraction and strain rate. The model was applied to an extensive data set of magmatic suspensions and partially molten rocks providing a range of values for the fitting parameters that control the behavior of the relative viscosity curves as a function of the crystal fraction in an intermediate range of crystallinity (30–80 vol % crystals). The analysis of the results and of the materials used in the experiments allows for evaluating the physical meaning of the parameters of the proposed model. We show that the model, by varying the parameters within the ranges obtained during the fitting procedure, is able to describe satisfactory the effective relative viscosity as a function of crystal fraction and strain rate for suspensions having different geometrical characteristics of the suspended solid fraction.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q03010
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: melts ; concentrated suspensions ; viscosity ; strain rate ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.05. Rheology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2021-02-05
    Description: Understanding the viscosity of mantle-derived magmas is needed to model their migration mechanisms and ascent rate from the source rock to the surface. High pressure–temperature experimental data are now available on the viscosity of synthetic melts, pure carbonatitic to carbonate–silicate compositions, anhydrous basalts, dacites and rhyolites. However, the viscosity of volatile-bearing melilititic melts, among the most plausible carriers of deep carbon, has not been investigated. In this study, we experimentally determined the viscosity of synthetic liquids with ~31 and ~39 wt% SiO2, 1.60 and 1.42 wt% CO2 and 5.7 and 1 wt% H2O, respectively, at pressures from 1 to 4.7 GPa and temperatures between 1265 and 1755 C, using the falling-sphere technique combined with in situ X-ray radiography. Our results show viscosities between 0.1044 and 2.1221 Pa s, with a clear dependence on temperature and SiO2 content. The atomic structure of both melt compositions was also determined at high pressure and temperature, using in situ multi-angle energy-dispersive X-ray di raction supported by ex situ microFTIR and microRaman spectroscopic measurements. Our results yield evidence that the T–T and T–O (T = Si,Al) interatomic distances of ultrabasic melts are higher than those for basaltic melts known from similar recent studies. Based on our experimental data, melilititic melts are expected to migrate at a rate ~from 2 to 57 km yr􀀀1 in the present-day or the Archaean mantle, respectively.
    Description: Published
    Description: 267
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: magma ; rheology ; viscosity ; ascent rate ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2021-05-17
    Description: A comparison between two of the most used scintillation models and experimental data is presented. The experimental data have been derived from a GPS scintillation monitor developed at Cornell University and placed in Tucuman (Argentina), under the peak of the anomaly. The models used (GISM and WBMOD) have been run for the geophysical conditions corresponding to the measurements. The comparison is done by subdividing the information on the basis of an ionospheric grid of 5°×5° surface square boxes. The comparison has been performed for several local times, from 18 LT until 04 LT. Here, only a few cases of particular interest are shown. The goal is to understand if the models are able to forecast actual scintillation morphology (from the satellite navigation systems point of view) and if they could be used to yield an estimate of scintillation effects on satellite navigation systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ionospheric scintillations ; scintillation models ; GPS ; SBAS ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: On 12 May 2008, a destructive M8.0 earthquake struck Wenchuan County (31.0 N, 103.4E) in the Longmenshan fault zone of southwestern China. Five years later, on 20 April 2013, another terrible M7.0 earthquake struck Lushan County (30.3 N, 103.0 E) in the same fault area, only 87 km away from the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake. In this paper, an integrated wavelet analysis methodology is proposed to detect and diagnose ionospheric total electron content (TEC) anomalies related to seismic activities. Analytic wavelet transform is used to detect ionospheric perturbations, and then cross-wavelet analysis is used to diagnose ionospheric anomalies by gaining further insights into the dynamic relationship between the anomaly variability of ionospheric TEC and geomagnetic indices for the same set of observations. The results show that a significant ionospheric disturbance occurred on 9 May 2008 above the forthcoming epicenter, 3 days prior to the Wenchuan earthquake. However,we did not observe an ionospheric anomaly over the epicenter of the Ya’an earthquake during the 1 month period before the shock. Finally, we discuss the possible interpretations of the different seismo-ionospheric effects for the two similar earthquakes.
    Description: National Important Basic Research Project (Grant No. 2011CB707102), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41104104), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. N120801001)
    Description: Published
    Description: 187-196
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: earthquake precursors ; lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2020-12-14
    Description: An unusual nighttime impulsive electron density enhancement was observed on 6 March 2010 over a wide region of South America, below the southern crest of the equatorial anomaly, under low solar activity and quiet geomagnetic conditions. The phenomenon was observed almost simultaneously by the F2 layer critical frequency ( foF2) recorded at three ionospheric stations which are widely distributed in space, namely Cachoeira Paulista (22.4°S, 44.6°W, magnetic latitude 13.4°S), São José dos Campos (23.2°S, 45.9°W, magnetic latitude 14.1°S), Brazil, and Tucumán (26.9°S, 65.4°W, magnetic latitude 16.8°S), Argentina. Although in a more restricted region over Tucumán, the phenomenon was also observed by the total electron content (TEC) maps computed by usingmeasurements from 12 GPS receivers. The investigated phenomenon is very particular because besides being of brief duration, it is characterized by a pronounced compression of the ionosphere. This compression was clearly visible both by the virtual height of the base of the F region (h′F) recorded at the aforementioned ionospheric stations, and by both the vertical electron density profiles and the slab thickness computed over Tucumán. Consequently, neither an enhanced fountain effect nor plasma diffusion from the plasmasphere can be considered as the single cause of this unusual event. A thorough analysis of isoheight and isofrequency ionosonde plots suggest that traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) caused by gravity wave (GW) propagation could have likely played a significant role in causing the phenomenon.
    Description: Published
    Description: A12314
    Description: 1.6. Osservazioni di geomagnetismo
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: 5.4. Banche dati di geomagnetismo, aeronomia, clima e ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: equatorial ionosphere ; travelling ionospheric disturbance ; ionosphere-atmosphere interactions ; instrument and techniques ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.02. Dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.04. Plasma Physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2020-12-03
    Description: The global positioning system (GPS) phase scintillation caused by highlatitude ionospheric irregularities during an intense high-speed stream (HSS) of the solar wind from April 29 to May 5, 2011, was observed using arrays of GPS ionospheric scintillation and total electron content monitors in the Arctic and Antarctica. The one-minute phase-scintillation index derived from the data sampled at 50 Hz was complemented by a proxy index (delta phase rate) obtained from 1-Hz GPS data. The scintillation occurrence coincided with the aurora borealis and aurora australis observed by an all-sky imager at the South Pole, and by special sensor ultraviolet scanning imagers on board satellites of the Defense Meteorological Satellites Program. The South Pole (SP) station is approximately conjugate with two Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network stations on Baffin Island, Canada, which provided the opportunity to study magnetic conjugacy of scintillation with support of riometers and magnetometers. The GPS ionospheric pierce points were mapped at their actual or conjugate locations, along with the auroral emission over the South Pole, assuming an altitude of 120 km. As the aurora brightened and/or drifted across the field of view of the all-sky imager, sequences of scintillation events were observed that indicated conjugate auroras as a locator of simultaneous or delayed bipolar scintillation events. In spite of the greater scintillation intensity in the auroral oval, where phase scintillation sometimes exceeded 1 radian during the auroral break-up and substorms, the percentage occurrence of moderate scintillation was highest in the cusp. Interhemispheric comparisons of bipolar scintillation maps show that the scintillation occurrence is significantly higher in the southern cusp and polar cap.
    Description: Published
    Description: R0216
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Scintillations ; Solar-terrestrial interaction ; Space weather ; Solar variability and solar wind ; Magnetic storms ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.07. Scintillations ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2021-01-14
    Description: Viscosities of shoshonitic and latitic melts, relevant to the Campi Flegrei caldera magmas, have been experimentally determined at atmospheric pressure and 0.5 GPa, temperatures between 840 K and 1870 K, and H2O contents from 0.02 to 3.30 wt%. The concentric cylinder technique was employed at atmospheric pressure to determine viscosity of nominally anhydrous melts in the viscosity range of 101.5 - 103 Pa·s. The micropenetration technique was used to determine the viscosity of hydrous and anhydrous melts at atmospheric pressure in the high viscosity range (1010 Pa·s). Falling sphere experiments were performed at 0.5 GPa in the low viscosity range (from 100.35 to 102.79 Pa·s) in order to obtain viscosity data of anhydrous and hydrous melts. The combination of data obtained from the three different techniques adopted permits a general description of viscosity as a function of temperature and water content using the following modified VFT equation: where η is the viscosity in Pa·s, T the temperature in K, w the H2O content in wt%, and a, b, c, d, e, g are the VFT parameters. This model reproduces the experimental data (95 measurements) with a 1σ standard deviation of 0.19 and 0.22 log units for shoshonite and latite, respectively. The proposed model has been applied also to a more evolved composition (trachyte) from the same area in order to create a general model applicable to the whole compositional range of Campi Flegrei products. Moreover, speed data have been used to constrain the ascent velocity of latitic, shoshonitic, and trachytic melts within dikes. Using petrological data and volcanological information (geometrical parameters of the eruptive fissure and depth of magma storage), we estimate a time scale for the ascent of melt from 9 km to 4 km depth (where deep and shallow reservoirs, respectively, are located) in the order of few minutes. Such a rapid ascent should be taken into account for the hazard assessment in the Campi Flegrei area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 50-59
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: viscosity ; micropenetration ; concentric cylinder ; falling sphere ; shoshonites ; latites ; Campi Flegrei ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2021-01-14
    Description: The viscosity of an iron-bearing melt with composition similar to Unzen andesite was determined experimentally in the high (109-1010.5 Pa·s) and low (5-1000 Pa·s) viscosity range using a parallel plate viscometer and the falling sphere method, respectively. Falling sphere experiments were carried out in an internally heated argon pressure vessel and in a piston cylinder apparatus at 1323 to 1573 K and 200 to 2000 MPa. Creep experiments were performed in the temperature range of 747 - 845 K at 300 MPa. The water content of the melt varies from nominally dry to 6.2 wt% H2O. The Fe2+/Fetot ratio was determined for each sample in the quenched glass using a colorimetric method. Pressure has minor influence on the viscosity compared with the effect of temperature, water content (main compositional parameter controlling the viscosity) or with the Fe2+/Fetot ratio (especially important at low water content of the melt). Based on our new viscosity data and literature data with measured Fe2+/Fetot ratio we propose a new empirical equation to estimate the viscosity η (in Pa·s) of andesitic melts as a function of temperature T (in K), water content w (in wt%) and Fe2+/Fetot ratio. The derived relationship reproduces the experimental data (87 in total) in the viscosity range from 100.5 to 1013 Pa·s with a 1σ standard deviation of 0.17 log units. However, application of this calculation model is limited to Fe2+/Fetot〉0.3 and to temperatures above Tg. Moreover, in the high viscosity range the variation of viscosity with water content is constrained only by few experimental data and needs verification by additional measurements. The viscosity data are used to interpret mixing processes in the Unzen magma chamber prior to 1991-1995 eruption. We demonstrate that the viscosities of the rhyolite and andesite melts from the two end-member magmas are nearly identical prior and during mixing, enabling efficient magma mixing.
    Description: Published
    Description: 208-217
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: viscosity ; andesite melt ; dissolved water ; redox state of iron ; Unzen ; magma mixing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2021-01-14
    Description: The 5th April 2003 paroxysmal event was the strongest explosion that has occurred at Stromboli in the last 50 years. This event lasted only few minutes and was characterised by two violent explosions, followed by gas and pyroclast emission. In order to constrain models of the dynamics of the paroxystic event the viscosity of anhydrous and hydrous Stromboli high potassium (HK)-basaltic melts have been measured. Viscosity has been investigated in the low viscosity range with the falling sphere method at superliquidus temperatures (1423 to 1673 K) and 0.5 GPa and in the high viscosity range with micropenetration near the glass transition temperature (723 to 1035 K) at atmospheric pressure. Falling sphere experiments were performed in a piston cylinder apparatus with melts whose water content varies from nominally anhydrous (0.02 wt.% H2O) to 4.16 wt.% H2O. The combination of high- and low-viscosity data permits a general description of the viscosity as a function of temperature and water contentusing a modified Tamman–Vogel–Fulcher equation. Using these new viscosity data, an estimation of the flow regime and magma velocity is performed. Our data suggest that the ascent of magma from the 7–8 km deep reservoir to a shallower reservoir located at about 3 km of depth, may occur within minutes. Moreover, we infer a turbulent flow regime. Finally, our estimates of the ascent velocity agree qualitatively with results from petrological studies (e.g. [Bertagnini, A., Métrich, N., Landi, P., Rosi, M., 2003. Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy): an openwindowon the deep-feeding system of a steady state basaltic volcano. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 2336–2350.]), which indicate a turbulent flow regime and rapid ascent velocities such to inhibit volatile-loss-induced crystallization.We conclude that hazard evaluation at Stromboli Island should incorporate the likelihood of very rapid ascent of less-evolved melts from depth.
    Description: Published
    Description: 278-285
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: viscosity ; micropenetration ; Falling sphere ; Basalt ; Stromboli ; Silicate melt ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.05. Rheology
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2020-12-02
    Description: In November 2008, the ionosonde station at Boulder, Colorado, USA (40.0°N; 105.3°W) became the host of a new ionosonde (VIPIR, Vertical Incidence Pulsed Ionospheric Radar) developed and built by Scion Associates. The VIPIR is a fully digital frequency agile radar that operates between 0.3 and 26 MHz. It features 8 digital receivers and a digital transmit exciter. Extremely high performance analog receive electronics and a 4 kW solid state amplifier provide interface to the real world. This work describes the application of Autoscala to the ionograms recorded by this ionosonde. First results, in terms of ionograms and autoscaled characteristics, are presented and discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1156-1172
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Autoscala ; Ionosphere ; Ionogram ; Electron Density ; Monitoring and Modelling ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2021-05-17
    Description: The experimental estimate of radio waves scintillation, caused by plasma density irregularities in the ionosphere, is usually attempted by means of scintillation indices which are essentially standard deviations of stochasticly fluctuating parts of the received radio wave intensity and phase. At high latitudes, provided that the propagation problem may be modelled by means of the weak scattering theory, the typical scintillation indices S4 and σφ depend on a geometrical factor which introduces some amplifications on their values. Scintillation indices S4 and σφ measured at auroral latitudes are estimated by means of different boundary detrending conditions and the geometrical effect on those detrending conditions is investigated. In the case of the polar Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellite links considered here, high phase with low intensity scintillation events do not seem to be related to geometrical effects only, but rather to misleading data detrending.
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ionospheric scintillation ; GPS scintillation monitors ; scintillation indices ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2021-06-07
    Description: This paper shows how the solar eclipse occurred on 20 March 2015 influenced the sporadic E (Es) layer as recorded by the Advanced Ionospheric Sounder by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (AIS-INGV) ionosondes installed at Rome (41.8°N, 12.5°E) and Gibilmanna (37.9°N, 14.0°E), Italy. In these locations, the solar eclipse was only partial, with the maximum area of the solar disk obscured by the Moon equal to ~54% at Rome and ~45% at Gibilmanna. Nevertheless, it is shown that the strong thermal gradients that usually accompany a solar eclipse, have significantly influenced the Es phenomenology. Specifically, the solar eclipse did not affect the Es layer in terms of its maximum intensity, which is comparable with that of the previous and next day, but rather in terms of its persistence. In fact, both at Rome and Gibilmanna, contrary to what typically happens in March, the Es layer around the solar eclipse time is always present. On the other hand, this persistence is also confirmed by the application of the height–time–intensity (HTI) technique. A detailed analysis of isoheight ionogram plots suggests that traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) likely caused by gravity wave (GW) propagation have played a significant role in causing the persistence of the Es layer.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2064–2072
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e Osservazioni
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Mid-latitude ionosphere ; E sporadic layer ; Solar eclipse ; Gravity wave ; Height–time–intensity technique ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.04. Plasma Physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2020-12-01
    Description: In this paper, we will shortly highlight some of the aspects that COST Action 296 on Mitigation of Ionospheric Effects on Radio Systems (MIERS) and International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) have in common in an attempt to define science rationale for collaboration between these two international projects.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1621-1623
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: COST296 Action MIERS ; IRI ; ionospheric monitoring and modelling ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: Heki (2011) and Heki and Enomoto (2013) claimed that anomalous, yet similar, increases of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) started ~40 min prior to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki, as well as before other Mw〉8 earthquakes. The authors concluded that the reported TEC anomalies were likely related to the pending earthquakes, suggesting also that TEC monitoring may be useful for future earthquake prediction. Here we carefully examine the findings of Heki (2011) and Heki and Enomoto (2013) by performing new analyses of the same TEC data. Our interpretation is that the 40 min onset of the ionospheric precursors is an artifact induced by the definition of the reference line adopted in analyzing TEC variations. We also discuss this repeatability in the tectonic and geodynamic context of the earthquakes. By performing a Superimposed Epoch Analysis of TEC data, we show that, however, the TEC increase reported by Heki (2011) was not particularly anomalous. We conclude that the TEC precursors reported by Heki (2011) and Heki and Enomoto (2013) are not useful for developing short-term earthquake prediction capabilities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1383–1393
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Ionosphere ; Total Electron Content ; Earthquake precursors ; Short-term earthquake prediction ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2014-09-22
    Description: The hourly measurements of M(3000)F2 (M(3000)F2meas) and the hourly quiet-time values of M(3000)F2 (M(3000)F2QT) relative to the ionospheric observatories of Poitiers, Lannion, Dourbes, Slough, Rome, Juliusruh, Kaliningrad, Uppsala, Lyckesele, Sodankyla, and Kiruna as well as the hourly time-weighted accumulation series derived from the geomagnetic planetary index ap (ap(s)), were considered during the period January 1957–December 2003 and used for the development of 11 short-term forecasting local models (STFLM) of M(3000)F2. Under the assumption that the ionospheric disturbance index ln(M(3000)F2meas/M(3000)F2QT) is correlated to the integrated geomagnetic index ap(s), a set of regression coefficients were established over 12 months and 24 h for each of the 11 observatories under consideration and used as input to calculate the short-term ionospheric forecasting of M(3000)F2 for three different ranges of geomagnetic activity. The 11 short-term forecasting local models all together constitute a single short-term forecasting regional model (STFRM) of M(3000)F2. The monthly median predictions of M(3000)F2 provided by the IRI model at the 11 local stations were used to make some comparisons with the predictions of M(3000)F2 carried out by the STFRM. The results showed that: (1) under moderate geomagnetic activity there are no significantly differences between STFRM and IRI performance because quiet geomagnetic conditions are not so diverse from moderate geomagnetic conditions; (2) under disturbed geomagnetic activity, performances of STFRM significantly better than IRI emerge only in some cases; (3) the STFRM’s performances are always significantly better than those provided by IRI under very disturbed geomagnetic activity, consequently the operative use of the STFRM could be valuable in providing short-term forecasting maps of M(3000)F2 over the European area during very disturbed geomagnetic conditions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 133-149
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Ionospheric disturbances ; Modelling and forecasting ; M(3000)F2 ; Geomagnetic activity ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: During May 2001 we acquired 2016 thermal images over an ~8-h-long period for a section of active lava channel on Mount Etna (Italy). We used these to extract surface temperature and heat-loss profi les and thereby calculate core cooling rates. Flow surface temperatures declined from ~1070 K at the vent to ~930 K at 70 m. Heat losses were dominated by radiation (5 × 104 W m2) and convection (~104 W/m2). These compare with a heat gain from crystallization of 6 × 103 W/m2. The imbalance between sinks and sources gives core cooling (δT/δx) of ~110 K/km. However, cooling rate per unit distance also depends on fl ow conditions, where we distinguished: (1) unimpeded, high-velocity (~0.2 m/s) fl ow with low δT/δx (0.3 K/m); (2) unimpeded, low-velocity (~0.1 m/s) fl ow with higher δT/δx (0.5 K/m); (3) waning, insulated fl ow at low velocity (~0.1 m/s) with low δT/δx (0.3 K/m); and (4) impeded fl ow at low velocity (〈0.1 m/s) with higher δT/δx (0.4 K/m). Our data allow us to defi ne three thermal states of fl ow emplacement: insulated, rapid, and protected. Insulated is promoted by the formation of hanging blockages and coherent roofs. During rapid emplacement, higher velocities suppress cooling rates, and δT/δx can be tied to mean velocity (Vmean) by δT/δx = aVmean –b. In the protected case, deeper, narrow channels present a thermally effi cient channel, where δT/δx can be assessed using the ratio of channel width (w) to depth (d) in w/d = aδT/δx–b.
    Description: Published
    Description: 125-146
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: lava channel ; Etna ; heat loss ; cooling ; viscosity ; velocity ; FLIR ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The performance of a computer program, called Autoscala, for the automatic scaling of foF2 and MUF(3000)F2 from ionograms has been extensively tested. Results of comparisons between automatically and manually scaled data are shown both for Autoscala and for ARTIST (release 4.01). Particular attention has been paid to the cases in which the ionograms have a truncated trace. The problem of the rejection of bad quality ionograms has been also considered. The analysis of data shows that the reliability of values automatically given as output by Autoscala is good. For the data set considered Autoscala seems to operate better than ARTIST.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1063-1073
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di aeronomia
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ionosonde ; Ionogram scaling ; Automatic scaling ; Ionosphere monitoring ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the framework of the electronic Space Weather upper atmosphere (eSWua) project the web site http://eSWua.ingv.it represents the interactive access to the upper atmosphere database and related services. The eSWua project is based on measurements performed by all the instruments installed by the upper atmosphere physics group of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy and on all the related studies. The aim is the realization of a hardware-software system to standardize historical and real-time observations for different instruments. This interactive Web site, supported by a well organized database, can be a powerful tool for the scientific and technological community in the field of telecommunications and Space weather. The most common and useful database type for our purposes is the relational one, in which data are organized in tables for petabytes data archiving and the complete flexibility in data retrieving.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 5.3. Banche dati di geomagnetismo, aeronomia, clima e ambiente
    Description: open
    Keywords: Ionosphere ; Ionosonde ; Ionogram ; Scintillation ; Riometer ; database ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: web product
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: After a first oblique-incidence ionospheric sounding campaign over Central Europe performed during the period 2003-2004 over the radio links between Inskip (UK, 53.5° N, 2.5° W) and Rome (Italy, 41.8 N, 12.5E) and between Inskip and Chania (Crete, 35.7° N, 24.0° E), new and more extensive analysis of systematic MUF measurements from January 2005 to December 2006 have been performed. MUF measurements collected during moderately disturbed days (17 ≤ Ap ≤ 32), disturbed days (32 〈 Ap ≤ 50) and very disturbed days (Ap 〉 50), have been used to test the long term prediction models (ASAPS, ICEPAC and SIRM&LKW), and the now casting models (SIRMUP&LKW and ISWIRM&LKW). The performances of the different prediction methods in terms of r.m.s are shown for selected range of geomagnetic activity and for each season.
    Description: Submitted
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: ionosphere; monthly median models; now casting models; oblique - radio sounding ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The ionospheric community has long been aware that co-operative research on an international basis is essential to deal with temporal and spatial changes in the ionosphere that influence the performance of terrestrial and Earth-space radio systems. The EU COST (Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research) 271 Action on "Effects of the Upper Atmosphere on Terrestrial and Earthspace Communications" has had during the period of October 2000-August 2004 the following main objectives: (1) to evaluate the influence of upper atmospheric conditions on terrestrial and Earth-space communications, (2) to develop methods and techniques to improve ionospheric models over Europe for telecommunication and navigation applications and (3) to transfer the results to the appropriate radiocommunication study groups of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) and other national and international organizations dealing with the modern communication systems. At the beginning of 2005 the new 296 Action in the COST Telecommunications, Information Science and Technology domain on "Mitigation of lonospheric Effects on Radio Systems (MIERS)" was approved for the period 2005-2009. The main objectives of the MIERS are: (a) to support and enhance the existing European facilities for historical and real-time digital ionospheric data collection and exchange; (b) to develop an integrated approach to ionospheric modelling, create the mechanism needed to ingest processed data into models, extend and develop suitable mitigation models and define the protocols needed to link models together; and (c) to strengthen the areas of expertise that already exist by stimulating closer cooperation between scientists and users, focusing the scope of all the previous COST ionospheric related studies to the mitigation of ionospheric effects on radio systems. This paper summarises briefly how the major objectives of the COST27l Action have been achieved and what are the most important activities to be undertaken in the follow-on COST296 Action.
    Description: Published
    Description: 899-903
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ionosphere ; Monitoring and modeling ; Radiocommunication ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: COST (Co-operation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research) is an important instrument supporting co-operation among scientists and researchers across Europe now joining 35 member countries. Scientific projects in the COST framework are called COST Actions and have the objectives embodied in their respective Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). The main objectives of the COST Actions within the European ionospheric and radio propagation community have been: to study the influence of upper atmospheric conditions on terrestrial and Earthspace communications, to develop methods and techniques to improve existing and generate new ionospheric and propagation models over Europe for telecommunication and navigation applications and to transfer the results to the appropriate national and international organizations, institutions and industry dealing with the modern communication systems. This paper summarises in brief the background and historical context of four ionospheric COST Actions and outlines their main objectives and results. In addition, the paper discusses the dissemination of the results and the collaboration among the participating institutions and researchers.
    Description: DRS Codem Systems Ball Aerospace Corporation University of Massachusetts Lowell
    Description: Published
    Description: Lowell, Massachusetts, U.S.A., April 29, 2007
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: open
    Keywords: Physics of the Ionosphere ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper, we describe the collaboration between two COST actions: COST 724 devoted to space weather and COST 296 (formerly COST 271) devoted to the study of the ionosphere and its impact on communication and positionning. Several colleagues work in the two actions. This resulted in an important input provided by the COST 296 action to COST 724 based on the ionospheric models developed during the last COST actions (COST 238, 251, 271 and 296) for space weather applications.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5th-9th November 2007, Brussels, Belgium
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: open
    Keywords: COST 724 ; COST 296 ; Ionospheric models ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.03. Forecasts ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: By analysing an ionogram several important parameters like foF2 and MUF(3000)F2 can be found, that have a significant role in the studies concerning ionospheric physics and related phenomena. Furthermore, the observation of ionospheric plasma and the forecasting of physical phenomena connected to the Sun-Magnetosphere–Ionosphere–Thermosphere system holds a remarkable scientific interest with respect to space weather, because of the influence that these phenomena have on satellite and terrestrial communications. From this point of view, the development of models whose input are real-time ionospheric parameters has become fundamental. This paper will introduce a Visual Basic program for semi-automatic scaling of ionospheric parameters from ionograms. This software allows to increase the speed of the scaling phase performed by the operator trying also to improve the output in terms of reliability.
    Description: Published
    Description: 125–130
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di aeronomia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ionosphere ; Ionosonde ; Ionogram Scaling ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A method for automatic scaling of the maximum frequency and virtual height of a sporadic E layer is presented. A set of ionograms recorded at the ionospheric observatory of Gibilmanna was used to test the performance of the algorithm. The test was performed by comparing the data obtained automatically with the values scaled by an operator.
    Description: Published
    Description: RS2012
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di aeronomia
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ionograms ; automatic scaling ; Autoscala ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: Satellite in situ measurements of plasma (electron) density fluctuations provide direct information about the structure and morphology of irregularities that are responsible for scintillation of radio waves on transionospheric links. When supplemented with the ionosphere model and irregularity anisotropy model, they can be applied to model morphology of scintillation provided a suitable propagation model is used. In this paper we present a scintillation climatological model for the Northern Hemisphere high-latitude ionosphere, which makes use of the Dynamics Explorer 2 retarding potential analyzer plasma density data, IRI ionosphere model, and the phase screen propagation model. An important aspect of our work is that we derived from the satellite data not just the turbulence strength parameter Cs but also the spectral index p, which influences the scintillation level as well. We discuss the magnetic activity, season, magnetic time, and latitude dependence of these parameters. We were able to reproduce successfully the observed scintillation intensity diurnal and seasonal variations. The model satisfactorily describes the expansion of the scintillation zone under magnetically disturbed conditions and reproduces the dawn-dusk asymmetry in the scintillation intensity. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed approach.
    Description: Published
    Description: RS1002
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: scintillations modeling ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The analysis of the foF2 ionosonde data acquired at mid and high latitudes reveals a general decreasing of the F2 plasma frequency over more than two solar cycles, showing steeper trends over the high latitude stations and, in particular, over Antarctica. A careful analysis of the foF2 hourly data, opportunely catalogued in different levels of magneto-ionospheric conditions, highlights the role of the geomagnetic activity in the secular change of the ionosphere and confirms the latitudinal dependence of the trends. These results suggest interesting relations with some recent findings on the rapid decrease of some important physical and statistical quantities related to the geomagnetic field over the whole globe and mainly in Antarctica. In this paper we discuss the possibility of a connection between the ionospheric trends and a possible imminent geomagnetic reversal or excursion.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Long term trends ; polar ionosphere ; monlinear phenomena ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: At the end of August 2007 an Advanced Ionospheric Sounder (AIS), built at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy, was installed at San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina (geographical coordinates: 26.9 S, 294.6 E; magnetic coordinates: 15.5 S, 3.8 E), particularly interesting for its location, near the southern peak of the equatorial anomaly. AIS-INGV is a digital low-power pulse-compressed ionosonde. In order to reduce the transmitted power, weight, size, power consumption, and to have an excellent reliability, advanced HF-radar techniques were employed. The ionosonde is also equipped with Autoscala, a software able to perform an automatic scaling of the ionogram.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-9
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: ionosonde ; ionogram ; Tucumán ; Autoscala ; equatorial anomaly ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Since 1995 Italian Ionospheric Antarctic Observatory at Terra Nova Bay, now “MARIO ZUCCHELLI”, station (geographic coordinates: 74.70°S, 164.11°E) performs continuous and systematic ionospheric vertical soundings. Long time series of continuous and accurate ionospheric observations (more than one solar cycle) are necessary for a deeper understanding of the complex phenomena occurring in the upper atmosphere at high latitude; furthermore high rate soundings (at least four soundings per hour or more) contribute to the short-time prediction of the radiopropagation conditions and to the Space Weather. During 2003–2004 Antarctic campaign a new digital ionosonde, recently developed at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) in Rome, (Italy), has been installed the Ionospheric Observatory and preliminary tests have been carried out. This new Advanced Ionospheric Sounder-INGV, briefly AIS, is integrated in a stand alone system during winter time: the sounding, device settings and data sending to Rome are completely automatic and remote programmable. Ionograms are available on line at the INGV web and ftp server. The new features of the Ionospheric Observatory are presented and preliminary statistics on the reliability and validation of the experimental observation are shown and discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: open
    Keywords: Antarctica ; ionosphere ; ionosonde ; radar ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: By analyzing an oblique ionogram several characteristics, such as LOF, MOF, FMUF, FHLOF, FLLOF, and 2FMOF, can be found. These characteristics are important both for ionospheric studies and for terrestrial communication purposes, as they give information about the sky wave communication conditions in the High Frequency (HF) radio spectrum. A RCS-5B sweeping HF receiver for oblique sounding was installed at Chania (Crete, Greece, 35.71N, 24.01E) in April 2005 to perform a radio link with Inskip (UK, 53.51N, 2.51W). The receiver, able to record the sounding only as a binary file, was not equipped with a tool to display and scale the recorded trace. This work describes software that is able to do this, consequently increasing the speed of the scaling phase performed by the operator. The usefulness of this software for validating FMUF prediction models is also shown.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1577–1583
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ionospheric monitoring ; Ionogram scaling ; Maximum usable frequency ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Nel seminario vengono presentate in modo generale le principali tecniche sperimentali di investigazione della ionosfera terrestre. Per ognuna di esse sono descritti gli elementi su cui si basa, pregi, difetti e le grandezze ionosferiche oggetto delle loro misure. Vengono presentate, poi, tre tecniche in modo approfondito, utilizzate anche nelle attività sperimentali dell'Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia: sondaggio verticale, riometro e GPS per scintillazioni.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Universita' "La Sapienza" di Roma
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: 5.8. TTC - Formazione e informazione
    Description: open
    Keywords: Ionosfera ; sondaggio verticale ; sondaggio obliquo ; ionosonda ; radar incoerente ; riometro ; GPS ; scintillazioni ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.07. Scintillations
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: The current COST (Co-operation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research) Action 296 on Mitigation of Ionospheric Effects on Radio Systems, along with previous COST238 (Prediction and Retrospective Ionospheric Modelling over Europe), COST251 (Improved Quality of Service in Ionospheric Telecommunication Systems Planning and Operation) and COST271 (Effects of the Upper Atmosphere on Terrestrial and Earth-Space Communications) Actions have addressed investigations of the different effects of the ionosphere on terrestrial telecommunication systems and on Earth-space systems. Throughout their lifetime of 20 years, these COST actions have achieved a great deal in long-term archiving of synoptic soundings of the state of the ionosphere, in enhancing understanding of the morphology of the ionosphere and its dependence on space weather and in producing ionosphere-plasmasphere as well as propagation models for terrestrial radio services available to variety of radio users. Besides the formal contributions to ITU-R and the contributions to international organisations such as URSI, COSPAR, EGU and ESA, these COST Actions have provided a forum for the establishment of collaborative European initiatives, a centre of expertise and excellence in ionosphere knowledge when none other equivalent in Europe or elsewhere exists. In this paper, we review the main achievements of the COST 238, 251 and 271 actions as developed in the past studies.
    Description: ONR - Office of Naval Research, Airforce Office of Scientific Research, U.R.S.I.
    Description: Published
    Description: Crowne Plaza Old Town, Alexandria, Virginia, May 13-15, 2008
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: open
    Keywords: Ionosphere ; Radio Propagation ; Monitoring and Modelling ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 77
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    Editrice Compositori
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The need for more reliable and efficient communications services, especially those involving ionospheric HF communications and navigational systems, imposes increasing demand for a better knowledge of the effects imposed by the Earth’s upper atmosphere and ways to mitigate disturbing effects. Temporal and spatial changes in the upper atmosphere act to limit and degrade the performance of terrestrial and Earth-space radio systems in many different ways and this is why mitigation activities must involve several topics like ionospheric monitoring and modeling, development of new hardware for communication systems and new propagation simulator, measurements and modeling of ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) and ionospheric scintillations, using in particular the Global Positioning System (GPS). The European ionospheric community has long been aware that cooperation research on an international basis is essential to deal with such complex issues. In particular, international cooperation is required for the collection of data, in both the real-time and in retrospective modes, the development and verification of new methods to improve the performance of both operational and future terrestrial and Earth-space communication systems and the exchange of expertise on space plasma effects on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). In this context the COST 296 Action MIERS on the «Mitigation of Ionospheric Effects on Radio Systems» has made a significant impact in a number of areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 437-439
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Ionosphere ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: New systematic oblique ionospheric radio sounding measurements over Central Europe, concerning the radio links between Inskip (UK, 53.5° N, 2.5° W) and Rome (Italy, 41.8 N, 12.5E) and between Inskip and Chania (Greece, 35.7° N, 24.0° E), have been performed since November 2003. Different long-term (i.e. monthly median) ionospheric predictions and nowcasting techniques have been applied and compared with the oblique incidence radio sounding measurements. The MUF (basic Maximum Usable Frequency) measurements observed during the early part of the experiment have been used to compare the performances of different methods. The preliminary analysis has shown good performances for the long term prediction models, in particular in winter months for ICEPAC (Ionospheric Communications Enhanced Profile Analysis and Circuit) and in equinox/summer months for ASAPS (Advanced Stand alone Prediction System) and SIRM&LKW (Simplified Ionospheric Regional Model & Lockwood). The nowcasting methods SIRMUP&LKW (SIRM updating method & Lockwood) and ISWIRM (Instantaneous Space Weighted Ionospheric Regional Model) reveal good results for moderate and disturbed geomagnetic conditions when compared with the long term prediction methods.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ionosphere ; monthly median models ; oblique-radiosounding ; nowcasting models ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An ionospheric forecasting empirical local model over Rome (IFELMOR) has been developed to predict the state of the critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2) during geomagnetic storms and disturbed ionospheric conditions. Hourly measurements of foF2 obtained at the Rome observatory, hourly quiet-time values of foF2 (foF2QT), and the hourly time-weighted accumulation series derived from the geomagnetic planetary index ap (ap(τ)), were considered during the period January 1976 - December 2003. Under the assumption that the ionospheric disturbance index log(foF2/ foF2QT) is correlated to the integrated geomagnetic index ap(τ), statistically significant regression coefficients are obtained for different months and for different ranges of ap(τ) and used as input to calculate the short-term ionospheric forecasting of foF2. The empirical storm-time ionospheric correction model (STORM) was used to make comparisons with the IFELMOR model. A few comparisons between STORM’s performance, IFELMOR’s performance, the median measurements and the foF2QT values, were made for significant geomagnetic storm events (ap 〉 150) occurring from 2000 to 2003. The results provided by IFELMOR are satisfactory, in particular, for periods characterized by high geomagnetic activity and very disturbed ionospheric conditions.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ionosphere (Ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions, Ionospheric disturbances; Modeling and forecasting) ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An instantaneous space-weighted ionospheric regional model (ISWIRM) for the regional now-casting of the critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2) has been developed. The geographical area of applicability of the model is ranged between 35°N–70°N and 5°W–40°E. Inside this region the hourly values of foF2 are obtained, correcting the monthly medians values of foF2 predicted by the space-weighted ionospheric local model (SWILM) on the basis of hourly observations of foF2 coming from four reference stations (Rome, Chilton, Lycksele, and Loparskaya (or Sodankyla)). The performance of the model, evaluated at four testing stations (Tortosa, Juliusruh, Uppsala, and Kiruna) during some periods characterized by strong solar and geomagnetic activity, can be considered satisfactory, given that the hourly values of the residuals are almost always below 1 MHz. A comparison between ISWIRM’s performance using manually validated and autoscaled data of foF2 and SWILM’s performance was made for two disturbed periods. One example of instantaneous ionospheric mapping of foF2 relative to the selected disturbed periods is also shown.
    Description: Published
    Description: RS1005,
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ionosphere, now casting models ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: COST (Co-operation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research) is an important instrument supporting co-operation among scientists and researchers across Europe now joining 35 member countries. Scientific projects in the COST framework are called COST Actions and have the objectives embodied in their respective Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). The main objectives of the COST Actions within the European ionospheric and radio propagation community have been: to study the influence of upper atmospheric conditions on terrestrial and Earth-space communications, to develop methods and techniques to improve existing and generate new ionospheric and propagation models over Europe for telecommunication and navigation applications and to transfer the results to the appropriate national and international organizations, institutions and industry dealing with the modern communication systems. This paper summarizes in brief the background and historical context of four ionospheric COST Actions and outlines their main objectives and results. In addition, the paper discusses the dissemination of the results and the collaboration among the participating institutions and researchers.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: Physics of the Ionosphere ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The eSWua project is based on measurements performed by all the instruments installed by the upper atmosphere physics group of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy and on all the related studies. The aim is the realization of a hardware-software system to standardize historical and real-time observations for different instruments. An interactive Web site, supported by a well organized database, can be a powerful tool for the scientific and technological community in the field of telecommunications and space weather. The most common and useful database type for our purposes is the relational one, in which data are organized in tables for petabytes data archiving and the complete flexibility in data retrieving. The project started in June 2005 and will last till August 2007. In the first phase the major effort has been focused on the design of hardware and database architecture. The first two databases related to the DPS4 digisonde and GISTM measurements are complete concerning populating, tests and output procedures. Details on the structure and Web tools concerning these two databases are presented, as well as the general description of the project and technical features.
    Description: Published
    Description: 345-351
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 5.3. Banche dati di geomagnetismo, aeronomia, clima e ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Ionosphere (Mid-latitude ionosphere; Polar ionosphere; Instruments and techniques) ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This work describes a simple filter able to eliminate the traces caused by second order reflection from ionograms. This filter is applied to Autoscala in order to smooth out cases in which the autoscaling of the ionogram is mistaken because the second order F2 layer reflection is identified as first order. A dataset of 32626 ionograms recorded at the ionospheric observatory of Rome was used to test the filter.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1929-1934
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ionospheric monitoring ; Ionosonde ; Autoscala ; Ionogram autoscaling ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Particularly intense events occurred on the Sun in a period around minimum of solar activity during cycle 23. We investigated the characteristics of September 2005 and December 2006 events and the properties of the correlated observations of ionospheric absorption, obtained by a 30 MHz riometer installed at Mario Zucchelli Station (MZS-Antarctica), and of geomagnetic activity recorded at Scott Base (Antarctica). Solar events are studied using the characteristics of CMEs measured with SoHO/LASCO coronagraphs and the temporal evolution of solar energetic protons in different energy ranges measured by GOES 11 spacecraft. Analysing these data, we have determined how these effects are finally observed on the Earth’s surface not only in the ionospheric absorption of radio waves and in the intense geomagnetic activity, but also as significant variations of cosmic ray modulation, even at high energies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1660-1668
    Description: 1.6. Osservazioni di geomagnetismo
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Polar ionosphere ; Solar proton event ; Solar radiation ; Coronal mass ejection ; Geomagnetic storm ; Cosmic ray ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A software for automatic scaling of critical frequency f0F2 and MUF(3000)F2 is presented. The program is designed to scale the ionograms without using information on polarization and can be applied to both single antenna systems and crossed antenna systems. A data set of 619 ionograms recorded at the ionospheric observatory of Rome has been used to test the performance of the software. The test has been performed comparing the values obtained automatically with the ones obtained by the standard manual method.
    Description: Published
    Description: 17-24 August 2002, Maastricht, Holland
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: open
    Keywords: Ionogram ; Ionosonde ; Automatic Scaling ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The presentation deals with one of the most popular technique to investigate the terrestrial ionosphere: the vertical radio sounding. The basic elements of the radar theory are explained starting from the envelope radar up to the most sophisticated techniques of the coded radars. Antennas design elements and problems are highlighted along with the most common solutions. Then the principles of the ionospheric measurements are reported from the ionogram to the ionospheric parameters and to the density profile. A real example of a geomagnetic storm is also presented.
    Description: Published
    Description: "Campus Reiss Romoli" COPPITO L’AQUILA (ITALY)
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: open
    Keywords: Ionosonde ; radar ; pulse compression ; ionogram ; vertical sounding ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The performances of Autoscala and ARTIST 4.5 were comparatively evaluated using a large database of 6098 ionograms recorded from September 2005 to June 2006 by the digisonde DPS4 at the Rome ionospheric station. Results of comparisons between automatically and manually scaled data are shown for both programs highlighting the different behaviours. The Autoscala and ARTIST 4.5 values of foF2 and MUF(3000)F2 both agree with the hand-scaled values for ~95% of ionograms. For the other ~5% of ionograms, which the manual scaler classed as unscalable, ARTIST 4.5 usually gave invalid results, whereas Autoscala usually gave no result. The data recorded by the ionosondes DPS4 (interpreted by ARTIST 4.5) and AIS-INGV (interpreted by Autoscala) during 3 geomagnetic storms were also analysed. Ionograms with typical errors both for Autoscala and ARTIST 4.5 are displayed.
    Description: Published
    Description: RS4003
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di aeronomia
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ionograms ; ARTIST ; Autoscala ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This work describes a method that has been developed to automatically assess whether the F1 layer is present or not on an ionogram trace, and, if present, to scale the F1 critical frequency foF1. The ionograms in which the information related to the F1 trace is insufficient are identified and considered separately. In order to test the performance of this method and the conditions in relation to which it could be improved, a data set of ionograms recorded from September 2005 to June 2006 by the AIS-INGV ionosonde installed at Rome was used. The values obtained automatically by Autoscala, with the addition of this new F1 layer routine, were compared with those obtained by the standard manual method.
    Description: Published
    Description: RS2S91
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Autoscala ; Ionograms ; F1 layer ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Observations from a network of specially equipped GPS scintillation receivers in Northern Europe are used to investigate the dynamics of ionospheric plasma during the storm events of 30 October and 20 November 2003. The total electron content (TEC) and scintillation data, combined with ionospheric tomography produced by the multi-instrument data analysis system (MIDAS), reveal strong enhancements and steep gradients in TEC during nighttime under a prevailing negative Bz component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Amplitude and phase scintillation maxima are often co-located with the TEC gradients at the edge of plasma patches, revealing the presence of small-scale irregularities and suggesting association with a tongue of ionization (TOI) convecting in an anti-sunward direction from the American sector across the polar cap. Similarities and differences between the ionospheric response to the two storms are investigated. The 30 October event reveals a quite complex scenario showing two phases of plasma dynamics: the former reflects the expected convection pattern for IMF Bz southward and the latter possibly indicates a sort of TEC plasma stagnation signature of the more complex convection patterns during several positive/negative excursions of IMF Bz.
    Description: In press
    Description: 879–888
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ionospheric scintillations ; Polar patches ; GPS ; Plasma dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.04. Plasma Physics ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A new ionosonde VISRC2, built at the Space Research Center of Warsaw, Poland, was installed at Warsaw (52.2 N, 21.1 E) in march 2007. The main characteristics of this ionosonde are: transmitted power 10 kW, pulse duration 100 μs, sampling period 5 μs, frequency resolution 25 kHz, and capability to distinguish ordinary and extraordinary reflections. This ionosonde, able to record the sounding only as a binary file, was not equipped with a tool to perform an automatic scaling of the recorded trace. From October 2008 Autoscala (Pezzopane and Scotto, 2005, 2007, 2008; Scotto and Pezzopane, 2007) is routinely applied to the ionograms recorded by this ionosonde.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: Autoscala ; Ionosonde ; Autoscaling ; Ionospheric Monitoring ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Viscosity of silicate melts is a critical property for understanding volcanic and igneous processes in the Earth. We investigate the pressure effect on the viscosity of rhyolitic melts using two methods: indirect viscosity inference from hydrous species reaction in melts using a piston cylinder at pressures up to 2.8 GPa and direct viscosity measurement by parallel-plate creep viscometer in an internally-heated pressure vessel at pressures up to 0.4 GPa. Comparison of viscosities of a rhyolitic melt with 0.8 wt% water at 0.4 GPa shows that both methods give consistent results. In the indirect method, viscosities of hydrous rhyolitic melts were inferred based on the kinetics of hydrous species reaction in the melt upon cooling (i.e., the equivalence of rheologically defined glass transition temperature and chemically defined apparent equilibrium temperature). The cooling experiments were carried out in a piston-cylinder apparatus using hydrous rhyolitic samples with 0.8–4 wt% water. Cooling rates of the kinetic experiments varied from 0.1 K/s to 100 K/s; hence the range of viscosity inferred from this method covers 3 orders of magnitude. The data from this method show that viscosity increases with increasing pressure from 1 GPa to 3 GPa for hydrous rhyolitic melts with water content 0.8 wt% in the high viscosity range. We also measured viscosity of rhyolitic melt with 0.13 wt% water using the parallel-plate viscometer at pressures 0.2 and 0.4 GPa in an internally-heated pressure vessel. The data show that viscosity of rhyolitic melt with 0.13 wt% water decreases with increasing pressure. Combining our new data with literature data, we develop a viscosity model of rhyolitic melts as a function of temperature, pressure and water content.
    Description: NSF Grants EAR-0537598 and EAR-0711050
    Description: Published
    Description: 3680-3693
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: viscosity ; rhyolite ; water species ; pressure ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Ionograms from Rome (41.8N, 12.5E) and Sofia (42.4N, 23.2E) ionospheric stations during earthquake(EQ)activity with magnitude(M)between 5 and 6 in Central Italy are analyzed. It is found that several ionospheric disturbances occur in the intermediate E-F region before the EQ shock. In fact, besides sporadic E (Es) layer development(of type h) of short duration (transients), fmin increase, trace gaps near the critical frequencies, and E region trace disappearance are also observed within one to three hours before the EQ shock. Before the EQ shocks we find that the F2 region parameters are practically undisturbed. The only exception is the so-called fork trace that appears mostly near the critical frequency of the F2 region. Acoustic gravity waves (AGW) are suggested as one of the possible sources of transients observed in the ionosphere before the EQ shock.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1197-1208
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ionospheric transient ; ionogram ; earthquake ; acoustic gravity wave ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This work describes a linear regression based method for highlighting the cuspidal trace on an ionogram. This method was initially thought to smooth out cases in which the autoscaling of the ionogram performed by Autoscala was erroneous because the F2 ordinary ray was identified as the extraordinary ray. Actually the development of this method turned out to also be very useful for filtering out noise and assisting the main algorithm of Autoscala to not be misled by multiple-hop sporadic E layer echoes. Applying the algorithm to different ionograms recorded by different ionosondes showed that the application of this method considerably improved the Autoscala performance. The role that this method plays in the light of existing algorithms is also discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1168-1177
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Autoscala ; Ionograms ; Image filtering ; F2 layer ; Ionosonde ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Seasonal (winter/summer) and solar cycle NmF2 variations as well as summer saturation effect in NmF2 have been analyzed using Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar (ISR) daytime observations. A self‐consistent approach to the Ne(h) modeling has been applied to extract from ISR observations a consistent set of main aeronomic parameters and to estimate their quantitative contribution to the observed NmF2 variations. The retrieved aeronomic parameters are independent of uncertainties in thermosphere and solar EUV empirical models, and this is a distinguishing feature of the present consideration. Different temperatures in winter and in summer in the course of solar cycle overlapped on the O++N2 reaction rate coefficient temperature dependence result in different NmF2 dependences on solar activity: a steep practically linear increase with a tendency to turn up in January (contrary to international reference ionosphere prediction) and a slow increase with a tendency to saturate at high solar activity in July despite increasing solar EUV irradiation. In winter the EUV flux and thermospheric parameters provide approximately equal contributions to the NmF2 increase, while in summer the contribution of thermospheric parameters is small. Both in winter and in summer the variations of atomic oxygen [O] are small at the F2 layer peak, and its contribution is small compared to linear loss coefficient, b. It is shown that the summer saturation effect in NmF2 under high solar activity is not just reduced to O/N2 or EUV flux solar cycle variations but is determined by b via the g1 temperature dependence. A new mechanism (qualitative) to explain the December anomaly in NmF2 is proposed. It is based on the idea that the areas of atomic oxygen production and its loss are spatially separated and that time is required to transfer [O] from one area to the other where [O] associates in a three‐body collision. Therefore, under a 7% increase in the O2 dissociation rate due to the Sun‐Earth distance decrease in December–January compared to June–July, an accumulation of atomic oxygen should take place in the thermosphere in the vicinity of the December solstice resulting in a 21% NmF2 increase, which is close to the observed global December effect.
    Description: Published
    Description: A03319
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: mid-latitude ionosphere ; thermosphere composition and chemistry ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.01. Ion chemistry and composition ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.02. Dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This paper describes how the joint utilization of autoscaled data such as the F2 peak critical frequency foF2, the propagation factor M(3000)F2 and the electron density profile, coming from two reference ionospheric stations (Rome and Gibilmanna), the regional (SIRMUP) and global (IRI) ionospheric models, can provide a valid tool for obtaining a real-time three-dimensional (3-D) electron density mapping of the ionosphere. Preliminary results of the proposed 3-D model are shown by comparing the electron density profiles given by the model with the ones measured at three testing ionospheric stations (Athens, Roquetes and S.Vito).
    Description: Published
    Description: RS5009
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: IRI ; modeling ; ionogram ; electron density ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.03. Forecasts ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 96
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    Unknown
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The selection of the topics included in this issue is far from being exhaustive, but it contributes to demonstrate how many questions arise from the investigation of the coupling between ionized and neutral atmosphere and from the solarterrestrial relationship. We would like to thank the authors for their excellent contributions and patience in assisting us. Finally, the fundamental work of all reviewers on these papers is also very warmly acknowledged.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-2
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: plasma dynamic ; solar-terrestrial interaction ; miscellanea ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An algorithm is proposed for evaluation of the probability of occurrence of an F1 layer or L condition, based on tables. Observations independent of the tables database are used for comparison between the estimated probability of occurrence, the formulation used at present in IRI, and the occurrence actually observed. The importance of the inclusion of L condition in the electron density profile model is shown.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2053-2056
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ionosphere, F1 layer, Electron density profile models ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: SPECIAL ISSUE: International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
    Description: The IONORT-ISP system (IONOspheric Ray-Tracing – IRI-SIRMUP-PROFILES) was recently developed and tested by comparing the measured oblique ionograms over the radio link between Rome (41.89ºN, 12.48ºE), Italy, and Chania (35.51ºN, 24.02ºE), Greece, with the IONORT-ISP simulated oblique ionograms (Settimi et al., 2013). The present paper describes an upgrade of the system to include: a) electron-neutral collision have been included by using a collision frequency model that consists of a double exponential profile; b) the ISP three dimensional (3-D) model of electron density profile grid has been extended down to the altitude of the D-layer; c) the resolution in latitude and longitude of the ISP 3-D model of electron density profile grid has been increased from 2°x2° to 1°x1°. Based on these updates, a new software tool called IONORT-ISP-WC (WC means with collisions) was developed, and a database of 33 IONORT-ISP-WC synthesized oblique ionograms calculated for single (1-hop paths) and multiple (3-hop paths) ionospheric reflections. The IONORT-ISP-WC simulated oblique ionograms were compared with the IONORT-IRI-WC synthesized oblique ionograms, generated by applying IONORT in conjunction with the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) 3-D electron density grid, and the observed oblique ionograms over the aforementioned radio link. The results obtained show that (1) during daytime, for the lower ionospheric layers, the traces of the synthesized ionograms are cut away at low frequencies because of HF absorption; (2) during night-time, for the higher ionospheric layers, the traces of the simulated ionograms at low frequencies are not cut off (very little HF absorption); (3) the IONORT-ISP-WC MUF values are more accurate than the IONORT-IRI-WC MUF values.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2114-2123
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Ray-Tracing ; Electron Density ; IRI ; Assimilative Modelling ; Oblique Ionogram ; Electron collision frequency model ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.04. Plasma Physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Crustal earthquakes with magnitude 6.0〉M 5.5 observed in Italy for the period 1979–2009 including the last one at L’Aquila on 6 April 2009 were considered to check if the earlier obtained relationships for ionospheric precursors for strong Japanese earthquakes are valid for the Italian moderate earthquakes. The ionospheric precursors are based on the observed variations of the sporadic E-layer parameters (h0Es, fbEs) and foF2 at the ionospheric station Rome. Empirical dependencies for the seismo-ionospheric disturbances relating the earthquake magnitude and the epicenter distance are obtained and they have been shown to be similar to those obtained earlier for Japanese earthquakes. The dependences indicate the process of spreading the disturbance from the epicenter towards periphery during the earthquake preparation process. Large lead times for the precursor occurrence (up to 34 days for M=5.8–5.9) tells about a prolong preparation period. A possibility of using the obtained relationships for the earthquakes prediction is discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 941-950
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Ionospheric disturbances ; Ionospheric irregularities ; General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The presentation deals with one of the most popular technique to investigate the terrestrial ionosphere: the vertical radio sounding. The basic elements of the radar theory are explained starting from the envelope radar up to more sophisticated techniques of the coded radars. Antennas design elements and problems are highlighted along with the most common solutions. Then the principles of the ionospheric measurements are reported from the ionogram to the ionospheric parameters and to the density profile. A detailed analysis of the ionosonde system installed at Tucumán Ionospheric Observatory, Argentina, is performed.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Departamento de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, S. Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: open
    Keywords: Ionograms ; Ionosonde ; Pulse compression ; Radar ; Vertical sounding ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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