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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (8,551)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (2,335)
  • 1980-1984  (10,886)
  • 1981  (10,886)
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  • 1980-1984  (10,886)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 329-347 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; microfilaments ; heavy meromyosin ; mammary gland ; secretion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytochalasin B, a microfilament-altering drug, inhibits lactose synthesis in lactating guinea pig mammary gland [Biochim. Biophys. Acta 392:20, 1975] but not primarily by inhibiting glucose transport [Eur. J. Cell Biol. 20:150, 1979]. In order to study the possible role of microfilaments in lactose synthesis and secretion, we isolated both the alveolar (milk-secreting) and myoepithelial (contractile) cells from lactating mammary gland. Light microscopy shows that the alveolar cell fraction (viability approximately 71%) is homogenous and that the cells retain strong polarity of secretory structures in the apical region. Two proteins were extracted from the alveolar cell fraction. One (mol wt 42,000) comigrates with skeletal muscle actin on SDS-PAGE gels. The other, a high-molecular-weight (180,000) protein (HMWP) may be analogous to actin-binding protein or clathrin. An extract from the myoepithelial cell fraction also contains a protein that comigrates with actin but no HMWP. Whole tissue extract contains the 42K protein, and a 185K HMWP. Examination of the alveolar cell extract by electron microscopic (EM) negative staining revealed meshworks of multistranded, interconnecting filaments, with attached globular structures (100-200 A) (possibly the HMWP) and single filaments (40-60 A diameter) branching off. To localize these filamentous structures in situ, whole tissue was glycerinated and incubated with rabbit skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM). Masses of filaments in myoepithelial cells served as convenient standards for HMM decoration. Decorated filaments have cross-arms or projections, unlike the narrow, smooth filaments of control tissue. Decorated filaments in alveolar cells are located beneath the plasma membrane, in close association with secretory vacuoles, and near the Golgi apparatus; filaments near the latter two are often oriented perpendicular to the plasma membrane. Microvesicles are embedded in meshworks under the plasmalemma and near the Golgi apparatus. Intermediate-sized (85-115 A diameter), non-decorated filaments diverge from the meshworks of decorated filaments. Microvesicles are associated with intermediate-sized filaments as well. The association of actin-like filaments with secretory vacuoles and microvesicles and their location in areas of the cell concerned with biosynthetic activities suggest a possible function in the intracellular transport of secretory products.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 387-397 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: birefringence ; polarizing microscope ; sea urchin egg ; cortex ; mitosis ; cleavage ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Birefringence (BR) at the cell surface of fertilized eggs of the sand-dollar, Clypeaster japonicus, during mitosis and cleavage was determined with a photoelectric BR detection apparatus [Hiramoto et al, 1981a]. The cortex of about 2 μm thickness is birefringent positive with respect to the normal to the cell surface. The hyaline layer is negatively birefringent. The halo-layer consisting of a row of microvilli surrounding the egg is positively birefringent in normal Ca-free sea water, while it is negatively birefringent in Ca-free sea water with high refractive index. The BR of the cortex gradually increases over the entire surface during mitosis until the onset of cleavage. The BR of the cortex at the polar region reaches a maximum shortly after the onset of cleavage and then decreases, while the BR of the cortex at the equatorial region begins to decrease shortly before the onset of cleavage, reaches a minimum shortly after the cleavage starts, and then increases again as the cleavage furrow advances. The coefficient of birefringence of the cortex is about 2.5 × 10-5 at the maximum. The BR change of the cortex during mitosis and cleavage is interpreted as a passive deformation caused by the constriction of the contractile ring as well as an active structural change of the cortex occurring in the dividing cell.
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  • 3
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 4
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 371-385 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: rotating filaments ; cytoplasmic streaming ; Nitella ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Our knowledge about the actin-containing characean filaments on the basis of light and electron microscopical investigations is reviewed. Dynamic filamentous networks, known already from isolated droplets, were detected in Nitella rhizoidal cells using light microscopical techniques. Earlier light microscopic observations in cytoplasmic droplets are confirmed and complemented by new model experiments with rotating helices. The motile phenomena occurring at the filament bundles (ring formation, wave propagation, particle translocation, net dynamics, rolling motions, formation of side arms) can, in this way, be imitated in detail. Thus, the concept of cytoplasmic streaming as a translocation along bundles of rapidly rotating helical filaments is supported. In order to explain unidirectional cytoplasmic streaming, a periodic winding up and unwinding of fine filaments is postulated by which ions are periodically bound and displaced. The formation of side arms which is favored during unwinding results in a screw-mechanical different behavior of the filaments in the two directions of rotation and therefore causes permanent particle transport in one direction.
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  • 5
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 417-431 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: spindle poles ; centrioles ; cell center ; scaffold ; electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: I have used fluorescence microscopy and antibodies to 10nm filaments and tubulin labelled with contrasting fluorochromes to compare the distribution of these proteins in endothelial cells during cell division. During interphase the two filament systems have entirely different distributions: The bulk of the 10nm filaments form a ring that surrounds the cell center and nucleus and remains parallel to the substrate, while the microtubules radiate from the cell center to the cell's border. When the mitotic spindle replaces the radial microtubule pattern in mitosis, the spindle poles remain within - and in close proximity to - the ring of 10nm filaments. This was confirmed by electron microscopy which showed the ring and centrioles in the same plane separated by a distance of 300-400 nm.
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  • 6
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 433-443 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Physarum ; acellular slime mold ; calcium ion ; calcium-ionophore ; cytoplasmic contraction ; oscillation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Calcium is now generally thought to play a key role in regulating a variety of cellular movements. When the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum was treated with the calcium-ionophore A23187 or the quasi-ionophore amphotericin B, Ca2+ leaked out. Ca2+ efflux into the ambient solution from the plasmodial strand segment was measured by the luminescence of a photoprotein aequorin, and the tensile force production was recorded simultaneously. Ca2+ efflux oscillated with the same period as the cycle of tension generation in the strand, but the phase of cyclic changes in Ca2+ efflux was opposite to that of tension generation. That is, Ca2+ efflux fell in the increasing tension phase and rose in the decreasing tension phase. Cyclic changes in efflux of Ca2+ are provisionally interpreted as reflecting corresponding changes in concentrations of free Ca2+ in the cytoplasm.
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  • 7
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 445-454 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: taxol ; microtubules ; polymerization ; tubulin ; mitotic inhibitor ; protein self-assembly ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dissociated bovine brain microtubule protein has been shown to reassemble at 0°C in the presence of the drug taxol. Tubulin polymerization was monitored both by electron microscopy of the polymeric structures and by incorporation of tritiated GTP into filterable polymeric structures. Most of the labeled guanine nucleotide uptake into tubulin polymeric structures occurred in the first 30 minutes of incubation with the drug. The initial polymerization event results in the formation of protofilamentous tubulin ribbons. The first microtubules were noted after 1 hour of incubation with the drug. After 20 hours of incubation at 0°C with taxol, the bulk of the polymerized tubulin appeared to be in the form of microtubules. Cold-stable tubulin rings with a mean diameter of 34 nm were present in the reaction mixture before the addition of taxol and throughout the 20-hour incubation. Most of the rings were apparantly not involved in the taxol-induced microtubule assembly. The results are consistant with a model whereby taxol induces an initial formation of protofilamentous ribbon structures, mostly from free tubulin dimers, and a slower subsequent folding of the ribbon structures into microtubules.
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  • 8
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 455-468 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: intercellular bridge ; intercellular communication ; cytokinesis ; squid ; ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Incomplete cytokinesis followed by the disappearance of the midbody and spindle remnant results in intercellular bridges between the cells of the blastoderm of the squid embryo. An electron microscope study of the morphology of the stages of development of the intercellular bridge is presented. Cytokinesis ceased as the furrow base reached a diameter slightly larger than the midbody. As furrowing stopped, a dense material accumulated to form a cylindrical sheath 50 nm thick, lining the inner surface of the furrow base. Proteolytic enzymes showed this material to have a significant protein component. As the midbody broke down, vesicles lined the inner surface of the bridge sheath. In this configuration, there was cyto-plasmic continuity between the cells, and organelles appeared to pass through the bridge.The intercellular bridge could become temporarily closed. Vesicles entered the channel and fused with the vesicles lining the inner surface of the sheath. The vesicles enlarged until the channel became occluded with a series of transverse cisternae, the edges of which were embedded in the material of the sheath. When the bridge reopened, the transverse cisterna appeared to dissociate from the sheath, move out of the channel, and break down. Occasionally bridges were seen in which the bridge wall appeared distorted into lobes. It is suggested that such bridges might be in the porcess of breaking down, resulting in the final separation of the cells.
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  • 9
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 499-515 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: dynein ; tubulin ; axonemes ; microtubules ; microtubule-associated proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), isolated from brain tubulin, bound to and saturated outer fibers of Chlamydomonas flagella. MAPs present on these microtubules prevented the subsequent recombination of dynein. MAPs also bound to intact axonemes and thus did not specifically bind to the dynein binding sites on the A subfiber. A molar ratio of 1 mole MAP2 per 27 moles tubulin dimers at saturation of the outer fibers with MAP2 suggested that MAPs could effectively interfere with dynein recombination only if the MAPs were near the dynein binding sites to sterically prevent binding. However, electron microscopic observations indicated that MAPs were not localized but, instead, were dispersed around the outer fibers. In addition, MAP2 present at saturating amounts on in vitro assembled brain microtubules had no significant effect on dynein binding. Dynein-decorated microtubules contained clusters of arms suggesting that there may be cooperative interaction between the arms during dynein binding. Because the A subfiber of axonemes contains sites to which dynein preferentially attaches, MAPs may prevent recombination by interfering with cooperative binding to these specific sites. Dynein presumably binds with equal affinity to any protofilament on in vitro assembled microtubules, and, therefore, the MAPs may not be capable of effectively interfering with cooperative binding of dynein to these microtubules.
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  • 10
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 469-483 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; nucleation ; mitosis ; nocodazole ; immunocytochemistry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The reassembly of microtubules is described in mitotic cells after release from nocodazole-induced block. The formation of microtubules was followed by light microscopic immunocytochemical staining using the PAP method, combined with to-luidine blue staining of the chromatin. The light microscopic observations on whole cells were compared with ultrastructural observations on thin sections. This step is essential to ascertain complete destruction of microtubules during the nocodazole treatment and to correlate immunocytochemical staining with the presence of microtubules.Removal of nocodazole (10 or 1 μg/ml) after a sufficiently long incubation to induce a complete disappearance of microtubules resulted in the appearance of tubulin staining specifically associated with the centromeres and with one or two isolated points in the cytoplasm. Electron microscopy confirmed that the staining was due to the massive accumulation of small microtubules at the kinetochores and centrosomes. Kinetochore nucleation was seen only in association with condensed metaphase-stage chromosomes and not with the less-condensed prophase chromosomes.In a second type of experiment cells were allowed to enter mitosis in the presence of an incompletely active concentration of nocodazole (0.1 μg/ml). The construction of the mitotic spindle was arrested; however, short microtubules were assembled at the kinetochores and centrosomes.These experiments demonstrate that in living mitotic PTK2 cells the kinetochores, as well as the centrosomes, exert a nucleating action on tubulin assembly.The further elongation of microtubules after removal of nocodazole was seen to occur preferentially along axes between the centrosomes and the kinetochores. This resulted in the construction of normal metaphases that evolved through anaphase and telophase. We have attempted to formulate a hypothesis that may explain the oriented assembly that seems to be essential in the construction of the spindle.
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  • 11
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 12
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: nerve growth ; actin ; tubulin ; antibodies ; immunofluorescence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Embryonic chick nerve cells, from dissociated dorsal root ganglia, were cultured on polylysine substrata and examined for tubulin and actin distribution by indirect immunofluorescence.Antibodies generated against chick brain tubulin produced specific fluorescence in growth cones, neurites, and cell bodies without revealing distribution differences or substructure in the nerve cells. However, at reduced antitubulin concentrations, differences were resolved. Tubulin fluorescence remained uniform and intense in neurites and cell bodies, but exhibited reduced intensity and patterning in growth cones. Nonneuronal cells in the reduced intensity and patterning in growth cones. Nonneuronal cells in the cultures served as controls for typical cytoplasmic tubulin fluorescence distribution. Straining controls demonstrated that fluorescence resulted from tubulin-antitubulin binding.Analogous studies, using antibodies generated against chick brain actin, demonstrated distribution differences at reduced antiactin concentrations, including “hot spots” of intense fluorescence in growth cones and a paucity of fluorescence in neurites.
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  • 13
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 193-203 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: polygonal network ; rat aortic smooth muscle cell ; cell culture ; electron microscopy ; amino acid analysis ; elastin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) were examined by electron microscopy and found to contain polygonal networks of 75 A° thin myofilament bundles. The cells also had large bundles of longitudinally aligned thin myofilaments with periodically spaced dense bodies. Abundant plasmalemmal vesicles were present at the cell periphery, and the cells were connected by desmosomes. Intercellular spaces contained sparse amounts of elastic fibers, a material generally present in SMC cultures. Analyses of amino acids by automated column-chromatography showed that isodesmosine and desmosine, two amino acid residues unique for elastin, were present. Accordingly, it was concluded that polygonal networks, previously detected solely in cultured nonmuscle cells, were present in SMC.Other findings suggest (1) a change in myofilament arrangement takes place during cell migration, and (2) rat aortic SMC grown in tissue culture flasks is an important experimental tool in the study of cell motility since such myofilament rearrangements were observed to occur up to fourteen days in first passage.
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  • 14
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 179-192 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; echinoderm ; fascin ; filopodia ; actin cross-linking protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Echinoderm coelomocytes transform from petaloid cells with large motile lamellipodia to filopodial forms. During this morphological transformation, actin filaments extensively reorganize from a random meshwork into tight bundles, which become the skeletons or cores of the filopodia. Antibody localization procedures show that fascin, a 58,000 dalton actin cross-linking protein, becomes incorporated into the filament bundles as they form. Isolated filopodial cores have a pronounced transverse striping pattern, which has been previously identified with fascin crosslinks, and gel electrophoresis identifies a protein in the cores that co-migrates with purified egg fascin. A few of the core fragments also have a distinctive “cap,” which we presume is the membrane insertion site for actin filaments.We have developed a radioimmunoassay for fascin and have used it to study the redistribution of this protein during transformation. Data from the assay indicate that fascin constitutes about 5% of the total cell protein and that substantially more fascin, approximately 1.5-2 times more, is found in the Triton-insoluble cytoskeletons of the filopodial cells than in the petaloid cells. Actin, measured by the DNAase I inhibition assay accounts for approximately 10% of the total cell protein. Approximately 65% of this actin is in a soluble non-filamentous form in the petaloid cells. Our results show that actin polymerization must occur during the cell shape change, since we find approximately 25% more actin in the filopodial cytoskeleton than in the petaloid cytoskeleton. The results show a preferential incorporation of fascin into the cytoskeleton as the cells form filopodia.
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  • 15
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 205-235 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: capping of receptors ; cell locomotion ; cell-surface interactions ; frictional force ; membrane flow ; polymorphonuclear leukocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As a cell moves over a surface, the distribution of membrane proteins that adhere to the surface will be changed relative to the distribution of these molecules on a static cell. Observations of this redistribution offer, in principle, evidence as to the mechanisms of membrane dynamics during cell locomotion. Toward extracting such information we present and analyze a mathematical model of receptor transport in the membrane by diffusion and convection, as affected by the making and breaking of the bonds between the receptors and the surface as the cell moves.We show that the disruption of receptor-surface bonds at the tail of the cell provides a mechanism by which the frictional force opposing a cell's motion is exerted, and calculate the magnitude of this force as a function of cell velocity. Assuming this to be the major contribution to the frictional force, we show that when the shear force on a cell is above a critical value it is no longer possible for the cell to slide across the surface. For such large forces, it is still possible for the cell to roll; alternatively the cell can be torn free of the surface.Our analysis of existing data on movement of polymorphonuclear leukocytes indicates that cell motion is not accompanied by a bulk flow of membrane from the front to the back of the cell. The data also indicate that cells do not tend to roll as they move over a surface under normal conditions. The data are most consistent with a model where the membrane as a whole is stationary but where receptors that bind to the surface become coupled to sub-membrane contractile proteins.
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  • 16
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 269-272 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 17
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 261-268 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Tetrahymena ; chemotaxis ; temporal-gradient sensing ; modulation of turning frequency ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The motility pattern of Tetrahymena thermophila in a homogeneous attractant field consists of successive “runs” and “turns.” The turning frequency decreases or increases upon an abrupt increase in attractant or repellent concentration, respectively. The dose-response curve for leucine and methionine yields a saturation curve with half maximum modulation of the turning frequency at a concentration of 15 μM and 2 μM, respectively. The turning frequency is modulated at a threshold concentration of 0.02 μM and 0.50 μM for leucine and methionine, respectively. The decrease (increase) in turning frequency in the presence of an attractant (repellent) jump reverts to prestimulus frequency in a time proportional to the concentration jump. Hence, Tetrahymena seem to employ temporal-gradient sensing for chemotaxis. Spatial-gradient taxis is thus exerted by random walk, which is biased in the direction of the gradient.
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  • 18
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: centrioles ; symmetry ; triplet blades ; thermal fluctuations ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paper suggests several principles of construction of a microscopically small device for locating the directions of signal sources in microscopic dimensions. It appears that the simplest and smallest device that is compatible with the scrambling influence of thermal fluctuations as are demonstrated by Brownian motion is a pair of cylinders oriented at right angles to each other. Nine equally spaced blades run in a pitched fashion along the mantle of each cylinder. The blades have a concave cross-section and bend around the circumference of the cylinder in a certain rotational pattern. Considering the striking similarity of this hypothetical device with centrioles, the paper puts forward the conjecture that centrioles locate the direction of hypothetical signals inside cells.
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  • 19
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 349-362 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Ca2+ ; flagella ; symmetry ; vanadate ; spermatozoa ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Increased Ca2+ concentration causes a reversible increase in asymmetry of the flagellar bending waves of “potentially symmetric” demembranated sea urchin spermatozoa. When these flagella are immobilized with 5 μM vanadate, increased Ca2+ concentration causes a reversible increase in the total bend angle between the tip and the base of the immobilized flagella. These effects of Ca2+, and the movement which can be activated by CaATP2-, can be inhibited by vanadate, but in both cases, high concentrations of vanadate, of the order of 100 μM, are required. These observations suggest that ATP, possibly in the form of CaATP2-, is required for the Ca2+-induced change in shape of the flagella, but other observations suggest that the magnitudes of asymmetry and total bend angle are more closely related to Ca2+ concentration than to CaATP2- concentration.
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  • 20
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 399-416 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: myosin heavy chain ; avian muscular dystrophy ; adult and embryonic fast white fibers ; slow red fiber ; rod ; subfragment-1 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Avian muscular dystrophy is characterized by the degeneration of fast white skeletal muscle fibers, with onset during development. Using a one-dimensional peptide mapping technique, we have detected two forms of the myosin heavy chain in the fast white fibers of adult domestic chickens, one form characteristic of birds homozygous for muscular dystrophy, the other of their normal controls. Four dystrophic strains carrying the same gene for muscular dystrophy were examined.No differences were detected in the embryonic heavy chain peptide maps of normal and dystrophic chickens, consistent with the developmental onset of the condition. Differences were also absent from the peptide maps of heavy chains from slow red fibers, which are unaffected in dystrophy. No dystrophy-specific peptide map differences were detected in the three light chains. Analysis of peptide maps of rod and the heavy chain component of subfragment-1 from normal and dystrophic heavy chains indicates the presence of amino acid sequence differences in the two proteins.
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  • 21
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 247-260 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cilia ; trachea ; ATP-reactivation ; ciliary activity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Evidence for active sliding of microtubules during ciliary activity has been demonstrated in a number of organisms: sea urchin sperm flagella, protozoan cilia, and mollusc gill cilia. Although there is evidence that active sliding also occurs in mammalian sperm flagella, there is little or no information on whether active sliding of microtubules also occurs in the short (5-μm) cilia of the mammalian trachea or oviduct. Since these cilia are important in tracheobronchial clearance and ovum transport, respectively, it has been important to demonstrate that microtubule sliding is also involved in the activity of somatic cilia. Ciliated apical portions (cortices) and cilia were isolated from rabbit trachea and oviduct, using Triton X-100 to demembranate the cilia. Most of the ciliated cortices reactivated upon addition of ATP, whereas isolated cilia reactivated to a lesser extent. When preparations of cilia were digested with trypsin before or after ATP addition, disintegration of axonemal doublets occurred with about the same frequency as reactivation. These events were recorded using Nomarski optics and dark-field microscopy. When isolated cilia which had been digested by trypsin and exposed to ATP were also prepared for electron microscopy by negative staining, telescoping of doublet microtubules from axonemes could be shown. These results demonstrate that mammalian somatic ciliary doublet microtubules actively slide in a manner similar to that described for invertebrate cilia.
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  • 22
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 273-273 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 23
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 303-327 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cilia ; microtubules ; ATPase ; vanadate ; geometry of sliding ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A dynein arm attachment cycle produces sliding between adjacent doublet microtubules (N and N + 1) of cilia. In intact axonemes, in the absence of ATP, almost all arms appear attached at both ends (rigor). When ATP is added, most arms detach from doublet N + 1. In ATP and vanadate, the arms do not return to rigor, suggesting that ATP hydrolysis is required for re-extension and reattachment of the dynein arm, but not for detachment. Using solutions containing dynein to decorate dynein-less axonemal doublets, we confirm this interpretation. In the absence of ATP, both sides of each doublet decorate with arms. Addition of ATP, ATP and vanadate or AMP-PNP causes immediate arm detachment, but only in the first instance, where extensive ATP hydrolysis can occur, does decoration eventually reappear. Dynein decorates heterologous axonemal doublets and brain microtubules, as well as homologous doublets, suggesting that this mechanochemical cycle may have general applicability in microtubule-based cell motility.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: videomicroscopy ; differential interference microscopy ; streaming ; reticulopodial motility ; Allogromia ; microtubules ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new method called Allen Video-enhanced Contrast, Differential Interference Contrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy is shown to be sufficiently sensitive to detect several new features of microtubule-related motility in the reticulopodial network of the foraminifer, Allogromia. The method takes advantage of the variable gain and offset features of a binary video camera to operate the DIC microscope under conditions highly favorable for video imaging, but in which the optical image is virtually invisible to the eye yet retains its full information when viewed by a suitable video camera. The improvements are made possible by setting a dé Senarmont compensator to λ/9-λ/4 at maximal working aperture of internally corrected planapochromatic objectives. Under these conditions, the offset feature of the video camera can reject so much stray light from the instrument and specimen that contrast compares favorably with that observed in high-extinction images, and polarizing rectifiers offer scarcely any advantage. Freed from the constraints of the light-limited conditions of DIC microscopy, video images can be recorded 60 times per second, or over 1,000 times the rate of photomicrographs at comparable magnifications under high-extinction conditions.Application of this method to the reticulopodial network of Allogromia has shown that cytoplasmic organelles are translocated only in contact with single microtubules or bundles of microtubules, and that these organelles fail to move when separated from microtubules. Microtubules themselves undergo both axial translatory (“sliding”) and lateral “zipping and unzipping” movements that have been suggested to occur during mitosis and other biological processes.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: videomicroscopy ; polarization microscopy ; streaming ; reticulopodial motility ; Allogromia ; microtubules ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new method is described for recording rapid processes of cell motility in polarized light. The Allen video-enhanced contrast (AVEC-POL) method of polarization microscopy achieves significant improvements in resolution, contrast, and the visibility of fine detail by a combination of novel adjustments to a standard (unrectified) polarizing microscope and video camera. Using the full working aperture of a high-power planapochromatic objective lens and compensator setting of λ/9-λ/4, visible images appear lacking in contrast. However, the same images viewed with an appropriate video camera equipped with an electronic offset adjustment can be made to appear with as much contrast as desired, revealing a significantly greater amount of fine detail in the image than can be seen by high extinction visual microscopy alone. At bias retardations between one-ninth and one-quarter wave, the diffraction anomaly observed near extinction disappears. Consequently, polarizing rectifiers are not required with the AVEC-POL method, and images previously requiring photographic exposures of around 20 seconds are sufficiently bright to be registered on the video monitor in 1/60 second. Using an intensity monitor, quantitative measurements of cellular birefringence can be retrieved from live or videotaped images displaying a linear relationship between contrast and phase retardation due to birefringence. The AVEC-POL method also renders accessible to polarized light analysis a number of objects that scatter or depolarize too much light to be studied by high extinction methods. The method is demonstrated on model objects and applied to the highly motile reticulopodial network of Allogromia laticollaris. Rapid motion in close association with microtubules can now be analyzed in greater detail at a significant reduction in the cost of recording.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 363-370 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Ca2+ ; Mg2+ ; symmetry ; flagella ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Potentially asymmetric spermatozoa are obtained when spermatozoa are demembranated in the presence of a low Ca2+/Mg2+ ion concentration ratio. They swim with asymmetric bending waves even when reactivated at low Ca2+ concentrations, and become more asymmetric when Ca2+ is increased. Potentially symmetric spermatozoa, which swim with symmetric bending waves at low Ca2+ and become asymmetric as the Ca2+ is increased, can be obtained by exposing the flagella to a high Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio, either during or subsequent to demembranation. The rate of this conversion is an increasing function of temperature and Triton concentration. Potentially symmetric spermatozoa can be reconverted to potential asymmetry, if the exposure to high Ca2+/Mg2+ is brief, and is terminated by addition of EGTA and Mg2+ before diluting the spermatozoa. The conversion to potential symmetry may involve removal of a labile component from the axoneme.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 485-497 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; tubulin ; nucleotides ; polymerization ; microfilaments ; microtubules ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Both actin and tubulin, the major proteins of the cytoskeleton, bind nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) and exhibit the phenomenon of “polymerization-coupled” NTP hydrolysis. In this report I review the nature of polymerization-coupled NTP hydrolysis, and its possible role in the cellular function of actin and tubulin. Polymerization-coupled hydrolysis may be viewed as simply reflecting differences in the NTPase activity of free subunit as compared to polymer. Making assumptions concerning the values of various rate constants, it is possible to write expressions for the effects of NTP hydrolysis on the kinetics of polymerization. The role of NTP hydrolysis may be viewed in at least three different ways: (1) Hydrolysis alters the kinetics of assembly and disassembly. This leads to a consideration of the role of subunit flow in microtubule and microfilament function. (2) Hydrolysis is an essentially irreversible step that separates the assembly and disassembly reactions. This suggests a role of NTP in the regulation of polymer content during cellular cycles of assembly and disassembly. (3) NTP may allow transient stabilization of intersubunit bonds. This suggests a role of NTP in nucleation and possible regulation of nonequilibrium states of assembly.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A2 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 11-13 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Quality Control of HDPE Pipes.Trials are reported made with the aim of finding an correlation between creep rupture test results obtained with two different types of testing samples: Pipes under internal pressure and tensile rods cut out of these pipes in a longitudinal direction.
    Notes: Es wird über Versuche berichtet, eine Korrelation zwischen Ergebnissen aus Zeitstand-Innendruckversuchen an HDPE-Rohren und Zeitstandversuchen an Längszugstäben aus diesen Rohren zu finden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Controlled Pickling of Apparatus made of Chemical-Resistant SteelsExamples of material failure and corrosion trials are used to show that the chemical resistance of austenitic steel depends in many ways on the surface condition. Pickling is the best method for removing layers of oxide in preparation for passivation. Internal tensile stresses which are created near the surface by mechanical working, e.g. by turning, drilling and grinding, can assume higher values than those caused by shaping and welding. As a result stress corrosion cracking often occurs only in the region where the surface has been worked. Because the stresses responsible for this phenomenon rapidly fall off below the surface, it is usually possible to reduce them by pickling to the point at which damage of this kind is prevented. The amount of material which must be removed by pickling is determined by trials and pickling must be controlled accordingly.
    Notes: An Schadensfällen und durch Korrosionsversuche wird gezeigt, daß die chemische Beständigkeit der austenitischen Stähle in mehrfacher Weise von ihrem Oberflächenzustand abhängt. Beim Entfernen von Oxidbelägen, als Voraussetzung für eine gute Passivschicht, liefert das Beizen das beste Ergebnis. Oberflächennahe Zug-Eigenspannungen, die durch eine mechanische Bearbeitung, z. B. Drehen, Bohren, Schleifen, eingebracht werden, können höhere Werte annehmen als die durch Verformen und Schweißen verursachten Spannungen. Als Folge davon tritt oft nur im Bereich einer Oberflächenbearbeitung Spannungsrißkorrosion auf. Weil die zugehörigen Spannungen unter der Oberfläche schnell abfallen, ist es meist möglich, sie durch ein abtragendes Beizen so weit abzubauen, daß Schäden dieser Art unterbleiben. Der notwendige Beizabtrag ist durch Versuche zu ermitteln und das Beizen entsprechend zu überwachen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 90-96 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Crack Growth Behaviour of Structural Steels in SeawaterThe influence of a synthetic seawater environment upon the crack growth behaviour of two structural steels was investigated. The results were presented in terms of the stress intensity fracture toughness parameter. Data were generated in air and in seawater with or without a cathodic protection. Results show that seawater environment and a cathodic protection influence the crack propagation at the applied frequencies of 0,04 and 0,25 Hz. The use of cathodic protection raises questions concerning the resistance to hydrogen embrittlement of the two steels. Some fractographic examinations of selected specimens show the microstructure of the two steels at various test conditions.
    Notes: Die Kenntnis der Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit von Rissen an Materialien in korrosiver Atmosphäre unter Betriebsbelastung ist für die Konstruktionsauslegung von großer Bedeutung. Von den Baustählen X70 sowie St70 ist mittels angeschwungener CT-Proben die Rißausbreitung bestimmt worden. Die Versuchsfrequenzen lagen - bezogen auf realistische Seegangsspektren - bei 0,04 Hz und 0,25 Hz. Durch Aufgabe kathodischer Schutzpotentiale wird bei Vorhandensein von Anrissen die Rißausbreitung stark beschleunigt. Es tritt eine wasserstoffinduzierte Spannungsrißkorrosion auf. Über das Ausmaß der Wasserstoffaufname der Bruchflächen werden Angaben gemacht. Durch REM-Aufnahmen wird das Bruchaussehen dokumentiert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 107-108 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A28 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 19-22 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation of Different Welding Processes with Nickel-Alloy NiMo 16 Cr 16 TIThe overall favourable corrosion resistance of the nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy NiMo 16Cr 16 Ti against attack by powerful oxidizing acids ensures a wide field of applications for this material. The alloy is readily processable using encased rod electrodes and shielded are welding. However, shielded arc welding should be given preference, as there are considerable differences in the analytical results between smelted welded material from encased rod electrodes and bright rods and wires. The different welded materials influence the corrosion resistance and the possibilities of forging welded constructions.
    Notes: Die allgemeine gute Korrosionsbeständigkeit der Nickelbasislegierung NiMo 16 Cr 16 Ti gegen den Angriff stark oxidierender Säuren sichert diesem Werkstoff ein breites Einsatzgebiet. Die Legierung ist mit umhüllten Stabelektroden und nach Schutzgasschweißverfahren gut zu verarbeiten. Bevorzugt sollte jedoch das Schutzgasschweißen eingesetzt werden, da erhebliche Analyseunterschiede zwischen dem niedergeschmolzenen Schweißgut aus umhüllten Stabelektroden und aus blanken Stäben und Drähten bestehen. Das unterschiedliche Schweißgut hat Einfluß auf das Korrosionsverhalten und die Warmformgebungsmöglichkeiten von geschweißten Konstruktionen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A10 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 150-150 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A34 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 256-262 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Anisotropy Effects in Copper Alloy Strip MaterialsThe textures and effects of mechanical anisotropy have been measured in several copper alloy strip materials with commercial hardness levels. In most cases mixed textures have been found with a qualitative correlation to the mechanical effects.The optimum position for spring elements proved to be transverse to rolling direction, especially the relation of the elastic limit in bonding to yield strength has a maximum in this direction.
    Notes: Bei Bändern aus verschiedenen Kupferlegierungen in handelsüblichen Festigkeitszuständen wurden die Texturen und die mechanischen Anisotropieeffekte gemessen. In den meisten Fällen wurden Mischtexturen festgestellt, welche die mechanischen Anisotropieeffekte qualitativ erklären.Für Federelemente ist die Querlage die günstigste, insbesondere ist in dieser Richtung das Verhältnis Federbiegegrenze zu Streckgrenze am höchsten.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 330-334 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Guarantee of Quality for the Steel Hoops of the Refueling Machine of the Nuclear Ship OTTO HAHN by Way of a Special Procedure with UltrasonicThe basic overhaul and renewal of the refueling machine constructed 1965-1967 for the reactor system of the nuclear ship OTTO HAHN required among other things the replacement of the lifting hoops which are necessary for raising the fuel elements and guiding the gripping device. These steel hoops are the critical components of the refueling machine. Therefore the quality assurance of the material was articularly specified.On way of ensuring this guarantee of quality is to carry out tests involving the use of ultrasonic equipment as desired and applied here. The process is explained and its application with the results obtained is described.
    Notes: Die Grundüberholung und teilweise Erneuerung der in den Jahren 1965-1967 gebauten Brennelement-Wechselmaschine für die Reaktoranalage des NS OTTO HAHN erforderte u.a. die Auswechselung der zur Lastaufnahme und Greifersteuerung dienenden Hubbänder. Diese Stahlbänder sind die kritischen Bauteile der Brennelement-Wechselmaschine. Aus diesem Grunde wurde die Gütesicherung besonders spezifiert. Eine der Gütesicherung dienende zerstörungsfreie Prüfung ist die hier beschriebene und angewendete Impuls-Durchschallung in Tauchtechnik. Das Verfahren wird erklärt und die Durchführung mit dem erzielten Ergebnis beschrieben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 315-324 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Behaviour of Hip - Joint Endoprostheses under quasi-static and dynamic LoadClinical experience with total-hip endoprostheses has shown that the following problems take priority: - Loosening of the socket (acetabular cup) and the femoral prosthesis - Fracture of the femoral prosthesis - Loosing due to deep infection.Accordingly aims the research at locating the biological and mechanical reasons for the failures as well as testing alternative solutions such as - methods of fixation - construction of protheses - new materials and finishing methods. This publication concerns areas of the mechanical side of the problem.The comparison between the original system of proximal femur and acetabulum and the implanted prosthetic system shows changes in the stiffness of the systems depending on the different types of implanted endoprostheses.The influence of the frequency of loading on the deformation of the system is investigated in a frequency range between quasi-static and dynamically changing loads.The movements between implanted cup and neighbouring pelvic bone during cyclic load is measured.The results of these examinations give clues concerning qualitative and quantitative repercussions from the different endoprosthetic systems under conditions optimal in view of true comparison, and possible or desirable alternative solutions of the problem in view of construction and material.
    Notes: Aufgrund bisher vorliegender klinischer Erfahrungen mit Hüftgelenks-Totalendoprothesen nehmen folgende Problemstellungen eine gewisse Priorität ein: - Pfannen- und Schaftlockerungen, - Schaftbrüche - Infektlockerungen.Dementsprechend konzentriert sich die Forschung auf die Ermittlung der biologischen und mechanischen Ursachen des Fehlverhaltens sowie auf die Erprobung alternativer Lösungen hinsichtlich - Fixationsmethodik - Konstruktion von Endoprothesen - Werkstoff und Fertigungsmethoden.Die vorliegende Arbeit bezieht sich auf Teile des mechanischen Komplexes dieser Problemstellung.Durch vergleichende Untersuchungen am Original- sowie am Implantatsystem „proximaler Femur/Hüftgelenkspfanne“ wird die Änderung der Steifigkeit infolge Implantation unterschiedlicher Typen von Endoprothesen ermittelt.Der Einfluß der Belastungsfrequenz auf die Deformationsverhältnisse in diesem System wird in einem Frequenzbereich überprüft, der sich von quasi-statischer bis zu dynamisch-wechselnder Belastung erstreckt.Die Relativbewegung zwischen implantierter Hüftgelenkspfanne und benachbartem knöchernen Bereich wird bei zyklischer Belastung erfaßt und messend verfolgt.Die Befunde geben punktuelle Hinweise hinsichtlich qualitativer und quantitativer Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher endoprothetischer Maßnahmen unter Bedingungen optimierter Vergleichbarkeit sowie hinsichtlich möglicher oder zweckmäßiger alternativer Lösungen im konstruktiven und stofflichen Bereich der anstehenden Fragestellungen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A76 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 335-335 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 366-374 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Exact and Approximate Calculations of UD-LayersIt is shown that the quasi-elastic solution of layers nearly almost used in practical viscoelastic calculations is an excellent approach. The exact solution achieved with simple integral equations are compared with the quasi-elastic solution and the occuring deviations are described. The creep functions of layers are given the form of the uniaxial creep function of the isotropic viscoelastic material. This makes the creep behaviour of layers very clear and symplifies practical calculations. The given solutions are under no restriction with regard to the chosen form of the uni-axial creep function.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß die in der Praxis zur viskoelastischen Berechnung unidirektionaler Laminate verwendete quasielastische Lösung eine hervorragende Näherungslösung darstellt. Die exakten, mit Hilfe einfacher Integralbeziehungen gewonnenen, Lösungen werden mit der quasielastischen Lösung verglichen und es werden die zu erwartenden Abweichungen beschrieben. Die Kriechfunktionen der Laminate werden auf die Form der Kriechfunktion des viskoelastisch-isotropen Materials bei einachsiger Beanspruchung gebracht. Dadurch wird das Kriechverhalten der Laminate besonders deutlich und die praktische Rechnung wird vereinfacht. Die bereitgestellten Lösungen unterliegen keiner Beschränkungen hinsichtlich der funktionalen Form der einachsigen Kriechfunktion.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 402-407 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Pitting Corrosion at Copper Tubes of Tap Water Systems released by Soldering FluxThe pitting corrosion is the mostly observed reason for getting corrosion damage of copper tubes in tap water systems. In case of loss the reason for corrosion attack is ascribed to rests of cracked drawing compounds at the copper tube wall.The results from own examinations of copper tubes corroded in different tap waters show in case of loss the reason for corrosion damage as cracked soldering flux. This gets by the different described ways into the copper tube and becomes cracked by the soldering temperature. This way formed corrosion attacks often show breaches firstly far away from the soldered joint so that mostly other reasons of damage (cracked drawing compounds) are simulated.
    Notes: Die häufigste zum Versagen von Kupferrohren in der Trinkwasserinstallation führende Korrosionsart ist die Lochkorrosion. Als schadensauslösend werden dabei in der Literatur die beim Weichglühen der Rohre gecrackten Ziehmittelreste (Kohlenstoffbeläge der Rohrinnenwandungen) und Rückstände von chloridhaltigen Weichlöt-Fluß-mitteln angesehen.Eigene Untersuchungen von Schadensfällen an Kupferrohren der Trinkwasserinstallation zeigen, daß die Ursache, welche zum Versagen der Rohre führt, meistens nicht gecrackte Ziehmittelreste oder eingeflossenes Flußmittel, sondern gecrackte Flußmittel sind. Diese gelangen, auf unterschiedlichste Art und Weise, in das Rohrinnere und werden beim Einwirken der Löttemperatur gecrackt. Da ein so eingeleiteter Korrosionsangriff oftmals erst in relativ weiter Entfernung von der Lötstelle zum Durchbruch führt (Kondensatzone), werden meist andere Schadensursachen (z. B. gecrackte Ziehmittelreste) vorgetäuscht.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 438-439 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 49
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 14-18 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Creep Behaviour of Steel × 10 NiCrATi 32 20 at Elevated Temperatures and Over Long Periods.The demands made on the quality of materials for chemical plants are continually increasing. Not only has there been a changeover to large units and an increase in the pressures and temperatures employed, but for technical and financial reasons the properties of the materials must be optimally utilized. In components subjected to the highest stresses due to pressure and temperature, the service life has to be calculated with the aid of creep strength characteristics. On the basis of the austenitic material × 10NiCrAlTi 32 20 an attempt is made, with the aid of creep strength characteristics, which have been determined in our own long-time test, to make a statement regarding the structural states existing at defined times and to draw conclusions for the use of this material.
    Notes: Die Ansprüche an die Leistungsfähigkeit der Werkstoffe für Chemieanlagen wachsen ständig. So ist neben dem Übergang zu großen Einheiten nicht nur ein Ansteigen der Drücke und Temperaturen zu verzeichnen, sondern aus technischen und wirtschaftlichen Gründen auch ein optimale Ausnutzung der Werkstoffeigenschaften. Bei den durch Druck und Temperatur höchstbeanspruchten Bauteilen muß die Lebensdauer anhand von Zeitstandfestigkeitskennwerten berechnet werden.An dem austenitischen Werkstoff × 10 NiCrAlTi 32 20 wird versucht, anhand von Zeitstandfestigkeitsuntersuchungen, die im eigenen Langzeitversuch ermittelt sind, eine Aussage über die zeitabhängige Gefügeausbildung zu machen und daraus Schlüsse für den Einsatz dieses Werkstoffes zu ziehen.
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  • 50
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A7 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 51
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Parametric Analysis of Creep Tests under Pressur and Kind of Failure in Thermoplastic Tubes under Chemical LoadCreep tests under pressure are a method to evaluate the long term behaviour of tubes under mechanical, thermic and chemical loading. However, this method does not enclude essential criteria of failure. In form of a parametric analysis this paper proves that “weeping” takes place much earlier than total failure by rupture.Investigations on the different kinds of damage within the tube material using light microscopy and electron scanning microscopy reveal- that it is not correct to transform results of creep tests with small and thin tubes to such of practically used dimensions. This is on the one hand based on the existance of different microstructures which are specific to the semicristalline material and on the macrostructure determined by production process on the other hand.In order to determine failure of tubes sufficiently new test methods are proposed.
    Notes: Das Zeitstandverhalten von Thermoplastrohren unter mechanischer, thermischer und chemischer Belastung wird durch den Zeitstandinnendruckversuch geprüft.Dabei werden bei der Versuchsdurchführung in der bisher üblichen Form wesentliche Versagenskriterien nicht erfaßt. In dieser Arbeit wird im Rahmen einer Parameteranalyse zum Zeitstandinnendruckversuch am Beispiel des Systems LDPE/H2SO4 nachgewiesen, daß ein Versagen durch Medienaustritt („Schwitzen“) weit vor dem mechanischen Versagen der Prüfkörper durch Bruch stattfindet. Die Betrachtung der Schädigungsmechanismen innerhalb der Rohrwand mit licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden zeigen, daß die Übertragbarkeit der an relativ kleinen Proberohren ermittelten Zeitstandwerte auf Rohre größerer Dimensionen nicht gegeben sein kann. Dies ist sowohl durch die werkstoffspezifischen Mikrostrukturen teilkristalliner Thermoplaste, als auch durch die herstellungsbedingten Makrostrukturen begründet.Es werden Versuchsanordnungen vorgeschlagen, die es erlauben, das Versagen von innendruckbelasteten Rohrproben hinreichend zu erfassen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 72-72 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 53
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 88-90 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of undeformable particles on the extrusion texture of composite materialsThe influence of α-Al2O3 particles on the extrusion texture of Ni-, Cu or CuZn30-composites has been investigated, variing particle size and interparticles spacing.The rods show a 〈100〉-recrystallization texture, which decreases with greater values of the interparticle spacing. In the case of the addition-free Cu and CuZn30 a random orientation distribution of the crystals was found. These results are discussed in comparison with the results found on Al—Al2O3-composites.
    Notes: Der Einfluß von Teilchengröße und Teilchenabstand einer unverformbaren Phase (α-Al2O3) auf die Texturausbildung einer metallischen Matrix wird an stranggepreßten Verbundstangen mit Nickel-, Kupferoder CuZn30-Matrix untersucht.Alle stranggepreßten Stangen weisen bei kleinem Teilchenabstand (2,5 m̈m) eine scharfe 〈100〉-Rekristallisationstextur auf, die mit zunehmendem Abstand schwächer wird. Im Falle von zusatzfreiem Cu bzw. CuZn30 ist sogar eine regellose Orientierungsverteilung der Kristalle zu beobachten.Die Ergebnisse werden im Vergleich zu den bei Al—Al2O3 Verbundstangen gefundenen diskutiert.
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  • 54
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 160-167 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Separation of Acoustic Emission Signals by Computerized AnalysesFeatures extracted from acoustic emission signals by means of different analysis methods can be evaluated by the application of pattern recognition computer programs. By these methods it can be established, whether the employed features - maximum amplitude, signal rise time, pulse sum, pulse area, pulse energy and mean amplitude as well as simple characteristics of frequency spectra - are capable to distinguish acoustic emission signals or whether combinations of features lead to better results when single features fail.The efficiency of different analyses and the pattern recongnition programs is examined by four simulated types of signals. According to the employed analysis method there are distinct differences regarding the separation of acoustic emission. However, by applying feature combinations signal groups not separable by single analysis methods can be distinguished.
    Notes: Merkmale, die mit Hilfe verschiedener Analyseverfahren aus Schallemissionssignalen gewonnen werden, können durch den Einsatz von Rechenverfahren zur Mustererkennung bewertet werden. Durch Anwendung dieser Programme kann festgestellt werden, ob die verwendeten Merkmale - maximale Amplitude, Signalanstiegszeit, Schallsumme, Impulsfläche, Impulsenergie und mittlere Amplitude sowie einfache Kenngrößen aus Frequenzspektren - die Schallemissionssignale trennen können oder ob für den Fall, daß ein einzelnes Merkmal diese Aufgabe nicht löst, eine Kombination von Merkmalen zu einem besseren Ergebnis führt.Die Möglichkeiten der verschiedenen Analysen sowie der Mustererkennungsprogramme werden anhand von vier simulierten Signalarten überprüft. Je nach Analyseverfahren ergeben sich dabei deutliche Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Trennung der Schallemissionen. Jedoch kann selbst bei Signalgruppen, die mit einem Analyseverfahren nicht getrennt werden können, durch die Anwendung von Merkmalskombinationen die Unterscheidung verbessert werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 174-181 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Special Methods of Anti-Corrosion Treatment in Heat ExchangersAn anti-corrosion treatment must be adapted to the design of the heat exchanger and the conditions under which it is used. It is often the case, therefore, that highly specialized solutions are found. For the tubular heat exchanger, an organic coating has frequently proved suitable. The results obtained are determined by the construction, the surface characteristics of the components and paying attention to the risk of blister formation. The enamelling is problematic due to the complicated shapes involved and is still at the early stages of development. With water-cooled condensers, cleaning of the tubes while the equipment is running has proved successful. It alleviates the corrosion problem and assists the action of the inhibitors. Equipment made from materials such as titanium and austenitic CrNi steels, which are capable of being passivated, can frequently be retained in a passive state by adding air to the corrosive medium. In such cases, the excessive corrosion would normally necessitate the use of an expensive material. Where damage is caused by gaps and dead spaces it is not always possible to find a constructional remedy. A well-devised construction can subsequently be decisively influenced by manufacturing techniques relating to the structure, the state of internal stress or the surface condition.
    Notes: Ein Korrosionsschutz muß auf Bauart und Einsatzbedingungen des Wärmetauschers abgestimmt sein, so daß sich oft ganz spezielle Lösungen ergeben. Für den Röhrenwärmetauscher bietet sich häufig eine organische Beschichtung an. Konstruktion, Oberflächenbeschaffenheit des Halbzeugs und Rücksicht auf die Gefahr der Blasenbildung bestimmen den Erfolg. Die Emaillierung ist wegen der komplizierten Formen problematisch und noch am Anfang der Entwicklung. Bei wassergekühlten Kondensatoren hat sich das Rohrreinigungsverfahren unter laufendem Betrieb bewährt. Es entschärft das Korrosionsproblem und unterstützt die Wirkung von Inhibitoren. Apparate aus passivierbaren Werkstoffen, wie Titan und austenitischen CrNi-Stählen, lassen sich häufig durch eine Dosierung von Luft zum angreifenden Medium passiv halten, wo andernfalls infolge zu starker Korrosion ein teureres Material erforderlich wäre. Für Schäden, die durch Spalte und Toträume bedingt sind, läßt sich nicht immer eine konstruktive Abhilfe finden. Eine gut durchdachte Konstruktion kann durch fertigungstechnische Maßnahmen, die das Gefüge, den Eigenspannungs- oder Oberflächenzustand betreffen, noch entscheidend beeinflußt werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A44 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 57
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    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of Different Degrees of Purity on the Fatigue Strength of Spring Steel 55 Cr 3One of the most important factors for construction and development of high strength springs is the material selection. In this connection the opinion is often represented in bibliography that material defects are the main reason for fractures.Besides surface defects (surface decarburization or rolling defects) essentially nonmetallic inclusions are described as causes of fractures. Therefore high degrees of purity are demanded especially for severe strained springs, which only can be obtained by very expensive special melting processes.By testing specimens of spring steel 55 Cr 3 with different degrees of purity in the present work the quantitative influence of nonmetallic inclusions on the fatigue life was to be examined. About 400 repeated torsion tests with annealed as well as annealed and shotpeened specimens were carried out accompanied by investigations to determine inclusions causing fracture and their size.
    Notes: Bei der Konstruktion und Entwicklung von Federn spielt die Werkstoffauswahl im Hinblick auf die Dauerschwingfestigkeit eine wichtige Rolle. In diesem Zusammenhang begegnet man im entsprechenden Schrifttum häufig der Auffassung, daß Werkstoffehler als Hauptursache von Brüchen infrage kommen.Neben den äußeren Fehlern, wie Randentkohlung, Walzfehler usw. werden bevorzugt nichtmetallische Einschlüsse als Ursache von Brüchen dargestellt, so daß vor allem bei hochbeanspruchten Federn Reinheitsgrade gefordert werden, die nur mit sehr teueren Sondererschmelzungsverfahren zu erreichen sind.In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde versucht, an Proben der Federstahlgüte 55 Cr 3 (W.-Nr. 1.7176) mit gezielt unterschiedlich eingestelltem Reinheitsgrad den Einfluß von Größe und Anzahl nichtmetallischer Einschlüsse auf die Lebensdauer von Schwingproben quantitativ zu erfassen. Anhand von etwa 400 Torsionsschwellversuchen an vergüteten und polierten bzw. kugelgestrahlten Probestäben sollten diese Zusammenhänge aufgezeigt und durch begleitende Untersuchungen, insbesondere durch Ermittlung bruchauslösender Einschlüsse und deren Größenbestimmung, ergänzt werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 227-229 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Diffusion Bonding of Silicon CarbidesSilicon carbide is a material that is suitable for high temperature application, especially for heat exchangers at high temperatures.Besides the problem of producing large components out of ceramics a technique for joining silicon carbide has to be developed. At high temperatures the joint has to be gastight und sufficient strength must be guaranteed. Diffusion bonding proved to be a good technique. The temperatures necessary for diffusion bonding are around 1200 °C, inert atmosphere or vacuum was used. The parameters of the procedures are discussed and correlated to strength, microstructure and permeability for gases.
    Notes: Siliziumcarbid ist ein Werkstoff, der für Hochtemperaturanwendungen, besonders für Hochtemperatur-Wärmetauscher geeignet ist.Neben dem Problem, große Bauteile aus dieser Keramik zu produzieren, muß eine Fügetechnik entwickelt werden. Bei hohen Temperaturen sollen gefügte Teile gasdicht sein und ausreichende Festigkeiten müssen garantiert werden. Diffusionsschweißen hat sich dafür bewährt.Die Temperatur, die für die Diffusionsschweißung in Vakuum oder Schutzgas benötigt worden ist, lag bei 1200 °C. Es werden die Verfahrensparameter in Korrelation zu der Festigkeit des Verbundes, dem Gefüge und der Gasdurchlässigkeit diskutiert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A55 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A60 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of a Gradient of Composition on X-Ray Stress AnalysisIn the last years several factors were shown which lead to nonlinear sin2Ψ-distributions in x-ray stress analysis, like rotation of the principal stresses with respect to the normal to surface, steep stress gradients under the surface and a texture in the material under investigation.A fourth factor is revealed which becomes active, when gradients of the composition are present. In case of a chromized Fe-sample the influence on x-ray stress analysis is shown by measurement and theoretically as well. A method of correction is introduced, which is checked by use of a model sample.The x-ray residual stresses of the chromized Fe-sample are in accordance with such ones determined mechanically.
    Notes: Es wurden in den letzten Jahren verschiedene Einflußfaktoren aufgezeigt, die zu nichtlinearen sin2Ψ-Verteilungen bei röntgenographischen Spannungsmessungen führen. Hierzu gehören eine Drehung der wirksamen Hauptspannungen gegenüber der Probenoberflächennormalen, ein starker Gradient des Spannungszustandes nach der Tiefe unter der Oberfläche sowie das Vorliegen einer Textur im zu untersuchenden Material.Es wird hier ein vierter Einflußfaktor aufgezeigt, der in Kraft tritt, wenn Konzentrationsgefälle der Zusammensetzung auftreten. Anhand des Beispieles einer chromierten Fe-Probe wird meßtechnisch und theoretisch dieser Einfluß auf die röntgenographische Spannungsanalyse erörtert und eine Korrektur ermöglicht. Mit Hilfe eines Modellwerkstoffes wird die Methode überprüft. Es ergibt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen röntgenographisch und mechanisch ermittelten Werten der Eigenspannungen an dem chromierten Eisen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A63 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 309-315 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Experimental Factors Affecting Oxide GrowthResults of galvanostatic anodization of various metals with varying valve-metal behaviour including Nb, Ta, Zr, Ti, Al, W, Te, Sb, and Bi are compiled and compared with respect to the effect of various experimental factors such as surface pretreatment, stirring, solution composition, temperature of the bath, on the efficiency of oxide growth relative to that for other anodic processes. It is concluded that all of the above factors play an important role in the anodization of the non-typical valve metals, particularly Sb, Bi and W. Typical anodic charging curves associated with the process of oxide growth are given for several valve metals. Experimental data relevant to the phenomena of oxide breakdown are recorded and compared. The results indicate that the mechanism of breakdown varies for the same metal with variations in the experimental conditions.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 375-383 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: New Perceptions and Potentialities in Polymer-, Chemical-, Apparatus- and Piping ConstructionsAfter fundamental observations on diffusion and swelling behaviour of polymers follows an explanation for the “stress-cracking-corrosion” phenomenon also found in plastics, with the action of aggressive chemicals. This phenomenon is attributed to residual stresses due to diffusion.Fibre reinforced plastic constructions are difficult to classify into their reliability. New technics for the mechanical fabrication of important semi - finished products as for example pipes etc. have been developed. The scheme of a filament winding with a computer for winding pipes is introduced. At last is pointed to the development of the fabrication of GRP-constructions by robots.
    Notes: Nach grundlegenden Betrachtungen zum Diffusions- und Quellverhalten von polymeren Werkstoffen wird das auch bei Kunststoffen auftretende Phänomen der „Spannungsrißkorrosion“ bei Einwirkung aggressiver Medien beschrieben, das auf diffusionsbedingte Eigenspannungen rückgeführt werden kann.Faserverstärkte Kunststoffkonstruktionen sind wegen der weitgehend manuellen Fertigung in ihrer Zuverlässigkeit schwer einzustufen. Neue Techniken für die maschinelle Fertigung wichtiger Halbzeuge wie Rohre, T-Stücke und Krümmer wurden entwickelt. Das Schema einer rechnergesteuerten Wickelanlage zum Wickeln von Rohrformstücken wird vorgestellt.Abschließend wird auf die Entwicklung einer Fertigung von GFK-Bauteilen mit Hilfe von Robotern hingewiesen, durch die das Handlaminieren entfallen kann.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 411-420 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Basic Chemistry and Physics of Macromolecular MaterialsPlastics are high polymers, and their molecular configuration differs from that of many classical materials. The molecular character governs their appearance and properties. They are produced by polymerisation, polycondensation and polyaddition processes.Plastics that are important for the construction of chemical engineering equipment are produced by polymerisation.Developments in plastics have by no means been completed. Although new classes of products can no longer be expected, the trends will be towards composites, materials systems and optimation of chemical and physical properties.
    Notes: Kunststoffe sind hochpolymere Werkstoffe und unterscheiden sich von vielen, sogenannten „klassischen Werkstoffen“ durch ihren molekularen Aufbau. Der molekulare Charakter bestimmt das Erscheinungsbild der Kunststoffe und gleichfalls ihre Eigenschaften. Herstellungsverfahren für Kunststoffe sind:Polymerisation, Polykondensation und Polyaddition.Die für den chemischen Apparatebau wichtigsten Chemiewerkstoffe werden nach dem Verfahren der Polymerisation hergestellt.Die Entwicklung der Kunststoffe ist noch keineswegs abgeschlossen. Wenn aber keine neuen Produktklassen mehr zu erwarten sind, so ist der weitere Weg der Kunststoffentwicklung gekennzeichnet durch Verbundwerkstoffe, Werkstoff-Systeme und Optimierung der chemisch-physikalischen Eigenschaften.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 449-449 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 11-16 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; SCOT column ; Coating, liquid phase ; Single-step coating ; Phenols ; Phenolic acids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A single-step coating method for the preparation of glass capillary SCOT columns is described. It is reproducible and less time-consuming than the well-known two-step coating procedures. Other methods attempted are discussed briefly. Both the flame ionization and electron capture detectors could be used in conjunction with temperature programming. The separations achieved with an “activity mixture”, phenols and phenolic acids, illustrate the resolution obtained. The columns are suitable for quantitative determinations and a comparison is made with a conventional packed column.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 38-39 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused silica capillary column ; Activity ; Hydroxylated surfaces ; Dehydroxylated surfaces ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 83-85 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; Nanoliter volume detector ; 1.5 × 10-5 AU noise (0.1 μl 0.1% benzene in methanol) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 95-96 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: TLC ; Gradient and continuous development ; Amino acids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thin-layer gradient elution chromatography is a convenient technique for separation of very complicated mixtures; in some cases the gradient technique can be replaced by continuous development. The two techniques are compared in practice by using them to separate a mixture of dabsyl derivatives of amino acids.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 123-124 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: (GC)2 in short capillaries ; Liquid crystalline stationary phase ; Supercooled temperature range ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 132-134 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC ; Chlorhexidine in pharmaceutical preparations ; Quantitation within 0.66-3.41% relative standard deviation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 142-142 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 411-412 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, fused silica ; Chemical bonding - cross-linking ; Apolar columns ; Preparation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 419-421 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; Extraction fluorimetry ; Canrenone ; Serum drug levels ; Comparison ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 429-430 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 500-507 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography ; Weak anion exchanger ; Octadecyl bonded packing ; Urine analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The analysis of ultraviolet-absorbing constituents in urine was undertaken by anion-exchange and reversed-phase liquid chromatography. A newly developed anion exchanger (TSK-IEX540 DEAE) was used for ion-exchange mode liquid chromatography and its high polarity and physical strength greatly reduced the analysis time. Up to 80 peaks were resolved within 30 min. Hydrophobicity values were used to predict the retention times of acids in reversed-phase mode liquid chromatography.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 523-524 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Split injection ; Injection time influence ; PAH ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 533-534 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; End-sealing method for static coating ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 532-533 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micro high performance liquid chromatography, MHPLC ; Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, FT- IR ; Combination of MHPLC and FT-IR ; KBr buffer memory technique ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 421-422 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Unstable flavor compound ; Comparison of fused silica, glass, and metal columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 42-42 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 49-53 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Glass capillary ; Routine analysis of C1-C6 carboxylic acids ; Animal wastes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The C1 -C6 fatty acids present in various types of heterogeneous animal wastes were isolated by steam distillation and determined as benzyl esters by high resolution gas chromatography. Glass capillary columns, deactivated with barium carbonate and coated with UCON HB 5100, allowed the analysis of benzyl formate, acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, valerate, and caproate in less than 20 minutes. Recovery tests, performed on more than 50 different samples, indicated a benzylation yield and an overall efficiency higher than 99%, with a standard deviation of 2.6% (C5) to 6.0% (C1). The absolute detection limit ranged from 0.3 picomole (caproic acid) to 1.0 picomole (formic acid).
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 60-69 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC/FT-IR ; Environmental pollutants analysis ; Nondestructive detection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An integrated gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (GC/FT-IR) system developed for the analysis of environmental pollutants is described. The versatility of the system allows the utilization of many different techniques of sample introduction and manipulation during analysis. The sample can be introduced by direct injection or thermal desorption from an adsorbent cartridge, and can then be separated on one of two capillary columns and detected by FT-IR or an FID. Cold traps and collection cartridges incorporated in the system permit recovery and additional fractionation of samples. Recovered sample and sample fractions can then be re-analyzed by GC/FT-IR or subsequently analyzed by GC/MS or other methods.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 495-499 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column, fused silica ; Mass spectrometry ; Interface, direct coupling ; On-column injection ; Aflatoxin B1 ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel fused silica capillary GC/MS direct coupling is described which ensures quantitative transfer of sample from the point of injection to the ion source of a mass spectrometer without contacting any surfaces other than the column wall. This device permits GC analysis of highly labile substances. Aflatoxin B1, previously considered unassayable by GC, can now be determined by GC/MS.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 515-518 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography ; Size exclusion chromatography ; Pore size determination ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Simultaneous use of large standard molecules and small particles of the product examined gives rise to errors in pore size determination by size exclusion chromatography. This error is calculated for packings of spherical particles, thus making corrections possible.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 136-137 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: TLC, HPLTC ; Quantitation of PGE1 in organic solvents ; PGE1 concentration from 0.05 to 1.0 mg/ml ; Overall standard deviation 3.6% ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Direct in situ determination of PGE1 in dioxane/water (1:1) at concentrations between 50 μg/ml and 1 mg/ml is described. HPTLC of PGE1 was carried out on HPTLC Kieselgel 60 o.F. plates; application (200 nl) was with a Nano-Appllcator and ethyl acetate/formic acid (400:5, v/v) served as mobile phase. The spots were located by dipping the plates into a 3% cupric acetate solution in 15% aqueous phosphoric acid, followed by heating at 120°C for 15 min. The plates were then evaluated directly at λ = 345 nm by chromatogram spectrometry. The coefficient of variation is 3.6%.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 530-531 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micro-HPLC ; Post-column colorimetric detection has advantages over radiometric methods ; Separation of 15 rare earth metals ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 143-145 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 147-148 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 164-168 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Simultaneous detection with effluent splitter ; Element-specific detection ; Petroleum residues ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two glass capillary gas chromatographic systems were equipped with inert effluent splitters which allowed simultaneous data acquisition using nonspecific and element-specific detectors. Simultaneous detection was achieved using the nonspecific flame ionization detector (FID) and the Hall® electrolytic conductivity detector (HECD) operated in either the sulfur-or the nitrogen-specific mode. Typical application of the simultaneous detection system as applied to analysis of petroleum residues is briefly described. The Hall electrolytic conductivity detector can be made element specific for halogen-, sulfur-, or nitrogen-containing compounds. Simultaneous detection enhances the information yield from a single sample injection and proves to be a powerful complementary technique when used with computerized gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 169-172 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Residue analysis ; Pirimiphos-methyl ; Malathion ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A gas chromatographic method developed for the simultaneous determination of residues of pirimiphos-methyl (O-[2-(dimethyl-amino)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl] O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate) and malathion (diethyl mercaptosuccinate S-ester with O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate), in whole peanuts, peanut hulls, peanut meats, and peanut oil gives good recoveries and has a limit of detection for pirimiphos-methyl and malathion of 0.04 ppm. Quantitative analysis for the two insecticides with electronic integration was reliable to 0.1 ppm.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 224-227 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer adsorption chromatography ; Optimum separation ; Binary mobile phases ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The measure of the distribution of a mixture of substances in TLC with a binary mobile phase is expressed as ΔRM1,2i,j which represents the difference between the RM values of substances i and j on use of the binary solvent 1 + 2 as the mobile phase. The possibility of determining its maximum value at an optimum composition of the binary mobile phase is demonstrated in this paper. This value can calculated from experimental and theoretical functions RM1,2 = f(Φ1) of substance i and j. More simply, ΔRM1,2i,j can be calculated theoretically from easily measurable adsorption parameters of excess adsorption isotherms and from chromatographic parameters obtained for pure solvents. The ΔRM1,2i,j value calculated theoretically can be utilized in a pilot technique for determination of the optimum composition of the mobile phase in gradient liquid chromatography.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 242-243 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; Milk extract concentrate ; 2-Hydroxybiphenyl + 4-hydroxybiphenyl by addition of 0.1% glacial acetic acid ; 0.03 ppm detection limit ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 4 (1981), S. 260-265 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography, capillary ; Injection technique ; Sample discrimination ; Alkanes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Discrimination may occur when injecting samples onto gas chromatography capillary columns, whereby peak areas for higher boiling point compounds are smaller than they should be compared to lower boiling compounds. This problem is most important in quantitative work on solutes having a wide range of volatility. An all-glass inlet system was used. Injections were made with a 10-μl syringe onto a column without and injection point heater and with the column oven about 20°C below the boiling point of the solvent used for the solutes. Discrimination did not occur in a range of C12 to C36 n-alkanes.
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