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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Overview of NOPACCS (Northwest Pacific Carbon Cycle Study) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 55 (1999), S. 645-653 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: North Pacific ; carbon cycle ; biological pump ; intermediate water ; anthropogenic carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Northwest Pacific Carbon Cycle Study (NOPACCS) was a program aimed at investigating the carbon cycle of the North Pacific Ocean, which can be thought of as a large reservoir of carbon dioxide. NOPACCS was also aimed at estimating the North Pacific's capacity as a carbon sink. Project design, scientific results, and data availability, and subsequent projects resulting from this project are also described in this review. Studies of the upper ocean processes focused on the latitudinal differences in the fugacity of carbon dioxide; and on the detail of plankton community structures. Intermediate water was studied in relation to the formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water and the amount of accumulated anthropogenic carbon. The sedimentation process, past carbon cycle and coral reefs were also studied during the project. A preliminary, overall view of the carbon cycle of the North Pacific was drawn from the results of the project and compared to global values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007803826886
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved Method for Calculating Anthropogenic CO2 in the Upper Layer of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre along 175°E (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 55 (1999), S. 717-729 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: Carbon cycle ; anthropogenic CO2 ; North Pacific ; subtropical gyre ; NOPACCS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Seawater samples were collected in the North Pacific along 175°E during a cruise of the Northwest Pacific Carbon Cycle Study (NOPACCS) program in 1994. Many properties related to the carbonate system were analyzed. By using well-known ratios to correct for chemical changes in seawater, the CO2 concentration at a given depth was back calculated to its initial concentration at the time when the water left the surface in winter. We estimated sea-surface CO2 and titration alkalinity (TA) in present-day winter, from which we evaluated the degree of air-sea CO2 disequilibrium in winter was. Using a correction factor for air-sea CO2 disequilibrium in winter, we reconstructed sea-surface CO2 in pre-industrial times. The difference between the back-calculated initial CO2 and sea-surface CO2 in pre-industrial times should correspond to anthropgenic CO2 input. Although the mixing of different water masses may cause systematic error in the calculation, we found that the nonlinear effect induced by the mixing of different water masses was negligible in the upper layer of the North Pacific subtropical gyre along 175°E. The results of our improved method of assessing the distribution of anthropogenic CO2 in that region show marked differences from those obtained using the previous back-calculation method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007820330520
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The progressive intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation as seen from the North Pacific (1996)
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 85 (1996), S. 452-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Paleoceanography ; North Pacific ; Ocean Drilling Project ; Northern hemisphere glaciation ; Pliocene ; Surface water productivity ; Sea surface temperatures ; Pacific moisture pump
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) site 882 (50°22′N, 167°36′E) provides the first high-resolution GRAPE density, magnetic susceptibility, carbonate, opal and foraminifera (planktonic and benthic) stable isotopes records between 3.2 and 2.4 Ma in the Northwest Pacific. We observed a dramatic increase in ice rafting debris at site 882 at 2.75 Ma, which is coeval with that found in the Norwegian Sea, suggesting that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia were significantly glaciated from 2.75 Ma onwards. Prior to 2.75 Ma planktonic foraminifera δ18O records indicate a warming or freshening trend of 4  °C or 2‰ over 80 ka. If this is interpreted as a warm pre-glacial Pliocene North Pacific, it may have provided the additional moisture required to initially build up the northern hemisphere continental ice sheet. The dramatic drop in sea surface temperatures (SST〉7.5  °C) at 2.75 Ma ended this suggested period of enhanced SST and thus the proposed moisture pump. Moreover, at 2.79 and 2.73 Ma opal mass accumulation rates (MAR) decrease in two steps by five fold and is accompanied by a more gradual long-term decrease in CaCO3 MARs. Evidence from the Southern Ocean (ODP site 704) indicates that just prior to 2.6 Ma there is a massive increase in opal MARs, the opposite to what is found in the North Pacific. This indicates that the intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation was accompanied by a major reorganisation of global oceanic chemical budget, possibly caused by changes in deep ocean circulation. The initiation of northern hemisphere glaciation occurred in the late Miocene with a significant build up of ice on southern Greenland. However, the progressive intensification did not occur until 3.5–3 Ma when the Greenland ice sheet expanded to include northern Greenland. Following this stage we suggest that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia glaciated at 2.75 Ma, approximately 100 ka before the glaciation of Alaska (2.65 Ma) and 200 ka before the glaciation of the North East American continent (2.54 Ma).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050088
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The progressive intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation as seen from the North Pacific (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 85 (1996), S. 452-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Paleoceanography ; North Pacific ; Ocean Drilling Project ; Northern hemisphere glaciation ; Pliocene ; Surface water productivity ; Sea surface temperatures ; Pacific moisture pump
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) site 882 (50°22′N, 167°36′E) provides the first high-resolution GRAPE density, magnetic susceptibility, carbonate, opal and foraminifera (planktonic and benthic) stable isotopes records between 3.2 and 2.4 Ma in the Northwest Pacific. We observed a dramatic increase in ice rafting debris at site 882 at 2.75 Ma, which is coeval with that found in the Norwegian Sea, suggesting that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia were significantly glaciated from 2.75 Ma onwards. Prior to 2.75 Ma planktonic foraminifera δ18O records indicate a warming or freshening trend of 4°C or 2‰ over 80 ka. If this is interpreted as a warm pre-glacial Pliocene North Pacific, it may have provided the additional moisture required to initially build up the northern hemisphere continental ice sheet. The dramatic drop in sea surface temperatures (SST〉7.5°C) at 2.75 Ma ended this suggested period of enhanced SST and thus the proposed moisture pump. Moreover, at 2.79 and 2.73 Ma opal mass accumulation rates (MAR) decrease in two steps by five fold and is accompanied by a more gradual long-term decrease in CaCO3 MARs. Evidence from the Southern Ocean (ODP site 704) indicates that just prior to 2.6 Ma there is a massive increase in opal MARs, the opposite to what is found in the North Pacific. This indicates that the intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation was accompanied by a major reorganisation of global oceanic chemical budget, possibly caused by changes in deep ocean circulation. The initiation of northern hemisphere glaciation occurred in the late Miocene with a significant build up of ice on southern Greenland. However, the progressive intensification did not occur until 3.5–3 Ma when the Greenland ice sheet expanded to include northern Greenland. Following this stage we suggest that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia glaciated at 2.75 Ma, approximately 100 ka before the glaciation of Alaska (2.65 Ma) and 200 ka before the glaciation of the North East American continent (2.54 Ma).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02369002
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solitary waves on the surface of a viscoelastic fluid running down an inclined plane (1997)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 36 (1997), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Solitary waves ; viscoelastic fluid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we study the existence and the role of solitary waves in the finite amplitude instability of a layer of a second-order fluid flowing down an inclined plane. The layer becomes unstable for disturbances of large wavelength for a critical value of Reynolds number which decreases with increase in the viscoelastic parameter M. The long-term evolution of a disturbance with an initial cosinusoidal profile as a result of this instability reveals the existence of a train of solitary waves propagating on the free surface. A novel result of this study is that the number of solitary waves decreases with in crease in M. When surface tension is large, we use dynamical system theory to describe solitary waves in a moving frame by homoclinic trajectories of an associated ordinary differential equation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00366819
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental study of solitary waves in a nonlinear transmission line (1973)
    Springer
    Applied physics 2 (1973), S. 129-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: Solitary waves ; Nonlinear wave propagation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Several properties of solitary waves were measured on a nonlinear transmission line. These include the transition from a linear dispersive response into a solitary wave response as the amplitude of a narrow voltage impulse is increased, and an observation of the recurrence phenomena of solitary waves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00883973
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deposition of atmospheric mineral particles in the North Pacific Ocean (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 3 (1985), S. 123-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Annual dust flux ; mineral aerosol ; North Pacific ; spatial distribution ; long-range transport ; Asian dust ; marine sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Total deposition of atmospheric mineral particles (wet plus dry) has been measured during consecutive two-week sampling intervals from January, 1981 to March, 1982 at four island stations (Midway, Oahu, Enewetak, and Fanning) of the SEAREX Asian Dust Study Network in the North Pacific. The total deposition of mineral aerosol during the period from February to June is higher than that during the period from July to January at most of the stations. A systematic geographical trend is apparent in the dust flux, with greater fluxes at higher latitudes. The deposition values are correlated with the atmospheric mineral particle concentrations at these stations. The mineral particles are transported from arid regions in Asia to the North Pacific, and the annual dust deposition to the ocean appears to be dominated by sporadic dust events of short duration. Wet deposition dominates the removal of dust particles from the atmosphere over the North Pacific. The total deposition of atmospheric mineral material to the central North Pacific is estimated to be ∼20×1012 g yr-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00049372
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scavenging of Insoluble Particles from the Marine Atmosphere over the Sub-Arctic North Pacific (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 35 (2000), S. 151-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: rain ; insoluble particle ; scavenging ; North Pacific
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Direct deposition measurements ofatmospheric insoluble particles over the sub-ArcticNorth Pacific indicate that the number of particles(6.4 ± 3.8) × 104 cm-2 per rain eventwas fairly constant compared with the large variationof the precipitation rate, which ranged from 0.16 to18 mm per event for 43 rain days during the period ofMarch–September (total 109 days) 1996. Thissuggests that insoluble particles larger than 0.4 μmin area equivalent diameter are primarilyremoved at the margin of the rainfall area by wetscavenging processes below clouds in the marineatmosphere in sub-Arctic regions. The frequency ofrain events controls the fate of the troposphericaerosols larger than sub-micrometer in diameter. Reflecting the seasonal long-range transport of Asiandust, mineral particles were dominant as insolubleparticles in the spring rains, but carbonaceousparticles were dominant in the summer rains. Theatmospheric deposition of insoluble particles could besignificant as a source of sediment particles over thesub-Arctic North Pacific.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006219028497
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relation between the concentrations of DMS in surface seawater and air in the temperate North Pacific region (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 22 (1995), S. 271-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: dimethyl sulfide ; North Pacific ; outflux of DMS ; turnover time of atmospheric DMS ; OH radicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The concentrations of DMS were simultaneously measured in both water and air at the sea surface on board a vessel during a trans-Pacific cruise around 40° N in August 1988. Those in the surface seawater varied widely with a mean of 162 ng S/1 and a standard deviation of 134 ng S/1 (n=37), but the variation was not a mere fluctuation and the high concentration (376 ng S/1) was found in the area between 145° W and 170° W. The atmospheric DMS concentration varied more widely with a mean value of 177 ng S/m3 and a standard deviation of 203 ng S/m3 (n=23). The diurnal variation of DMS was not significant in the air near the sea surface. However, the concentrations in the surface water was fairly well correlated with those in the surface air. The correlation coefficient (r 2=0.86) was larger than that between the atmospheric concentration and outflux of DMS (r 2=0.64). These findings mean that the turnover time of DMS in the atmosphere is not extremely short. Based on the linear relation between the atmospheric and seawater DMS, the turnover time of the atmospheric DMS has been calculated to be 0.9 days with an uncertainty of around 50%. The oxidation rate agrees fairly well with that expected from the OH radical concentration in the marine atmosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696638
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geographical patterns of allozymic variation in three species of intertidal sculpins (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 20 (1987), S. 203-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Cottidae ; Dispersal ; Electrophoresis ; Gene flow ; Marine fishes ; North Pacific
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis We examined spatial patterns of allozyme variation in three species of intertidal cottids to evaluate how much gene flow occurs between geographically separate populations (most likely via passive dispersal of planktonic larvae by currents). Our results from the analysis of geographical patterns of allele frequencies and, to some extent, from comparison of allele frequencies between newly recruited young and older resident fish are consistent with the notion that sufficient gene flow occurs in these fishes to prevent significant genetic isolation of populations. From these results, we visualize evolutionary changes in populations of these species as occurring most likely over a broad geographic scale, affecting spatially separated but genetically linked populations concurrently, rather than operating independently in individual, genetically isolated populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004955
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative morphology of the feeding basket of five species of Euphausia (Crustacea, Euphausiacea) in the western North Pacific, with some ecological considerations (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 385 (1998), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: morphology ; feeding basket ; Euphausia ; North Pacific
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding basket morphology and stomach content analyses of five Euphausia species (E. recurva, E. nana, E. pacifica, E. mutica and E. similis) were compared to elucidate their feeding ecology. The filter areas of feeding basket of E. pacifica and E. nana were proportionally larger than those of others in the size classes 13-20 mm and 〈13 mm, respectively, suggesting a high filtering efficiency in these species at each size class. Based on the secondary setal distance, it is suggested that there are three types of feeding basket in five Euphausia species. One is the fine mesh (〈5 μm) of E. pacifica and E. nana; a second is the medium (10-20 μm) of E. recurva and E. mutica; and the third is the coarse (20-30 μm) of E. similis. The ability to feed on particles 〈5 μm would give both species, E. pacifica and E. nana, a great advantage over other species when number of flagellates is high. Stomach content analyses indicated a more omnivorous feeding mode in E. mutica, E. recurva and E. similis and a more herbivorous in E. pacifica and E. nana. This is in agreement with morphological studies of feeding baskets. Increments in the primary and secondary setal distances with increasing size of four Euphausia species, except E. pacifica, were evident, reflecting interspecific differences in food particle sizes utilized. In E. pacifica, however, the morphological similarity should produce intraspecific competition in diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003435622123
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative morphology of the feeding basket of five species of Euphausia (Crustacea, Euphausiacea) in the western North Pacific, with some ecological considerations (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 385 (1998), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: morphology ; feeding basket ; Euphausia ; North Pacific
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding basket morphology and stomach content analyses of five Euphausia species (E. recurva, E. nana, E. pacifica, E. mutica and E. similis) were compared to elucidate their feeding ecology. The filter areas of feeding basket of E. pacifica and E. nana were proportionally larger than those of others in the size classes 13-20 mm and 〈13 mm, respectively, suggesting a high filtering efficiency in these species at each size class. Based on the secondary setal distance, it is suggested that there are three types of feeding basket in five Euphausia species. One is the fine mesh (〈5 μm) of E. pacifica and E. nana; a second is the medium (10-20 μm) of E. recurva and E. mutica; and the third is the coarse (20-30 μm) of E. similis. The ability to feed on particles 〈5 μm would give both species, E. pacifica and E. nana, a great advantage over other species when number of flagellates is high. Stomach content analyses indicated a more omnivorous feeding mode in E. mutica, E. recurva and E. similis and a more herbivorous in E. pacifica and E. nana. This is in agreement with morphological studies of feeding baskets. Increments in the primary and secondary setal distances with increasing size of four Euphausia species, except E. pacifica, were evident, reflecting interspecific differences in food particle sizes utilized. In E. pacifica, however, the morphological similarity should produce intraspecific competition in diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003435622123
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations of Solitary Waves in the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer (1998)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 86 (1998), S. 47-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Solitary waves ; Stable boundary layer ; Atmosphere ; Antarctica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Large amplitude, isolated, wave-like phenomena have been observed in the lowest 40 m of the strongly stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer overlying a coastal Antarctic ice shelf. The waves only occur when prevailing wind speeds are low. They always propagate from over the land, with phase speeds exceeding the local mean wind speed. They have wavelengths of the order of 200 m. Several examples are described and a summary of the statistical properties of these waves events is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000555504268
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mid-chain ketocarboxylic acids in the remote marine atmosphere: Distribution patterns and possible formation mechanisms (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 11 (1990), S. 107-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Mid-chain ketoacids ; carboxylic acids ; positional isomers ; organic matter ; lipids ; remote marine aerosols ; North Pacific ; primary productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In remote marine aerosol samples collected from the North Pacific ocean, Enewetak Atoll, American Samoa, and New Zealand, series of mid-chain ketocarboxylic acids in the range of C6-C18 were detected. All the positional isomers, except for the 2-oxo and 3-oxo species, were detected for major ketoacid families (e.g. C9, C11 and C13). Higher ketoacid concentrations (up to 19 ng/m3) were obtained in the northern North Pacific aerosol samples, which generally showed an odd carbon-numbered predominance with 5-oxoundecanoic acid being the major species. By contrast, lower concentrations were obtained in the lower-latitude or subtropical aerosol samples, where even carbon-numbered ketoacids were relatively abundant. The distribution patterns of the odd carbon-numbered ketoacids could not be explained by the primary emissions from source materials including terrestrial higher plants, soil particles, and ocean surfaces. We consider that the isomeric ketocarboxylic acids are produced in the atmosphere by the photochemical oxidation of semi-volatile monocarboxylic acids, which are counterparts of the oxidative degradation of unsaturated fatty acids emitted from seawater surfaces. Atmospheric production of the ketoacids is seemingly enhanced in the northern North Pacific, probably due to an enhanced primary productivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053670
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of222Rn over the north Pacific: Implications for continental influences (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 14 (1992), S. 353-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: North Pacific ; global atmospheric chemistry ; modeling ; radon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The atmospheric distribution of222Rn over the north Pacific is simulated with a three-dimensional chemical tracer model using meteorological input from the NASA-GISS general circulation model (4°×5° resolution). Radon-222 (half-life 3.8 days) is a tracer of continental air. Model results are in good agreement with measurements from ships and aircraft. Strong Asian influence is found throughout the tropospheric column over the north Pacific in spring, reflecting a combination of frequent convection over the continent, strong westerly winds at altitude, and subsidence over the ocean. In summer, the upper troposphere over the north Pacific is heavily affected by deep convection over China; however, Asian influences at the surface are then at their yearly minimum. In winter, strong Asian influence is found near the surface but not at high altitudes. Transport of American air over the Pacific is important only at low latitudes. American sources account for 11% of total222Rn in the model at Midway, 30% at Mauna Loa and 59% at Oahu. Results for Hawaii indicate two seasonal peaks of American influence, one in summer and one in winter. The tropical western Pacific is particularly remote from continental influences year round.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115244
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Latitudinal and Vertical Distributions of Phytoplankton Absorption Spectra in the Central North Pacific during Spring 1994 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 55 (1999), S. 667-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: Phytoplankton absorption spectra ; pigment ; package effect ; North Pacific ; subarctic ; Kuroshio ; subtropical ; equatorial Pacific ; subsurface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Vertical changes of phytoplankton absorption spectra along 175°E from 48°N to 15°S were examined during spring 1994. The absorption spectra were analyzed using three different approaches; averaging the spectra within same oceanic areas, EOF analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Average spectra showed differences in five oceanic areas; subarctic, Kuroshio, subtropical surface, equatorial surface, and subtropical and equatorial subsurface areas. The distributions of the EOF mode of the variance of absorption spectra and of the pigments estimated by the multiple regression analysis indicated consistent differences of the spectra between those areas. Kuroshio water contains highest chlorophyll a concentrations and low chlorophyll-a-specific absorption spectra, and this may be caused by the package effect with large phytoplankton cell and by low concentrations of photo-protected carotenoids. Subtropical and equatorial subsurface water showed high absorption at 480 nm and indicated the effects of chlorophyll b. Absorption of the subsurface phytoplankton also showed a shift of the blue peak, possibly caused by the presence of divinyl-chlorophyll a. The consistency of the three different analytical methods indicates that the phytoplankton absorption includes significant information on pigment composition along a north-south vertical section of the central North Pacific.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007807911865
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    A Preliminary Study of Oceanic Bomb Radiocarbon Inventory in the North Pacific during the Last Two Decades (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 55 (1999), S. 705-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: Oceanic bomb carbon ; North Pacific ; chemical transient tracers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Radiocarbon and total carbonate data were obtained near the 1973 GEOSECS stations in the North Pacific along 30°N and along 175°E between 1993 and 1994. In these stations, we estimated radiocarbon originating from atomic bomb tests using tritium, trichlorofluoromethane and silicate contents. The average penetration depth of bomb radiocarbon during the two decades has deepened from 900 m to 1300 m. Bomb radiocarbon inventories above the average value for the whole North Pacific were found widely in the western subtropical region around 30°N both in the 1970s and 1990s, and its area in the 1990s was broader than that in the 1970s. In most of the North Pacific, while the bomb radiocarbon has decreased above 25.4σθ, the bomb radiocarbon flux below 25.4σθ was over 1 × 1012 atom m-2yr-1 in the subtropical region around 30°N. In the tropical area south of 20°N, the bomb radiocarbon inventory below 25.4σθ increased from zero to over 10 × 1012 atom m-2 during the last three decades. These distributions suggest that the bomb radiocarbon removed from the surface is currently accumulated with bomb 14C flux of over 1 × 1012 atom m-2yr-1 below 25.4σθ in the subtropical region, mainly by advection from the higher latitude, and that part of the accumulated bomb 14C gradually spread southward with about 30 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007868213682
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    Latitudinal Distribution of CO2 Fugacity along 175°E in the North Pacific in 1992–1996 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 55 (1999), S. 655-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: CO2 fugacity ; North Pacific ; SST ; dissolved inorganic carbon ; NOPACCS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In order to examine latitudinal distribution and seasonal change of the surface oceanic fCO2, we analyzed the data obtained in the North Pacific along 175°E during the NOPACCS cruises in spring and summer of 1992–1996. Except for around the equator where the fCO2 was significantly affected by the upwelling of deep water, the latitudinal distribution of fCO2 showed distinctive seasonal variation. In the spring, the fCO2 decreased and then increased going southward with the minimum value of about 300 µatm around 35°N, while in the summer, the fCO2 displayed high variability, showing minimum and maximum values at latitudes of around 44° and 35°N, respectively. It was also found that the fCO2 was well correlated with the SST, but the relationship between the two was different for different hydrographic regions. In the subpolar gyre, the frontal regions between the Water-Mass Front and the Kuroshio bifurcation front, and between the Kuroshio bifurcation front and the Kuroshio Extension current, SST, DIC and TA influenced the seasonal fCO2 change through seasonally-dependent biological activities and vertical mixing and stratification of seawater. In the central subtropical gyre and the North Equatorial current, the seasonal fCO2 change was found to be produced basically by changes in SST and DIC. The summertime oceanic fCO2 generally increased with time over the period covered by this study, but the increased rate was clearly higher than those expected from other measurements in the western North Pacific.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007855810956
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Equatorward Spreading of a Passive Tracer with Application to North Pacific Interdecadal Temperature Variations (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 56 (2000), S. 173-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: North Pacific ; interdecadal variation ; subtropics ; tropics ; subduction process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A simulation is conducted with a realistic ocean general circulation model to investigate the three dimensional spreading of a passive tracer prescribed at the sea surface with the same distribution as the interdecadal sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies observed in the North Pacific. The tracers reaching the equator have the same sign as the major oval-shaped SST anomaly pattern in the central North Pacific but with a magnitude reduced less than 10% of the mid-latitude SST anomaly. The mixing both with the water containing SST anomalies of an opposite sign off the west coast of North America, and with the Southern Hemisphere thermocline water both contribute to the reduced equatorial amplitude. On the way to the equator in the southwestern part of the subtropical gyre, the subducted water is replenished by tracers leaking from the recirculation region to the north. The simulated passive tracer field in the subsurface layers agrees with the observed interdecadal temperature anomalies, suggesting the relevance of the processes studied here to the thermocline variability in the real North Pacific.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011135113079
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  • 20
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    Long nonlinear internal waves (2006)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Annual Reviews, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of Annual Reviews for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 38 (2006): 395-425, doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092129.
    Description: Over the past four decades, the combination of in situ and remote sensing observations has demonstrated that long nonlinear internal solitary-like waves are ubiquitous features of coastal oceans. The following provides an overview of the properties of steady internal solitary waves and the transient processes of wave generation and evolution, primarily from the point of view of weakly nonlinear theory, of which the Korteweg-de Vries equation is the most frequently used example. However, the oceanographically important processes of wave instability and breaking, generally inaccessible with these models, are also discussed. Furthermore, observations often show strongly nonlinear waves whose properties can only be explained with fully nonlinear models.
    Description: KRH acknowledges support from NSF and ONR and an Independent Study Award from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. WKM acknowledges support from NSF and ONR, which has made his work in this area possible, in close collaboration with former graduate students at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and MIT.
    Keywords: Solitary waves ; Nonlinear waves ; Stratified flow ; Physical Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: 1034976 bytes
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    Fukushima Daiichi–derived radionuclides in the ocean : transport, fate, and impacts (2017)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Annual Review of Marine Science 9 (2017): 173-203, doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060733.
    Description: The events that followed the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011, included the loss of power and overheating at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants, which led to extensive releases of radioactive gases, volatiles, and liquids, particularly to the coastal ocean. The fate of these radionuclides depends in large part on their oceanic geochemistry, physical processes, and biological uptake. Whereas radioactivity on land can be resampled and its distribution mapped, releases to the marine environment are harder to characterize owing to variability in ocean currents and the general challenges of sampling at sea. Five years later, it is appropriate to review what happened in terms of the sources, transport, and fate of these radionuclides in the ocean. In addition to the oceanic behavior of these contaminants, this review considers the potential health effects and societal impacts.
    Description: K.B. was supported in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Deerbrook Charitable Trust. P.M. was supported in part by the Generalitat de Catalunya through MERS (grant 2014 SGR 1356), the European Commission 7th Framework COMET-FRAME project (grant agreement 604974), and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (project CTM2011-15152-E). S.C. was supported in part by the French program Investissement d'Avenir run by the National Research Agency (AMORAD project, grant ANR-11-RSNR-0002). D.O. was supported in part by the Center for Environmental Radioactivity (NFR Centers of Excellence grant 223268/F50). J.N.S. was supported in part by the Marine Environmental Observation, Prediction, and Response Network.
    Keywords: Cesium ; Caesium ; North Pacific ; Radioactivity ; Japan
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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