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  • Springer  (184,281)
  • 2000-2004  (173,866)
  • 1945-1949  (10,415)
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  • 1
    Description / Table of Contents: Prof. Dr. -Ing. Wolfgang Spyra Brandenburg University of Technology in Cottbus, Germany The demilitarization and conversion of military properties wor- wide has been a topic of growing importance since the end of the Cold War. The slowing of the arms race brought on by weapons treaties and relaxed tensions between NATO and Warsaw Pact nations caused sto- piles of conventional weapons to become superfluous. The need to process and dispose of such weapons began more quickly in NATO countries. This demilitarization process began shortly after the reunification of Germany and was largely completed by the mid to late 1990’s. The remaining process, no small task in itself, of converting lands formerly used by the military into safe and environmentally acceptable landscapes may continue for decades to come. Due to a lack of resources and technology, the process of demilitarization in the former Warsaw Pact countries has launched more slowly. In 2002 both Georgia and Moldova finished projects which destroyed their stocks of liquid ballistic missile components. Both these projects were carried out through the cooperative support of trans-national organizations, private contractors, and research institutions. The Republic of Azerbaijan now finds itself at the beginning of its demilitarization process. Stored at the country’s military depots are over 2000 tons of missile fuels, oxidizer, and chemical additives. This hazardous waste is kept in tanks intended only for temporary transport and storage.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 148 pages)
    ISBN: 9781402023811
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Keywords: communication ; design ; dynamics ; environment ; network ; physics ; power transmission ; radio ; satellite ; simulation ; technology ; transmission
    Description / Table of Contents: The 17 chapters of this book grew out of the tutorial lectures given by leading world-class experts at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop “Effects of Space Weather on Technology Infrastructure” - ESPRIT, which was held in Rhodes on March 25-29, 2004. All manuscripts were refereed and subsequently meticulously edited by the editor to ensure the highest quality for this monograph. I owe particular thanks to the lecturers of the ESPRIT Advanced Research Workshop for producing these excellent tutorial reviews, which convey the essential knowledge and the latest advances in our field. Due to the breadth, extensive literature citations and quality of the reviews we expect this publication to serve extremely well as a reference book. Multimedia material referring to individual chapters of the book is accessible on the accompanying CD. The aim of ESPRIT was to assess existing knowledge and identify future actions regarding monitoring, forecasting and mitigation of space weather induced malfunction and damage of vital technological systems operating in space and on the ground.
    ISBN: 9781402027543
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Unknown
    London ; New York : Springer
    Decision engineering  
    Keywords: Decision making, Mathematical models. ; Decision making, Methodology.
    Pages: ix, 172 p.
    ISBN: 1-85233-864-4
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  • 4
    Keywords: Semantic Web, Congresses.
    Pages: x, 145 p.
    ISBN: 3-540-25982-1
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  • 5
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  EPIC3Springer, Berlinpp. (Lecture Notes in Mathematics ; 1725) Remark (September 2002): The original edition is now out of print. A slightly revised version (compare `Errata' and `Additions' under: {http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/Modelling/LGCA+LBM/} is availab, Berlin, Springer, 308, 308 p., ISBN: 3-540-66973-6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Lattice-gas cellular automata (LGCA) and lattice Boltzmann models (LBM) are relatively new andpromising methods for the numerical solution of nonlinear partial differential equations. The bookprovides an introduction for graduate students and researchers. Working knowledge of calculus isrequired and experience in PDEs and fluid dynamics is recommended. Some peculiarities of cellularautomata are outlined in Chapter 2. The properties of various LGCA and special coding techniquesare discussed in Chapter 3. Concepts from statistical mechanics (Chapter 4) provide the necessarytheoretical background for LGCA and LBM. The properties of lattice Boltzmann models and amethod for their construction are presented in Chapter 5.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Book , peerRev
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Apis, honey bee, conflict, pheromone, fighting behaviour, colony founding.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Young queens start a new colony either without (independently) or with the help of workers (dependently). When colony reproduction is dependent and young queens are produced in excess, conflicts among queens are predicted to occur. Honey bee colonies reproduce dependently by swarming. The mother queen leaves with a "prime swarm" before daughter queens reach adulthood. Several young queens are produced, and often fight to death after emergence. Surviving queen(s) inherit the established nest or a portion of workers which then depart in an "afterswarm". Honey bee queens show traits considered to be adaptations for fighting and conflict with other queens, such as early venom production and fast development. During fights one of the queens often releases rectal fluid. The function of this "spraying" behaviour is unclear. Possible functions of spraying are to affect worker intervention in fights, to act as a chemical weapon, or to interrupt fights. We staged fights between 24 queen pairs to investigate the temporal pattern of behaviour in spraying and non-spraying fights. Spraying occurred in 67% of the fights, usually upon physical contact, and it resulted in at least temporary separation of the queens in 81% of the spraying fights. Spraying fights were characterized by a significantly lower proportion of time spent in escalated aggression than non-spraying fights and a significantly shorter first escalated bout. This provides quantitative evidence that spraying interrupts fights and suggests that its function is to provide a temporary respite to the spraying queen.
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  • 7
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 42-49 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Aenictus, army ants, ant community, Borneo.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: In a rain forest at the foot of Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo, we observed the food habits of Aenictus laeviceps and A. gracilis and surveyed the effects of A. laeviceps on the general ant community. We collected totals of 2,360 and 6,268 prey units, respectively, from seven A. laeviceps and six A. gracilis colonies; ants constituted 99.9% of all prey units. Dominant prey genera were Camponotus (48.2% in wet weight), Pseudolasius (20.8%), and Polyrhachis (15.2%) in A. laeviceps and Technomymex (52.1%), Paratrechina (22.4%), and Crematogaster (11.9%) in A. gracilis. A. laeviceps primarily hunted larger ground ants with small- or medium-sized colonies; in contrast, A. gracilis frequently foraged on smaller arboreal ants with larger colonies. Of the total wet weight of prey ants, brood constituted 88.7% in A. laeviceps and only 68.7% in A. gracilis. This was probably because workers of A. gracilis were quicker in behavior and hunted adult workers more frequently than A. laeviceps. While 98.5% of the prey units were transported by single workers of A. gracilis, 71.5% were carried by up to 20 A. laeviceps workers. The numbers of ant colonies and species were significantly smaller in laeviceps-raided quadrats than in controls. This was mostly due to the escape of ants that nested under litter and had relatively larger colonies. Large colonies usually influence the foundation and establishment of incipient small colonies.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Colony founding, polymorphism, Myrmicinae, Myrmicaria opaciventris.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The colony ontogeny of Myrmicaria opaciventris was studied by comparing worker number and worker size in foundations with one queen (haplometrosis) or 2 to 6 queens (pleometrosis) and in established colonies. Measurements taken of head width related to scape length showed that the worker caste is weakly polymorphic and exhibits a unimodal size distribution. Classically, the first workers produced in both types of foundations are smaller than those emerging later. Moreover, the worker caste allometry changes with the type of foundation and the age of colony: it varies from a negative allometry for haplometrotic foundations to a stage of isometry in pleometrotic foundations and finally a positive allometry for established colonies. The number of workers produced by the queens is classically larger in pleometrotic than in haplometrotic foundations. However, two uncommon phenomena are described in this species: (1) queen association during colony founding increases their individual fecundity; and (2) the workers produced differ in size and allometry according to the type of foundation.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Meliponinae, monandry, polyandry, relatedness, congregation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Stingless bee queens have for long been assumed to mate once on a nuptial flight, early in life. To evaluate critically monandry in one stingless bee, Scaptotrigona postica, worker offspring (adults or brood) were genetically analysed with microsatellite loci, five of which were developed specifically for the species. Marker loci were highly variable; unbiased estimates of heterozygosity were 〉 0.5. "Foreign" workers, either those having drifted from other colonies (circa 2%) or those of a replacement queen, were identified with the genetic markers and removed from further analysis. Worker genotypes were consistent with some queens having mated once and others having mated with up to six different males. Scaptotrigona postica queens are therefore facultatively polyandrous. Effective mating frequencies, m e , were generally lower than the number of patrilines observed. Relatedness estimates of nestmates from individual colonies concurred with those derived from direct counts of the number of patrilines and their proportional representation. Putative genotypes of a colony's queen and her mates were deduced from those of her workers. Queens were generally not related to their mates. For one polyandrous queen, her six mates were related to each other, possibly because of numerically biased representation of males from different colonies at mating sites. However, males at an aggregation outside a colony came from numerous colonies.
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  • 10
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 76-83 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Leptogenys distinguenda, army ants, raids, emigration.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Field and laboratory observations demonstrate that Leptogenys distinguenda is characterized by typical army ant behavior. Like in the "classical" army ants from the subfamilies Ecitoninae, Dorylinae and Aenictinae, raiding and emigration behavior are closely linked. The direction of raids can be altered in field experiments to a wide extent by offering ample food, suggesting it is highly influenced by the patchiness of prey. The sum of recruitments coming from one direction and the recruitment overrun are primarily responsible for the spatial development and the extension of raids. Emigration frequency can be suppressed by overfeeding a colony in the field. This result is interpreted as a secondary effect of reduced swarming activity, which gets suppressed as well in the same experiment. The discovery of a suitable nest site is considered the proximate stimulus for emigration, and the best explored areas are those that have been most thoroughly raided. As a result, emigrations are likely to lead into areas with high prey densities.
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  • 11
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 92-93 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Oecophylla smaragdina, prey concealment, spatiotemporal patrolling.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Oecophylla smaragdina workers conceal prey with leaves and twigs on discovering large prey on their ground territory. The prey concealment behaviour occurs concurrently with prey capture and killing. Ants were observed conducting spatiotemporal patrolling around large prey. The garden lizard Calotes versicolor and at least two predatory ant species were found to forage in the same area as O. smaragdina. It is suggested that the prey concealment behaviour of Oecophylla may be a strategy to prevent prey detection by vertebrate predators which use vision to prey on similar large prey species.
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  • 12
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 94-95 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Relatedness, swarming, aggregations, migration, Apis dorsata.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Apis dorsata colonies often form dense aggregations, with over 100 colonies sometimes seen in the same tree. Reasons for these aggregations are unknown, but one reasonable hypothesis is that colonies form a related family group. Here we show that 7 adjacent colonies sampled from a single branch of a tree (near Alor Setar in northern peninsular Malaysia) containing over 120 colonies were not related as mother/daughter. Thus the notion that aggregations arise through splitting of the first-arriving colonies can be rejected.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Wasps, swarm-founding, relatedness, queen number, Ropalidia romandi.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Genetical colony structure of an Australian swarm-founding polistine wasp, Ropalidia romandi, was analyzed. Inseminated females with developed ovaries (egg-layers) tended to have larger body size (measured at the median cell of the forewing) than non egg-layers. Two way ANOVA revealed that the difference in body size was related to both the caste and the colony of origin. The genetic relatedness among egg-layers as detected by electrophoresis was 0.336 ± 0.114 (mean ± se), and that among non egg-layers was 0.161 ± 0.035. The inbreeding coefficient among non egg-layers was found to be significantly greater than zero, but this did not seem to play a major part in the increase in relatedness among progeny. The number of effective queens (mothers of new queens) was estimated to be 2.84 per colony. This number is much smaller than the actual counts of queens. This discrepancy is discussed in terms of possibilities that wasps practice cyclical oligogyny, matriline localization within a colony, and genotypic behavioral specialization.
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  • 14
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Formicidae, polydomy, ecology, social structure, rain forest canopy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: We studied 4 polydomous colonies of the giant ant Camponotus gigas living on ca. 5 ha of primary rain forest in Borneo. Colony structure was flexible, comprising between 8 and 14 mostly subterranean nests. During the course of the study some nests were abandoned and others were established. Colonies appeared territorial with nests being connected by trails through the forest canopy. The best studied colony had a territory of 0.8 ha and a population of ca. 7000 workers, distributed unevenly among an average of 11 nests. Workers were bimorphic, majors on average weighed 372 mg and minors 135 mg. The castes differed in the morphology particularly by allometric growth of the head (mean head width 6.93 mm and 3.56 mm).¶Foraging was mainly nocturnal. At dusk large numbers of foragers (between 35 and 2287 left single nests within 75 minutes of the onset of foraging) invaded the canopy, many workers commuting between the canopy and the nests and all returning home by dawn. During the daytime foraging was reduced and was restricted to a much smaller number of workers which roamed the forest floor. C. gigas foragers collected mainly honeydew (90%) with the remainder consisting of insect prey and bird droppings. Hunting success was increased by rainfall. The numbers of foragers in each nest frequently changed naturally, but could be manipulated by altering local food supply.
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  • 15
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 141-146 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Social regulation, liquid food storage, egg production, queen fecundity, larval secretions.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Queens of the pharaoh's ant Monomorium pharaonis (L.), like several other ant species, feed on larval secretions as their main nourishment and their fecundity is positively correlated with the number of large larvae present in the nest. The surplus of secretions produced by larvae is stored in a temporary caste of replete workers, which comprises young workers who remain in the nest and store liquid nourishment. Repletes are characterised by a conspicuously large gaster, caused by large amounts of liquid food stored in the crop, from which it may be regurgitated and distributed among colony members. In this study, repletes of pharaoh's ants were demonstrated to be functioning as buffers, smoothing fluctuations in availability of high quality food to the reproductive queens when larvae are scarce or missing, thus temporarily keeping up the egg production of queens.¶In undisturbed two-queen colonies with 20 large worker larvae and 30 workers (15 young and 15 old workers), approximately 10 repletes developed (one replete per two larvae). Development of older workers into repletes, when some or all repletes had been removed from the colonies, demonstrated that their temporal polyethism exhibits great plasticity in this trait.¶This study confirmed that, in pharaoh's ants, the regulation of fecundity depends not only on the food flow to the queen from larvae or from repletes but also on an unknown larval stimulus.¶The term crop repletes is suggested for replete workers which use their crop to store nourishment, as opposed to fat-body repletes, which store nourishment in their fat body.¶The presence of brood tending crop repletes in nests in several European ant species of Leptothorax, Myrmica, and Lasius, show that repletism is a common trait in ants, and that it may play an important role in regulation of nutrition in ant colonies, as demonstrated in Monomorium pharaonis.
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  • 16
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 158-163 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Dominance hierarchy, linearity, Belonogaster, Polistinae.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Dominance behaviours and the structure of the dominance hierarchy in colonies of Belonogaster juncea juncea are described. The frequency of these behaviours was recorded for each individual by noting "all occurrences of rare behaviours". Among the dominance behaviours recorded, the most frequent was "grappling," which represents 69.8 % of the total number of dominance interactions observed. The overall frequency of dominance behaviours was 0.4 ± 0.36 and 2.99 ± 1.97 per hour per individual in pre- and post-emergence colonies, respectively. The data were submitted to the Appleby test, which shows the hierarchy's highly significant level of linearity. The a female showed the highest frequency of dominance interactions and initiated 81.5 % and 48.8 % of the total dominance interactions observed in pre- and post-emergence colonies, respectively. A weekly record of the frequency of dominance interactions throughout the biological cycle shows that this frequency was highest before or immediately after the disappearance of the dominant female. The most aggressive dominance behaviour (falling fights) was observed only during the weeks after the dominant's departure. This behaviour is thus involved in the establishment of the hierarchy and not in its maintenance, which is accomplished by means of less aggressive behaviours.
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  • 17
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 171-176 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Varroa jacobsoni, Acarapis woodi, colony state, foraging behavior, host selection.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The onset of foraging, proportion of pollen collectors, and weight of pollen loads were compared in individual honey bees (Apis mellifera) infested by zero, one (Acarapis woodi, the honey bee tracheal mite, or Varroa jacobsoni,varroa), or both species of parasitic mites. Phoretic varroa host choice also was compared between bees with and without tracheal mites, and tracheal mite infestation of hosts was compared between bees parasitized or not by varroa during development. The proportion of pollen collectors was not significantly different between treatments, but bees parasitized by both mites had significantly smaller pollen loads than uninfested bees. Mean onset of foraging was earliest for bees parasitized by varroa during development, 15.9 days. Bees with tracheal mites began foraging latest, at 20.5 days, and foraging ages were intermediate in bees with no mites and both, 17.6 and 18.0 days respectively. Phoretic varroa were found equally on bees with and without tracheal mite infestations, but bees parasitized by varroa during development were almost twice as likely to have tracheal mite infestations as bees with no varroa parasitism, 63.9 % and 35.5 %, respectively. These results indicate that these two parasites can have a biological interaction at the level of individual bees that is detrimental to their host colonies.
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  • 18
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 193-197 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Formicidae, Ponerinae, polygyny, gamergate.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Ponerine ants display a number of social structures to which particular behaviours are associated. In the ponerine ant species Gnamptogenys striatula Mayr, queens occur and queenright colonies are functionally polygynous. However, some workers are capable to mate and to produce their own worker offspring. These gamergates appear several days after the queens are experimentally removed, allowing some workers to adopt a sexual calling posture inside the nest. At that time, other workers get outside the nest to collect males in the arena and carry them back into the colony. There, these males are groomed before they can mate with sexual calling workers. As for queens, several gamergates may coexist in a same colony. The social profile of gamergates is similar to those of nurses and they stay closer to the egg piles.
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  • 19
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 188-192 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Queenless ants, relatedness, microsatellites, gamergates, Rhytidoponera sp. 12.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Rhytidoponera sp. 12 is a queenless ponerine ant. Reproduction is only by several to many mated workers (gamergates). Until now there has been no information on the variation in relatedness between colonies of such ants. Here we use data from five highly polymorphic microsatellite markers to determine the intracolony relatednesses of cohabiting gamergates (bgg) collected from five colonies. Contrary to expectations from previous work, cohabiting gamergates are highly related, and colonies were provisionally classified into 2 types based on bgg: Type 1 colonies have full sister gamergates, while in Type 2 colonies gamergates are not full sisters, although still significantly related. The high relatedness observed between nestmate gamergates despite the low relatedness expected on theoretical grounds, the observed low relatedness between unmated nestmates, and the genetic signatures of migration between colonies indicates frequent bottlenecking, such as from colony founding events or catastrophic reductions in the numbers of gamergates per colony.
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  • 20
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Formicidae, thermoregulation, microbial activity, thermal loss, infrared camera.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Relations between nest moisture and daily temperature regime were studied. Two extreme situations were distinguished among the variable patterns of daily temperature regime found. The first one was characterized by increasing temperature during the day and decreasing temperature during the night and was typical for dry nests exposed to sun. The second one was characterized by a lower temperature during the day that increased rapidly during the night. This pattern occurred in moist shaded nests and was less frequent than the first one.¶Patterns of surface nest temperature, which closely correspond with thermal loss, differ between dry and wet nests as well. In dry nests, the temperature decreased during the night on the whole surface in a similar way. In moist nests, the top parts constantly had a high temperature. The average surface temperature during the night was significantly higher in moist than in dry nests, which implies a higher thermal loss in moist nests. Microbial respiration of nest material strongly correlated with nest moisture, which implies a higher microbial heat production in moist nests.¶The results indicated two mechanisms for the maintenance of internal nest temperature. The first one, used in dry nests, is based on a combination of ant metabolic heat production and the isolation properties of a dry nest. The second one, used in moist nests, is based on the metabolic heat production provided by both the ants and the microorganisms in the nest material. These two strategies differ in the pattern of daily temperature fluctuation.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Functional anatomy, imported fire ant, behavioral chemicals, antennal glands, ultrastructure.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The antennae of the higher Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps) have been presumed to be exclusively sensory appendages, although the antennae of a number of the Parasitica also support a variety of glands. Using both SEM and TEM we show the presence of ectodermal glands in the antennae of workers and queens, but not in the males, of the Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. These glands and their associated pores are present on a glabrous proximal region of A9 of the antennae of workers and both A9 and A10 of queens. The pores leading to the bicellular secretory units in the antennae are more numerous on A10 of the queen followed by A9 of workers and in both cases they form a uniform ring around the segment. However, the pores on A9 of the queen are more numerous on the dorsal surface. While a paste-like secretion can sometimes be seen emerging from the pores of workers, this material is commonly seen from the pores of queen antennae. In social Aculeata, antennal glands have previously been found only in males of some vespids. This report, the first for ants and the first for females of social Aculeata, gives evidence for antennal glands in S. invicta.
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  • 22
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 256-262 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Macrotermes, trail pheromones, exploration, foraging, testing device.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: In the galleries of Macrotermes a differentiated effect of communication was observed, by which the outward running termites could apparently distinguish between going to a feeding place or to virgin ground of exploration. The aim of this study was to investigate trail-activity in the two situations and to find out whether pheromone trails may transmit specific information about the destination of a trail.¶A new device was developed in which running termites could build up their pheromone trails in the context of their natural activity. Such trails were then bio-assayed with another independent group of termites of the same colony, also during their natural activity within an experimentally defined context of behaviour.¶In the described laboratory experiments, it was shown, that termites of Macrotermes subhyalinus, circulating between the nest and an arena filled with soil (situation of exploration), always laid pheromone trails on the substrate. If two channels coming out from the nest led into two identical arenas, an asymmetry of activity was often observed towards the two channels. This asymmetry was also found in the trail bio-assay when comparing the two trails. If one of two paths, however, led to a foraging arena, this path became significantly more active. In this situation the trail bio-assay yielded astonishing results: if the test termites were in the process of exploration, the trail, that previously led to the soil arena, appeared to be significantly more attractive than the foraging trail, even though it was less frequented during the phase before testing. On the other hand, if the test termites were part of a foraging population, the trail which led previously to the food was dominant.¶These results show that pheromone trails in Macrotermes subhyalinus may include both quantitative and qualitative components. The reaction to such information on the trail varies depending on the motivational context of the receivers.
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  • 23
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 285-288 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Araneae, Diaea, drone behaviour, nest construction.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Biased sex ratios may alter the contribution that individuals of either sex make to group living. Such a possibility has not been examined in social spiders, in part as adult male spider anatomy and behaviour are focussed on mating. Subadult male behaviour was examined in two congener social crab spiders that have similar ecological niches, Diaea ergandros with an equal sex ratio and D. socialis with a female-biased sex ratio. A laboratory experiment that varied sex ratios of groups of subadults of the two species found that nest construction in D. ergandros did not vary with sex ratio, but that of D. socialis did as males did not contribute to nest construction. This may suggest that among social species, biased sex ratios might influence the appearance of drone-like behaviour.
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  • 24
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 289-291 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Communication, yellowjackets, local enhancement, social learning.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Local enhancement, a simple process of social transmission, occurs in the wasp Vespula germanica. Past studies have focused on the role played by visual rather than odour cues in attracting conspecific foragers to a food source. However, odour is known to be important in insect communication in general and it has been suggested to influence naive forager wasp choice. In this study, we experimentally studied local enhancement in Vespula germanica, discriminating between odour and visual cues. We show that conspecific odour attracts Vespula germanica foraging workers and that this attraction is comparable to that of an attractive bait. We thus conclude that odour may be playing a central role in local enhancement by this social wasp.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Formicidae, worker reproduction, colony structure, microsatellites.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: In addition to a single queen and workers, colonies of the ant Crematogaster smithi from the Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, may contain one or several "large workers". These are specialized for laying viable, unfertilized eggs. However, it is unclear whether in queenright colonies these eggs are all eaten or some of them develop into males. Using microsatellite markers we investigated the genetic structure of colonies of C. smithi. The effective mating frequency of queens is close to one. At least in one of four colonies that contained both a queen and "large workers" and produced males in the laboratory, the genotype of some males suggested worker reproduction.
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  • 26
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 325-332 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Gamergate, Ponerinae, life history, caste, reproduction, dispersal.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Ant workers are very often reproductively degenerate females, but in some species from subfamily Ponerinae, the workers can mate and lay fertilized eggs just like queens (they are then termed "gamergates"). In Harpegnathos saltator, new colonies are founded independently by single queens, and when senescent they are replaced by several gamergates. This secondary polygyny is distinguished by three features: (1) behavioural data indicate that young workers copulate with their brothers, unlike the queens who disperse and mate outside the nests; (2) gamergate colonies produce both male and female sexuals annually; (3) gamergate colonies appear not to fission. Our evidence for the lack of fission is indirect: the nests of H. saltator are unusually elaborate for ponerine ants, and gamergate colonies produce many young queens (at the expense of investing in workers). Queen supersedure results in an extension of colony lifespan, thus making complex constructions possible with a small colony size (65 ± 40 workers in a western Ghats population; N = 59). In turn, these nests represent a valuable resource to be inherited by successive generations of worker offspring. This life history contrasts with that of other ponerine ants having both queens and gamergates (e.g. in Rhytidoponera confusa, nests are simple and short-lived, gamergates are not inbred and their colonies can fission while producing mostly males; Ward, 1981a, 1983a).
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  • 27
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 354-356 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Ants, Attini, mating frequency, polyandry.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Queen mating frequency is correlated with mature colony size across monogynous ant species as a whole. However, recent comparisons between Atta and Acromyrmex leafcutter ants found an opposite trend. We tested whether this result could be reproduced for Atta sexdens, using a new Atta colombica microsatellite marker to analyse queens and worker offspring from six young colonies. We found that all queens had mated multiply and used sperm from at least 2-3 males. This result is comparable to previous findings for Atta colombica and seems to confirm that queen mating frequency in Atta is lower than in Acromyrmex.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Amino acid composition, oral secretion, nest material, social evolution, Polistes chinensis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Amino acid composition of protein in oral secretion, which is widely used for construction and maintenance of social wasp nests, was analyzed in pre-emergence nests of Polistes chinensis. More than 20 amino acids were detected from field and laboratory nests, among which glycine, serine, alanine, valine and proline were major amino acids in all samples analyzed. The amino acid composition was very similar among various nest parts, and between field and laboratory nests. Foundresses of P. chinensis produce essentially similar kinds of oral secretion despite variation in their nest sites and in the environment around their nests. The composition of P. chinensis is similar to those so far known among other Polistes species, while different in intergenus comparisons. Amino acid composition of protein in oral secretion may reflect phylogenetical relationships among wasps. The chemical nature of oral secretion, especially the presence of proline in its amino acids, as well as the quantity of secretion production may play an important role to harden their nests. Wasps live their social life on nests which are maintained by such secretion characteristics.
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  • 29
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 155-157 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Polistes, geographic distribution, colonization, adaptability.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Polistes dominulus, a common Polistes species with Old World distribution, is now invading the United States. We discuss those characteristics of P. dominulus that may explain its successful establishment in its new American environment. A versatile diet, the ability to colonize new environments and a short development time of the immature brood might have played an important role in the rapid spread in P. dominulus.
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  • 30
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 212-219 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Nestmate recognition, Polistes dominulus, pheromones.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Individual recognition cues were manipulated to elucidate the system of nestmate recognition employed by the introduced European paper wasp, Polistes dominulus. Tests involved exposing P. dominulus individuals to their natal nest material, to which we added a novel hydrocarbon, pentacosanoic acid methyl ester, or exposing them to the artificial odor alone. Results show that P. dominulus (1) performs nestmate discrimination, (2) can use artificial exogenous chemicals as recognition odors, and (3) can distinguish single differences in hydrocarbon profiles. Taken individually, these experiments provide evidence revealing the nature of the production and action components of recognition. Taken together, these results establish that recognition takes place outside the classical definition of a pheromone-based system.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Reproductive conflict, oogenesis, trophic eggs, age, queen signalling.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: A single queen reproduces in the colonies of the ponerine ant Pachycondyla apicalis (87 ± 75 workers, n = 85; Fresneau, 1994). Although the castes are only weakly dimorphic, the workers cannot mate and are restricted to producing males. In five queenright colonies, workers laid trophic eggs only and had low levels of ovarian activity. Trophic eggs differ morphologically from reproductive eggs, and are immediately offered to the queen who eats them. In one orphaned colony, a proportion of workers laid reproductive eggs only. Another colony was divided with a double mesh, and after 11 days, workers lacking direct contact with the queen also began to lay reproductive eggs. The age of almost all workers was known in this colony, and their ovarian activity was correlated with age both in the presence and absence of the queen. Our data suggest that the putative queen pheromone is transmitted by close-range contact. The queen walks regularly around the nest, which could be a means of transmitting her signal. Importantly, workers in another two queenright colonies interacted aggressively and laid reproductive eggs, revealing the occasional existence of direct competition for male production between the castes.
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  • 32
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 241-248 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Leaf-cutting ants, carbon dioxide, nest ventilation, colony growth, respiration.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Microclimatic conditions in the giant nests of the leaf-cutting ant Atta vollenweideri were experimentally examined to address the question whether increasing concentrations of the respiratory gases affect colony respiration. Measurements of CO2 concentrations of less than 2.8% at different depths inside mature field nests indicated good ventilation, even at 2 m depth. Passive ventilation was driven by wind and promoted by the shape of the nest. It did not influence nest temperature nor relative humidity. During rain and flooding, small colonies closed all nest openings to protect the nest from excessive water influx and damage. Measurements in a small nest indicated that, as a consequence of closure, the Co2 concentration increased rapidly. This situation was simulated in the laboratory, using a small colony of Atta sexdens as a model system. Colony respiration rates were shown to be reduced as a function of increasing CO2 concentration. Based on literature data on ant respiration, it is suggested that the respiration of the symbiotic fungus was reduced, and not that of the ants. Since the brood of leaf-cutting ants feeds exclusively on the fungus, reduced nest ventilation and its effects on respiration rates may compromise colony growth. While mature nests provide the colony with good microclimate under all weather conditions during summer, developing colonies are confronted with a tradeoff between minimizing the risk of inundation and assuring adequate gas exchange inside their nests.
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  • 33
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Apis mellifera, evolution, honeybee, performance, polyandry.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Colony size, honey yields and colony levels of infestation with Varroa jacobsoni of 30 queenright honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies with naturally mated queens were evaluated over a two-year period. Workers taken from each colony were genotyped at four DNA-microsatellite loci to determine the level of polyandry. All queens mated with more than 10 drones (mean number of observed patrilines = 17.7 ± 5.23). We found significant correlations between colony size and honey yield and between colony sizes of two subsequent years. Analyses of variance revealed a strong impact of the breeding lines on the tested phenotypic traits. The impact of polyandry on colony honey yields was weak (p 〈 0.05, not significant when applying a Bonferroni adjustment) and 8% of the phenotype was determined by the effect of polyandry. The contribution of polyandry to colony size (0.25%) or levels of infestation with Varroa jacobsoni (0.09%) was even weaker in both test years. Likewise, we could not find any averaging effect of polyandry on the honey yield, size nor parasite load of honeybee colonies. Our data set does not resolve the question, whether polyandry and genetic diversity causes more productive colonial phenotypes. If colony level selection is an evolutionary force for polyandry, the effects are hard to detect in man-kept colonies headed by naturally mated queens.
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  • 34
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 292-296 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Bee survival, hazard rate plotting, increasing hazard rate, survivorship, Weibull distribution.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The statistical distribution of lengths of time (for example, of the survival of bees) is often of interest. This paper describes graphical methods that are appropriate for such data, which typically have a skewed distribution. These methods throw light on the hypothesis of whether hazard rate is constant. Data published by Visscher and Dukas (1997) appear to show increasing hazard rate.
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  • 35
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 313-316 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Formicidae, Bromeliaceae, Monte Carlo methods, randomisation, commensalism.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Four species of epiphytic tank bromeliads on an island in the Orinoco river in Venezuelan Amazonia were inhabited by 13 ant species from four subfamilies. None of these ant species are known as specialised plant-ants. A Monte Carlo randomisation test showed that ants were randomly distributed among host plants: (1) there was no association between particular ant species and bromeliad species, and (2) there was no vertical stratification of the ant community between bromeliads sampled on the ground and at two height classes in trees. This contrasts with the few published data on the distribution of ants on terrestrial myrmecophytes and epiphytes, respectively, to which we applied the same analytical method.
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  • 36
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 302-306 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Honey bees,trophallaxis, nectar storage, communication, marking techniques, ELISA.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The flow of incoming nectar in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies was simulated by feeding a sucrose solution labeled with a novel protein (rabbit IgG) marker and then analyzing bee and colony samples using an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). The labeled sucrose solution was quickly transported to food storage and brood combs. Within 2h, equal percentages of worker bees from food storage combs, nurse bees and nectar samples tested positive for the marker. Percentages of nurse bees and larvae testing positive also were equal within the first 2 h of feeding it to a colony and these percentages increased over time. Our results suggest that workers with nectar loads deposit them into cells on either food storage or brood comb with equal frequency. The labeled sucrose solution transported to the brood comb is subsequently used by nurse bees to feed larvae. How the deposition of incoming nectar in brood comb might possibly integrate the activities of foragers and nurse bees is discussed.
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  • 37
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 333-336 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Austroplebeia, worker reproduction, mating, stingless bee, Meliponini.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Two DNA microsatellite markers were used to assess the effective number of mating and the maternity of males in two colonies of Austroplebeia australis (Hymenoptera, Meliponini). In both colonies, the worker genotypes indicated that a single male had inseminated the queens, and the male genotypes indicated that the queens had produced the majority of the males sampled. These results are contrary to the widespread idea that workers would reproduce more readily in monandrous colonies. Possibly, alternative mechanisms such as queen policing, which hinders worker reproduction, might be evolved within this stingless bee taxon.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Monogyny, Myrmica ruginodis complex, orphaned colony, reproductive strategy, worker reproduction.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The reproductive strategy between queen-right and orphaned colonies of Myrmica kotokui was compared. The ratio of orphaned colonies reached about 30 percent in the field. Although colony size was significantly smaller in orphaned colonies, the mean body size and mean ovariole length of the workers were significantly larger than those in queen-right colonies. The reproductive individuals in orphaned colonies were also significantly larger than those in queen-right colonies. Only 38.5 % of the orphaned colonies, however, contained eggs during the reproductive season, compared to 100 % of the queen-right colonies. This indicates that worker reproduction under natural conditions is relatively low, even in orphaned colonies.
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  • 39
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 357-363 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Fungus, Macrotermes bellicosus, Macrotermitinae, metabolism, mound structure.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Termites are well known for their ability to regulate the environment of their nest such as temperature and humidity. The influence of fluctuating ambient temperature and mound characteristics on mean nest temperature and daily fluctuation of nest temperature was analysed quantitatively in the fungus-cultivating, mound-building termite Macrotermes bellicosus (Macrotermitinae) in the savanna of the Comoé National Park (Côte d'Ivoire). Additionally, the nest temperatures of inhabited and uninhabited mounds were compared to analyse the contribution of ambient temperature to nest temperature in relation to metabolic heat production of the termites and their fungi. Mound structure alone resulted in a relatively constant nest temperature. Abiotic heat production via solar radiation alone yielded nest temperatures that corresponded to mean ambient temperatures. However, only the production of metabolic heat by the termites and the fungi increased these temperatures to the actual nest temperature. Therefore, and due to the high heat capacities of the mounds, large colonies (mound height above 2.0 m) had higher nest temperatures than smaller ones. Only large colonies attain constant nest temperatures of 30 °C that are largely independent from ambient temperatures and optimal for the growth and development of the termites and their fungi.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Ant-plant interaction, Attini, cerrado vegetation, foraging behavior.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: In this study we identified the material collected as fungal substrate by attine ants in the cerrado vegetation of Southeast Brazil. A total of 313 colonies of the evolutionary more primitive (genera Cyphomyrmex, Mycetarotes, Mycocepurus, Myrmicocrypta) and transitional attines (genera Sericomyrmex and Trachymyrmex) were marked in the field and monitored monthly, during one year. Attines collected material from 53 plant species in 28 families. Items included leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, wood, mosses, lichens, insect feces and corpses. Flowers and fruits were the items most frequently collected by all genera, especially during the wet season when these plant parts are more abundant in the cerrado. During the dry season, the ants diversified the material collected, and the frequency of different items varied across the ant genera. The most primitive genera collected mainly insect feces and corpses, while the intermediate ones relied on vegetative plant parts such as recently fallen leaflets. Seeds and other materials such as mosses, lichens, and wood were also more commonly used during dry months. The use of these resources was associated with greater foraging distances by all genera in dry months. The results indicate that lower attines present an opportunistic foraging behavior, by collecting items in the vicinity of their nests, and in accordance with the phenology of the cerrado vegetation. We briefly discuss some general evolutionary trends within the Attini.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Termite colonies, caste composition, Termitida, Macrotermes natalensis, Kruger National Park.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: This paper reports on the number of individuals in Macrotermes natalensis (Hav.) colonies of different sized mounds in the northern Kruger National Park. Mounds were fully excavated, termites collected by means of vacuuming, and colony size estimated by sub-sampling. The proportion of termites in the mound (above and underground sections) amounts to more than 70 % of the colony; the rest being present in the surrounding soil (excavated beyond mound perimeter). It was estimated that, on average, small mounds contain more than 5000, medium mounds more than 45000, and large mounds more than 200000 individual termites. A highly significant relationship between total individuals (N) and mound height (h) was found, given by lnN = 7.893 + 1.093h (r = 0.92). Highly significant correlations (r s 〉 0.90) were found between and within caste numbers, and their respective ratios given. The proportion of soldiers was found to change as colonies grew larger.
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  • 42
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 133-140 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Rhytidoponera, ants, gamergate, trophic eggs, nestmate interactions.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Rhytidoponera sp. 12 is a polygynous Australian arid-zone queenless ponerine ant with morphologically identical mated workers (gamergates) and unmated workers. Discriminating gamergates from virgin workers in R. sp. 12 is therefore difficult. All females have functional ovaries and spermatheca. The ability of unmated workers to lay trophic eggs has not been reported. In four R. sp. 12 colonies we found that gamergates have tough reddish-brown cuticle differing from that of the dark brown unmated workers. Gamergates were successfully identified by combining this observable morphological difference with previously described behavioural traits thus eliminating the need of identification through dissection. In a laboratory-kept colony gamergates showed mutual tolerance. Egg-shuffling behaviour by gamergates was observed. A high proportion of unmated workers laid trophic eggs that were either cannibalised or shared between nestmates; larvae were observed to feed exclusively on these trophic eggs. Eggs laid by gamergates were sometimes eaten, although the majority of these were deposited onto egg piles carried by unmated workers. Oophagy of viable eggs by gamergates may represent a form of dominance behaviour or, together with egg-shuffling, a behaviour to resist manipulation by less fecund gamergates. Removing gamergates from three colonies led to oocyte development in some unmated workers, indicating that ovarian development in virgin workers may be reduced in the presence of gamergates.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Polistinae, social wasps, dominance hierarchy, reproductive capacity, body size.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Pre-nesting foundresses of Belonogaster petiolata (Degeer) displayed a continuous variation in body size and ovarian development, wherein the majority (96%) of females possessed well-developed or developing ovaries. The latter indicates that most foundresses, including those that ultimately become subordinates in multiple-foundress colonies, have the potential to lay eggs when they first initiate or join nests. Relatively small differences in ovarian development between associated females at the start of the nesting season became pronounced over the course of the pre-emergence and early pre-matrifilial period concurrently with the differentiation of their roles as queens or subordinates. In pre-matrifilial colonies, ovarian development of queens was significantly greater than that of subordinates. Dominance rank and ovarian development among subordinates in pre-matrifilial colonies were not correlated, probably due to advanced ovarian regression in these females. The majority (96.5%) of foundresses from three successive nesting seasons were inseminated and would therefore have been capable of laying female-producing (i.e. worker- and queen-destined) eggs. Although queens of B. petiolata were not significantly larger than subordinates, they were the largest females in 41% of colonies. Similarly, β-foundresses were larger on average than γ-foundresses. This indicates that body size may contribute to social and reproductive dominance, but is probably of secondary importance compared with hormonal and nutritional factors. These and previously published findings from B. petiolata suggest that the fitness benefits of associating with other foundresses during colony foundation may be largely mutualistic, and favoured by individual selection in addition to kin selection.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Brood care, colony age, demography, foraging, polyethism, thermoregulation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: We quantified the relationships of colony-level factors (number of workers and colony age) with task performance by workers of the bumble bee Bombus bifarius. Worker's age of first foraging decreased as their colonies aged, which may have caused the observed decrease in worker longevity with colony age. Daily variation in colony nectar foraging rates was related to the number of active foragers, while pollen foraging rates corresponded more strongly with variation in numbers of adult workers. Rates of brood care behavior decreased as the colonies aged, but rates of thermoregulatory behavior (incubation and fanning) did not decrease over time. We conclude that rates of performing some tasks (pollen foraging, brood care) were largely determined by changes in colony demography or correlated variables, while rates of performance of other tasks (nectar foraging, thermoregulation) depended more on external environmental conditions. Most workers switched between two foraging tasks (pollen and nectar collection) and among several in-nest tasks. However, some foragers specialized by focusing their effort on either nectar or pollen. Other workers specialized on in-nest tasks by performing thermoregulatory behavior (incubation and fanning) at significantly higher rates than their nestmates. The task specialists contributed disproportionate amounts of labor to their colonies. Task specialization indicates that workers were not identical in their responses to variation in colony need.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Varroa jacobsoni, pollen, honey bees, Apis mellifera, temporal polyethism.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The influence of colony pollen storage and pupal infestation by the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni on worker longevity, foraging age, and behavior were investigated in the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. Workers reared in colonies with low pollen stores began foraging at younger ages and may have had shorter lifespans than workers reared in colonies with high pollen availability. Similarly, workers began foraging at younger ages and had shorter lifespans when they had been infested by V. jacobsoni as pupae. The decrease in foraging age and possibly lifespan caused by the pupal infestation was offset by the colony's pollen environment during brood rearing. Therefore, temporal task schedules are affected by both colony investment and parasitism by V. jacobsoni during brood rearing.
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  • 46
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 183-187 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Artificial insemination, Bombus, bumblebee breeding, multiple mating.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Artificial insemination (AI) is a technique to transfer instrumentally sperm from the male into the female's reproductive system. AI is widespread in vertebrates for economical animal breeding and for conservation biology. However, in invertebrates only a few cases of successful AI have been reported. In this paper we describe a new technique to artificially inseminate bumblebee queens (Bombus spp.). Males were dissected and the accessory testes were removed and washed in insect ringer. They were then opened and the outflowing sperm was picked up with a glass capillary mounted on a syringe. For the sperm transfer into the queen we adapted a standard apparatus used for honeybee inseminations. The queen was anaesthetized with CO2, held in place by a queen holder and the sting chamber was opened using two hooks. The sperm containing glass capillary was introduced into the queen's sexual tract. The sperm was released into the bursa copulatrix very near the opening of the spermathecal duct of the queen. Inseminated queens were hibernated for 2 weeks and produced a normal colony under field conditions. Multiple inseminations proved to be successful since different patrilines could be detected in the worker offspring. Successful inseminations were performed for B. terrestris, B. lucorum and B. hypnorum.
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  • 47
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 198-199 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Task partitioning, excavation, emigration, refuse disposal.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Ratnieks and Anderson (1999) recently reviewed task partitioning in insect societies. They collated numerous examples of partitioned tasks involving the collection and transportation of colony resources to the nest. However, no non-foraging examples were known. Here we report task partitioning in excavation, emigration, and refuse disposal. We also report an example of task partitioning without strong division of labour.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Atta sexdens, leaf-cutting ants, Neodohrniphora, parasitism, Phoridae.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Because the size of Atta spp. along foraging trails is partly determined by the characteristics of the plants harvested, and considering that parasitic phorid flies are attracted mostly to large individuals, we hypothesized that plant toughness affects the susceptibility of Atta spp. to these parasitoids. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated parasitism rates of the phorid Neodohrniphora sp. and its effect on Atta sexdens (L.) foragers in a laboratory colony. We manipulated forager size by alternating tough (Anthocephalus chinensis, Rubiaceae) and tender (Rosa chinensis, Rosaceae) plants given to the colony. Ants foraging on tough leaves were larger than ants foraging on soft leaves, and there was a significant reduction in forager size for both plants when the colony was exposed to Neodohrniphora sp. However, there were no relative differences on forager size between the two plants after the introduction of the parasitoid. The lack of response of Neodohrniphora sp. to the increase in ant size when the colony was given tough leaves may be attributed to the unusually large number of suitable hosts in a laboratory colony. However, large foragers are much less abundant in the field, in which case shifts in the size of the workforce triggered by different substrates could affect the incidence of parasitism.
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  • 49
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 249-255 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Reproduction, size-based demography, size thresholds, mating flights, Pogonomyrmex.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: We report data from a four-year field study on the relationship between colony size and reproduction in the western harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis. In all years, the likelihood of reproduction significantly increased with increasing size in both field censuses during naturally-occurring mating flights and experimentally-watered colonies whose entire reproductive output was collected. However, the total amount of reproductive biomass was unrelated to colony size. We describe the size threshold for reproduction in P. occidentalis and show that it varies across years. Once colonies become reproductively mature, they reproduce consistently although not in every year. We describe a method for collecting the entire reproductive output for desert ants whose reproductive flights are cued by rainfall.
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 280-284 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Queen polymorphism, wing reduction, dispersal, Monomorium.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The Australian ant Monomorium sp.10 exhibits a queen polymorphism with initially winged gynomorphs and wingless intermorphs. Female sexuals eclosing from brood produced by a gynomorphic queen are always winged, whereas offspring of intermorphic queens consists of both winged and wingless female sexuals. The exchange of brood between colonies suggests that queen morph is determined either genetically or by a maternal effect. We discuss the occurrence of genetically based queen polymorphism in ants and its ecological significance.
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Eusocial, photoperiod, temperature, behavioural phenotypes, social evolution, Halictidae.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: We compare the behaviour of daughters of Evylaeus albipes females from eusocial populations from the West of France with those from a non-eusocial population from the East of the country. When non-eusocial population females are placed in the laboratory under day lengths and temperature conditions similar to those experienced by eusocial foundresses under natural conditions, all five produced a brood of males and overwintering daughters with no workers. When 18 nests were initiated by non-eusocial foundresses under short summer daylengths but warmer than normal temperatures, two produced one worker amongst overwintering female and male brood. Both worker-producing non-eusocial females were from the warmest of the eastern localities. When foundresses of the social population are placed under day length conditions typical for the non-eusocial population but with temperature conditions that are intermediate between the two, all five produced at least one worker. Similarly, if the first brood produced by social foundresses is removed, they raise another brood that contains workers whereas non-eusocial population foundresses who have their first brood removed produce a second brood of overwintering females (although one foundress, again from the warmest of the non-eusocial localities, produced one worker in each of two broods, also with males and overwintering females). We conclude that i) non-eusocial foundresses do not readily produce workers under long summer conditions; ii) the lack of worker production by most non-eusocial population females is not because they cannot produce two broods, but because they have a tendency not to produce workers; iii) eusocial population daughters will become active without diapausing in the presence of any other female - even of the closely related E. calceatus, unless the first individual to eclose is the smallest and iv) social population foundresses are incapable of producing overwintering females without the help of workers. These data show an interesting combination of flexibility and constraint on social behaviour in these bees.
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 201-211 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Apis, Bombus, Chrysomelidae, Formicidae, Halictinae, parasitoids.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The larvae of mutillid wasps are parasitoids of insect host stages which are not actively feeding and are enclosed in some sort of package (cell, cocoon, puparium). The literature dealing with mutillids living in association with eusocial insects is surveyed and evaluated, and some new host records are provided. Relatively few mutillid species are involved despite the potential for prolific reproduction on social hosts. The problems faced by such parasitoids are greater than those encountered when using solitary hosts. Several species of mutillids parasitise social halictine bees, a few parasitise bumble bees and a few occasionally attack honey bees; a few are parasitoids of commensals or symbionts of ants. Their possible occurrence in the nests of other eusocial insects is briefly discussed.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Hornets, mating, nest initiation, overwintering, Vespa crabro.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Laboratory rearing of wasps was studied in the European hornet Vespa crabro. Males (N = 10) and gynes (N = 13) were obtained from two field-caught colonies. Mating took place in cages (mean number of 1.31 ± 0.63 matings per gyne) and overwintering in a cool room at 10 °C. Five gynes survived and one queen successfully established a nest that produced sexuals. This is first time that the entire colony life cycle of V. crabro has occurred in captivity. The technique will be useful in vespine research as well as in conservation and breeding programs.
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 307-312 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Honey bees, nest-mate recognition, kinship, queen rearing.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Most studies of discrimination in the context of queen rearing have been performed in spring or summer, but the influence of environmental conditions on nepotism in honeybees has not received attention. Our experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that restricted resources influence honeybee workers to express a bias towards rearing related larvae more strongly than under favorable conditions. Three experimental designs were employed. In the first experiment, larvae were grafted using standard commercial techniques for rearing queens. Nurse bees were presented with sister larvae and alien larvae placed each in a cup, side by side in alternating positions. In the second experiment, nurse bees were offered the choice between sister or alien larvae placed in the same cup. The third experiment was similar to the first except that the objective was to harvest and weigh the accepted larvae and the remaining royal jelly. This study demonstrates that our colonies did not display nepotism in the context of queen rearing, whatever the season.
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 348-350 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Leaf-cutting ant, humidity, fungus culturing, nest climate, choice.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The hygropreference of gardening workers of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa was investigated in the laboratory using a gradient of relative humidity. Gardening workers were placed, together with pieces of fungus garden, in small, interconnected nest chambers offering four different relative humidities: 33 %, 75 %, 84 % and 98 % RH. Workers were allowed to move freely between them and to relocate the fungus following their humidity preference. While workers distributed themselves randomly in the nest chambers, they located the fungus gardens in the chamber with the highest humidity. These results indicate that gardening workers are able to sense differences in relative humidity, and that this ability is shown when they are engaged in fungus culturing. Humidity is discussed as one of the relevant variables that probably underlay the evolution of regulatory responses for the control of fungus growth in leaf-cutting ants.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Army ants, hypogaeic, Dorylinae, novel method.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: A new method employing palm oil as bait was developed for studying the distribution and ecology of subterranean army ants. In SE Asia the hypogaeic army ant Dorylus laevigatus was found to be very common in both forested and open environments. More than 10000 workers were found at individual baits. The workers cooperatively dig a three-dimensional tunnel network into the soil. Over a period of 72 days no emigrations of D. laevigatus could be detected, a first indication of a facultatively stationary way of life in this ant. Encounters with Pheidologeton silenus about food resources were observed. In feeding experiments D. laevigatus readily took a variety of arthropods and annelids but ignored starch containing vegetables as food. The rare hypogaeic D. (Alaopone) cf. vishnui could be collected for the first time in India and Sri Lanka. Also the epigaeic D. (Anomma) nigricans from Africa were found to be attracted to palm oil. The oil-method thus provides the opportunity to detect and monitor populations of army ants of the genus Dorylus in tropical and subtropical habitats.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Polyandry, Apis mellifera subspecies, population genetics, microsatellite loci.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Mating frequencies in two related honeybee subspecies Apis mellifera monticola and A. m. scutellata were compared using a set of five microsatellite loci in order to discriminate among the major factors which have affected the evolution of extreme polyandry. We found that the queens of eight A.m. monticola colonies collected from an apiary in Malawi, mated 5-19 times producing an average relatedness among workers of 0.328 ± 0.049. The six A.m. scutellata colonies collected from an apiary in South Africa displayed a significantly larger degree of polyandry, i.e. queens mated 10-25 times and the genetic relatedness among nestmates was 0.283 ± 0.020. The difference in the degree of polyandry observed between the populations suggests that socially based selective pressures are not of primary importance in the evolution of extreme polyandry but that ecological selective pressures play a more significant role. However, exploring the relative contributions of these factors to the variation in levels of polyandry will require the use of colonies in which the level of polyandry is experimentally controlled.
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    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 383-389 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Size polymorphism, exocrine glands, defence, trail, harvester ants.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Though harvester ants are closely similar in ecology, species differ in their worker size polymorphism as well as in the glandular source of their trail pheromones and defensive compounds. In the harvester ant Messor barbarus, we find that the recruitment trail pheromone is located in the Dufour gland, while defence-alarm substances are produced in the poison gland. We also investigated how the glandular development and the ethological response to these abdominal glands are related to worker body size. For both glands, M. barbarus workers show monophasic and nonisometric growths with slopes of allometric regression lines lower than 1. The highest trail-following response is elicited by the Dufour gland secretion from media workers, responsible for most foraging activities in M. barbarus. Aggressive behaviour is more frequently observed in the presence of poison gland secretions from medium and large-sized workers. Differences between species and between worker size classes in the ethological role of sting associated glands are discussed in relation to the foraging ecology and defensive characteristics of harvester ants.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 8-18 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The vertical temperature gradient for selectet stations shows an annual variation which cannot be explained by the diurnal variation of temperature. The annual variation of temperature at fixed levels in the lower layers of atmosphere shows a trend opposite to these variations at fixed elevations in the middle layers. This fact indicates that the troposphere cannot be regarded as a layer of uniform structure. The interdiurnal variations of pressure and temperature for the individual levels and their opposite trend compel us to postulate within the troposphere a lower layer as has been observed before in various occasions and then called the layer of disturbation. It is possible to generalize these observations and to conceive of the lower layer as a planetary phenomenon and as the ground layer of the atmosphere.
    Abstract: Riassunto Il gradiente termico verticale presenta una variazione annuale che non può venir spiegata con la variazione diurna della temperatura. La variazione annuale della temperatura a livelli determinati nei bassi strati dell'atmosfera rivela un andamento opposto a quello che si riscontra negli strati centrali della troposfera. I due fatti dimostrano che la tropofera non può venir considerata come uno strato avente struttura uniforme. Le variazioni interdiurne della pressione e della temperatura nei singoli strati verticali ed il loro comportamento inverso conducono all'esistenza di uno strato inferiore in seno alla troposfera, già prima occasionalmente osservato e definito strato di perturbazione. Simili osservazioni sono atte a venir generalizzate in quanto questo strato inferiore è concepibile come fenomeno planetärio e come strato base dell'atmosfera.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der vertkkale Temperaturgradient hat bei ausgewahlten Stationen einen jährlichen Gang, der nicht durch den täglichen Temperaturgang erklärbar ist. Die jährliche Temperaturschwankung in Abhängigkeit von der Höhe zeigt ein gegenläufiges Verhalten zwischen den unteren und den mittleren Schichten der Troposphäre. Beide Erscheinungen weisen darauthin, dass man die Troposphäre nicht als eine Schicht von einheitlichem Aufbau ansehen kann. Die interdiurnen Anderungen von Druck und Temperatur in den einzelnen Höhenschichten und ihr gegenläufiges Verhalten zwingen dazu eine untere Schicht in der Troposphäre auszusondern, die scho gelegentlich früher beobachtet und dann als Störungsschicht bezeichnet wurde. Diese Beobachtungen sind aber einer Verallgemeinerung fähig, indem diese untere Schicht als planetarische Erscheinung aufzufassen und als Grundschicht der Atmosphäre zu kennzeichnen ist.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The exceptional thermic conditions of the winter 1946–47 and the summer 1947 are discussed. These conditions do not mean a change of the climate of Western Europe. They concide with a period of intensive solar activity. Generally narrow connexion are present between periods of large (small) variability of the climate and large (small) solar activity.
    Notes: Résumé Les conditions thermiques exceptionelles de l'hiver 1946–47 et de l'été 1947 sont discutées en déduisant que cela ne signifie pas un changement de climat pour l'Europe occidentale: en effet, il s'agit seulement d'une coincidence avec une période d'intense activité solaire, y ayant en général une correspondance entre les époques de grande (ou petite) variabilité du climat et les périodes de forte (ou faible) activité solaire.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 23-52 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The purpose of the experiments described in this paper was to investigate the conditions of propagation of a transmitter situated below the surface of the ground. This problem is of interest to both radio engineers and geophysicists. By determination of the extinction and reflection areas of electrical discontinuity may be located. The experiments were carried out in German potassic salt mines. Rocks of potassic salts are known as very bad conductors. Therefore the extinction is but very little. In this area ranges up to 14 kilometres were reached. This is the greatest range obtained up to now under the surface of the ground. The investigations were carried out with different wave lengths from 10 up to 2000 metres. The influence of geological discontinuities, alkaline deposits and disturbed areas was always very great. The author mentions that the above ranges could certainly still be considerably increased by application of all technical means available at present.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1) Die Versuche fanden in den Gruben Hannovers, des Werragebietes und des Südharzes statt. 2) Die Untersuchungen erstreckten sich über das ganze praktisch in Betracht kommende Wellenband, angefangen von den Meterwellen bis in den 1000 Meter-Bereich. 3) Im Zuge der Untersuchungen konnten die bisher grössten, unter Tag überhaupt erzielten Reichweiten erreicht werden. Die grösste Reichweite wurde zwischen zwei Hannoverischen Gruben erzielt und betrug bei 14 Kilometer. 4) Frequenz und geologische Faktoren sind stets von Einfluss. 5) Die Versuche zeigen, dass unter Kalilagerstätten Funkmutungsverfahren nach dem Reflexions- und Refraktionsprinzip für grössere Aufschlussteufen möglich sind. 6) Die Versuche haben alle Voraussetzungen des Grubenfunks so weit geklärt, dass dessen praktischer Einführung nichts im Wege steht.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 108-112 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 105-107 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 121-126 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die in Uppsala registrierte Bodenunruhe ist für die Zeit 1907–1947 betreffs langperiodischen Schwankungen untersucht worden. Eine 11-jährige Variation wird festgestellt und es gibt weiter Anzeichnungen einer Variation von 28 Monaten. Die 11-jährige Variation ist seit 1923 zur Sonnenflecken-frequenz negativ korreliert und ist durch entsprechende meridionale Verschiebungen der am meisten betretenen Zyklonenbahnen, erklärt.
    Abstract: Riassunto L'agitazione microsismica registrata a Uppsala nel quarantennio 1907–1947 venne esaminata in vista di determinare le oscillazioni di lungo periodo. Si è accertata una oscillazione undecennale, trovandosi altresi indizi per una oscillazione di 28 mesi. Dal 1923 l'oscillazione undecennale manifesta una correlazione negativa con la frequenza delle macchie solari e viene spiegata con i corrispondenti spostamenti meridionali delle rotte cicloniche dominanti.
    Notes: Summary The microseisms recorded at Uppsala have been studied for the time 1907–1947 with regard to long period variations. There is clear evidence of an 11 year variation and slight indications of a 28 month variation. The 11 year variation is from 1923 negatively correlated to the sunspot frequency and is explained by corresponding meridional displacements of the dominant cyclonic tracks.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 168-169 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 134-144 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It was yet often noted that the earth's magnetic field has been steadily modified on the result of seismic earth movements. The author cites many recent examples of magnetic anomalies measured in Japan after major earthquakes (Kato). The «Bassin de Paris»'s magnetic anomaly is modified during a certain time in a possible connection with magmatic removals and with some seismic activity. The earthquake of June 11 th., 1938 in Belgium shows some very interesting connections with the belgian magnetic anomaly. Suggestive relationships are noted between changes in the earth's secular magnetic field and areas of seismicity (Omer). The author thinks that the earthquakes and the deformations of the earth's magnetic field are more or less closely connected one with another, and it may perhaps be that the atomic energy (chain reactions) may explain some orogenic earthquakes and their aftershocks.
    Notes: Résumé On a déjà souvent signalé que le champ magné ique terrestre s'est trouvé modifié de façon durable à la suile de mouvements séismiques. L'auteur rappelle plusieurs exemples récents d'anomalies magnétiques mesurées au Japon à la suite d'importants séismes (Kato). L'anomalie magnélique duBassin de Paris se déforme dans le temps en liaison possible avec des déplacements magmatiques et une activité séismique avortée. Le séisme du 11 juin 1938 en Belgique montre d'intéressants rapports avec l'anomalie magnétique belge. Les cartes isoporiques mondiales présentent des relations avec les cartes de séismicité (Omer). L'auteur pense que séismes et déformations du champ magnétique terrestre sont plus ou moins étroitement liés et que peut être une réaction atomiqueen chaine peut expliquer les séismes orogéniques et leurs répliques.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 286-292 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 295-296 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 293-294 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 210-253 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In continuing former studies about the USA and in employing the recent observations—especially the ascents of radio-sounds—this investigation treats the average thermical conditions over the North-American continent in dependance from time and space till a height of about 20 km. The influences of the three geographical coordinates, i. e. latitude, longitude and height, and of the factor of time are developed gradually. The resulting consequences concerning the average conditions of pressure and air moving are derived and interpreted. In this manner one particularly succeeds in proving the effects of the distribution of the temperature on the planetary wind circulation, its modifications by the monsoon tendency and the component of the interhemispherical air circulation in the troposphere and in the stratosphere; a problem that has been explored relatively seldom till now. Furthermore the variations of the tropopause in time and space are shown. The study being a further contribution to a systematical development of a world-wide climatology of the free atmosphere will help to enlarge the necessary empirical foundation for all the theoretical speculations of the general circulation in the third dimension.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Fortführung früherer analoger Untersuchungen über die USA behandelt die vorstehende Arbeit unter Benutzung der seither hinzugekommenen Beobachtungen (namentlich von Radiosonden-Aufstiegen) die durchschnittlichen raum-zeitlichen Temperaturverhältnisse über dem nordamerikanischen Erdteil bis über 20 km Höhe. Die Einflüsse der drei geographischen Koordinaten: Breite, Länge, Höhe und des Zeitfaktors werden schrittweise herausgearbeitet, die sich daraus ergebenden Folgen für die mittleren Druck- und Bewegungsbedingungen abgeleitet und interpretiert. Auf diese Weise lassen sich insbesondere auch die Wirkungen der Temperaturverteilung auf die planetarische, die monsunale und die relativ noch wenig erforschte Komponente der interhemisphärischen Zirkulation in Tropo- und Stratosphäre, sowie die raum-zeitlichen Änderungen ihrer Trennungsfläche, der Tropopause, nachweisen. Die Arbeit ist im ganzen gedacht als ein weiterer Beitrag zur systematischen Entwicklung einer weltweiten Klimatologie des freien Luftmeeres, die das notwendige empirische Fundament für alle theoretischen Eröterungen des allgemeinen atmosphärischen Kreislaufs nach der dritten Dimension ausbauen soll.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 89-90 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 53-60 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The results of some measures of magnetic susceptibility of italian magnetic ores are reported and discussed. It is proved the impossibility of a general relation between the magnitude of the susceptibility and the genetic character of the ores; however, new views are pointed out to successfully deepen the results.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse einiger Suszeptibilitäts-Messungen von ital. Magnetit-Mineralien verschiedener Genesis werden angegeben und erläutert. U. a. beweist man, dass ein allgemeine Gesetz für eine einfache Zusammenhang zwischen den Werte der Suszeptibilität und die genetischen Eigentümlichkeiten der Lagerstätten nicht bestehen kann. Neue Forschungsrichtungen dafür werden vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono esposti e discussi i risultati di alcune misure della suscetività magnetica di minerali magnetitiferi italiani. Fra l'altro si dimostra l'impossibilità di una legge generale di interdipendenza fra i valori della suscettività ed il carattere genetico dei giacimenti, indicando nuovi orientamenti per approfondire con successo simili indagini.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 97-104 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 113-120 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Man beschreibt ein Verfahren für eine mareographische Nivellierung womit man eine absolute vertikale Küstenbewegung bemessen kann und zwar unabhängig von der relativen Bewegung der Küste und des mittleren Wasserniveaus. Das Verfahren begründet sich auf die Bestimmung der Geschwindigkeiten der Zunahme (Zunahme in einer bestimmten Zwischenzeit) des mittleren Wasserniveaus aller Meere und von der gleichzeitigen Geschwindigkeit der Zunahme der mareographischen Station die geprüft werden soll. Mit diesen Bestimmungen ist es möglich ein fondamentales Niveau unverändert in Zeit und Raume festzustellen. Man bezeigt ausserdem wie das Verfahren eine Präzision eines mm für 200–400 km Küstenlänge geben kann. Man vergleicht die mareographische mit der geometrischen Nivellierung. Man gibt die Resultate der Anwendung dieses Verfahrens an der italienischen Küste.
    Notes: Riassunto Si descrive un procedimento di livellazione mareografica mediante il quale è possibile determinare la misura di un movimento verticale costiero in senso assoluto, cioè indipendentemente dai moti relativi della costa e del livello medio marino. Esso si basa sulla determinazione delle velocità dell'aumento (aumento in un dato intervallo di tempo) del livello medio marino di tutti i mari e di quella contemporanea della stazione in esame. Queste determinazioni rendono possibile di stabilire un piano fondamentale invariabile nel tempo e nello spazio. Si mette inoltre in evidenza come il procedimento possa dare una precisione che arriva sino al mm su zone costiere lunghe centinaia di km. Si confronta la livellazione mareografica con quella geometrica di precisione. Sono dati infine i risultati di una applicazione al caso delle coste italiane.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 162-167 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Verf. berichtet über das von ihm durchgeführte Feinnivellement um die vertikale Lage einiger Festpunkten des Geophysikalisch-Geodätischen Instituts der Universität Genua genau zu bestimmen und zwar mit Verbindung an die dortige mareographische Station.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. riferisce sulla livellazione di precisione da lui eseguita per determinare le quote assolute dei caposaldi esterni ed interni dell'Istituto Geofisico e Geodetico dell'Università di Genova, con collegamento allo zero mareografico locale.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 1-3 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 11-19 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 28-42 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 234-237 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 20-24 
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    Notes: Summary The Torsion Balance is to be used only in case if more information than presented by the Gravimeter is required. Being so, it is advisable then to make most of the fineness obtainable by the Torsion Balance. Therefore, a survey must be done carefully and reliably. One of its accessories is a proper calculus of the cartographic effects, specially for the curvature data which in their crude state — over a hilly topography — are of not much use. The cartographic method of Eötvös is right, for it works with a prism resting over a circle parcel which best fits the contourlines. The method itself is good, but Eötvös's approximate formulae — simple as they are — are accurate only within 2/10s of topographic elevation or depression. Generally speaking this limit is sufficient for the curvature data as beyond it they are rarely reliable. In order to speed up their evaluations from the map the author drew up a scale. On the other hand, for the gradient-effects a table was computed; it contains the effects of prisms of different heights at different distances. This table is handy in use; the basis used for it is the exact formula of gradient-effect. Same has to be done for curvature data beyond the two-tenth elevation. Suitably constructed tables for both effects may also be used for masses of three dimensions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 75-87 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seismische Wellen aller Art zeigen mit zunehmender Entfernung vom Quellpunkt eine Verlängerung ihrer Perioden. Zugleich findet eine Abnahme der Amplituden und ein Ausglätten der Bodenbewegung statt, die schliesslich, wie immer sie beschaffen gewesen sein mag, sinusartigen Charakter annimmt. Dieser Erscheinungskomplex wird durch die Theorie nicht wiedergegeben. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, wo der Grund für diese Nichtübereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Erfahrung liegen könnte. Er könnte einerseits in der Art und Weise zu suchen sein, wie die Diffgn. der Elastizitätstheorie integriert werden (die Dichte wird als konstant vorausgesetzt), er könnte aber auch darin liegen, dass die Erde kein vollelastisches, sondern ein visko-elastisches Medium ist. In jedem der beiden Fälle müsste, wenn sie berücksichtigt werden, der fragliche Erscheinungskomplex durch die Theorie wiedergegeben werden. Wahrscheinlich aber hat man beide Umstände zusammen zu berücksichtigen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 132-137 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 138-144 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 157-166 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les relations entre la radiation globale du soleil et du ciel, la durée de l'insolation et la nébulosité sont discuté. La proportion entre la radiation globale du ciel totalement couvert et du ciel totalement éclairci est une grandeur géophysique bien definie, laquelle est constante pour un éspace de la terre assez grand. Elle a une variation annuelle petite mais explicable et elle peut characteriser la structure moyenne des nuages. D'autre côté la constante «a» de l'équation deÅngström I M =I 0[1+(1−a)M] est très dependante du procès du calcul, elle est seulement la constante d'une équation d'interpolation. La supposition d'une relation linéaire entre la radiation globale et la nébulosité ou la durée rélative de l'insolation est remplie seulement en mesure réduite. Quelques valeurs du facteur «a» et de la proportion susmentionnée sont données.
    Abstract: Summary Some relations between the total radiation of sun and sky, the sunshine and the cloudiness are discussed. The relation of the total radiation on completely overcast days and on perfectly clear days is a well defined geophysical quantity, wich is constant about rather a large area of the earth. It has a slight but intellegible annual variation and has a physical meaning characterizing the structure of the clouds. Compared to this the constant ofÅngström's equationI M =I 0[1+(1−a)M] largely depends on how it is calculated. It is only the coefficient of a formula of interpolation. The supposing of a linear connection between the total incoming radiation and the cloudiness or the relative duration of sunshine is only fullfilled in a moderate degree. Some figures of «a» and the relation above mentioned are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Zusammenhänge zwischen der Globalstrahlung, der relativen Sonnenscheindauer und der Bewölkung diskutiert. Das Verhältnis der Globalstrahlung bei völlig bedecktem Himmel zur Globalstrahlung bei völliger Wolkenlosigkeit ist eine klar definierte geophysikalische Grösse, die offenbar über grössere Räume hinweg konstant ist. Sie zeigt einen schwachen verständlichen Jahresgang und hat eine physikalische Bedeutung, indem sie die Struktur der Bewölkung charakterisiert. Die Konstante «a» derÅngströmschem GleichungI M =I 0[1+(1−a)M] ist demgegenüber in hohem Masse von der Art der Berechnung abhängig. Sie hat nur die Bedeutung einer Konstanten in einer Interpolationsformel. Dabei ist die Voraussetzung des linearen Zusammenhanges zwischen Globalstrahlung und Bewölkung oder relativer Sonnenscheindauer in Bochum nur in bescheidenem Masse erfüllt. Es werden eine Reihe von Zahlenwerten füra und das Verhältnis der Globalstrahlung bei bedecktem und wolkenfreiem Himmel mitgeteilt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 77-94 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The application to regional climatology of the synoptical elements is consistent with the conception of climate being the condensation of a variety of weather patterns. These elements are gained from analysis which is permitting the determination of air-masses (or air-bodies), frontal systems, and broad scale weather patterns. In this study it is attempted to arrive at an absolute system of air-masses. Improved technical conditions make it possible representing the distribution of individual meteor. elements, forming highly refined analyses of air-masses and frontal systems, and determining broad scale weather patterns. Statistical evaluation as well as investigations of the relationship between meteor. and geogr. factors point to modern climatology. This field of activity is part of basic research. Its practical applicability is in regional climatology and regional weather forecasting.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Anwendung der synoptischen Grundlagen über das Wettergeschehen in der regionalen Klimakunde ist im Einklang mit der Definition des Klimas als der Gesamtheit der Witterung. Die Grundlagen werden aus der Analyse entnommen, welche die Bestimmung der Luftmassen (oder Luftkörper), Fronten und Grosswetterlagen zulässt. Die Erläuterung führt zu dem Versuch einer absoluten Luftmassengliederung. Verbesserte technische Voraussetzungen lassen die Darstellung von Einzelfeldern, die Feinanalyse von Luftmassen und Fronten sowie die Bestimmung der Grosswetterlage zu. Die statistische Auswertung sowie die Betrachtung des Zusammenhangs der meteorologischen Verhältnisse mit den geographischen Gegebenheiten führen zur modernen Klimakunde. Dieses Arbeitsgebiet gehört zur Grundlagenforschung. Die Nutzanwendung liegt in der Heimatklimakunde und in der regionalen Wettervorhersage.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 108-119 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Beobachtungen des Zirrenzuges in Mogadiscio während des Polarjahres 1932–33 werden zuerst zusammengefasst. Es folgt dann die Darstellung der Luftströmungen in der oberen Troposphäre auf Grund der Pilotballonvisierungen, woraus u.a. gezeigt wird, dass oft die Richtung des Zirrenzuges nicht mit derjenigen der herrschenden Luftströmungen zusammenfällt. Besonders durch die zahlreichen Beobachtungen des Zeitraumes 24.10-5-12.1932 werden die Eigentümlichkeiten dieser Strömungen eingehend erläutert und damit gezeigt, dass durch die Ablenkung derselben nach Nord oder Süd (für Nachgiebung der Fronten zwischen den O- und W-Strömungen und nachfolgende Senkung der Luftmassen) die Grosswetterlage in tropischen und auch in mittl. Breiten gesteuert und abgeändert wird. Die wenigen Beobachtungen weiche die Stratosphäre erreicht haben, lassen in der Höhe von etwa 30 km die Existenz einer Strömung wahrnehmen von fast gleicher Intensität wie der Krakatauwind, aber von entgegengesetzter Richtung (W). — Die besprochenen Ergebnisse zeigen ausserdem, dass das Bestehen der Ostströmungen in der unteren äquatoriellen Stratosphäre nicht allgemein gilt und dass auch dort die Tropopause nicht mit dem Maximum der Windgeschwindigkeit gekennezeichnet ist.
    Notes: Riassunto Riferiti i risultati delle osservazioni dei Cirri, vengono illustrate le caratteristiche delle correnti dell'alta troposfera su Mogadiscio in base ai lanci di palloni piloti eseguiti durante l'Anno Polare 1932–33, ponendo in luce, specialmente per il periodo dal 24–10 al 5-12-1932, il comportamento dettagliato delle correnti orientali ed occidentali, indicando come le deviazioni verso N e verso S di queste (per deformazione deifronti di contatto e successivo abbassamento delle masse d'aria) siano fattori determinanti delle condizioni del tempo in grande nelle regioni tropicali in grado d'influenzare anche quello delle latitudini medie e di giustificare quindi le relative singolarità. Le poche osservazioni stratosferiche hanno accertato una corrente all'incirca di eguale intensità, ma contraria di quella di Krakatoa: però in stagione diversa da quella dell'eruzione e delle osservazioni raccolte a Batavia.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 189-193 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der hier abgeleitete Erhaltungs-Satz sagt Folgendes aus: Wenn $$\vec v$$ die absolute Geschwindigkeit, $$\vec \xi = curl\vec v$$ den absoluten Wirbel, σ=σ(p) das spezifische Volumen einer barotropen Flüssigkeit und ΔW den Gradienten der Wirkungsfunktion bedeuten, so gilt: $$\frac{D}{{Dt}}\left\{ {\sigma {\text{ }}\vec \xi (\vec v - \nabla W)} \right\} = 0,$$ wobei $$\frac{D}{{Dt}}$$ die individuelle Zeitableitung der Hydrodynamik darstellt.
    Notes: Summary The conservation-theorem derived here can be expressed thus: Let $$\vec v$$ be the absolute velocity and $$\vec \xi = curl\vec v$$ the absolute vorticity, further σ=σ(p) the specific volume of a barotropic fluid and ΔW the gradient of the actionW (=Hamilton's principal-function), then $$\frac{D}{{Dt}}\left\{ {\sigma {\text{ }}\vec \xi (\vec v - \nabla W)} \right\} = 0,$$ where $$\frac{D}{{Dt}}$$ denotes differentiation following the motion of the fluid.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 197-202 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Störungen in der Bewegung des Erdkörpers und Verschiebungen seiner Rotaktionsachse rufen Wirkungen hervor, welcke mit der Anpassung der Luftmassen an den neuen Bewegungen und an den neuen Lagen der Rotaktionsachse sich ausdrucken. Das führt zu Veränderungen der Luftströmungen, der Luftdruckverteilungen und daher der Grossewetterlagen. Einige meteorologischen Korrelationen dieser Art werden für die bedeutende Störung der Polarbewegung des 1923 gezeigt. Nachher werden damit besonders die starken Luftdruckanomalien erklärt, welche in Genua in der Periode 1924–32 beobachtet worden sind.
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono documentate ed illustrate alcune correlazioni fra le alterazioni del moto di rotazione terrestre iniziatesi nel 1923 con gli eventi meteorologici; in particolare si discutono e si spiegano in tal modo le forti anomalie della pressione osservate a Genova nel periodo 1924–32.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 41-53 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper deals with the results of the earth-current-observations made at Mogadiscio during 1933. The analysis reveal elements for a new picture of the distribution of the earth-currents in the equatorial regions, particularly concerning the daily variation.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse des Erdstrom-Beobachtungen durchgeführt in einigen Monaten des Jahres 1933 in Modagiscio sind angegeben. Aus des Diskussion folgen einige Elemente die eine Neubearbeitung des Darstellung des Erdstrom-Verteilung in dem äquatorialem Gürtel nötig machen und dazu dienen werden sollen. besonders in Beziehung auf den täglichen Gang.
    Notes: Riassunto Si espongono i risultati delle osservazioni sulle correnti telluriche eseguite a Mogadiscio nel 1933 con misure delle due componenti NS ed EW, traendone alcune deduzioni che permettono di precisarne le caratteristiche, specie nei confronti del relativo andamento diurno.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 54-66 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 21-28 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Porto Lignano is situated between Trieste and Venice. The self-reconding tide gauge have a height ratio 1∶10 and a time scale 7,2 cm/day. The method of analysis adopted for the calculation of harmonic tidal constant is that ofDoodson applied to 3 months. The tides are generally semidiurnal, near the quadrature they becom diurnal. From the harmonic constant are deducted the nonharmonic. The determined values are compared with that of Trieste and Venice.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Porto Lignano liegt zwischen Triest und Venedig. Der selbstregistriende Pegel reduziert im Verhältnis 1∶10 und hat einen Ablauf von 72 mm pro Tag. Die harmonischen Konstanten wurden mit derDoodson Methode von einer dreimonatlichen Reihe berectnet. Die Tiden sind vorwiegend Halbtagsgezeiten, bei den Quadraturen werden sie Eintagstiden. Aus den harmonischen Konstanten wurden die nictharmonischen Konstanten abgeleitet. Die berechneten Werte wurden mit jenen von Triest und Venedig verglichen.
    Notes: Riassunto Porto Lignano si trova fra Trieste e Venezia. Il mareografo riduce nel rapporto 1∶10 e ha uno scorrimento di 72 mm per giorno. Le costanti armoniche sono dedotte col metodo delDoodson da una serie di tre mesi. Le maree sono di tipo prevalentemente semidiurno, in vicinanza alle quadrature diventano diurne. Dalle costanti armoniche si deducono quelle non armoniche. I valori trovati si confrontano con quelli di Trieste e Venezia.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 174-180 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si esamina l'azione gravimetrica di un parallelepipedo bidimensionale in base agli elementi misurabili con la bilancia di torsione nel piano verticale. Risulta che il luogo dei punti di eguali gradienti e curvature di un parallelogrammo pure estendentesi all'infinito con il lato finito in comune col rettangolo sono esprimibili a mezzo degli analoghi elementi di quest'ultimo ed 1 loro valori estremi risultano distribuiti lungo iperboli isosceli.
    Notes: Summary The gravimetric effect of a two dimensional parallelepipedon measurable by Torsion Balance in the vertical plane is examined. It is found that the places of the equal gradients and curvatures of a rectangle stretching into the infinity are orthogonal circles. The gradients and curvatures of a parallelogramm (stretching into the infinity) which has the finite side in common with the rectangle are expressed by those of the latter, their extreme values lie along isosceles hyperbolas.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 195-201 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 60-62 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The area around the Baltic Sea is known as magnetically intensely disturbed. The map shows the distribution of most intensive anomalies, where ΔZ is more than 2000 γ and 5000 γ. The direction of the group of these intensive anomalies can be as appr.N supposed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Gebiet um die Ostsee ist als erdmagnetisch stark gestört bekannt. Die Karte zeigt die Verteilung der intensiven Anomalien, wo ΔZ 2000 γ and 5000 γ überschreitet. Der Gruppierung dieser Anomalien kann man eine ung.N Richtung zuschreiben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 111-113 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Intervals of large variability in the winter temperatures of Western Europe coincide with a period of solar activity of about 80 or 90 years. The correlation coefficient for the year 1831–1937 amounts to +0.74 at Prague, +82 at De Bilt.
    Notes: Résumé Des intervalles de grande variabilité dans les températures des hivers en Europe occidentale coincident avec une période de l'activité solaire d'environ 80 ou 90 années. Le coefficient de corrélation pour la serie 1831–1937 est +0.74 à Prague, +0.82 à De Bilt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 156-167 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary As significant the part, played by the vertical lapse rate of temperature in the appearance of the sky in uniform airmasses, as determinant for weather conditions during the passage of a cold front is the vertical lapse rate of temperature in the frontal area. Generally, the recordings of meteorological instruments show a pronounced difference between «stable» and «unstable» coldfronts.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung So wie für das Himmelsbild in einer einheitlichen Luftmasse der vertikale Temperaturgradient die wichtigste Rolle spielt, so erweist sich für den Wetterablauf beim Kaltfrontdurchgang die vertikale Temperaturschichtung im Frontbereich von entscheidender Bedeutung. In den Registrierungen der meteorologischen Elemente zeigt sich meist deutlich der Unterschied zwischen «stabilen» und «labilen» Kaltfronten.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 148-155 
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    Notes: Summary By means of charts of distribution of amplitude and phase of the first term of harmonic series of the annual pressure variation in the Alps it is shown that it represents a wave which by increasing her amplitude progresses from the outside to the central part of the mountains. Essentially it illustrates the annual process of heating. In renewing earlier studies byConrad about the average change of the annual pressure variation with height illustrated by harmonic dial the altitude of reversing of the sign of this variation is found surprisingly smaller in the Alps than in other regions of the earth probably on account of the maritime influence.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 130-147 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Avec la cellule au cadmium on a mesuré la radiation ultraviolette directe du soleil durant la période 1945–1947. On examine la variation diurne et annuelle de cette grandeur, ainsi que sa dépendance du degré de pureté de l'air, des masses d'air maritime et continental, des situations avec «Föhn» du nord, avec divergence des vents, etc. Nos recherches ont montré que l'intensité des radiations UV subissent de très fortes variations.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Von 1945–47 wurde in Locarno-Monti mit einer Cadmiumzelle die direkte Sonnenstrahlung im Ultraviolett gemessen. Neben dem Tages- und Jahresgang wurde vor allem die Abhängigkeit der UV-Strahlung von der Reinheit der Luft, von den Luftmassen und den herrschenden Wetterlagen (maritime und kontinentale Luftmassen, Nordföhnlagen, Winddivergenz, Fronten, usw.) untersucht. Dabei zeigen sich sehr bedeutende Unterschiede in der UV-Strahlung.
    Notes: Summary From 1945–47 measurements of direct ultra-violet radiation from the sun have been carried out with a cadmium cell at Locarno-Monti. Besides seasonal and diurnal variations, researches were made concerning the influence of airclearness, of airmasses and of pervailing weather conditions upon UV-radiation (continental and marittime airmasses, northfoehn, divergences of the wind, fronts, etc.). Very important differences in the amount of UV-radiation were observed.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 114-129 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On entend ici par climatologie dynamique la partie de la météorologie mathématique qui a pour but la déduction des propriétés moyennes des perturbations atmosphériques qui sont compatibles avec un champ moyen donné de température, vent et pression. Tout d'abord on rappelle les équations fondamentales de la théorie des perturbations de l'auteur et l'on en déduit une équation générale des variations de la pression au niveau de la mer. Cette équation conduit à la détermination des éléments de la climatologie dynamique, tels que la stabilité du champ moyen, les trajectoires moyennes des perturbations, la fréquence avec laquelle elles sont parcourues, les régions de creusement et de comblement ou de naissance et de disparition des perturbations, etc. Ces résultats expliquent de nombreux faits d'observation et des règles empiriques sur le comportement moyen des perturbations atmosphériques au niveau de la mer pour les différentes époques de l'année.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Unter dynamischer Klimatologie wird hier der Zweig der mathematischen Meteorologie verstanden, der auf die Ableitung der mittleren Eigenschaften atmosphärischer Störungen, die mit einem gegebenen mittleren Temperatur-, Wind- und Druckfeld vereinbar sind, abzielt. Zunächst wird an die fundamentalen Gleichungen der Störungstheorie des Verfassers erinnert, um dann die allgemeine Gleichun; der Druckschwankungen auf dem Meeresniveau abzuleiten. Diese Gleichung führt dann zur Bestimmung der verschiedenen Elemente der dynamischen Klimatologie, z. B. zur Bestimmung der Stabilität des mittleren Feldes, der mittleren Trajektorien der Störungen, der Häufigkeit, mit welcher diese durchlaufen werden, der Gebiete der Vertiefung und Auffüllung oder des Entstehens und Verschwindens der Störungen usw.
    Notes: Summary By dynamical climatology is understood here the branch of mathematical meteorology which aims at a deduction of the mean properties of the atmospheric perturbations that are compatible with a given mean field of temperature, wind and pressure. First of all, the fundamental equations of the author's theory of perturbations are recalled and a general equation for the pressure variations at sea level is deduced. From this equation the different elements of dynamical climatology are then derived, for instance the stability of the mean field, the mean trajectories of the perturbations, the frequencies with which they are visited, the regions of deepening and filling or of birth and death of the perturbations, etc. These results explain many observational facts and empirical rules about the mean behaviour of the atmospheric disturbances at sea level throughout the year.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 168-172 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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