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  • 1
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    Clerodendrum fistulosum (Verbenaceae), an unspecific Myrmecophyte from Borneo with spontaneously opening domatia (1994)
    In:  Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants vol. 39 no. 1/2, pp. 143-150
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Clerodendrum fistulosum Becc. is a true myrmecophyte as it offers nesting space for ants in hollow internodes. In contrast to previous reports our investigations proved that these domatia open by themselves, thus providing cavities for a variety of different ant species. In Sarawak, Malaysia, we did not find an obligate relationship between C. fistulosum and a specific ant-partner. For comparison, studies on herbarium material of other Clerodendrum species were carried out: a further species, C. deflexum from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra presumably also is myrmecophytic.
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contributions to the life history of the Malaysian giant ant Camponotus gigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) (2000)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 123-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Formicidae, polydomy, ecology, social structure, rain forest canopy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: We studied 4 polydomous colonies of the giant ant Camponotus gigas living on ca. 5 ha of primary rain forest in Borneo. Colony structure was flexible, comprising between 8 and 14 mostly subterranean nests. During the course of the study some nests were abandoned and others were established. Colonies appeared territorial with nests being connected by trails through the forest canopy. The best studied colony had a territory of 0.8 ha and a population of ca. 7000 workers, distributed unevenly among an average of 11 nests. Workers were bimorphic, majors on average weighed 372 mg and minors 135 mg. The castes differed in the morphology particularly by allometric growth of the head (mean head width 6.93 mm and 3.56 mm).¶Foraging was mainly nocturnal. At dusk large numbers of foragers (between 35 and 2287 left single nests within 75 minutes of the onset of foraging) invaded the canopy, many workers commuting between the canopy and the nests and all returning home by dawn. During the daytime foraging was reduced and was restricted to a much smaller number of workers which roamed the forest floor. C. gigas foragers collected mainly honeydew (90%) with the remainder consisting of insect prey and bird droppings. Hunting success was increased by rainfall. The numbers of foragers in each nest frequently changed naturally, but could be manipulated by altering local food supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00001690
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of temperature on the architecture and distribution of Macrotermes bellicosus (Isoptera, Macrotermitinae) mounds in different habitats of a West African Guinea savanna (1998)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 45 (1998), S. 51-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Gallery forest, Ivory Coast, savanna, termites, thermoregulation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: We determined density and distribution of the mounds of the fungus-cultivating termite Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman) in two habitats (shrub savanna and gallery forest) of the Comoé National Park (Ivory Coast, West Africa). We measured height, basal width, and interior and exterior temperatures of mounds in both habitats, and established a new method to measure the surface area of mounds.¶ In the shrub savanna, M. bellicosus mounds reached high densities (up to 22.7 live mounds/ha), whereas in the gallery forest mounds could only be found in open stands and at comparatively low densities (up to 6.5 live mounds/ha).¶ Ambient temperature had an important influence on the architecture of the mounds. Mounds in the warmer, but thermally more fluctuating shrub savanna were more structured with many ridges and turrets than the dome-like, compact mounds in the cooler, more equable gallery forest. The surface complexity was quantified as the ratio of surface (= rsf), which is the quotient of the real surface to the minimal possible surface of an ideal cone of the same height and basal width as the measured mound. By manipulating ambient temperatures, we were able to demonstrate causal relationships between temperature and mound shape. In the gallery forest, where shade was reduced surface complexity increased on mounds.¶Despite their different architecture in the gallery forest, the M. bellicosus colonies could not completely compensate for the cooler environment and had a lower than optimal nest temperature. We speculate that this might be caused by the need for a sufficient surface for gas exchange. The gallery forest is a suboptimal habitat for M. bellicosus, because of lower than optimal nest temperatures. This might limit M. bellicosus to open stands in the gallery forest and may explain its surprisingly low abundance in this habitat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050068
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoregulation of termite mounds: what role does ambient temperature and metabolism of the colony play? (2000)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 47 (2000), S. 357-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Fungus, Macrotermes bellicosus, Macrotermitinae, metabolism, mound structure.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Termites are well known for their ability to regulate the environment of their nest such as temperature and humidity. The influence of fluctuating ambient temperature and mound characteristics on mean nest temperature and daily fluctuation of nest temperature was analysed quantitatively in the fungus-cultivating, mound-building termite Macrotermes bellicosus (Macrotermitinae) in the savanna of the Comoé National Park (Côte d'Ivoire). Additionally, the nest temperatures of inhabited and uninhabited mounds were compared to analyse the contribution of ambient temperature to nest temperature in relation to metabolic heat production of the termites and their fungi. Mound structure alone resulted in a relatively constant nest temperature. Abiotic heat production via solar radiation alone yielded nest temperatures that corresponded to mean ambient temperatures. However, only the production of metabolic heat by the termites and the fungi increased these temperatures to the actual nest temperature. Therefore, and due to the high heat capacities of the mounds, large colonies (mound height above 2.0 m) had higher nest temperatures than smaller ones. Only large colonies attain constant nest temperatures of 30 °C that are largely independent from ambient temperatures and optimal for the growth and development of the termites and their fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00001731
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