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  • PANGAEA  (421,865)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 1
    Journal cover
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1.1920 – 95.2014
    Print: 10.1925 – 92.2011 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 22/1-5)
    Print: 61.1980 – 92.2011 (Location: A43, ZS-Auslage)
    Formerly as: Transactions  (1920–1968)
    Continued as: Eos: Earth & Space Science News  (1915–)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU
    Print ISSN: 0002-8606 , 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
    Acronym: Eos
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  • 2
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1(1).2013 –
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 3
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    American Geophysical Union (AGU) | Wiley-Blackwell
    Online: 1(1).2014 –
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU) , Wiley-Blackwell
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU 〈Washington, DC〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2333-5084
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Keywords: Geophysik ; Planetologie ; Astronomie
    Acronym: ESS
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  • 4
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    American Geophysical Union (AGU) | Association of American Geographers (AAG) | American Meteorological Society | Allen Press
    Online: 1(1).1997 –
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU) , Association of American Geographers (AAG) , American Meteorological Society , Allen Press
    Electronic ISSN: 1087-3562
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 5
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    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1(1).1998 – 8(1).2008
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 1524-4423
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 6
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    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print: 1(1).1978 – 2(2).1983 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, s. Katalog)
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0162-0118
    Topics: Geosciences
    Parallel titles: Earthquake Research in China
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  • 7
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1.2009 –
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU 〈Washington, DC〉
    Electronic ISSN: 1942-2466
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Keywords: Umweltmodellierung ; Meteorologie ; Klimatologie
    Acronym: JAMES
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  • 8
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 83.1978 –
    Print: 83.1978 – 110.2005 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 38/5 - 39/4)
    Formerly as: Journal of Geophysical Research / A  (–)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU
    Description: JGR: Space Physics is dedicated to the publication of new and original research in the broad field of space science. This embraces aeronomy, magnetospheric physics, planetary atmospheres, ionospheres and magnetospheres, solar and interplanetary physics, cosmic rays, and heliospheric physics. Science that links interactions between space science and other components of the Sun-Earth system are encouraged, as are multidisciplinary and system-level science papers.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227 , 2169-9380
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202 , 2169-9402
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Parallel titles: JGR Space Physics
    Acronym: JGR
    Abbreviation: J Geophys Res A
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  • 9
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 102(1).1997 –
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227 , 2169-897X
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202 , 2169-8996
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 10
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 108(1).2003 – (older than 24 months)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227 , 2169-9003
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202 , 2169-9011
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 11
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1.1974 –
    Print: 1.1974 – 32.2005 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 30/5 - 31/1)
    Print: 16.1989 – 29.2002 (Location: A43, LZ 9 Mitte)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU (Washington, DC)
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Acronym: GRL
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  • 12
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1.1896 – 82.1977
    Print: 54.1949 – 82.1977 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 37/5 - 38/5)
    Print: 56.1951 – 86.1981 (Location: A62, MOP)
    Formerly as: Terrestrial Magnetism ; Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity  (1899–1948)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU
    Description: Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR) publishes original scientific research on the physical, chemical, and biological processes that contribute to the understanding of the Earth, Sun, and solar system and all of their environments and components. JGR is currently organized into seven disciplinary sections (Atmospheres, Biogeosciences, Earth Surface, Oceans, Planets, Solid Earth, Space Physics). Sections may be added or combined in response to changes in the science.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1406 , 0096-8013 , 0148-0227 , 0272-7528
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
    Acronym: JGR
    Abbreviation: J Geophys Res
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  • 13
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 102(1).1997 – (older than 24 months)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227 , 2169-9275
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202 , 2169-9291
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 14
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 102(1).1997 – (older than 24 months)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227 , 2169-9097
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202 , 2169-9100
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 15
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    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Online: 1.2019 –
    Publisher: Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Electronic ISSN: 2515-7655
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 16
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    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Online: 1.2018 –
    Publisher: Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Electronic ISSN: 2515-7639
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 17
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    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Online: 1.2019 –
    Publisher: Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Electronic ISSN: 2515-7647
    Topics: Physics
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  • 18
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1(1).1986 –
    Formerly as: Paleoceanography  (1986–2017)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU
    Print ISSN: 0883-8305 , 2572-4517
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9186 , 2572-4525
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: Paläontologie ; Ozeanographie ; Klimatologie
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  • 19
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 78(1).1997 – 95(51).2014
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 20
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    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 96.2015 –
    Formerly as: Eos: Transactions  (1920–2014)
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU
    Print ISSN: 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: Geophysik ; Meteorologie ; Ozeanographie
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  • 21
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1(1).2000 – (older than 24 months)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 22
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 35(1).1997 – (older than 24 months)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0034-6853 , 0096-1043 , 8755-1209
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9208
    Topics: Physics
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  • 23
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 83.1978 –
    Print: 83.1978 – 110.2005 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 39/4 - 40/4)
    Formerly as: Journal of Geophysical Research / B  (–)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU
    Description: JGR: Solid Earth serves as the premier publication for the breadth of solid Earth geophysics including (in alphabetical order): electromagnetic methods; exploration geophysics; geodesy and gravity; geodynamics, rheology, and plate kinematics; geomagnetism and paleomagnetism; hydrogeophysics; Instruments, techniques, and models; solid Earth interactions with the cryosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and climate; marine geology and geophysics; natural and anthropogenic hazards; near surface geophysics; petrology, geochemistry, and mineralogy; planet Earth physics and chemistry; rock mechanics and deformation; seismology; tectonophysics; and volcanology.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227 , 2169-9313
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202 , 2169-9356
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Parallel titles: JGR Solid Earth
    Acronym: JGR
    Abbreviation: J Geophys Res B
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  • 24
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 96.1991 –
    Print: 96.1991 – 110.2005 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 42/1-2)
    Formerly as: Journal of Geophysical Research / E  (–)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU
    Description: JGR: Planets is dedicated to the publication of new and original research in the broad field of planetary science. Manuscripts concerning planetary geology, geophysics, geochemistry, atmospheres, and dynamics are appropriate for the journal when they increase knowledge about the processes that affect Solar System objects. Manuscripts concerning other planetary systems, exoplanets or Earth are welcome when presented in a comparative planetology perspective. Studies in the field of astrobiology will be considered when they have immediate consequences for the interpretation of planetary data. JGR: Planets does not publish manuscripts that deal with future missions and instrumentation, nor those that are primarily of an engineering interest. Instrument, calibration, or data processing papers may be appropriate for the journal, but only when accompanied by scientific analysis and interpretation that increases understanding of the studied object. A manuscript that describes a new method or technique would be acceptable for JGR: Planets if it contained new and relevant scientific results obtained using the method.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227 , 2169-9097
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202 , 2169-9100
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Parallel titles: JGR Planets
    Acronym: JGR
    Abbreviation: J Geophys Res E
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  • 25
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 110.2005 –
    Print: 110.2005 – 110.2005 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 42/2)
    Formerly as: Journal of Geophysical Research / G  (–)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU
    Description: JGR: Biogeosciences focuses on biogeosciences of the Earth system in the past, present, and future and the extension of this research to planetary studies. The emerging field of biogeosciences spans the intellectual interface between biology and the geosciences and attempts to understand the functions of the Earth system across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Studies in biogeosciences may use multiple lines of evidence drawn from diverse fields to gain a holistic understanding of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems and extreme environments. Specific topics within the scope of the section include process-based theoretical, experimental, and field studies of biogeochemistry, biogeophysics, atmosphere-, land-, and ocean-ecosystem interactions, biomineralization, life in extreme environments, astrobiology, microbial processes, geomicrobiology, and evolutionary geobiology.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227 , 2169-8953
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202 , 2169-8961
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Parallel titles: JGR Biogeosciences
    Acronym: JGR
    Abbreviation: J Geophys Res G
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  • 26
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 110(1).2005 – (older than 24 months)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227 , 2169-8953
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202 , 2169-8961
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  • 27
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1.1966 –
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU
    Print ISSN: 0048-6604
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-799X
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 28
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1.1963 –
    Print: 3.1965 – 43.2005 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 62/3-5)
    Formerly as: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics  (1970–1984)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU
    Print ISSN: 0034-6853 , 0096-1043 , 8755-1209
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9208
    Topics: Geosciences
    Acronym: RG
    Abbreviation: Rev Geophys
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  • 29
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 12(1).1997 –
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0883-8305 , 2572-4517
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9186 , 2572-4525
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 30
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    American Geophysical Union (AGU) | European Geosciences Union (EGU) | Copernicus
    Online: 1.1994 –
    Print: 1.1994 – 17.2010 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 54/1)
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU) , European Geosciences Union (EGU) , Copernicus
    Corporation: European Geosciences Union, EGU
    Print ISSN: 1023-5809
    Electronic ISSN: 1607-7946
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Keywords: Geophysik, Meteorologie, Ozeanographie
    Acronym: NPG
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  • 31
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 32(1).1997 – (older than 24 months)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0048-6604
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-799X
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 32
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 102(1).1997 – (older than 24 months)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227 , 2169-9380
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202 , 2169-9402
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 33
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 102(1).1997 – (older than 24 months)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227 , 2169-9313
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202 , 2169-9356
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 34
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 83.1978 –
    Print: 83.1978 – 110.2005 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 40/4 - 41/1)
    Print: 98.1993 – 107.2002 (Location: A43, Büro Bibliothek)
    Formerly as: Journal of Geophysical Research / C  (–)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU
    Description: JGR: Oceans embraces the application of physics, chemistry, biology, and geology to the study of the oceans and their interaction with other components of the Earth system. Deepening the integrated knowledge of the sea utilizes new observational, analytical, computational and modeling capabilities to build upon established approaches in all areas of marine science.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227 , 2169-9275
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202 , 2169-9291
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Parallel titles: JGR Oceans
    Acronym: JGR
    Abbreviation: J Geophys Res C
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  • 35
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 89.1984 –
    Print: 89.1984 – 110.2005 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 41/2 - 42/1)
    Print: 94.1989 – 107.2002 (Location: A43, Büro Bibliothek)
    Formerly as: Journal of Geophysical Research / D  (–)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU
    Description: JGR: Atmospheres publishes articles that advance and improve understanding of atmospheric properties and processes, including the interaction of the atmosphere with other components of the Earth system, as well as their roles in climate variability and change.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227 , 2169-897X
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202 , 2169-8996
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Parallel titles: JGR Atmospheres
    Acronym: JGR
    Abbreviation: J Geophys Res D
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  • 36
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 108.2003 –
    Print: 108.2003 – 110.2005 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 42/2)
    Formerly as: Journal of Geophysical Research / F  (–)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU
    Description: JGR: Earth Surface focuses on the physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect the form and function of the surface of the solid Earth over all temporal and spatial scales, including fluvial, eolian, and coastal sediment transport; hillslope mass movements; glacial and periglacial activity; weathering and pedogenesis; and surface manifestations of volcanism and tectonism.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227 , 2169-9003
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202 , 2169-9011
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Parallel titles: JGR Earth Surface
    Acronym: JGR
    Abbreviation: J Geophys Res F
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  • 37
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    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Online: 1.2017 –
    Publisher: Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Electronic ISSN: 2399-6528
    Topics: Physics
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  • 38
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 16(1).1997 – (older than 24 months)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0278-7407
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9194
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 39
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1(1).2003 –
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 1539-4964
    Electronic ISSN: 2325-4432
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  • 40
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1.2003 –
    Online: 1(1).2003 –
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 1542-7390
    Electronic ISSN: 1542-7390
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  • 41
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1.1982 –
    Print: 4.1985 – 24.2005 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 67/3-5)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU 〈Washington, DC〉 , European Geosciences Union, EGU
    Description: Tectonics contains original scientific contributions in analytical, synthetic, and integrative tectonics. Papers are restricted to the structure and evolution of the terrestrial lithosphere with dominant emphasis on the continents.
    Print ISSN: 0278-7407
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9194
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: Seismologie ; Tektonik ; Plattentektonik ; Lithosphäre ; Kontinente ; seismology ; tectonics; plate tectonics ; lithosphere ; continents
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  • 42
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1.2000 –
    Online: 1.2000 –
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU , Geochemical Society
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Keywords: Geochemie ; geochemistry ; Geophysik ; geophysics ; United States of America ; USA
    Acronym: G-cubed
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  • 43
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1.1987 –
    Print: 7.1993 – 19.2005 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 32/3)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Corporation: American Geophysical Union, AGU
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Acronym: GBC
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  • 44
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 24(1).1997 – (older than 24 months)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 45
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    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 11(1).1997 –
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 46
    Journal cover
    Unknown
    Wiley-Blackwell | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 35(1).1997 – (older than 24 months)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 47
    Journal cover
    Unknown
    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Online: 1.1965 –
    Print: 31.1995 – 41.2005 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 70/2-4)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Acronym: WRR
    Abbreviation: Water Resour Res
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The boil-off gas (BOG) compressor is widely used for recycling the excessive boil-off gas of liquefied natural gas (LNG), and the extra-low suction temperature brings about great challenges to design of the BOG compressor. In this paper, a test system was built to examine the effects of low suction temperature on the compressor performance, in which the lowest temperature reached -178?C by means of a plate-fin heat exchanger with liquefied nitrogen. The test results showed that, as the suction temperature decreased from 20?C to -150?C, the volumetric efficiency of the compressor dropped by 37.0%, and the power consumption decreased by 10.0%. The preheat of the gas by the pipe through the suction flange to suction valve was larger than 20?C as the suction temperature was -150?C, and this value increased with the decreased suction temperature. The pressure loss through the suction valve at lower suction temperature was larger than that at ambient temperature while the volume flow r...
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In order to meet the various operating loads of an air-conditioning system, an inverter compressor with a wide operational range is necessary. One of the ways to achieve a wide operation range is to drive a small capacity compressor at high speed. Moreover, it is possible to maximize the efficiency in part-load operation condition close to actual operating conditions and to reduce the cost by compact design of a small capacity compressor. In addition, the shortage of maximum capacity, due to the small rated capacity, is covered through high speed operation. However, in general, if the compressor operates at high speed, problems occurs such as reduced efficiency due to friction, increased noise, increased amount of oil discharge and decreased durability of the main components. In order to solve these problems the following have been investigated: optimized dimension parameters of the compression chamber, enhanced shaft design and the structure for the reduction of oil discharge an...
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The Universal Modeling method is in constant use from mid - 1990 th . Below is presented the newest 6 th version of the Method. The flow path configuration of 3D impellers is presented in details. It is possible to optimize meridian configuration including hub/shroud curvatures, axial length, leading edge position, etc. The new model of vaned diffuser includes flow non-uniformity coefficient based on CFD calculations. The loss model was built from the results of 37 experiments with compressors stages of different flow rates and loading factors. One common set of empirical coefficients in the loss model guarantees the efficiency definition within an accuracy of 0.86% at the design point and 1.22% along the performance curve. The model verification was made. Four multistage compressors performances with vane and vaneless diffusers were calculated. As the model verification was made, four multistage compressors performances with vane and vaneless diffusers were ca...
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: CO 2 reduction and fossil fuel saving represent two of the cornerstones of the environmental commitments of all the countries of the world. The first engagement is of a medium to long term type, and unequivocally calls for a new energetic era. The second delays in time the fossil fuel technologies to favour an energetic transition. In order to sustain the two efforts, new immaterial markets have been established in almost all the countries of the world, whose exchanges (purchases and sales) concern CO 2 emissions and equivalent fossil fuels that have not been emitted or burned. This paper goes deep inside two aspects not yet exploited: specific CO 2 emissions and equivalent fossil fuel burned, as a function of compressed air produced. Reference is made to the current compressor technology, carefully analysing CAGI's (Compressed Air Gas Institute) data and integrating it with the PNUEROP (European Association of manufacturers of compressors, vacuum pu...
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The goal of this work is numerical experiments for five different types of the centrifugal compressor's inlet chambers with the help of CFD-methods and comparison of the computational results with the results of the real experiment which was held in the Nevskiy Lenin Plant in Saint-Petersburg. In the context of one of the chambers the influence of deflectors on its characteristics was investigated. The objects of investigation are 5 inlet chambers of different types which differ from each other by deflectors? existence and by its number. The comparative analyze of the results of numerical and real experiments was held by means of comparison of relative velocity and static pressure coefficient distribution on hub and shroud region, and also by means of loss coefficient values change for all five chambers. As a result of the numerical calculation the quantitative and qualitative departure of CFD- calculations results and real experiment were found out. The investi...
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: A hermetic reciprocating compressor is the most energy consuming component of the refrigerators. Therefore performance improvement studies of the compressor play an important role to reduce overall energy consumption of the refrigerators. Design of bearings is one of the major study areas influencing reciprocating compressor performance. In this study crank pin and piston pin bearings in hermetic compressor applications are investigated and optimized. The effect of operating conditions, bearing offset between crank pin and piston pin, bearing clearance and bearing location along the shaft on the friction loss were investigated and optimal bearing designs were developed. Efficiency measurements of the compressor showed that the improved crank pin and piston pin bearing designs provide up to 3.8% increase in the COP as a result of reduction in mechanical loss that is significantly influenced by the length of the bearings, bearing location along the shaft and operating c...
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Compressors are the key equipment in the petrochemical and natural gas industry system. The performance and reliability of them are very important for the process system. The application status of petrochemical & natural gas compressors in China is presented in this paper. The present status of design and operating technologies of compressors in China are mentioned in this paper. The turbo, reciprocating and twin screw compressors are discussed. The market demands for different structure compressors in process gas industries are analysed. This paper also introduces the research and developments for high performance compressors in China. The recent research results on efficiency improvement methods, stability improvement, online monitor and fault diagnosis will also be presented in details.
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The cyclone separator has attracted increasing attention due to its small size, rapid construction and high separation efficiency. This study investigated its gas-liquid two-phase flow and separation characteristics experimentally and numerically. A numerical model of two- phase flow in the cyclone separator was proposed using the Euler-Lagrange method. The distribution of pressure, tangential and axial velocity in the gas-phase flow field was obtained, and the oil droplet movement was traced. Separation efficiency was also studied experimentally, and the diameter distributions of oil droplets at the inlet and the outlet of the separator were measured by a Malvern laser particle size analyser to verify the simulation model. Based on high-speed photography technology, the oil film distribution and flow pattern on the wall of the cyclone separator were visualised. The variation of oil-gas two-phase flow in the cyclone separator was compared under various inlet flow rates. Based on ...
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: This paper is a continuing work from the same authors on the same topic by analogizing the transient shock tube process to the gas pulsation phenomena [1, 2]. It has been demonstrated in the previous theoretical investigation that gas pulsations can be generated either by a sudden velocity change (?U) say from a piston or lobe movement, or by the sudden opening of a pressure difference (?p 4 i) such as during the discharge phase of a rotary PD (Positive Displacement) compressor (screw, scroll or Roots) under UC (Under-Compression) or OC (Over-Compression) conditions. It is further reasoned that the more dominant pulsation source should be from the Ap 41 induced source, but without backing from experiments. This paper is aimed at validating the theoretical predictions through experimental investigation conducted on a Roots blower, a special 100% UC case. This further clarification is important not only to prove the theory, but would pave the way for potent...
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Different capacity control methods are used for adjusting suction flow of reciprocating compressors to meet process need. Compared with recycle or bypass and suction throttling, three capacity control methods of speed control, clearance pockets and suction valve unloading are preferred due to their energy-saving at operating condition of partial load. The paper reviewed state of the art of the current capacity control technologies and their principles. A comprehensive mathematical model was developed to predict thermodynamic and dynamic performance of reciprocating compressors equipped with the capacity control systems of four above-mentioned methods. Comparison of shaft work and mechanical efficiency were conducted for different capacity control methods at the same condition. In addition, their influence on p-v diagram and valve motion were also studied, which is important for reliability and life of the reciprocating compressors. These results were helpful for selection of the ...
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The application of diaphragm compressors is severely limited by the low reliability and short life of diaphragms. The cavity profile has considerable influence on a diaphragm's stress level and therefore on its fatigue life. This experimental and theoretical analysis of the traditional cavity profile (as defined by a single-parameter generatrix) indicated that the short life of diaphragms may be caused by the superposition of peak radial stress and additional stress due to the discharge holes in the central region that occur when the diaphragm clings to the cavity surface. Therefore, two new kinds of cavity profiles are proposed to decrease the diaphragm's radial and total stress. The new cavity profiles based on different generatrices were designed in an attempt to reduce the peak radial stress in the central region. These cavities were manufactured to experimentally validate the designs. Experiments were carried out under various design conditions to investigate the radial stre...
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  • 59
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Steam is a widely used energy source. In many situations steam is generated at high pressures and then reduced in pressure through control valves before reaching point of use. An opportunity was identified to convert some of the energy at the point of pressure reduction into electricity. To take advantage of a market identified for small scale systems, a microturbine generator was designed based on a small high speed turbo machine. This machine was packaged with the necessary control valves and systems to allow connection of the machine to the grid. Traditional machines vary the speed of the generator to match the grid frequency. This was not possible due to the high speed of this machine. The characteristics of the rotating unit had to be understood to allow a control that allowed export of energy at the right frequency to the grid under the widest possible range of steam conditions. A further goal of the control system was to maximise the efficiency of generation under all cond...
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: When grinding helical components, errors occur at the beginning and end of the contact path between the component and grinding wheel. This is due to the forces on the component changing as the grinding wheel comes into and out-of full contact with the component. In addition, shaft bending may add depth changes which vary along the length. This may result in an interrupted contact line and increased noise from the rotors. Using on-board scanning, software has been developed to calculate a compensated grinding path, which includes the adjustments of head angle, work rotation and infeed. This grinding path compensates not only lead errors, but also reduces the profile errors as well. The program has been tested in rotor production and the results are shown.
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The on-off cycling operating condition of compressors is very common in low capacity refrigeration systems, being characterized by alternate periods in which the compressor is either operating (on) or idle (off). Thermal interactions between the compressor components affect its performance during the operating period and establish the initial condition for the compressor start up from idle condition. This paper presents a numerical model to predict the temperature field of hermetic reciprocating compressors under on-off cycling conditions. The model adopts a lumped formulation for control volumes formed in the fluid solution domain and the finite volume method to solve heat conduction in the solid components. Some required heat transfer coefficients were experimentally adjusted. Predictions for temperature were compared to measurements and good agreement was observed, especially for the thermal transient during the period in which the compressor is off.
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The trapezoidal profile is always used as part of tooth profile in the screw vacuum pump. However, interferential phenomenon occurs when using trapezoidal tooth profile. The arc is added to the trapezoidal profile to obtain the self-conjugate curve. The geometric characters of new profiles are compared with the old ones from view point of area of leakage triangle, length of contacting line, area utility coefficient, and etc. The rotor with the selfconjugate curve has characteristics of the small axial leakage area. Radial leakage from the carryover was within the same volume and would not influence the mass flow rate of the vacuum pump. High ultimate vacuum can be reached by utilizing this profile.
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Empirical compressor maps are a simple and reliable approach for heating and cooling system designers to estimate compressor refrigerant mass flow rate and power consumption quickly. These maps were used for a long time since most compressor manufacturers build the maps with extensive test matrices, leading to good accuracy. However, the situation changes when engineers extrapolate the maps to investigate the compressor's performance under extreme operating conditions such as for cold climate heat pump applications or under conditions with system faults. Engineers are not confident on the exact uncertainty of the extrapolation, and often claim that the inaccuracy of their studies is a result of high extrapolation uncertainty. This paper presents a method to estimate the extrapolation uncertainty due to the structure of the test matrix that trains the manufacturer maps and helps the investigators to understand if the extrapolation is the main cause of their inaccuracy. To verify t...
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Particulate flows are a serious problem in air ventilation systems, leading to erosion of rotor blades and aerodynamic performance degradation. This paper presents the numerical results of sand particle trajectories and erosion patterns in an axial ventilator and the subsequent blade deterioration. The flow field was solved separately by using the code CFX- TASCflow. The Lagrangian approach for the solid particles tracking implemented in our inhouse code considers particle and eddy interaction, particle size distribution, particle rebounds and near walls effects. The assessment of erosion wear is based on the impact frequency and local values of erosion rate. Particle trajectories and erosion simulation revealed distinctive zones of impacts with high rates of erosion mainly on the blade pressure side, whereas the suction side is eroded around the leading edge.
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: A lot of effort has been expended on understanding the influences of an injected auxiliary liquid on a twin screw expander's performance. Sealed clearances improve performance on the one hand, but involve considerable frictional losses on the other hand. This paper contributes to an evaluation of these opposing effects with regard to the efficiency of screw expanders. First, thermodynamic analyses using the multi-chamber model-based simulation tool KaSim , developed at the Chair of Fluidics, are presented for a test screw expander in order to show the maximum potential of clearance sealing. This analysis involves thermodynamic simulations for sealed and unsealed clearances and leads to an order of priorities for different clearance types. Second, hydraulic losses within front and housing clearances are calculated, applying an analytical model of incompressible one-phase clearance flow. Subsequently dry and wet screw expanders are evaluated while both clearance sealing and f...
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In this paper the design evolution from rolling piston compressor (RP) to revolving vane compressor (RV) and finally to cross-vane expander-compressor unit (CVEC) is presented and discussed. The details in the design philosophy which initiated this evolution will be presented and discussed. It is estimated that more than 90% of the room air-conditioners uses RP in its compressor. This is because of its advantages: it has the few parts, it is simple geometrically and it is reliable. However, it is with no weaknesses. RP's weaknesses lie in three parts: too many rubbing surfaces with high relative rubbing velocity with each other which give rise to high frictional losses; components (eccentric and roller) are not rotating at their centres and resulted in unnecessary inherent vibration; vane tip is constantly rubbing against the roller making it a weakest part in design. To overcome RP's weaknesses, RV is introduced. As compared to RP, RV has fewer rubb...
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Centrifugal compressors are complex energy equipment. Automotive control and protection system should meet the requirements: of operation reliability and durability. In turbocompressors there are at least two dangerous areas: surge and rotating stall. Antisurge protecting systems usually use parametric or feature methods. As a rule industrial system are parametric. The main disadvantages of anti-surge parametric systems are difficulties in mass flow measurements in natural gas pipeline compressor. The principal idea of feature method is based on the experimental fact: as a rule just before the onset of surge rotating or precursor stall established in compressor. In this case the problem consists in detecting of unsteady pressure or velocity fluctuations characteristic signals. Wavelet analysis is the best method for detecting onset of rotating stall in spite of high level of spurious signals (rotating wakes, turbulence, etc.). This method is compatible with state of the art DSP s...
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: This paper investigates torsional vibration and pulsating noise in a dry screw compressor. The compressor is designed at Gardner Denver (GD) and is oil free and use for mounting on highway trucks. They are driven using a Power Take-Off (PTO) transmission and gear box on a truck. Torque peak fluctuation and noise measurements are done and their sources are investigated and reported in this work. To accurately predict the torsional response (frequency and relative angular deflection and torque amplitude), the Holzer method is used. It is shown that the first torsional frequency is manifested as sidebands in the gear train meshing frequencies and this can lead to noise that is the result of amplitude modulation. Sensitivity analysis of the drive train identifies the weakest link in the drive train that limits the first torsional frequency to a low value. Finally, the significance of higher mode shapes on inter-lobe clearance distribution of the rotors is investigated.
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: A volumetric Roots type blower with spur three or two lobes rotors has a high performance at a small unit size and is used mainly at the pressure ratio in the range of 1,4 - 1,6. A significant limitation of this parameter is due to the nature of the compressor working process, in particular a rapid, almost instantaneous increase in the pressure in the working chamber because of back flow. This leads to a decrease in performance and efficiency, and increase of the compressor noise level. One of the ways to overcome this drawback is the use of bypassing of part of compressed and cooled gas at injection through the ejector into the working chamber that is simultaneously disconnected from both discharge and suction. Due to this, the pressure increase process becomes more gradual as related to the rotor angle of rotation, and additional suction of portions of gas from the suction line by ejection effect becomes possible, which increases the efficiency and performance of the compressor...
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The oil circulation rate (OCR) of the rolling piston rotary compressor is a significant factor which affects the performance of refrigeration system. The increase of oil discharge causes decreasing of the heat transfer efficiency in the heat exchanger, pressure drop and lack of oil in lubricate part in compressor. In this study, the internal flow of compressor was visualized to figure out the oil droplet flow characteristics. The experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted in various frequency of compressor to observe the effect of operation frequency on oil droplet flow characteristics for reducing OCR. In situ, measurement of oil droplet diameter and velocity were conducted by using high speed image visualization and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The flow paths were dominated by copper wire parts driving the motor which was inserted in compressor. In order to verify the reliability of CFD simulation, the tendency of oil flow characteristics...
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Enhancing stall and surge margin has a great importance for the development of turbo compressors. The application of casing treatment is an effective measure to expand the stall margin and stable operation range. Numerical investigations were conducted to predict the performance of a low flow rate centrifugal compressor with circumferential groove casing treatment in vane diffuser. Numerical cases with different radial location, radial width and axial depth of a circumferential single groove and different numbers of circumferential grooves were carried out to compare the results. The CFD analyses results show that the centrifugal compressor with circumferential grooves in diffuser can extend stable range by about 9% while the efficiency over the whole operating range decreases by 0.2 to 1.7%. The evaluation based on stall margin improvement showed the optimal position for the groove to be located was indicated to exist near the leading edge of the diffuser, and a combination of p...
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In this article a modern and economic method for the strength calculation of the piston rod unit and its components under different operating conditions will be presented. Herefore the commercial FEA - Software will be linked with the company-owned calculation tools. The parametric user input will be followed by an automatic Pre- and Postprocessing. Afterwards the strength calculation is processed on all critical points of the piston rod connection, assisted by an extra module, based on general standards and special codes for reciprocating compressors. In this process most arrangements of the piston rod unit as well as the special geometries of the single-components (piston, piston rod and piston nut) can be considered easily. In this article the modeling of the notches, especially on the piston rod, piston as well as the piston nut will be covered in detail.
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Gas superheating in the suction system may significantly reduce the volumetric and isentropic efficiencies of small reciprocating compressors adopted for household refrigeration. This paper reports a thermal modelling approach developed to predict superheating in an oil- free linear compressor. A simulation code based on the finite volume method was adopted to solve heat conduction in the solid components and gas flow inside the compressor shell. In order to reduce the computational cost, the compression cycle inside the cylinder was modelled with a transient lumped formulation, but in a coupled manner with the remainder of the solution domain. Comparisons between numerical and experimental results of temperature showed discrepancies in some solid components and in the gas path along the discharge system. However, the model was able to predict suction gas superheating in good agreement with measurements. A sensitivity analysis of the temperature distribution with respect to two d...
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The aim of this paper is to carry out a group of numerical experiments over the fluid flow through a valve reed, using the CFD&HT code TermoFluids, an unstructured and parallel object-oriented CFD code for accurate and reliable solving of industrial flows. Turbulent flow and its solution is a very complex problem due to there is a non-lineal interaction between viscous and inertial effects further complicated by their rotational nature, together with the three-dimensionality inherent in these types of flow and the non-steady state solutions. In this work, different meshes, geometrical conditions and LES turbulence models (WALE, VMS, QR and SIGMA) are tested and results compared. On the other hand, the fluid flow boundary conditions are obtained by means of the numerical simulation model of hermetic reciprocating compressors tool, NEST-compressor code. The numerical results presented are based on a specific geometry, where the valve gap opening percentage is 11% of hole diamet...
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Energy efficiency has been a key issue for screw machines for many years. This article describes a new analytical procedure for determining rolling bearing friction and the use of the procedure for designing compressor bearing supports. Further analytical options for a calculative assessment of the overall efficiency of bearing support alternatives are presented in the design phase based on parameter analyses performed by the BearinX ? calculation software, which includes the new friction calculation by means of a mechanical, tribological model.
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Volumetric expanders are suitable for more and more applications in the field of micro- and small-scale power system as waster heat recovery or solar energy. This paper present an experimental study carried out on a swatch-plate piston expander. The expander was integrated into an ORC test-bench using R245fa. The performances are evaluated in term of isentropic efficiency and filling factor. The maximum efficiency and power reached are respectively 53% and 2 kW. Inside cylinder pressure measurements allow to compute mechanical efficiency and drown P-V diagram. A semi-empirical simulation model is then proposed, calibrated and used to analyse the different sources of losses.
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Basic propositions of calculation procedures for oil free scroll compressors characteristics are presented. It is shown that mathematical modelling of working process in a scroll compressor makes it possible to take into account such factors influencing the working process as heat and mass exchange, mechanical interaction in working chambers, leakage through slots, etc. The basic mathematical model may be supplemented by taking into account external heat exchange, elastic deformation of scrolls, inlet and outlet losses, etc. To evaluate the influence of procedure on scroll compressor characteristics calculations accuracy different calculations were carried out. Internal adiabatic efficiency was chosen as a comparative parameter which evaluates the perfection of internal thermodynamic and gas-dynamic compressor processes. Calculated characteristics are compared with experimental values obtained for the compressor pilot sample.
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: This paper describes a simulation model for small reciprocating compressors with emphasis on the electrical motor modelling. Heat transfer is solved through algebraic equations derived from lumped thermal energy balances applied to the compressor components. Thermal conductances between the motor components are characterized via a thermal network model. The single-phase induction motor is modelled via an equivalent circuit, allowing predictions for the motor performance and distributed losses. The predicted temperature distribution is used to evaluate the stator and rotor windings resistances. The thermal and electric models are solved in a coupled manner with a model for the compression cycle. Predictions of temperature distribution, motor efficiency, as well as isentropic and volumetric efficiencies, are compared with experimental data at different operating conditions. The model is then applied to analyse the motor temperature as a function of input voltage and stator wire dia...
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: A two stage oil free screw compressor package was recently delivered to a major blue chip oil and gas giant for use on one of their oil platforms located in the North Atlantic. During initial design it became clear that the amount of instrumentation required on the package would be substantial. As a result of this an elegant solution was required that would move non-critical inputs and outs (IO) from the control panel to the package itself. This paper first describes the problems caused by the substantial amount of instrumentation required on the package. This description includes how the instrumentation is classed as critical and non-critical and what signals must still be sent over a hard wire and why. As the final location of the package is in an extremely hazardous environment, a highly corrosive marine environment, and the compressor itself is compressing highly combustible hydrocarbon gas, the protection methods employed by the instruments to prevent explosion is then...
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The 9th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems will be held in London from 5th ? 9th September 2015, and as its Chairman, it is my pleasure to welcome you. This series of conferences started in 1999 organised by the Fluid Machinery Group of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) but since 2009 it has been managed by City University London in conjunction with the IMechE and the Institute of Refrigeration, both of which have been very proactive in promoting it. The Organising committee is grateful for their support and continued encouragement. This year, after rigorous reviewing, we have accepted over 80 technical papers for publication, the highest number in the conference history. On behalf of the organising committee I would like to thank the reviewers for their hard work and assistance. In addition to the main technical sessions, this year we have introduced a third day, specifically for Industry, to consider technology, b...
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  • 82
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: A list of sponsors and partners is available in the PDF.
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: An investigation was carried out to find the most optimum configuration, particularly the torque matching characteristics, of an integrated Revolving Vane compressor- expander. To carry out the study, a mathematical model of the integrated compressor-expander was developed. An open cycle air refrigeration system was adopted. The controlled parameter was the angle shift between the compressor and the expander. The observed parameters were the peak torque requirement and the bearing load. The results show that when properly matched, the peak torque can be reduced by more than 65% while the bearing loads can be reduced by up to 25%, depending on operating conditions. Unfortunately, the optimum angle shifts for peak torque do not always coincide with those for bearing load. When the pressure and inertial components of the torques are comparable or when the inertial component is dominant, the optimum angle shifts for peak torque and bearing load are around 180? and 330?, respectively....
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: An extremely compact, therefore space saving unitary structure of short axial length is produced by radial integration of a revolving piston rotary compressor and an impeller of a centrifugal fan. The unitary structure employs single motor to run as the compressor so the airflow fan and eliminates duality of motors, related power supply and control elements. Novel revolving piston rotary compressor which provides possibility for such integration comprises the following: a suction gas delivery system which provides cooling of the motor and supplies refrigerant into the suction chamber under higher pressure (supercharged); a modified discharge system and lubricating oil supply system. Axial passages formed in the stationary crankshaft are used to supply discharge gas to a condenser, to return vaporized cooling agent from the evaporator to the suction cavity of the compressor, to pass a lubricant and to accommodate wiring supplying power to the unitary structure driver -external rot...
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Oil injected screw compressors have essentially superseded all other types of compressors in modern helium refrigeration systems due to their large displacement capacity, reliability, minimal vibration, and capability of handling helium's high heat of compression. At the present state of compressor system designs for helium refrigeration systems, typically two-thirds of the lost input power is due to the compression system. It is important to understand the isothermal and volumetric efficiencies of these machines to help properly design the compression system to match the refrigeration process. It is also important to identify those primary compressor skid exergetic loss mechanisms which may be reduced, thereby offering the possibility of significantly reducing the input power to helium refrigeration processes which are extremely energy intensive. This paper summarizes the results collected during the commissioning of the new compressor system for Jefferson Lab's (JLab's) 12 GeV ...
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Gas dynamic design of the pipe line compressor 32 MW was made for PAO SMPO (Sumy, Ukraine). The technical specification requires compressor efficiency of 90%. The customer offered favorable scheme - single-stage design with console impeller and axial inlet. The authors used the standard optimization methodology of 2D impellers. The original methodology of internal scroll profiling was used to minimize efficiency losses. Radically improved 5th version of the Universal modeling method computer programs was used for precise calculation of expected performances. The customer fulfilled model tests in a 1:2 scale. Tests confirmed the calculated parameters at the design point (maximum efficiency of 90%) and in the whole range of flow rates. As far as the authors know none of compressors have achieved such efficiency. The principles and methods of gas-dynamic design are presented below. The data of the 32 MW compressor presented by the customer in their report at the 16 th Inte...
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Selecting the correct compressor lubricant is crucial to the duration of the compressor and the refrigerant systems? useful life. However, developing an optimized lubricant for a refrigeration system requires a multitude of screenings and tests. The compatibility and stability of the lubricant with the refrigerant and compressor components needs to be examined at various accelerated conditions. The lubricant and refrigerant working viscosity must be determined at various refrigerant concentrations, temperatures and pressures as the diluted refrigerant in the lubricant has a significant effect on the viscosity. The correct lubricant formulation needs to be investigated for optimal performance. A compressor lubricant can provide many benefits to a refrigeration system such as bearing durability, sealing, and increased efficiency. Sometimes it is necessary to formulate the lubricant in order to optimize system performance. Specifically, this study investigated anti-wear properties o...
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: This work is motivated by the necessity to reduce the effects of the flow circumferential distortion in the flow passage of the aircraft gas turbine engine (GTE). In previous research, the authors have proposed the approaches to decrease of the flow circumferential distortion arising from the mid-support racks of GTE compressor and having a negative impact on the blade rows, located upstream. In particular, the idea of introducing the circumferentially non-uniform blade pitch and profile stagger angle of guide vanes located in front of the support was contributed in order to redistribute the flow and decrease the dynamic stresses in the rotor wheel of the same stage. During the research presented in this paper, another principal of reduction of the flow circumferential distortion was chosen. Firstly, the variants of upgrading the existing support racks were found. Secondly, the new design of support was offered. Both the first and the second version of the support design variatio...
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Efficiency of reciprocating compressor is strongly dependent on several parameters. The most important are valve behaviour and heat transfer. Valves affect the flow through the suction and discharge line. Heat flow from the walls to working fluid increases the work of the cycle. Understanding of these phenomena inside the compressor is a necessary step in the development process. Commercial CFD tools offer wide range of opportunities how to simulate the flow inside the reciprocating compressor nowadays, however they are too demanding in terms of computational time and mesh creation. Several approaches using various correlation equation exist to describe the heat transfer inside the cylinder, however none of them was validated by measurements due to the complicated settings. The goal of this paper is to show a comparison between these correlations using in-house code based on energy balance through the cycle.
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The use of more smaller industrial NH3 screw compressors operating in parallel seems to offer the optimum way when it comes to fulfilling maximum part load efficiency, increased redundancy and other highly requested features in the industrial refrigeration industry today. Parallel operation in an optimum way can be selected to secure continuous operation and can in most applications be configured to ensure lower overall operating economy. New compressors are developed to meet requirements for flexibility in operation and are controlled in an intelligent way. The intelligent control system keeps focus on all external demands, but yet striving to offer always the lowest possible absorbed power, including in future scenarios with connection to smart grid.
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Today, Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants are being evaluated, optimized and applied. Higher-pressure refrigerants, refrigerant blends, and new chemical families of refrigerants are candidates. Compressor designs and system components are being evaluated to deliver the desired capacity, efficiency and reliable performance for intended applications. Once the Refrigerant family is chosen based on Environmental and Heat transfer properties, System Chemistry between the Refrigerant and Lubricant families are scrutinized for optimum miscibility and solubility. These directly affect the Phase separation between the 2 liquid phases and reduction of viscosity. Over the entire Operating Envelope, the ?oil return? and ?viscosity reduction? problems are assessed. Compatibility aspects between chemicals (Refrigerants, Lubricants) and materials of construction (metallic, polymeric, elastomeric) are verified to avoid failures in use. System Components, compressor bearings, expansi...
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Shell Global Solutions uses an in-house developed system for remote condition monitoring of centrifugal compressors. It requires field process data collected during operation to calculate and assess the machine's performance. Performance is assessed by comparing live results of polytropic head and efficiency versus design compressor curves provided by the Manufacturer. Typically, these design curves are given for specific suction conditions. The further these conditions on site deviate from those prescribed at design, the less accurate the health assessment of the compressor becomes. To address this specified problem, a compressor map prediction tool is proposed. The original performance curves of polytropic head against volumetric flow for varying rotational speeds are used as an input to define a range of Mach numbers within which the non-dimensional invariant performance curve of head and volume flow coefficient is generated. The new performance curves of polytropic head vs. f...
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The vibrational state of the screw compressor is largely dependent on the gearing of the rotors and on the possibility of angular backlash in the gears. The presence of the latter leads to a transmission error and is caused by the need for the downward bias of the actual profile in relation to the theoretical. The loss of contact between rotors and, as a consequence, the current value of the quantity, characterizing the transmission error, is affected by a large number of different factors. In particular, a major influence on the amount of possible movement in the gearing will be exerted by thermal deformations of the rotor and the housing parts in the working mode of the machine. The present work is devoted to the analysis of the thermal state in the operation of the screw oil-flooded compressor and its impact on the transmission error and the possibility of losing contact between them during the operating cycle.
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Low specific speed compressors have been historically based on positive displacement machines. Attempts to bring advantages of turbomachinery such as oil free, low parts counts, low cost of manufacture, and reliability to low flow rate applications have not been sparse, but the principle difficulty has always been that the conventional turbomachine design operates at ultra-high speed to deliver low volume flow rates. This is synonymous with low efficiency due to higher losses (windage, surface finish, and tip clearances). The innovative TurboClaw? design is a low specific speed turbomachinery with forward swept impeller geometry. It owes its high efficiency and operational stability to careful design of its nearly tangential forward swept blading and diffuser geometry.
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Industrial centrifugal compressor stage is a complicated object for gas dynamic design when the goal is to achieve maximum efficiency. The Authors analyzed results of CFD performance modeling (NUMECA Fine Turbo calculations). Performance prediction in a whole was modest or poor in all known cases. Maximum efficiency prediction was quite satisfactory to the contrary. Flow structure in stator elements was in a good agreement with known data. The intermediate type stage ?3D impeller + vaneless diffuser+ return channel? was designed with principles well proven for stages with 2D impellers. CFD calculations of vaneless diffuser candidates demonstrated flow separation in VLD with constant width. The candidate with symmetrically tampered inlet part b 3 / b 2 = 0,73 appeared to be the best. Flow separation takes place in the crossover with standard configuration. The alternative variant was developed and numerically tested. The obtained experience ...
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In this paper, a mechanistic steady-state model of a single-screw expander is described with emphasis on the geometric description. Insights into the calculation of the main parameters and the definition of the groove profile are provided. Additionally, the adopted chamber model is discussed. The model has been implemented by means of the open-source software PDSim (Positive Displacement SIMulation), written in the Python language, and the solution algorithm is described. The single-screw expander model is validated with a set of steady-state measurement points collected from a 11 kWe organic Rankine cycle test-rig with SES36 and R245fa as working fluid. The overall performance and behavior of the expander are also further analyzed.
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Screw-type volumetric expanders have been demonstrated to be a suitable technology for organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems because of higher overall effectiveness and good part-load behaviour over other positive displacement machines. An 11 kWe single-screw expander (SSE) adapted from an air compressor has been tested in an ORC test-rig operating with R245fa as working fluid. A total of 60 steady-steady points have been obtained at four different rotational speeds of the expander in the range between 2000 rpm and 3300 rpm. The maximum electrical power output and overall isentropic effectiveness measured were 7.3 kW and 51.9%, respectively. In this paper, a comparison between two low-order models is proposed in terms of accuracy of the predictions, the robustness of the model and the computational time. The first model is the Pacejka equation-based model and the second is a semi-empirical model derived from a well-known scroll expander model and modified to include the geometric a...
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: A CFD model enabling accurate and computationally affordable simulation of unsteady flow in screw compressors has been developed. This paper focuses on computational aspects, including real-gas CFD using hybrid structured/unstructured moving grids, and specifics of grid generation for moving rotors and their communication with the discharge plenum.
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: One of the major factors affecting the performance prediction of twin screw compressors by use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the accuracy with which the leakage gaps are captured by the discretization methods. The accuracy of mapping leakage flows can be improved by increasing the number of grid points on the profile. However, this method faces limitations when it comes to the complex deforming domains of a twin screw compressor because the computational time increases tremendously. In order to address this problem, an analytical grid distribution procedure is formulated that can independently refine the region of high importance for leakage flows in the interlobe space. This paper describes the procedure of analytical grid generation with the refined mesh in the interlobe area and presents a test case to show the influence of the mesh refinement in that area on the performance prediction. It is shown that by using this method, the flow domains in the vicinity of the i...
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: A simulation model to predict the performance of a prototype CO 2 compressor is presented. This prototype compressor employs the Sanderson-Rocker Arm Motion (S-RAM) mechanism, which converts the rotary motion of the shaft into a linear reciprocating motion of the cylinders. The piston stroke can be variable by changing the incline angle between the connecting rod and compressor main shaft centerline. The compressor model is mainly composed of two main sub-models simulating the kinematics of the drive mechanism and the compression process. A valve sub-model is included in the compression process model.
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