ALBERT

Anmerkung: Contents: Introduction Partha Dasgupta and Peter Raven ; Prologue. Extinction: what it means to us Martin Rees ; 1. Extinction in deep time: lessons from the past? Neil Shubin ; 2. Biodiversity and global change: from creator to victim Timothy Lenton ; 3. The state of the world's biodiversity Stuart Pimm and Peter Raven ; 4. Extinction threats to life in the ocean and opportunities for their amelioration Jenna Sullivan, Vanessa Constant and Jane Lubchenco ; 5. Out of the soil: soil (dark matter biodiversity) and societal 'collapses' from Mesoamerica to the Mesopotamia and beyond Timothy Beach, Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach and Nicholas Dunning ; 6. The Green Revolution and crop biodiversity Prabhu Pingali ; 7. Population: the current state and future prospects John Bongaarts ; 8. Game over? Drivers of biological extinction in Africa Calestous Juma ; 9. Why we're in the sixth great extinction and what it means to humanity Partha Dasgupta and Paul Ehrlich ; 10. The consequences of biodiversity loss for human well-being Charles Perrings and Ann Kinzig ; 11. Terra incognita: in search of the disconnect Mathis Wackernagel ; 12. How do we stem biodiversity loss? Gretchen Daily and Stephen Polasky ; 13. Can smart villages help to stem biodiversity loss? Brian Heap, John Holmes and Bernie Jones ; 14. The new design condition: planetary urbanism + resource scarcity + climate change John Hoal.

Anmerkung: Contents: : 1: Climate Justice: Integrating Economics and Philosophy, Ravi Kanbur and Henry Shue ; 2: Poor People on the Front Line: The Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty in 2030, Julie Rozenberg and Stephane Hallegatte ; 3: Governing the Commons to Promote Global Justice: Climate Change Mitigation and Rent Taxation, Michael Jakob, Ottmar Edenhofer, Ulrike Kornek, Dominic Lenzi, and Jan Minx. ; 4: Equity Implications of the COP21 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Adam Rose, Dan Wei, and Antonio Bento ; 5: Climate Change and Inequity: How to Think about Inequities in Different Dimensions, Nicole Hassoun and Anders Herlitz ; 6: Climate Change and Economic Self-Interest, Julie Nelson ; 7: Noncompliers' Duties, Anja Karnein ; 8: Divest-Invest: A Moral Case for Fossil Fuel Divestment, Alex Lenferna ; 9: Justice and Posterity, Simon Caney ; 10: Discounting and the Paradox of the Indefinitely Postponed Splurge, Matthew Rendall ; 11: The Controllability Precautionary Principle: Justification of a Climate Policy Goal under Uncertainty, Eugen Pissarskoi ; 12: The Social Cost of Carbon from Theory to Trump, Paul Kelleher ; 13: Long-term Climate Justice, John Nolt ; Appendix: Declaration on Climate Justice

Anmerkung: Contents: 1: Looking Foolish ; 2: The Demographics of Disaffiliation ; 3: Why They Say They Leave ; 4: The Night Before ; 5: Gaudium et spes, luctus et angor ; 6: The Morning After ; 7: Unto the Third and Fourth Generations ; Epilogue: Did the Council Fail?

Anmerkung: Contents: Foreword -- Preface: It All Depends -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Karibuni!: Welcome to You All -- 2 The World of Tea: A Geriatric Problem -- 3 A Changing Climate: Stay Cool! -- 4 Taxonomic Delight: Only Plant the Best! -- 5 The Well-Bred Tea Bush: Developing High-Yielding Clones -- 6 Planting and Replanting: Who Ever Said This Was Simple? -- 7 Understanding the Growth Processes: Creating a Framework -- 8 Roots Exposed: Life Underground -- 9 We Are Only Growing Leaves: Source or Sink? -- 10 Plucks Shoots, and Leaves: Looking After the Children -- 11 Machine-Assisted Harvesting: The Need of the Hour -- Plates -- 12 Hidden Hunger and Intelligent Guesswork: We Can Only Build on What Has Gone Before -- 13 Pores for Thought: Gaseous Exchange -- 14 More Pores for Thought: The Answer Lies in the Soil -- 15 Water Productivity: More Crop per Drop -- 16 A Shady Business: Teas Need Trees -- 17 A Nice Cup of Tea: Is It Made in the Field or in the Factory? -- 18 Fair Trade?: Smallholders Are Beautiful -- 19 The Agronomist's Report: A Synthesis -- 20 Support Services: How Sustainable Is Sustainability? -- Glossary

Anmerkung: Contents: Introduction: The Future is in Our Hands ; PART I SOURCES OF WORRY, REASONS FOR HOPE ; 1 Global Successes and Looming Catastrophes ; 2 Globalization and Technology: Choices and Contingencies ; 3 The Expanding Circle of Respect and Dignity ; 4 The Big Challenge ; PART II ACTING FOR SOCIAL PROGRESS ; 5 In Search of a New “Third Way” , 6 Reforming Capitalism , 7 From the Welfare State to the Emancipating State , 8 From Polaritics to Politics , Conclusion: Mobilizing Change- Makers

Anmerkung: Contents: Part I: An Introduction to Fortran 90 and Numerical Methods ; 1: Fortran 90: A Simple Programming Language ; 2: Numerical Solution Methods ; Part II: Computational Economics for Beginners ; 3: The Static General Equilibrium Model ; 4: Topics in Finance and Risk Management ; 5: The Life Cycle Model and Intertemporal Choics ; 6: The Overlapping Generations Model ; 7: Extending the OLG Model ; Part III: Advanced Computational Economics ; 8: Introduction to Dynamic Programming ; 9: Dynamic Macro I: Infinite Horizon Models ; 10: Life-Cycle Choices and Risk ; 11: Dynamic Macro II: The Stochastic OLG Model

Anmerkung: Contents: 1: Introduction to complex systems ; 2: Probability and random processes ; 3: Scaling ; 4: Networks ; 5: Evolutionary processes ; 6: Statistical mechanics & information theory for complex systems ; 7: The future of the science of complex systems? ; 8: Special functions and approximations

Anmerkung: Contents: Introduction; Part I. Foundations: 1. Emergence and development of international environmental law; 2. Main features of international environmental law; 3. The principles of international environmental law; Part II. Substantive Regulation: 4. Oceans, seas and freshwater; 5. Atmosphere; 6. Biological diversity; 7. Dangerous substances and activities; Part III. Implementation: 8. Traditional approaches: responsibility/liability/adjudication; 9. Alternative approaches - facilitation and management of 'noncompliance'; Part IV. Interactions with Other Branches: 10. Interactions with human rights law; 11. Interactions with the law of armed conflict; 12. Interactions with international economic law

Anmerkung: Contents: Introduction to Volume 1 ; 1. Social trends and new geographies ; 2. Social progress: a compass ; 3. Economic inequality and social progress ; 4. Economic growth, human development and welfare ; 5. Cities and social progress ; 6. Markets, finance, and corporations: does capitalism have a future? ; 7. The future of work – good jobs for all ; 8. Social justice, well-being, and economic organization

Anmerkung: Contents: Introduction to Volume 3 ; 15. Social progress and cultural change ; 16. Religions and social progress: critical assessments and creative partnerships ; 17. Pluralization of families ; 18. Global health and the changing contours of human life ; 19. The contribution of education to social progress ; 20. Belonging ; 21. The Multiple directions of social progress: ways forward ; 22. The contribution of the social sciences to policy and institutional change

Anmerkung: Contents: Part 1: The legal and institutional framework -- The environment and international society: issues, concepts and definitions -- History -- Governance: states, international organisations and non-state actors -- International law-making and regulation -- Compliance: implementation, enforcement, dispute settlement -- Part 2: Principles and rules establishing standards -- General principles and rules -- Atmospheric protection -- Climate change -- Freshwater resources -- Biological diversity -- Oceans, seas and marine living resources -- Hazardous substances and activities, and waste -- The polar regions: antarctica and the arctic -- Part 3: Techniques for implementing international principles and rules -- Environmental impact assessment -- Environmental information and technology transfer -- Liability for environmental damage -- Part 4: Linkage of international environmental law and other areas of international law -- Human rights and international humanitarian law -- International economic law: trade, investment and intellectual property -- Future developments

Anmerkung: Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction to environmental DNA (eDNA) 1.1 Definitions 1.2 A brief history of eDNA analysis 1.3 Constraints when working with eDNA 1.4 Workflow in eDNA studies and main methods used 1.5 Environmental DNA as a monitoring tool 2 DNA metabarcode choice and design 2.1 Which DNA metabarcode? 2.2 Properties of the ideal DNA metabarcode 2.3 In silica primer design and testing 2.3.1 Prerequisites 2.3.2 Reference sequences: description, filtering, and formatting for ecoPrimers 2.3.3 In silica primer design with ecoPrimers 2.3.3.1 'Ihe ecoPrimers output 2.3.4 In silica primer testing with ecoPCR 2.3.4.1 The ecoPCR output 2.3.4.2 Filtering of the ecoPCR output 2.3.4.3 Evaluation of primer conservation 2.3.4.4 Taxonomic resolution and Bs index 2.4 Examples of primer pairs available for DNA metabarcoding 3 Reference databases 3.1 Extracting reference databases from EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ 3.1.1 Downloading a local copy of EMBL 3.1.2 Identifying sequences corresponding to the relevant metabarcode 3.2 Marker-specific reference databases 3.2.1 Nuclear rRNA gene reference databases 3.2.2 Eukaryote-specific databases 3.3 Building a local reference database 3.3.1 PCR-based local reference database 3.3.2 Shotgun-based local reference database 3.4 Current challenges and future directions 4 Sampling 4.1 The cycle of eDNA in the environment 4.1.1 State and origin 4.1.2 Fate 4.1.3 Transport 4.2 Sampling design 4.2.1 Focusing on the appropriate DNA population 4.2.2 Defining the sampling strategy 4.3 Sample preservation 5 DNA extraction 5.1 From soil samples 5.2 From sediment 5.3 From litter 5.4 From fecal samples 5.5 From water samples 6 DNA amplification and multiplexing 6.1 Principle of the PCR 6.2 Which polymerase to choose? 6.3 The standard PCR reaction 6.4 The importance of including appropriate controls 6.4.1 Extraction negative controls 6.4.2 PCR negative controls 6.4.3 PCR positive controls 6.4.4 Tagging system controls 6.4.5 Internal controls 6.5 PCR optimization 6.6 How to limit the risk of contamination? 6.7 Blocking oligonucleotides for reducing the amplification of undesirable sequences 6.8 How many PCR replicates? 6.9 Multiplexing several metabarcodes within the same PCR 6.10 Multiplexing many samples on the same sequencing lane 6.10.1 Overview of the problem 6.10.2 Strategy 1: single-step PCR with Illumina adapters 6.10.3 Strategy 2: two-step PCR with Illumina adapters 6.10.4 Strategy 3: single-step PCR with tagged primers 7 DNA sequencing 7.1 Overview of the first, second, and third generations of sequencing technologies 7.2 The Illumina technology 7.2.1 Library preparation 7.2.2 Flow cell, bridge PCR, and clusters 7.2.3 Sequencing by synthesis 7.2.4 Quality scores of the sequence reads 8 DNA metabarcoding data analysis 8.1 Basic sequence handling and curation 8.1.1 Sequencing quality 8.1.1.1 The pros and cons of read quality-based filtering 8.1.1.2 Quality trimming software 8.1.2 Paired-end read pairing 8.1.3 Sequence demultiplexing 8.1.4 Sequence dereplication 8.1.5 Rough sequence curation 8.2 Sequence classification 8.2.1 Taxonomic classification 8.2.2 Unsupervised classification 8.2.3 Chimera identification 8.3 Taking advantages of experimental controls 8.3.1 Filtering out potential contaminants 8.3.2 Removing dysfunctional PCRs 8.4 General considerations on ecological analyses 8.4.1 Sampling effort and representativeness 8.4.1.1 Evaluating representativeness of the sequencing per PCR 8.4.1.2 Evaluating representativeness at the sampling unit or site level 8.4.2 Handling samples with varying sequencing depth 8.4.3 Going further and adapting the ecological models to metabarcoding 9 Single-species detection 9.1 Principle of the quantitative PCR (qPCR) 9.1.1 Recording amplicon accumulation in real time via fluorescence measurement 9.1.2 The typical amplification curve 9.1.3 Quantification of target sequences with the Ct method 9.2 Design and testing of qPCR barcodes targeting a single species 9.2.1 1he problem of specificity 9.2.2 qPCR primers and probe 9.2.3 Candidate qPCR barcodes 9.3 Additional experimental considerations 9.3.1 General issues associated with sampling, extraction, and PCR amplification 9.3.2 The particular concerns of contamination and inhibition 10 Environmental DNA for functional diversity 10.1 Functional diversity from DNA metabarcoding 10.1.1 Functional inferences 10.1.2 Targeting active populations 10.2 Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics: sequencing more than a barcode 10.2.1 General sampling constraints 10.2.1.1 Optimization of the number of samples 10.2.1.2 Enrichment in target organisms 10.2.1.3 Enrichment in functional information 10.2.2 General molecular constraints 10.2.3 From sequences to functions 10.2.3.1 Assembling (or not) a metagenome 10.2.3.2 Sorting contigs or reads in broad categories 10.2.3.3 Extracting functional information via taxonomic inferences 10.2.3.4 Functional annotation of metagenomes 11 Some early landmark studies 11.1 Emergence of the concept of eDNA and first results on microorganisms 11.2 Examining metagenomes to explore the functional information carried by eDNA 11.3 Extension to macroorganisms 12 Freshwater ecosystems 12.1 Production, persistence, transport, and delectability of eDNA in freshwater ecosystems 12.1.1 Production 12.1.2 Persistence 12.1.3 Transport/ diffusion distance 12.1.4 Detectability 12.2 Macroinvertebrates 12.3 Diatoms and microeukaryotes 12.4 Aquatic plants 12.5 Fish, amphibians, and other vertebrates 12.5.1 Species detection 12.5.2 Biomass estimates 12.6 Are rivers conveyer belts of biodiversity information? 13 Marine environments 13.1 Environmental DNA cycle and transport in marine ecosystems 13.2 Marine microbial diversity 13.3 Environmental DNA for marine macroorganisms 14 Terrestrial ecosystems 14.1 Delectability, persistence, and mobility of eDNA in soil 14.2 Plant community characterization 14.3 Earthworm community characterization 14.4 Bacterial community or metagenome characterization 14.5 Multitaxa diversity surveys 1 5 Paleoenvironments 15.1 Lake sediments 15.1.1 Pollen, macrofossils, and DNA metabarcoding 15.1.2 Plants and mammals from Lake Anteme 15.1.3 Viability in the ice-free corridor in North America 15.2 Permafrost 15.2.1 Overview of the emergence of permafrost as a source of eDNA 15.2.2 Large-scale analysis of permafrost samples for reconstructing past plant communities 15.3 Archaeological midden material 15.3.1 Bulk archaeological fish bones from Madagascar 15.3.2 Midden from Greenland to assess past human diet 16 Host-associated microbiota 16.1 DNA dynamics 16.2 Early molecular-based works 16.3 Post-holobiont works 17 Diet analysis 17.1 Some seminal diet studies 17.1.1 Proof of concept-analyzing herbivore diet using next-generation sequencing 17.1.2 Assessing the efficiency of conservation actions in Bialowieza forest 17.1.3 Characterizing carnivore diet, or how to disentangle predator and prey eDNA 17.1.4 Analyzing an omnivorous diet, or integrating several diets in a single one 17.2 Methodological and experimental specificities of eDNA diet analyses 17.2.1 eDNAsources 17.2.1.1 Feces 17.2.1.2 Gut content 17.2.1.3 Whole body 17.2.2 Quantitative aspects 17.2.2.1 Relationship between the amount of ingested food and DNA quantity in the sample 17.2.2.2 Quantifying DNA with PCR and next-generation sequencing 17.2.2.3 Empirical correction of abundances 17.2.3 Diet as a sample of the existing biodiversity 17.2.4 Problematic diets 18 Analysis of bulk samples 18.1 What is a bulk sample? 18.2 Case studies 18.2.1 Bulk insect samples for biodiversity monitoring 18.2.2 Nematode diversity in tropical rainforest 18.2.3 Marine metawan diversity in benthic ecosystems 18.3 Metabarcoding markers for bulk samples 18.4 Alternative strategies 19 The future of eDNA metabarcoding 19.1 PCR-based approaches 19.1.1 Singl

Anmerkung: Contents: Introduction to Volume 2 ; 9. The paradoxes of democracy and the rule of law ; 10. Violence, wars, peace, security ; 11. International organizations and the technologies of governance ; 12. Governing capital, labor and nature in a changing world ; 13. Media and communications ; 14. Challenges of inequality to democracy

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Global politics and the environment ; Part I. Why Do Environmental Problems Occur?: 2. The tragedy of the commons ; 3. Population and poverty ; 4. Capitalism ; Part II. Responding to Global Environmental Problems: 5. Conflict and securitisation - water ; 6. Multilateral diplomacy - sustainable development ; 7. Transnational governance experiments - climate change ; 8. Aid and finance - deforestation ; 9. Individualising responsibility - unsustainable consumption ; 10. Problem displacement - hazardous substances ; 11. Resistance and localisation - unsustainable agriculture ; 12. Appraising global environmental governance

Anmerkung: Contents: 1: Introduction ; 2: Framework ; 3: Traditional topics ; 4: Constrained credit ; 5: Net worth ; 6: Real estate ; 7: Commerical banks ; 8: Methods

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Introduction to the second edition What this book is about How the book is organized Why R? Updates Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Getting and Getting Acquainted with R 1.1 Getting started 1.2 Getting R 1.3 Getting R Studio 1.4 Let's play 1.5 Usin g R as a giant calculator (the size of your computer) 1.6 Your first script 1.7 Intermezzo remarks 1.8 Important functionality: packages 1.9 Getting help 1.10 A mini-practical - some in-depth play 1.11 Some more top tips and hints for a successful first (and more) R experience Appendix 1a Mini-tutorial solutions Appendix 1b File extensions and operating systems Chapter 2: Getting Your Data into R 2.1 Getting data ready for R 2.2 Getting your data into R 2.3 Checking that your data are your data 2.4 Basic troubleshooting while importing data 2.5 Summing up Appendix Advanced activity: dealing with untidy data Chapter 3: Data Management, Manipulation, and Exploration with dplyr 3.1 Summary statistics for each variable 3.2 dplyr verbs 3.3 Subsetting 3.4 Transforming 3.5 Sorting 3.6 Mini-summary and two top tips 3.7 Calculating summary statistics about groups of your data 3.8 What have you learned ... lots Appendix 3a Comparing classic methods and dplyr Appendix 3b Advanced dplyr Chapter 4: Visualizing Your Data 4.1 The first step in every data analysis — making a picture 4.2 ggplot2: a grammar for graphics 4.3 Box-and-whisker plots 4.4 Distributions: making histograms of numeric variables 4.5 Saving your graphs for presentation, documents, etc. 4.6 Closing remarks Chapter 5: Introducing Statistics in R 5.1 Getting started doing statistics in R 5.2 x2 contingency table analysis 5.3 Two-sample t-test 5.4 Introducing ... linear models 5.5 Simple linear regression 5.6 Analysis of variance: the one-way ANOVA 5.7 Wrapping up Appendix Getting packages not on CRAN Chapter 6: Advancing Your Statistics in R 6.1 Getting started with more advanced statistics 6.2 The two-way ANOVA 6.3 Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) 6.4 Overview: an analysis workflow Chapter 7: Getting Started with Generalized Linear Models 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Counts and rates — Poisson GLMs 7.3 Doing it wrong 7.4 Doing it right — the Poisson GLM 7.5 When a Poisson GLM isn’t good for counts 7.6 Summary, and beyond simple Poisson regression Chapter 8: Pimping Your Plots: Scales and Themes in ggplot2 8.1 What you already know about graphs 8.2 Preparation 8.3 What you may want to customize 8.4 Axis labels, axis limits, and annotation 8.5 Scales 8.6 The theme 8.7 Summing up Chapter 9: Closing Remarks: Final Comments and Encouragement General Appendices Appendix 1 Data Sources Appendix 2 Further Reading Appendix 3 R Markdown Index

Anmerkung: Contents: INTRODUCTION ; 1: Ius Constitutionale Commune in América Latina: A Regional Approach to Transformative Constitutionalism ; PART I: FRAMEWORK ; 2: Ius Constitutionale Commune in América Latina: A Conceptual Clarification ; 3: Ius Constitutionale Commune in América Latina: Context, Challenges, and Perspectives ; 4: The Struggle for Rights and the Ius Constitutionale Commune ; 5: A Multidimensional Approach to Equality in the Inter-American Context: Redistribution, Recognition, and Participatory Parity ; 6: Transformative Constitutionalism and the Global South: The View from South Africa ; 7: Preserving the Acquis of Transformative Constitutionalism in Times of Constitutional Crisis: Lessons from the Hungarian Case ; PART II: THE DOMESTIC ELEMENT ; 8: The Mexican Constitution of 1917: An Early Example of Transformative Constitutionalism ; 9: The Amparo as an Instrument of Ius Constitutionale Commune ; 10: The Presidential System in Latin America: A Hallmark and Challenge to a Latin American Ius Constitutionale Commune ; 11: The Roberto Gargarella ; 12: The Block of Constitutionality as the Doctrinal Pivot of a Ius Commune ; 13: Inter-Americanization: Its Legal Bases and Political Impact ; PART III: THE INTER-AMERICAN ELEMENT ; 14: The Inter-American System of Human Rights: Essential Features ; 15: The American Human Rights Navigation: Toward a Ius Commune ; 16: The Conventionality Control as a Core Mechanism of the Ius Constitutionale Commune ; 17: The Transformative Dimension of Inter-American Jurisprudence ; 18: The Impact of Inter-American Judgments by Institutional Empowerment ; 19: The Added Value of the Inter-American Human Rights System: Comparative Thoughts

Anmerkung: Machine generated contents note: 1. The foundations of EU environmental law: history, aims and context; 2. Actors and instruments; 3. Principles in EU environmental law; 4. Techniques of regulating the environment; 5. Environmental rights in Europe; 6. Public enforcement of EU environmental law; 7. Private enforcement of EU environmental law; 8. Climate change; 9. Air pollution and industrial emissions; 10. EU water law; 11. Impact assessment; 12. Nature and biodiversity protection; 13. Technological risk regulation: chemicals, genetically modified organisms and nanotechnology; 14. Waste

Anmerkung: Contents: 1: Introduction ; 2: Climate Change and International Law ; 3: Treaty-Based Lawmaking: Rules, Tools and Techniques ; 4: Evolution of the United Nations Climate Regime ; 5: The Framework Convention on Climate Change ; 6: Kyoto Protocol ; 7: Paris Agreement ; 8: Climate Governance beyond the United Nations Climate Regime ; 9: International Climate Change Law & Other Areas of International Regulation ; 10: Conclusion

Anmerkung: Contents: Part I. Economics and the Environment: 1. Environmental economics and the theory of externalities ; 2. Environmental problems and policy issues ; 3. Introduction to the theory of environmental policy ; Part II. The Design of Environmental Policy: 4. Imperfect information ; 5. Competitive output markets ; 6. Non-competitive output markets ; 7. Environmental policy with pre-existing distortions ; 8. Institutional topics in cap and trade programs ; 9. Ambient pollution control ; 10. Liability ; 11. Innovation and adoption of new technology ; 12. International environmental problems ; 13. Accumulating pollutants ; Part III. Valuing the Environment: 14. Theory of applied welfare analysis ; 15. Revealed preference models ; 16. Discrete choice models ; 17. Recreation ; 18. Property value models ; 19. Stated preference methods ; 20. Health valuation ; Part IV. The Practice of Environmental Economics: 21. Cost-benefit analysis: modeling ; 22. Cost-benefit analysis: empirical ; 23. Final thoughts.

Anmerkung: Contents: 1: A functional approach to biological diversity ; 2: Trait-based ecology: definitions, methods, and a conceptual framework ; 3: The functional characterisation of plants ; 4: Gradients, response traits, and ecological strategies ; 5: A functional approach to plant community structure ; 6: Plant traits and ecosystem properties ; 7: Functional diversity and ecosystem services ; 8: Functional diversity in agriculture: the cases of grasslands and crop weeds ; 9: Managing functional diversity data ; 10: Perspectives for functional diversity research

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Introduction and examples ; 2. Mechanism design basics ; 3. Myerson's Lemma ; 4. Algorithmic mechanism design 34 ; 5. Revenue-maximizing auctions ; 6. Simple near-optimal auctions ; 7. Multi-parameter mechanism design ; 8. Spectrum auctions ; 9. Mechanism design with payment constraints ; 10. Kidney exchange and stable matching ; 11. Selfish routing and the price of anarchy ; 12. Network over-provisioning and atomic selfish routing ; 13. Equilibria: definitions, examples, and existence ; 14. Robust price-of-anarchy bounds in smooth games ; 15. Best-case and strong Nash equilibria ; 16. Best-response dynamics ; 17. No-regret dynamics ; 18. Swap regret and the Minimax theorem ; 19. Pure Nash equilibria and PLS-completeness ; 20. Mixed Nash equilibria and PPAD-completeness.

Anmerkung: Climate change and non-ideal theory : six ways of responding to non-compliance / Simon Caney -- A climate of disorder : what to do about the obstacles to effective climate politics / Aaron Maltais -- Difference-making and individuals' climate-related obligations / Holly Lawford-Smith -- Reducing injustice within the bounds of motivation / Dominic Roser -- Taking UNFCCC norms seriously / Darrel Moellendorf -- Justice and choice of legal instrument under the Durban mandate : ideal and not so ideal legal forms / Peter Lawrence -- Emissions trading schemes in a 'non-Ideal' world / Jonathan Aldred -- A responsible path : advancing a full-participation climate regime through enhanced action on short-lived climate pollutants / Andrew Light and Gwynne Taraska -- Climate justice for LDCs through global decisions / Achala Abeysinghe and Saleemul Huq -- A free movement passport for the territorially dispossessed / Clare Heyward and Jorgen Odalen -- Aristotle on the ethics of communicating climate change / Melissa Lane and Michael Lamb -- Moral language in climate politics / Jonathan Pickering -- The costs of moralizing : how about a 'government house climate ethics'? / Christian Seidel -- Principles or pathways? Improving the contribution of philosophical ethics to climate policy / Martin Kowarsch and Ottmar Edenhofer..

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface; Acknowledgements; 1. Urban systems; 2. Models and methods; 3. The spatial organization of cities; 4. Infrastructure networks; 5. Mobility patterns; 6. Multimodality in cities; 7. Socio-economical aspects; 8. Systems of cities; 9. Towards a new science of cities; References; Index

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Why climate change litigation matters; 2. Model for understanding litigation's regulatory impact; 3. Litigation as a mitigation tool; 4. Litigation as an adaptation tool; 5. Corporate responses to litigation; 6. Litigation's role in shaping social norms; 7. Barriers to progress; 8. The future of climate change litigation..

Anmerkung: Contents: Part I. Getting Started: 1. What is 'Markets and Strategies'? ; 2. Firms, consumers and the market ; Part II. Market Power: 3. Static imperfect competition ; 4. Dynamic aspects of imperfect competition ; Part III. Sources of Market Power: 5. Product differentiation ; 6. Advertising and related market strategies ; 7. Consumer inertia ; Part IV. Pricing Strategies and Market Segmentation: 8. Group pricing and personalized pricing ; 9. Menu pricing ; 10. Intertemporal price discrimination ; 11. Bundling ; Part V. Product Quality and Information: 12. Asymmetric information, price and advertising signals ; 13. Marketing tools for experience goods ; Part VI. Theory of Competition Policy: 14. Cartels and tacit collusion ; 15. Horizontal mergers ; 16. Strategic incumbents and entry ; 17. Vertically related markets ; Part VII. R&D and Intellectual Property: 18. Innovation and R&D ; 19. Intellectual property ; Part VIII. Networks, Standards and Systems: 20. Markets with network goods ; 21. Strategies for network goods ; Part IX. Market Intermediation: 22. Markets with intermediated goods ; 23. Information and reputation in intermediated product markets ; Appendix A. Game theory ; Appendix B. Competition policy

Anmerkung: Introduction: human-environment dynamics in the high-mountain cryosphere; References; Part I Global drivers; 2 Influence of climate variability and large-scale circulation on the mountain cryosphere; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 European mountains; 2.3 North American Cordillera; 2.4 Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding high-mountain ranges; 2.5 The tropical Andes; 2.6 Mt. Kilimanjaro: a case study from East Africa; 2.7 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References. 3 Temperature, precipitation and related extremes in mountain areas3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Basic characteristics of near surface temperature in mountain topography; 3.2.1 Altitude dependence of 2m temperature; 3.2.2 Altitude dependence of daily temperature anomalies; 3.2.3 The relation between surface air pressure and 2m temperature; 3.3 Temperature extremes; 3.4 Precipitation patterns in mountain areas; 3.4.1 Measuring and monitoring precipitation; 3.5 Precipitation extremes; 3.5.1 Selected gridded data products; 3.5.1.1 Reanalyses; 3.5.1.2 Combined observations. 3.5.1.3 Interpolated rain-gauge station data3.5.2 Comparison and discussion of the gridded data products; 3.6 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; 4 Snow and avalanches; 4.1 Introduction; 4.1.1 Snow cover; 4.1.2 Snow avalanche hazard and risk; 4.2 Environmental change; 4.2.1 Climate change and mountain snow cover; 4.2.2 Effects on snow avalanches; 4.3 Socio-economic change; 4.3.1 Drivers of socio-economic change; 4.3.2 Effects on snow avalanche risk; 4.3.2.1 Temporal dynamics of socio-economic changes; 4.3.2.2 Spatial dynamics of socio-economic changes; 4.4 Conclusions; References. 5 The frozen frontier: the extractives super cycle in a time of glacier recession5.1 Introduction; 5.2 The icy edge of climate change; 5.3 The icy edge of the global extractives super cycle; 5.4 New mountains of mines and the frozen north; 5.5 Extending the extractives complex into the cryosphere; 5.6 Liquid relations and stratified societies; 5.7 The frigid fringe: extractive bio-futures and the freezing depths; 5.8 Conclusion; References; 6 Cultural values of glaciers; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Three cases in the Alps, the Andes, and the North Cascades. 6.3 Understanding the cultural values of glaciers6.4 Case study 1: Stilfs, South Tirol, Italian Alps; 6.4.1 The role of glaciers for community, identity, and self-reliance in Stilfs; 6.5 Case study 2: Siete Imperios, Cordillera Blanca, Peru; 6.5.1 The role of glaciers and mountains for community, identity, and self-reliance in Siete Imperios; 6.6 Case study 3: Glacier and Concrete, North Cascades, USA; 6.6.1 The role of glaciers and mountains for community, identity, and self-reliance in Glacier and Concrete; 6.7 Discussion and conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; Part II Processes. 7 Implications for hazard and risk of seismic and volcanic responses to climate change in the high-mountain cryosphere.

Anmerkung: 1. The basic idea -- 2. Seafloor spreading and magnetic anomalies -- 3. Fracture zones and transform faults -- 4. Subduction of oceanic lithosphere -- 5. Rigid plates of lithosphere -- 6. Tectonics of continents -- 7. From whence to whither?

Anmerkung: Exploring the politics of inclusive development : towards a new conceptual approach / Sam Hickey, Kunal Sen, and Badru BukenyaThe political determinants of economic growth : an analytical review / Kunal Sen -- The politics of what works for the poor in public expenditure and taxation / Paul Mosley -- Governing natural resources for inclusive development / Anthony Bebbington -- The politics of what works in service delivery / Claire Mcloughlin -- Political factors in the growth of social assistance / Armando Barrientos and Sony Pellissery -- The politics and process of rule of law systems in developmental states / Deval Desai and Michael Woolcock -- The gendered politics of securing inclusive development / Sohela Nazneen and Simeen Mahmud -- Ethnicity, state capacity, and development : reconsidering causal connections / Prerna Singh and Matthias vom Hau -- The politics of aid revisited : a review of evidence on state capacity and elite commitment / Arjan de Haan and Ward Warmerdam -- China in Africa : impacts and prospects for accountable development / Giles Mohan..

Anmerkung: Preface ; Acknowledgements ; List of contributors ; Part I. Diagnostics and Prediction of High-Impact Weather: 1. Global prediction of high-impact weather: diagnosis and performance Mark Rodwell and Alan Thorpe ; 2. Severe weather diagnosis from the perspective of generalized slantwise vorticity development Guoxiong Wu, Yongjun Zheng and Yimin Liu ; 3. Probabilistic extreme event attribution Pardeep Pall, Michael Wehner and Dáithí Stone ; 4. Observed and projected changes in temperature and precipitation extremes Xuebin Zhang and Francis Zwiers ; Part II. High-Impact Weather in Mid-Latitudes: 5. Rossby wave breaking: climatology, interaction with low-frequency climate variability, and links to extreme weather events Olivia Martius and Gwendal Rivière ; 6. The influence of jet stream regime on extreme weather events Nili Harnik, Chaim Garfinkel and Orli Lachmy ; 7. Forecasting high-impact weather using ensemble prediction systems Richard Swinbank, Petra Friederichs and Sabrina Wahl ; 8. Storm tracks, blocking and climate change: a review Tim Woollings ; 9. The North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations: climate variability, extremes and stratosphere troposphere interaction Adam A. Scaife ; Part III. Tropical Cyclones: 10. Opportunities and challenges in dynamical and predictability studies of tropical cyclone events Russell L. Elsberry and Hsiao-Chung Tsai ; 11. Predictability of severe weather and tropical cyclones at the mesoscales Fuqing Zhang, Christopher Melhauser, Dandan Tao, Y. Qiang Sun, Erin B. Munsell, Yonghui Weng and Jason A. Sippel ; 12. Dynamics, predictability, and high-impact weather associated with the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones Patrick Harr and Heather M. Archambault ; 13. Secondary eyewall formation in tropical cyclones Chun-Chieh Wu, Yi-Hsuan Huang and Zhe-Min Tan ; 14. Seasonal forecasting of floods and tropical cyclones Tom Beer and Oscar Alves ; Part IV. Heat-Waves and Cold-Air Outbreaks: 15. European heat waves: the effect of soil moisture, vegetation and land use Fabio D'Andrea, Philippe Drobinski and Marc Stéfanon ; 16. Western North American extreme heat, associated large scale synoptic-dynamics, and performance by a climate model Richard Grotjahn ; 17. Decadel to interdecadel variations of Northern China heatwave frequency: impact of the Tibetan Plateau snow cover Zhiwei Wu and Jianping Li ; 18. Global warming targets and heatwave risk Robin Clark ; 19. Cold-air outbreaks over East Asia associated with blocking highs: mechanisms and their interaction with the polar stratosphere Hisashi Nakamura, Kazuaki Nishii, Lin Wang, Yvan J. Orsolini and Koutarou Takaya ; Part V. Ocean Connections: 20. Response of the Atlantic Ocean circulation to North Atlantic freshwater perturbations Henk A. Dijkstra ; 21. Key role of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation in twentieth-century drought and wet periods over the US Great Plains and the Sahel Sumant Nigam and Alfredo Ruiz-Barradas ; 22. Floods and droughts along the Guinea Coast in connection with the South Atlantic Dipole Hyacinth C. Nnamchi and Jianping Li ; 23. The effect of global dynamical factors on the interannual variability of land-based rainfall Peter G. Baines and Benjamin J. Henley ; 24. MJO and extreme weather and climate events Chidong Zhang ; Part VI. Asian Monsoons: 25. Extreme weather and seasonal events during the Indian summer monsoon and prospects of improvement in their prediction skill under India's monsoon mission D. R. Sikka ; 26. Interannual variability and predictability of summer climate over the Northwest Pacific and East Asia Shang-Ping Xie and Yu Kosaka ; 27. Impacts of Annular Modes on extreme climate events over the East Asian monsoon region Jianping Li ; Index.

Anmerkung: 1. Geomaterials and crustal geomechanics -- 2. Elements of rheology -- 3. Forces and stresses -- 4. Elements of kinematics -- 5. Elements of linear elasticity -- 6. From continuum mechanics to fluid mechanics -- 7. Elements of linear fracture mechanics -- 8. Laboratory investigations on geomaterials under compression -- 9. Homogenized geomaterials -- 10. Fractures and faults -- 11. Elements of seismology -- 12. Elements of solid-fluid interactions -- 13. Methods for stress fields evaluation from in situ observations -- 14. Elements of stress fields and crustal rheology -- References -- Appendix A. Elements of tensors in rectangular coordinates -- Index..

Anmerkung: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 Basic Physical Properties of Soil. - 2.1 Geometry of the Soil Matrix. - 2.2 Soil Structure. - 2.3 Fractal Geometry. - 2.4 Geometry of the Pore Space. - 2.5 Specific Surface Area. - 2.6 Averaging. - 2.7 Bulk Density, Water Content and Porosity. - 2.8 Relationships between Variables. - 2.9 Typical Values of Physical Properties. - 2.10 Volumes and Volumetric Fractions for a Soil Prism. - 2.11 Soil Solid Phase. - 2.12 Soil Texture. - 2.13 Sedimentation Law. - 2.14 Exercises. - 3 Soil Gas Phase and Gas Diffusion. - 3.1 Transport Equations. - 3.2 The Diffiisivity of Gases in Soil. - 3.3 Computing Gas Concentrations. - 3.4 Simulating One-Dimensional Steady-State Oxygen Diffusion in a Soil Profile. - 3.5 Numerical Implementation. - 3.6 Exercises. - 4 Soil Temperature and Heat Flow. - 4.1 Differential Equations for Heat Conduction. - 4.2 Soil Temperature Data. - 4.3 Numerical Solution of the Heat Flow Equation. - 4.4 Soil Thermal Properties. - 4.5 Numerical Implementation. - 4.6 Exercises. - 5 Soil Liquid Phase and Soil-Water Interactions. - 5.1 Properties of Water. - 5.2 Soil Water Potential. - 5.3 Water Potential-Water Content Relations. - 5.4 Liquid- and Vapour-Phase Equilibrium. - 5.5 Exercises. - 6 Steady-State Water Flow and Hydraulic Conductivity. - 6.1 Forces on Water in Porous Media. - 6.2 Water Flow in Saturated Soils. - 6.3 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 6.4 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 6.5 Exercises. - 7 Variation in Soil Properties. - 7.1 Frequency Distributions. - 7.2 Probability Density Functions. - 7.3 Transformations. - 7.4 Spatial Correlation. - 7.5 Approaches to Stochastic Modelling. - 7.6 Numerical Implementation. - 7.7 Exercises. - 8 Transient Water Flow. - 8.1 Mass Conservation Equation. - 8.2 Water Flow. - 8.3 Infiltration. - 8.4 Numerical Simulation of Infiltration. - 8.5 Numerical Implementation. - 8.6 Exercises. - 9 Triangulated Irregular Network. - 9.1 Digital Terrain Model. - 9.2 Triangulated Irregular Network. - 9.3 Numerical Implementation. - 9.4 Main. - 9.5 Triangulation. - 9.6 GIS Functions. - 9.7 Boundary. - 9.8 Geometrical Properties of Triangles. - 9.9 Delaunay Triangulation. - 9.10 Refinement. - 9.11 Utilities. - 9.12 Visualization. - 9.13 Exercise. - 10 Water Flow in Three Dimensions. - 10.1 Governing Equations. - 10.2 Numerical Formulation. - 10.3 Coupling Surface and Subsurface Flow. - 10.4 Numerical Implementation. - 10.5 Simulation. - 10.6 Visualization and Results. - 10.7 Exercises. - 11 Evaporation. - 11.1 General Concepts. - 11.2 Simultaneous Transport of Liquid and Vapour in Isothermal Soil. - 11.3 Modelling evaporation. - 11.4 Numerical Implementation. - 11.5 Exercises. - 12 Modelling Coupled Transport. - 12.1 Transport Equations. - 12.2 Partial Differential Equations. - 12.3 Surface Boundary Conditions. - 12.4 Numerical Implementation. - 12.5 Exercises. - 13 Solute Transport in Soils. - 13.1 Mass Flow. - 13.2 Diffusion. - 13.3 Hydrodynamic Dispersion. - 13.4 Advection-Dispersion Equation. - 13.5 Solute-Soil Interaction. - 13.6 Sources and Sinks of Solutes. - 13.7 Analytical Solutions. - 13.8 Numerical Solution. - 13.9 Numerical Implementation. - 13.10 Exercises. - 14 Transpiration and Plant-Water Relations. - 14.1 Soil Water Content and Soil Water Potential under a Vegetated Surface. - 14.2 General Features of Water Flow in the SPAC. - 14.3 Resistances to Water Flow within the Plant. - 14.4 Effect of Environment on Plant Resistance. - 14.5 Detailed Consideration of Soil and Root Resistances. - 14.6 Numerical Implementation. - 14.7 Exercises. - 15 Atmospheric Boundary Conditions. - 15.1 Radiation Balance at the Exchange Surface. - 15.2 Boundary-Layer Conductance for Heat and Water Vapour. - 15.3 Evapotranspiration and the Penman-Monteith Equation. - 15.4 Partitioning of Evapotranspiration. - 15.5 Exercise. - Appendix A: Basic Concepts and Examples of Python Programming. - A.1 Basic Python. - A.2 Basic Concepts of Computer Programming. - A.3 Data Representation: Variables. - A.4 Comments Rules and Indendation. - A.5 Arithmetic Expression. - A.6 Functions. - A.7 Flow Control. - A.8 File Input and Output. - A.9 Arrays. - A.10 Reading Date Time. - A.11 Object-Oriented Programming in Python. - A.12 Output and Visualization. - A.13 Exercises. - Appendix B: Computational Tools. - B.1 Numerical Differentiation. - B.2 Numerical Integration. - B.3 Linear Algebra. - B.4 Exercises. - List of Symbols. - List of Python Variables. - List of Python Projects. - References. - Index.