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  • Institute of Physics (IOP)  (21,781)
  • Frontiers Media  (11,884)
  • 2015-2019  (33,665)
  • 2018  (33,665)
  • 1
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    TurtleCam : a “smart” autonomous underwater vehicle for investigating behaviors and habitats of sea turtles (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-05-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 90, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00090.
    Description: Sea turtles inhabiting coastal environments routinely encounter anthropogenic hazards, including fisheries, vessel traffic, pollution, dredging, and drilling. To support mitigation of potential threats, it is important to understand fine-scale sea turtle behaviors in a variety of habitats. Recent advancements in autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) now make it possible to directly observe and study the subsurface behaviors and habitats of marine megafauna, including sea turtles. Here, we describe a “smart” AUV capability developed to study free-swimming marine animals, and demonstrate the utility of this technology in a pilot study investigating the behaviors and habitat of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea). We used a Remote Environmental Monitoring UnitS (REMUS-100) AUV, designated “TurtleCam,” that was modified to locate, follow and film tagged turtles for up to 8 h while simultaneously collecting environmental data. The TurtleCam system consists of a 100-m depth rated vehicle outfitted with a circular Ultra-Short BaseLine receiver array for omni-directional tracking of a tagged animal via a custom transponder tag that we attached to the turtle with two suction cups. The AUV collects video with six high-definition cameras (five mounted in the vehicle nose and one mounted aft) and we added a camera to the animal-borne transponder tag to record behavior from the turtle's perspective. Since behavior is likely a response to habitat factors, we collected concurrent in situ oceanographic data (bathymetry, temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a, turbidity, currents) along the turtle's track. We tested the TurtleCam system during 2016 and 2017 in a densely populated coastal region off Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA, where foraging leatherbacks overlap with fixed fishing gear and concentrated commercial and recreational vessel traffic. Here we present example data from one leatherback turtle to demonstrate the utility of TurtleCam. The concurrent video, localization, depth and environmental data allowed us to characterize leatherback diving behavior, foraging ecology, and habitat use, and to assess how turtle behavior mediates risk to impacts from anthropogenic activities. Our study demonstrates that an AUV can successfully track and image leatherback turtles feeding in a coastal environment, resulting in novel observations of three-dimensional subsurface behaviors and habitat use, with implications for sea turtle management and conservation.
    Description: This research was funded by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Grant #NA16NMF4720074 to the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries under the Species Recovery Grants to States program. Additional funding was provided by Jean Tempel, Hydroid Inc., and over 100 Project WHOI donors.
    Keywords: Autonomous underwater vehicle AUV ; CTD ; Entanglement ; Habitat ; Foraging behavior ; Jellyfish ; Leatherback sea turtle ; Video camera
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    High grazing rates on cryptophyte algae in Chesapeake Bay (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-07-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 241, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00241.
    Description: Cryptophyte algae are globally distributed photosynthetic flagellates found in freshwater, estuarine, and neritic ecosystems. While cryptophytes can be highly abundant and are consumed by a wide variety of protistan predators, few studies have sought to quantify in situ grazing rates on their populations. Here we show that autumnal grazing rates on in situ communities of cryptophyte algae in Chesapeake Bay are high throughout the system, while growth rates, particularly in the lower bay, were low. Analysis of the genetic diversity of cryptophyte populations within dilution experiments suggests that microzooplankton may be selectively grazing the fastest-growing members of the population, which were generally Teleaulax spp. We also demonstrate that potential grazing rates of ciliates and dinoflagellates on fluorescently labeled (FL) Rhodomonas salina, Storeatula major, and Teleaulax amphioxeia can be high (up to 149 prey predator−1 d−1), and that a Gyrodinium sp. and Mesodinium rubrum could be selective grazers. Potential grazing was highest for heterotrophic dinoflagellates, but due to its abundance, M. rubrum also had a high overall impact. This study reveals that cryptophyte algae in Chesapeake Bay can experience extremely high grazing pressure from phagotrophic protists, and that this grazing likely shapes their community diversity.
    Description: The authors thank the National Science Foundation (OCE 1031718 and 1436169) for providing support for this research.
    Keywords: Cryptophytes ; Mixotrophy ; Grazing ; Chesapeake Bay ; Dinoflagellates ; Mesodinium rubrum
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  • 3
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    Characterizing the duration and severity of fishing gear entanglement on a North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) using stable isotopes, steroid and thyroid hormones in baleen (2018)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 168, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00168.
    Description: North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) are highly endangered and frequently exposed to a myriad of human activities and stressors in their industrialized habitat. Entanglements in fixed fishing gear represent a particularly pervasive and often drawn-out source of anthropogenic morbidity and mortality to the species. To better understand both the physiological response to entanglement, and to determine fundamental parameters such as acquisition, duration, and severity of entanglement, we measured a suite of biogeochemical markers in the baleen of an adult female that died from a well-documented chronic entanglement in 2005 (whale Eg2301). Steroid hormones (cortisol, corticosterone, estradiol, and progesterone), thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)), and stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) were all measured in a longitudinally sampled baleen plate. This yielded an 8-year profile of foraging and migration behavior, stress response, and reproduction. Stable isotopes cycled in annual patterns that reflect the animal's north-south migration behavior and seasonally abundant zooplankton diet. A progesterone peak, lasting approximately 23 months, was associated with the single known calving event (in 2002) for this female. Estradiol, cortisol, corticosterone, T3, and T4 were also elevated, although variably so, during the progesterone peak. This whale was initially sighted with a fishing gear entanglement in September 2004, but the hormone panel suggests that the animal first interacted with the gear as early as June 2004. Elevated δ15N, T3, and T4 indicate that Eg2301 potentially experienced increased energy expenditure, significant lipid catabolism, and thermal stress approximately 3 months before the initial sighting with fishing gear. All hormones in the panel (except cortisol) were elevated above baseline by September 2004. This novel study illustrates the value of using baleen to reconstruct recent temporal profiles and as a comparative matrix in which key physiological indicators of individual whales can be used to understand the impacts of anthropogenic activity on threatened whale populations.
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Ocean Life Institute and Marine Mammal Center funded this study and NL was supported by a Postdoctoral Fellowship from Baylor University.
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  • 4
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    Addendum: Comparative genomic analysis of the class Epsilonproteobacteria and proposed reclassification to Epsilonbacteraeota (phyl. nov.) (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 772, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00772.
    Keywords: Epsilonproteobacteria ; Taxonomy ; Classification ; Genome ; Phylogenomics ; Epsilonbacteraeota ; Epsilonbacterota ; Evolution
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  • 5
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    Integrating archival tag data and a high-resolution oceanographic model to estimate basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) movements in the western Atlantic (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 25, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00025.
    Description: Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) populations are considered “vulnerable” globally and “endangered” in the northeast Atlantic by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Much of our knowledge of this species comes from surface observations in coastal waters, yet recent evidence suggests the majority of their lives may be spent in the deep ocean. Depth preferences of basking sharks have significantly limited movement studies that used pop-up satellite archival transmitting (PSAT) tags as conventional light-based geolocation is impossible for tagged animals that spend significant time below the photic zone. We tagged 57 basking sharks with PSAT tags in the NW Atlantic from 2004 to 2011. Many individuals spent several months at meso- and bathy-pelagic depths where accurate light-level geolocation was impossible during fall, winter and spring. We applied a newly-developed geolocation approach for the PSAT data by comparing three-dimensional depth-temperature profile data recorded by the tags to modeled in situ oceanographic data from the high-resolution HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Observation-based likelihoods were leveraged within a state-space hidden Markov model (HMM). The combined tracks revealed that basking sharks moved from waters around Cape Cod, MA to as far as the SE coast of Brazil (20°S), a total distance of over 17,000 km. Moreover, 59% of tagged individuals with sufficient deployment durations (〉250 days) demonstrated seasonal fidelity to Cape Cod and the Gulf of Maine, with one individual returning to within 60 km of its tagging location 1 year later. Tagged sharks spent most of their time at epipelagic depths during summer months around Cape Cod and in the Gulf of Maine. During winter months, sharks spent extended periods at depths of at least 600 m while moving south to the Sargasso Sea, the Caribbean Sea, or the western tropical Atlantic. Our work demonstrates the utility of applying advances in oceanographic modeling to understanding habitat use of highly migratory, often meso- and bathy-pelagic, ocean megafauna. The large-scale movement patterns of tagged sharks highlight the need for international cooperation when designing and implementing conservation strategies to ensure that the species recovers from the historical effects of over-fishing throughout the North Atlantic Ocean.
    Description: We gratefully acknowledge funding from the US National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNS06AA96G), the Massachusetts Environmental Trust, and the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Program. CB was funded by the Martin Family Society of Fellows for Sustainability Fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Grassle Fellowship and Ocean Venture Fund at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship. Funding for the development of HYCOM has been provided by the National Ocean Partnership Program and the Office of Naval Research.
    Keywords: Movement ecology ; Satellite archival telemetry ; Migration ; Mesopelagic ; Oceanographic modeling ; Site fidelity
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  • 6
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    Identification and removal of contaminant sequences from ribosomal gene databases : lessons from the Census of Deep Life (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 840, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00840.
    Description: Earth’s subsurface environment is one of the largest, yet least studied, biomes on Earth, and many questions remain regarding what microorganisms are indigenous to the subsurface. Through the activity of the Census of Deep Life (CoDL) and the Deep Carbon Observatory, an open access 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence database from diverse subsurface environments has been compiled. However, due to low quantities of biomass in the deep subsurface, the potential for incorporation of contaminants from reagents used during sample collection, processing, and/or sequencing is high. Thus, to understand the ecology of subsurface microorganisms (i.e., the distribution, richness, or survival), it is necessary to minimize, identify, and remove contaminant sequences that will skew the relative abundances of all taxa in the sample. In this meta-analysis, we identify putative contaminants associated with the CoDL dataset, recommend best practices for removing contaminants from samples, and propose a series of best practices for subsurface microbiology sampling. The most abundant putative contaminant genera observed, independent of evenness across samples, were Propionibacterium, Aquabacterium, Ralstonia, and Acinetobacter. While the top five most frequently observed genera were Pseudomonas, Propionibacterium, Acinetobacter, Ralstonia, and Sphingomonas. The majority of the most frequently observed genera (high evenness) were associated with reagent or potential human contamination. Additionally, in DNA extraction blanks, we observed potential archaeal contaminants, including methanogens, which have not been discussed in previous contamination studies. Such contaminants would directly affect the interpretation of subsurface molecular studies, as methanogenesis is an important subsurface biogeochemical process. Utilizing previously identified contaminant genera, we found that ∼27% of the total dataset were identified as contaminant sequences that likely originate from DNA extraction and DNA cleanup methods. Thus, controls must be taken at every step of the collection and processing procedure when working with low biomass environments such as, but not limited to, portions of Earth’s deep subsurface. Taken together, we stress that the CoDL dataset is an incredible resource for the broader research community interested in subsurface life, and steps to remove contamination derived sequences must be taken prior to using this dataset.
    Description: We wish to acknowledge the support of the Sloan Foundation and the Deep Carbon Observatory and the Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy (Colwell).
    Keywords: 16S rRNA ; Contamination ; Microbial survey ; Census of Deep Life ; Deep subsurface
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  • 7
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    The eruption of submarine rhyolite lavas and domes in the deep ocean – Havre 2012, Kermadec Arc (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Earth Science 6 (2018): 147, doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00147.
    Description: Silicic effusive eruptions in deep submarine environments have not yet been directly observed and very few modern submarine silicic lavas and domes have been described. The eruption of Havre caldera volcano in the Kermadec arc in 2012 provided an outstanding database for research on deep submarine silicic effusive eruptions because it produced 15 rhyolite (70–72 wt.% SiO2) lavas and domes with a total volume of ∼0.21 km3 from 14 separate seafloor vents. Moreover, in 2015, the seafloor products were observed, mapped and sampled in exceptional detail (1-m resolution) using AUV Sentry and ROV Jason2 deployed from R/V Roger Revelle. Vent positions are strongly aligned, defining NW-SE and E-W trends along the southwestern and southern Havre caldera margin, respectively. The alignment of the vents suggests magma ascent along dykes which probably occupy faults related to the caldera margin. Four vents part way up the steeply sloping southwestern caldera wall at 1,200–1,300 m below sea level (bsl) and one on the caldera rim (1,060 m bsl) produced elongate lavas. On the steep caldera wall, the lavas consist of narrow tongues that have triangular cross-section shapes. Two of the narrow-tongue segments are connected to wide lobes on the flat caldera floor at ∼1,500 m bsl. The lavas are characterized by arcuate surface ridges oriented perpendicular to the propagation direction. Eight domes were erupted onto relatively flat sea floor from vents at ∼1,000 m bsl along the southern and southwestern caldera rim. They are characterized by steep margins and gently convex-up upper surfaces. With one exception, the domes have narrow spines and deep clefts above the inferred vent positions. One dome has a relatively smooth upper surface. The lavas and domes all consist of combinations of coherent rhyolite and monomictic rhyolite breccia. Despite eruption from deep-water vents (most 〉900 m bsl), the Havre 2012 rhyolite lavas and domes are very similar to subaerial rhyolite lavas and domes in terms of dimensions, volumes, aspect ratio, textures and morphology. They show that lava morphology was strongly controlled by the pre-existing seafloor topography: domes and wide lobes formed where the rhyolite was emplaced onto flat sea floor, whereas narrow tongues formed where the rhyolite was emplaced on the steep slopes of the caldera wall.
    Description: This research was funded by an Australian Research Council Postdoctoral fellowship to RJC (DP110102196 and DE150101190), and National Science Foundation grants OCE1357443 and OCE1357216. FI was supported by a Tasmanian Government Postgraduate Award.
    Keywords: Lava ; Dome ; Submarine effusive eruption ; Rhyolite ; Havre
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  • 8
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    Exploring the ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in a metacommunity framework (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 49, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00049.
    Description: Species inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents are strongly influenced by the geological setting, as it provides the chemical-rich fluids supporting the food web, creates the patchwork of seafloor habitat, and generates catastrophic disturbances that can eradicate entire communities. The patches of vent habitat host a network of communities (a metacommunity) connected by dispersal of planktonic larvae. The dynamics of the metacommunity are influenced not only by birth rates, death rates and interactions of populations at the local site, but also by regional influences on dispersal from different sites. The connections to other communities provide a mechanism for dynamics at a local site to affect features of the regional biota. In this paper, we explore the challenges and potential benefits of applying metacommunity theory to vent communities, with a particular focus on effects of disturbance. We synthesize field observations to inform models and identify data gaps that need to be addressed to answer key questions including: (1) what is the influence of the magnitude and rate of disturbance on ecological attributes, such as time to extinction or resilience in a metacommunity; (2) what interactions between local and regional processes control species diversity, and (3) which communities are “hot spots” of key ecological significance. We conclude by assessing our ability to evaluate resilience of vent metacommunities to human disturbance (e.g., deep-sea mining). Although the resilience of a few highly disturbed vent systems in the eastern Pacific has been quantified, these values cannot be generalized to remote locales in the western Pacific or mid Atlantic where disturbance rates are different and information on local controls is missing.
    Description: LM was supported by NSF OCE 1356738 and DEB 1558904. SB was supported by the NSF DEB 1558904 and the Investment in Science Fund at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. MB was supported by the Austrian Science Fund grants P20190-B17 and P16774-B03. LL was supported by NSF OCE 1634172 and the JM Kaplan Fund. MN was supported by NSF DEB 1558904. Y-JW was supported by a Korean Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) grant PM60210.
    Keywords: Metacommunity ; Metapopulation ; Hydrothermal vent ; Connectivity ; Resilience ; Disturbance ; Species diversity ; Dispersal
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  • 9
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    Coincident mass occurrence of gelatinous zooplankton in northern Norway (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 158, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00158.
    Description: In autumn 2015, several sources reported observations of large amounts of gelatinous material in a large north Norwegian fjord system, either caught when trawling for other organisms or fouling fishing gear. The responsible organism was identified as a physonect siphonophore, Nanomia cara, while a ctenophore, Beroe cucumis, and a hydromedusa, Modeeria rotunda, were also registered in high abundances on a couple of occasions. To document the phenomena, we have compiled a variety of data from concurrent fisheries surveys and local fishermen, including physical samples, trawl catch, and acoustic data, photo and video evidence, and environmental data. Because of the gas-filled pneumatophore, characteristic for these types of siphonophores, acoustics provided detailed and unique insight to the horizontal and vertical distribution and potential abundances (~0.2–20 colonies·m−3) of N. cara with the highest concentrations observed in the near bottom region at ~320 m depth in the study area. This suggests that these animals were retained and accumulated in the deep basins of the fjord system possibly blooming here because of favorable environmental conditions and potentially higher prey availability compared to the shallower shelf areas to the north. Few cues as to the origin and onset of the bloom were found, but it may have originated from locally resident siphonophores. The characteristics of the deep-water masses in the fjord basins were different compared to the deep water outside the fjord system, suggesting no recent deep-water import to the fjords. However, water-masses containing siphonophores (not necessarily very abundant), may have been additionally introduced to the fjords at intermediate depths, with the animals subsequently trapped in the deeper fjord basins. The simultaneous observations of abundant siphonophores, hydromedusae, and ctenophores in the Lyngen-Kvænangen fjord system are intriguing, but difficult to provide a unified explanation for, as the organisms differ in their biology and ecology. Nanomia and Beroe spp. are holopelagic, while M. rotunda has a benthic hydroid stage. The species also have different trophic ecologies and dietary preferences. Only by combining information from acoustics, trawling, genetics, and local fishermen, were the identity, abundance, and the vertical and horizontal distribution of the physonect siphonophore, N. cara, established.
    Description: The work was funded by the Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs through the Institute of Marine Research (IMR), while the Research Council of Norway (RCN) is thanked for the financial support through the project The Arctic Ocean Ecosystem—(SI_ARCTIC, RCN 228896). AH was supported by the Norwegian Taxonony Initiative (NTI 70184233) and ForBio Research School funding (RCN 248799 and NTI 70184215).
    Keywords: Jellyfish bloom ; Genetics ; Acoustics ; Nanomia ; North Norwegian fjords ; Gelatinous zooplankton
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  • 10
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    Microbial community structure and associations during a marine dinoflagellate bloom (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 1201, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01201.
    Description: Interactions between microorganisms and algae during bloom events significantly impacts their physiology, alters ambient chemistry, and shapes ecosystem diversity. The potential role these interactions have in bloom development and decline are also of particular interest given the ecosystem impacts of algal blooms. We hypothesized that microbial community structure and succession is linked to specific bloom stages, and reflects complex interactions among taxa comprising the phycosphere environment. This investigation used pyrosequencing and correlation approaches to assess patterns and associations among bacteria, archaea, and microeukaryotes during a spring bloom of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. Within the bacterial community, Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were predominant during the initial bloom stage, while Alphaproteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the most abundant taxa present during bloom onset and termination. In the archaea biosphere, methanogenic members were present during the early bloom period while the majority of species identified in the late bloom stage were ammonia-oxidizing archaea and Halobacteriales. Dinoflagellates were the major eukaryotic group present during most stages of the bloom, whereas a mixed assemblage comprising diatoms, green-algae, rotifera, and other microzooplankton were present during bloom termination. Temperature and salinity were key environmental factors associated with changes in bacterial and archaeal community structure, respectively, whereas inorganic nitrogen and inorganic phosphate were associated with eukaryotic variation. The relative contribution of environmental parameters measured during the bloom to variability among samples was 35.3%. Interaction analysis showed that Maxillopoda, Spirotrichea, Dinoflagellata, and Halobacteria were keystone taxa within the positive-correlation network, while Halobacteria, Dictyochophyceae, Mamiellophyceae, and Gammaproteobacteria were the main contributors to the negative-correlation network. The positive and negative relationships were the primary drivers of mutualist and competitive interactions that impacted algal bloom fate, respectively. Functional predictions showed that blooms enhance microbial carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and alter the sulfur cycle. Our results suggest that microbial community structure is strongly linked to bloom progression, although specific drivers of community interactions and responses are not well understood. The importance of considering biotic interactions (e.g., competition, symbiosis, and predation) when investigating the link between microbial ecological behavior and an algal bloom’s trajectory is also highlighted.
    Description: This work was supported by NSFC (41476092, 41741015), S&T Projects of Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee (JCYJ20150831192329178, JCYJ20170817160708491, and JCYJ20170412171959157), Key Research and Development Plan of Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2017YFC1403600), as well as by the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health through the National Science Foundation (Grant OCE-1314642), and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Grant 1-P01-ES021923-01).
    Keywords: Microbial community ; Algal bloom ; Dynamic process ; Network interaction ; Ecological function
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  • 11
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    Modeling tissue and blood gas kinetics in coastal and offshore common bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Physiology 9 (2018): 838, doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00838.
    Description: Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are highly versatile breath-holding predators that have adapted to a wide range of foraging niches from rivers and coastal ecosystems to deep-water oceanic habitats. Considerable research has been done to understand how bottlenose dolphins manage O2 during diving, but little information exists on other gases or how pressure affects gas exchange. Here we used a dynamic multi-compartment gas exchange model to estimate blood and tissue O2, CO2, and N2 from high-resolution dive records of two different common bottlenose dolphin ecotypes inhabiting shallow (Sarasota Bay) and deep (Bermuda) habitats. The objective was to compare potential physiological strategies used by the two populations to manage shallow and deep diving life styles. We informed the model using species-specific parameters for blood hematocrit, resting metabolic rate, and lung compliance. The model suggested that the known O2 stores were sufficient for Sarasota Bay dolphins to remain within the calculated aerobic dive limit (cADL), but insufficient for Bermuda dolphins that regularly exceeded their cADL. By adjusting the model to reflect the body composition of deep diving Bermuda dolphins, with elevated muscle mass, muscle myoglobin concentration and blood volume, the cADL increased beyond the longest dive duration, thus reflecting the necessary physiological and morphological changes to maintain their deep-diving life-style. The results indicate that cardiac output had to remain elevated during surface intervals for both ecotypes, and suggests that cardiac output has to remain elevated during shallow dives in-between deep dives to allow sufficient restoration of O2 stores for Bermuda dolphins. Our integrated modeling approach contradicts predictions from simple models, emphasizing the complex nature of physiological interactions between circulation, lung compression, and gas exchange.
    Description: AF (N00014-17-1-2756), PT (N000141512553) and FHJ (N00014-14-1-0410) were supported by the Office of Naval Research, and FHJ by an AIASCOFUND fellowship from Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, under EU's FP7 program (Agreement No. 609033). PT received funding from the MASTS pooling initiative (The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland) and their support is gratefully acknowledged.
    Keywords: Diving physiology ; Modeling and simulations ; Gas exchange ; Marine mammals ; Decompression sickness ; Blood gases ; Hypoxia
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  • 12
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    Mixotrophic activity and diversity of Antarctic marine protists in austral summer (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 13, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00013.
    Description: Identifying putative mixotrophic protist species in the environment is important for understanding their behavior, with the recovery of these species in culture essential for determining the triggers of feeding, grazing rates, and overall impact on bacterial standing stocks. In this project, mixotroph abundances determined using tracer ingestion in water and sea ice samples collected in the Ross Sea, Antarctica during the summer of 2011 were compared with data from the spring (Ross Sea) and fall (Arctic) to examine the impacts of bacterivory/mixotrophy. Mixotrophic nanoplankton (MNAN) were usually less abundant than heterotrophs, but consumed more of the bacterial standing stock per day due to relatively higher ingestion rates (1–7 bacteria mixotroph−1 h−1 vs. 0.1–4 bacteria heterotroph−1 h−1). Yet, even with these high rates observed in the Antarctic summer, mixotrophs appeared to have a smaller contribution to bacterivory than in the Antarctic spring. Additionally, putative mixotroph taxa were identified through incubation experiments accomplished with bromodeoxyuridine-labeled bacteria as food, immunoprecipitation (IP) of labeled DNA, and amplification and high throughput sequencing of the eukaryotic ribosomal V9 region. Putative mixotroph OTUs were identified in the IP samples by taxonomic similarity to known phototroph taxa. OTUs that had increased abundance in IP samples compared to the non-IP samples from both surface and chlorophyll maximum (CM) depths were considered to represent active mixotrophy and include ones taxonomically similar to Dictyocha, Gymnodinium, Pentapharsodinium, and Symbiodinium. These OTUs represent target taxa for isolation and laboratory experiments on triggers for mixotrophy, to be combined with qPCR to estimate their abundance, seasonal distribution and potential impact.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grants OPP-0838955 (RG) and OPP-0838847 (RS).
    Keywords: Protist ; Diversity ; Mixotrophy ; Ross Sea ; Amplicon sequencing
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    Distinct siderophores contribute to iron cycling in the mesopelagic at Station ALOHA (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 61, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00061.
    Description: The distribution of dissolved iron (Fe), total organic Fe-binding ligands, and siderophores were measured between the surface and 400 m at Station ALOHA, a long term ecological study site in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Dissolved Fe concentrations were low throughout the water column and strong organic Fe-binding ligands exceeded dissolved Fe at all depths; varying from 0.9 nmol L−1 in the surface to 1.6 nmol L−1 below 150 m. Although Fe does not appear to limit microbial production, we nevertheless found siderophores at nearly all depths, indicating some populations of microbes were responding to Fe stress. Ferrioxamine siderophores were most abundant in the upper water column, with concentrations between 0.1 and 2 pmol L−1, while a suite of amphibactins were found below 200 m with concentrations between 0.8 and 11 pmol L−1. The distinct vertical distribution of ferrioxamines and amphibactins may indicate disparate strategies for acquiring Fe from dust in the upper water column and recycled organic matter in the lower water column. Amphibactins were found to have conditional stability constants (log KcondFeL1,Fe′) ranging from 12.0 to 12.5, while ferrioxamines had much stronger conditional stability constants ranging from 14.0 to 14.4, within the range of observed L1 ligands by voltammetry. We used our data to calculate equilibrium Fe speciation at Station ALOHA to compare the relative concentration of inorganic and siderophore complexed Fe. The results indicate that the concentration of Fe bound to siderophores was up to two orders of magnitude higher than inorganic Fe, suggesting that even if less bioavailable, siderophores were nevertheless a viable pathway for Fe acquisition by microbes at our study site. Finally, we observed rapid production of ferrioxamine E by particle-associated bacteria during incubation of freshly collected sinking organic matter. Fe-limitation may therefore be a factor in regulating carbon metabolism and nutrient regeneration in the mesopelagic.
    Description: This work was funded by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Postdoctoral Fellowship for RaB, the Simons Foundation (Award 329108), and the National Science Foundation (OCE-1356747).
    Keywords: Iron ; Siderophores ; Station ALOHA ; Organic ligands ; Iron limitation
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    The origin and role of organic matrix in coral calcification: insights from comparing coral skeleton and abiogenic aragonite (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 170, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00170.
    Description: Understanding the mechanisms of coral calcification is critical for accurately projecting coral reef futures under ocean acidification and warming. Recent suggestions that calcification is primarily controlled by organic molecules and the biological activity of the coral polyp imply that ocean acidification may not affect skeletal accretion. The basis for these suggestions relies heavily on correlating the presence of organic matter with the orientation and disorder of aragonite crystals in the skeleton, carrying the assumption that organic matter observed in the skeleton was produced by the polyp to control calcification. Here we use Raman spectroscopy to test whether there are differences in organic matter content between coral skeleton and abiogenic aragonites precipitated from seawater, both before and after thermal annealing (heating). We measured the background fluxorescence and intensity of C-H bonding signals in the Raman spectra, which are commonly attributed to coral polyp-derived skeletal organic matrix (SOM) and have been used to map its distribution. Surprisingly, we found no differences in either fluorescence or C-H bonding between abiogenic aragonite and coral skeleton. Annealing reduced the molecular disorder in coral skeleton, potentially due to removal of organic matter, but the same effect was also observed in the abiogenic aragonites. The presence of organic molecules in the abiogenic aragonites is further supported by measurements of N content and δ15N. Together, our data suggest that some of what has been interpreted in previous studies as polyp-derived SOM may actually be seawater-sourced organic matter or some other signal not unique to biogenic aragonite. Finally, we create a high-resolution Raman map of a Pocillopora skeleton to demonstrate how patterns of fluorescence and elevated calcifying fluid aragonite saturation state (ΩAr) along centers of calcification are consistent with both biological and physico-chemical controls. Our aim is to advance discussion on biological mediation of calcification and the implications for coral resilience in a high-CO2 world.
    Description: This study was supported by an ARC Laureate Fellowship (FL120100049) awarded to Professor Malcolm McCulloch and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (CE140100020).
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    Electrical synapses enhance and accelerate interneuron recruitment in response to coincident and sequential excitation (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 12 (2018): 156, doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00156.
    Description: Electrical synapses are ubiquitous in interneuron networks. They form intercellular pathways, allowing electrical currents to leak between coupled interneurons. I explored the impact of electrical coupling on the integration of excitatory signals and on the coincidence detection abilities of electrically-coupled cerebellar basket cells (BCs). In order to do so, I quantified the influence of electrical coupling on the rate, the probability and the latency at which BCs generate action potentials when stimulated. The long-lasting simultaneous suprathreshold depolarization of a coupled cell evoked an increase in firing rate and a shortening of action potential latency in a reference basket cell, compared to its depolarization alone. Likewise, the action potential probability of coupled cells was strongly increased when they were simultaneously stimulated with trains of short-duration near-threshold current pulses (mimicking the activation of presynaptic granule cells) at 10 Hz, and to a lesser extent at 50 Hz, an effect that was absent in non-coupled cells. Moreover, action potential probability was increased and action potential latency was shortened in response to synaptic stimulations in mice lacking the protein that forms gap junctions between BCs, connexin36, relative to wild-type (WT) controls. These results suggest that electrical synapses between BCs decrease the probability and increase the latency of stimulus-triggered action potentials, both effects being reverted upon simultaneous excitation of coupled cells. Interestingly, varying the delay at which coupled cells are stimulated revealed that the probability and the speed of action potential generation are facilitated maximally when a basket cell is stimulated shortly after a coupled cell. These findings suggest that electrically-coupled interneurons behave as coincidence and sequence detectors that dynamically regulate the latency and the strength of inhibition onto postsynaptic targets depending on the degree of input synchrony in the coupled interneuron network.
    Description: This work was supported by the laboratory of Brain Physiology at Paris Descartes University (UMR8118), the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, the Agence Nationale de la Recherche Grant INterneuron NETwork (INNET), the Laboratory of Cellular and Systemic Neurophysiology, Institute for Physiology I at the University of Freiburg, and the Grass foundation.
    Keywords: Gap junction ; Synaptic integration ; Interneurons ; Inhibition ; Coincidence ; Cerebellum
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    Nitrogen limitation of the summer phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryote communities in the Chukchi Sea (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 362, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00362.
    Description: Major changes to Arctic marine ecosystems have resulted in longer growing seasons with increased phytoplankton production over larger areas. In the Chukchi Sea, the high productivity fuels intense benthic denitrification creating a nitrogen (N) deficit that is transported through the Arctic to the Atlantic Ocean, where it likely fuels N fixation. Given the rapid pace of environmental change and the potentially globally significant N deficit, we conducted experiments aimed at understanding phytoplankton and microbial N utilization in the Chukchi Sea. Ship-board experiments tested the effect of nitrate (NO3-) additions on both phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryote abundance, community composition, photophysiology, carbon fixation and NO3- uptake rates. Results support the critical role of NO3- in limiting summer phytoplankton communities to small cells with low production rates. NO3- additions increased particulate concentrations, abundance of large diatoms, and rates of carbon fixation and NO3- uptake by cells 〉1 μm. Increases in the quantum yield and electron turnover rate of photosystem II in +NO3- treatments suggested that phytoplankton in the ambient dissolved N environment were N starved and unable to build new, or repair damaged, reaction centers. While some increases in heterotrophic prokaryote abundance and production were noted with NO3- amendments, phytoplankton competition or grazers likely dampened these responses. Trends toward a warmer more stratified Chukchi Sea will likely enhance summer oligotrophic conditions and further N starve Chukchi Sea phytoplankton communities.
    Description: Fieldwork and analysis for the ICESCAPE program was supported by Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program of the National Aeronautic and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX10AF42G to KA.
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; Nitrogen ; Chukchi Sea ; Nitrate ; Nutrient limitation
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    Oxidative formation and removal of complexed Mn(III) by Pseudomonas species (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 560, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00560.
    Description: The observation of significant concentrations of soluble Mn(III) complexes in oxic, suboxic, and some anoxic waters has triggered a re-evaluation of the previous Mn paradigm which focused on the cycling between soluble Mn(II) and insoluble Mn(III,IV) species as operationally defined by filtration. Though Mn(II) oxidation in aquatic environments is primarily bacterially-mediated, little is known about the effect of Mn(III)-binding ligands on Mn(II) oxidation nor on the formation and removal of Mn(III). Pseudomonas putida GB-1 is one of the most extensively investigated of all Mn(II) oxidizing bacteria, encoding genes for three Mn oxidases (McoA, MnxG, and MopA). P. putida GB-1 and associated Mn oxidase mutants were tested alongside environmental isolates Pseudomonas hunanensis GSL-007 and Pseudomonas sp. GSL-010 for their ability to both directly oxidize weakly and strongly bound Mn(III), and to form these complexes through the oxidation of Mn(II). Using Mn(III)-citrate (weak complex) and Mn(III)-DFOB (strong complex), it was observed that P. putida GB-1, P. hunanensis GSL-007 and Pseudomonas sp. GSL-010 and mutants expressing only MnxG and McoA were able to directly oxidize both species at varying levels; however, no oxidation was detected in cultures of a P. putida mutant expressing only MopA. During cultivation in the presence of Mn(II) and citrate or DFOB, P. putida GB-1, P. hunanensis GSL-007 and Pseudomonas sp. GSL-010 formed Mn(III) complexes transiently as an intermediate before forming Mn(III/IV) oxides with the overall rates and extents of Mn(III,IV) oxide formation being greater for Mn(III)-citrate than for Mn(III)-DFOB. These data highlight the role of bacteria in the oxidative portion of the Mn cycle and suggest that the oxidation of strong Mn(III) complexes can occur through enzymatic mechanisms involving multicopper oxidases. The results support the observations from field studies and further emphasize the complexity of the geochemical cycling of manganese.
    Description: This work was funded by grants from the Chemical Oceanography program of the National Science Foundation (OCE-1558738 and OCE-1558692).
    Keywords: Manganese(III) ; Mn(III)-DFOB ; Mn(III)-citrate ; Mn(III)-L ; Pseudomonas ; Bacterial manganese oxidation
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    Resting metabolic rate and lung function in wild offshore common bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, near Bermuda (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Physiology 9 (2018): 886, doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00886.
    Description: Diving mammals have evolved a suite of physiological adaptations to manage respiratory gases during extended breath-hold dives. To test the hypothesis that offshore bottlenose dolphins have evolved physiological adaptations to improve their ability for extended deep dives and as protection for lung barotrauma, we investigated the lung function and respiratory physiology of four wild common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) near the island of Bermuda. We measured blood hematocrit (Hct, %), resting metabolic rate (RMR, l O2 ⋅ min-1), tidal volume (VT, l), respiratory frequency (fR, breaths ⋅ min-1), respiratory flow (l ⋅ min-1), and dynamic lung compliance (CL, l ⋅ cmH2O-1) in air and in water, and compared measurements with published results from coastal, shallow-diving dolphins. We found that offshore dolphins had greater Hct (56 ± 2%) compared to shallow-diving bottlenose dolphins (range: 30–49%), thus resulting in a greater O2 storage capacity and longer aerobic diving duration. Contrary to our hypothesis, the specific CL (sCL, 0.30 ± 0.12 cmH2O-1) was not different between populations. Neither the mass-specific RMR (3.0 ± 1.7 ml O2 ⋅ min-1 ⋅ kg-1) nor VT (23.0 ± 3.7 ml ⋅ kg-1) were different from coastal ecotype bottlenose dolphins, both in the wild and under managed care, suggesting that deep-diving dolphins do not have metabolic or respiratory adaptations that differ from the shallow-diving ecotypes. The lack of respiratory adaptations for deep diving further support the recently developed hypothesis that gas management in cetaceans is not entirely passive but governed by alteration in the ventilation-perfusion matching, which allows for selective gas exchange to protect against diving related problems such as decompression sickness.
    Description: Funding for this project was provided by the Office of Naval Research (ONR YIP Award No. N000141410563, and Dolphin Quest, Inc. FHJ was supported by the Office of Naval Research (Award No. N00014-1410410) and an AIAS-COFUND fellowship from Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies under the FP7 program of the EU (Agreement No. 609033).
    Keywords: Lung mechanics ; Total lung capacity ; Field metabolic rate ; Energetics ; Minimum air volume ; Diving physiology ; Marine mammals ; Spirometry
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    Evaluation of mixotrophy-associated gene expression in two species of polar marine algae (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 273, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00273.
    Description: Mixotrophic flagellates can comprise significant proportions of plankton biomass in marine ecosystems. Despite the growing recognition of the importance of this ecological strategy, and the identification of major environmental factors controlling phagotrophic behavior (light and nutrients), the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying mixotrophic behavior are still unclear. In this study, we performed RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis for two mixotrophic prasinophytes, Micromonas polaris and Pyramimonas tychotreta, under dissolved nutrient regimes that altered their ingestion of bacteria prey. Though the strains examined were polar isolates, both belong to genera with widespread distribution. Our aim was to characterize the transcriptomes of these two non-model phytoflagellates, identify transcripts consistent with phagotrophic activity and assess their differential expression in response to nutrient stress. De novo assembly of the transcriptomes yielded large numbers of novel coding transcripts with no known match within public databases. A summary of the transcripts by Gene Ontology terms showed many expected expression patterns, including genes involved in photosynthetic pathways and enzymes implicated in nutrient uptake pathways. Searches of KEGG databases identified several genes associated with intra-cellular digestive pathways actively transcribed in both prasinophytes. Differential expression analysis showed a larger response in P. tychotreta, where 23,373 genes were up-regulated and 1,752 were down-regulated in the low nutrient treatment when phagotrophy was enhanced. In contrast, in M. polaris, low nutrient treatments resulted in up-regulation of 314 transcripts while down-regulating 371. With respect to phagotrophic-related expression, 37 genes were co-expressed in both P. tychotreta and M. polaris, and although the response was less pronounced in M. polaris, it is consistent with differences in observed ingestion behavior. This study presents the first genomic data for Pyramimonas tychotreta, and also contributes to the limited available data for Micromonas polaris. Furthermore, it provides insight into the presence of genes associated with phagocytosis within the Prasinophyceae and contributes to the understanding of potential target genes required for the construction of a complete model of gene regulation of phagocytic behavior in algae.
    Description: The Owlsnest Super-Computing Cluster at Temple University is funded by a National Science Foundation Grant CNS-09-58854. The CUNY HPCC is operated by the College of Staten Island and funded, in part, by grants from the City of New York, State of New York, CUNY Research Foundation, and National Science Foundation Grants CNS-0958379, CNS-0855217, and ACI 1126113. Support for this work was also supplied by National Science Foundation grants PLR-1341362 (RG), PLR-1603538 (RS), and PLR-1603833 (RG).
    Keywords: Mixotrophy ; Pyramimonas ; Micromonas ; RNA-Seq ; Transcriptomics ; Phagotrophy
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    Using maximum entropy production to describe microbial biogeochemistry over time and space in a meromictic pond (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Environmental Science 6 (2018): 100, doi:10.3389/fenvs.2018.00100.
    Description: Determining how microbial communities organize and function at the ecosystem level is essential to understanding and predicting how they will respond to environmental change. Mathematical models can be used to describe these communities, but properly representing all the biological interactions in extremely diverse natural microbial ecosystems in a mathematical model is challenging. We examine a complementary approach based on the maximum entropy production (MEP) principle, which proposes that systems with many degrees of freedom will likely organize to maximize the rate of free energy dissipation. In this study, we develop an MEP model to describe biogeochemistry observed in Siders Pond, a phosphate limited meromictic system located in Falmouth, MA that exhibits steep chemical gradients due to density-driven stratification that supports anaerobic photosynthesis as well as microbial communities that catalyze redox cycles involving O, N, S, Fe, and Mn. The MEP model uses a metabolic network to represent microbial redox reactions, where biomass allocation and reaction rates are determined by solving an optimization problem that maximizes entropy production over time, and a 1D vertical profile constrained by an advection-dispersion-reaction model. We introduce a new approach for modeling phototrophy and explicitly represent oxygenic photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs and anoxygenic photoautotrophs. The metabolic network also includes reactions for aerobic organoheterotrophic bacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria, sulfide oxidizing bacteria and aerobic and anaerobic grazers. Model results were compared to observations of biogeochemical constituents collected over a 24 h period at 8 depths at a single 15 m deep station in Siders Pond. Maximizing entropy production over long (3 day) intervals produced results more similar to field observations than short (0.25 day) interval optimizations, which support the importance of temporal strategies for maximizing entropy production over time. Furthermore, we found that entropy production must be maximized locally instead of globally where energy potentials are degraded quickly by abiotic processes, such as light absorption by water. This combination of field observations and modeling results indicate that natural microbial systems can be modeled by using the maximum entropy production principle applied over time and space using many fewer parameters than conventional models.
    Description: Primary funding for this project was from NSF GG grant EAR-1451356 to JV and JH, with additional support from Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF 3297. JV also received support from NSF Grants OCE-1637630 and OCE-1558710 and Simons Foundation grant 549941. The NSF Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI; OCE-0939564) also supported the participation of JH.
    Keywords: Maximum entropy production ; Microbial biogeochemistry ; Metabolic networks ; Phototrophy ; Community function ; Meromictic
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    Identification of erosional terraces on seamounts : implications for interisland connectivity and subsidence in the Galápagos Archipelago (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Earth Science 6 (2018): 88, doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00088.
    Description: Shallow seamounts at ocean island hotspots and in other settings may record emergence histories in the form of submarine erosional terraces. Exposure histories are valuable for constraining paleo-elevations and sea levels in the absence of more traditional markers, such as drowned coral reefs. However, similar features can also be produced through primary volcanic processes, which complicate the use of terraced seamounts as an indicator of paleo-shorelines. In the western Galápagos Archipelago, we utilize newly collected bathymetry along with seafloor observations from human-occupied submersibles to document the location and depth of erosional terraces on seamounts near the islands of Santiago, Santa Cruz, Floreana, Isabela, and Fernandina. We directly observed erosional features on 22 seamounts with terraces. We use these observations and bathymetric analysis to develop a framework to identify terrace-like morphologic features and classify them as either erosional or volcanic in origin. From this framework we identify 79 erosional terraces on 30 seamounts that are presently found at depths of 30 to 300 m. Although intermittent subaerial connectivity between the islands has been hypothesized, the depths of these erosional terraces in the Santiago region are the first direct evidence of paleo-connectivity in the modern archipelago. Collectively, the terraces have non-randomly distributed depths. We suggest that peaks in the distribution of terrace depths likely represent long durations of exposure (i.e., sea-level still or lowstands). By comparing these peaks to those of subsidence adjusted sea-level curves, we identify the average subsidence rate that best reproduces the observed terrace distributions. These rates are 0.2–0.4 m/ka for this portion of the central Galápagos, since the formation of the seamounts, consistent with previous independent estimates. Using these subsidence rates and evidence for erosional terraces at depths up to 300 m, we conclude that all islands in the central archipelago have been intermittently connected starting between 435 and 900 ka. Individual island pairs have likely been repeatedly subaerially connected for short intervals since that time.
    Description: This project was carried out with financial support from the NSF (OCE-1634685 to SS and OCE-1634952 to VW) and the Dalio Explore Fund.
    Keywords: Erosional terraces ; Paleogeography ; Hotspot ; Ocean island ; Multibeam bathymetry ; Wave erosion
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    Two forms of electrical transmission between neurons (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 11 (2018): 427, doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00427.
    Description: Electrical signaling is a cardinal feature of the nervous system and endows it with the capability of quickly reacting to changes in the environment. Although synaptic communication between nerve cells is perceived to be mainly chemically mediated, electrical synaptic interactions also occur. Two different strategies are responsible for electrical communication between neurons. One is the consequence of low resistance intercellular pathways, called “gap junctions”, for the spread of electrical currents between the interior of two cells. The second occurs in the absence of cell-to-cell contacts and is a consequence of the extracellular electrical fields generated by the electrical activity of neurons. Here, we place present notions about electrical transmission in a historical perspective and contrast the contributions of the two different forms of electrical communication to brain function.
    Description: This research was supported by National Institutes of Health grants DC03186, DC011099, NS055726, NS085772 and NS0552827 to AP.
    Keywords: Synaptic communication ; Electrical synapse ; Gap junction ; Electric field ; Ephapsis
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    Functional genomics and phylogenetic evidence suggest genus-wide cobalamin production by the globally distributed marine nitrogen fixer Trichodesmium (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 189, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00189.
    Description: Only select prokaryotes can biosynthesize vitamin B12 (i.e., cobalamins), but these organic co-enzymes are required by all microbial life and can be vanishingly scarce across extensive ocean biomes. Although global ocean genome data suggest cyanobacteria to be a major euphotic source of cobalamins, recent studies have highlighted that 〉95% of cyanobacteria can only produce a cobalamin analog, pseudo-B12, due to the absence of the BluB protein that synthesizes the α ligand 5,6-dimethylbenzimidizole (DMB) required to biosynthesize cobalamins. Pseudo-B12 is substantially less bioavailable to eukaryotic algae, as only certain taxa can intracellularly remodel it to one of the cobalamins. Here we present phylogenetic, metagenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and chemical analyses providing multiple lines of evidence that the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Trichodesmium transcribes and translates the biosynthetic, cobalamin-requiring BluB enzyme. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that the Trichodesmium DMB biosynthesis gene, bluB, is of ancient origin, which could have aided in its ecological differentiation from other nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Additionally, orthologue analyses reveal two genes encoding iron-dependent B12 biosynthetic enzymes (cbiX and isiB), suggesting that iron availability may be linked not only to new nitrogen supplies from nitrogen fixation, but also to B12 inputs by Trichodesmium. These analyses suggest that Trichodesmium contains the genus-wide genomic potential for a previously unrecognized role as a source of cobalamins, which may prove to considerably impact marine biogeochemical cycles.
    Description: This work was funded by NSF research grants OCE-1260233, OCE-1260490, OCE-1657757, and OCE-143566.
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    Marine virus-like particles and microbes : a linear interpretation (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 358, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00358.
    Description: Viruses are key players in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry, not only because of their functional roles but also partially due to their sheer abundance (Fuhrman, 1999; Wilhelm and Suttle, 1999). Because viruses cannot replicate without their hosts' machinery, their abundance is inextricably related to that of their (mostly microbial) hosts. The relationship between viral and microbial abundances is thus of great interest.
    Keywords: Marine viruses ; Virus ; Virioplankton ; Viral abundance ; Virus-like particles ; Virus to microbe ratio ; Virus to bacterium ratio ; Virus-microbe relationship
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    Leaf-FISH : microscale imaging of bacterial taxa on phyllosphere (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 8 (2018): 2669, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02669.
    Description: Molecular methods for microbial community characterization have uncovered environmental and plant-associated factors shaping phyllosphere communities. Variables undetectable using bulk methods can play an important role in shaping plant-microbe interactions. Microscale analysis of bacterial dynamics in the phyllosphere requires imaging techniques specially adapted to the high autoflouresence and 3-D structure of the leaf surface. We present an easily-transferable method (Leaf-FISH) to generate high-resolution tridimensional images of leaf surfaces that allows simultaneous visualization of multiple bacterial taxa in a structurally informed context, using taxon-specific fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes. Using a combination of leaf pretreatments coupled with spectral imaging confocal microscopy, we demonstrate the successful imaging bacterial taxa at the genus level on cuticular and subcuticular leaf areas. Our results confirm that different bacterial species, including closely related isolates, colonize distinct microhabitats in the leaf. We demonstrate that highly related Methylobacterium species have distinct colonization patterns that could not be predicted by shared physiological traits, such as carbon source requirements or phytohormone production. High-resolution characterization of microbial colonization patterns is critical for an accurate understanding of microbe-microbe and microbe-plant interactions, and for the development of foliar bacteria as plant-protective agents.
    Description: Funding was provided by the J. Unger Vetleson Foundation to SS.
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; Combinatorial labeling ; Fluorescence in situ hybridization ; Leaf microenvironments ; Methylobacterium ; Phyllosphere ; Preferential colonization ; Zostera marina
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    The mathematical model of short-time forecast of the Earth axial rotation irregularity (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The precision of the universal time UT1 forecast for the short time intervals (up to two months) is researched in this paper based on the celestial mechanical model of the Earth axial rotation irregularity. It is shown that use of the approximate low-parametric model for the problem of the Earth axial rotation velocity variation forecast on the short time intervals is justified. The approximate model is obtained by the averaging of the variable parameters that is exposed to small variations in consequence of perturbation factors nonstationarity. The method of weight coefficients distribution in approximation algorithm that takes into account the irregular oscillations of the Earth axial rotation velocity is suggested. The precision of the forecast that is identical to published by IERS one is achieved with the help of weighted least squares method.
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    Modeling of compensatory sustainbility on the basis of algebraic formalization of systems (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: A solution of the problem of modeling the compensatory system’s sustainability on the basis of the algebraic formalization of the general concept of the system is proposed. By a compensatory sustainability is meant the internal structure of the system’s links, which ensures the interchangeability of its structural resources.
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    Fundamental and Applied Problems of Mechanics - 2017 (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: List of Photo available in this pdf.
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    Analysis of oscillations of framework at pulse influence taking into account physical non-linearity (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article illustrates the analysis of oscillations of a flat multi-storey framework as discrete dissipative systems (DDS) at pulse influence by the time analysis method (TAM). Brief theoretical prepositions of TAM, such as description of the equation of motion of the DDS and expressions of response parameters, are given. The design dynamic model of the structure represents the flat three-storey shear frame having three degrees of freedom. The calculation results are oscillograms of internal response characteristics and reaction parameters of the system on the time slice t ϵ [0;8] sec. The multi-cycle nature of deformation of racks and also the change of parameters of plastic zones of framework supporters in the process of non-linear oscillations are considered.
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    Increasing the water yielding capacity of natural water sediments (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: When carrying out water treatment processes, a significant amount of hydroxide sediments is formed, which have a low water-yielding capacity. In the paper, the sediment of sewage treatment facilities of water pipes, which is formed in the conditions of low turbidity and medium color of water in a water source, was investigated. The effect of seasonal variations in turbidity, color and temperature of the treated water on the specific resistance of sediment filtration is shown. The features of sediment formation in sedimentation tanks of various types are considered. It is shown that the conditions for the formation of sediment affect its properties. It is established that the return of washing water, realized on one of the blocks of main water treatment facilities, increases the turbidity of the water to be purified and leads to the formation of sediments that are easier to be conditioned. At the same time, the sediment, formed in two-tier sedimentation tanks, when they are condi...
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    Problems of rational use of territory and conservation of natural resources in hunting areas (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The wealth of our country is not only people and a multinational culture, but also a vast territory on which the areas of a unique animal and plant world, depending on their geographical location, have spread. In order to preserve the natural environment on the territory of our country, since the Soviet era, protected natural areas, hunting facilities have been created, and a hunting resources fund has been established. In Russia, there are about 5,000 hunting users, who carry out hunting activities in 7,000 hunting farms, employing about 80,000 people. The territory of the hunting area may include lands of various categories of the Land Fund of the Russian Federation and lands for various special purposes, as well as limitedly defensible lands. According to the current legislation, a differentiated approach is used to regulate the use of these lands, which makes it difficult to use and manage this type of land, and accordingly the industry. The article deals with the problems, ...
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    Strengthening of pressed building materials (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The acceleration of hardening of compositions, based on cement and low cement binding materials, is possible in special conditions of concrete mixtures consolidation when a disperse system “binding aggregate” is being consolidated by a small amount of water. These are so-called methods of vibration pressing and pressing. Vibration pressing presupposes a binary mechanical influence on the consolidated mixture – vibration and pressure, generated by a power installation of a press or a set-on weight the strength of which is widely variable. No need for mixture plastic state sustention in the conditions of such influences imposes special requirements both for the mixture composition design and modes of its consolidation and strengthening. At present, a recovery of industrial powder wastes which do not possess the binding properties, while being produced by the traditional methods of building materials manufacture with the use of easy-to-place mixtures (vibration pressing, tamping, a...
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    Creation of Stalingrad look in postwar period (1940 – 1950) (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: This article deals with the particular objects of the reconstructed historical architectural sights in Tsaritsin and considers the architecture of the Soviet Neoclassicism of Stalingrad’s post-war restoration of the 1940s and the 1950s. It shows what the architects’ efforts were directed to and considers the style and compositional arrangement of buildings of the time. The study is conducted by means of the analysis of the materials found in central and regional archives, the literature review, and field observations (measuring and photographic registration). The article provides the description and analysis of the architecture of the city’s most significant buildings of the time. It analyses and classifies main specificities of architectural details and principles of their use in various types of buildings of the Soviet Neoclassicism. It also highlights the role of the architectural detail in creation of an image of the Hero City. The article also provides a new record of photo...
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    Assessment of the efficiency of using heat recovery units in ventilation systems in the conditions of the Southern Urals (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The increase of energy efficiency and energy saving are the main indicators of the improvement and growth of the competitiveness of the Russian economy. One of the system approaches is saving of energy resources through heat recovery. The use of heat recovery units and assessment of the boundaries of their effective use are rather relevant for regions with a long heating period and low negative temperatures. The study proves that special climatic conditions of the Southern Urals provide certain benefits when using heat recovery units in the cold season, relative to other regions, which allows us to use them effectively in ventilation and air conditioning systems throughout the year.
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    Peer review statement (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.
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    Contemporary methods of production of pigments obtained from non-ferrous industrial waste (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The current article describes green pigments’ manufacturing and application problems. Verditer green, or green pigment, is a group or chemical compounds used in various branches of industry, especially in manufacturing paints used for decoration and restoration of engineering constructions and other buildings. The properties and methods of obtaining verditer green from industrial waste are presented with the properties of viridian and cobalt green taken as the examples of green pigments. The technology of obtaining chromium oxide III, chromium hydroxide III, cobalt green including the required equipment, is given with the focus on the calcination process, the chemical reactions are performed both in description and chemical formulae, the different methods of obtaining the pigments, depending on the demanded pigment’s colour, are offered, and the technical and chemical requirements for the raw material and the pigments’ compound are listed.
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    Modern technology of sulphide-bearing wastewater sanitation (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The industry that forms sulphide-bearing wastewater imposes a big man-made burden on the ambient environment. Existing treatment methods of sulphide-bearing wastewater intend for insignificant decrease of sulphide concentration, water purification without further use, and storing of sediments at polygons. Transportation of sulphide-bearing wastewater causes heavy corrosion of pipe system. The developed modern technology allows carrying out quality purification of wastewater, obtaining circulating water for process purposes as well as commodity products used in the main technology. The relevant is development of optimal techniques for sanitation of sulphide-bearing wastewater from the position of using the pollutant as a finished reagent solution. Research on the processes of forming sulphide-bearing wastewater was carried out, selection of purification method by treatment using ferrous sulphate was conducted, conditions for efficient use of this method with the purpose to develo...
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    Innovative solutions implemented in design of iset tower (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: A significant increase in the construction of high-rise buildings in Russia is observed in the last decades. Ekaterinburg takes the second place in Russia after Moscow as regards the annual construction volumes. The first high-rise buildings in the Urals region were built as early as in 19th century and the height of these buildings reached approximately 75 meters. Nowadays, two northernmost skyscrapers in the world are located in Ekaterinburg, one of which is a part of a business district "Ekaterinburg-City". The height of these skyscrapers is above 150 meters. The incompleteness of the Russian regulatory basis for designing high-rise buildings makes it necessary to carry out a large amount of additional design and construction processes. Therefore, despite the experience of previous projects, designers have to create individual innovative design solutions for every new high-rise building. This article describes the features of design of the high-rise building is the Iset Tower...
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    Nambu mechanics and its applications (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Here mechanical systems with the Nambu bracket is discussed. We consider some examples of the Nambu mechanics. The main idea that the superintegrability of mechanical system leads to the Nambu bracket. Some applications for the field theory are given.
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    Automation of computation of insolation duration in architectural design (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The system of automated computation of the insolation duration is considered as applied to the tasks of architectural design. The model and algorithm of computation and plotting are given. The system allows to perform computation in a point, inside a contour, plotted on a territory or a building’s wall. By way of illustration, shadow movement animation is performed, as well as building of the sectors of light indicating at the reasons of limited insolation. The influence of the computation date on the insolation duration is considered. It is demonstrated that changing the date of the normative computation from March 22 to April 22 reduces the region of unacceptable insolation by 50...70%. The examples of computation are given. The system interface is considered. A brief description of the system’s software implementation is provided. The models are designed in the AutoCAD package. The programs are written in the AutoLisp programming language.
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    Forms of landscaping modern architectural environment (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The urbanization of territories, changes in the lifestyle of the population, significant deterioration of the environment require a change in the traditional approach of the formation of urban and architectural space. In view of the limited time budget of the modern city dweller, it is necessary to revise the existing system of active green recreation, bringing it as close as possible to the space for life and work. Because of the limitations of territorial resources and aggressiveness of the external environment, the trend of green space "green building". This concept involves the active formation of several types of landscaping at the same time. That requires a special approach to the design of the "green" object. The article deals with the levels of the complex of factors that are necessary in the design of ecological space at various stages.
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    Evaluation of building collapse risk with damage localization (2018)
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    Description: The article offers an approach to building collapse risk evaluation with damage localization. As a rule, the risk includes the probability and value of loss. The probability of failure for separate construction is determined by known methods, but for risk-management decisions these methods are too complicated. The solutions of the problem, using the specified theoretical base, are considered: for structural damages of the constructions the simple rules of criticality degree determination are used; they are based on fuzzy logic, which ensures the efficiency of structural state assessment. The represented risk assessment method is also based on technological and social loss cost evaluation for various areas under failed constructions and different accident scenarios. The risk oriented approach can be applied in few related areas of construction, from design to insurance.
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    Territorial Technosphere as Managed Dynamic System (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The territorial technosphere is a dynamic system described by a system of differential equations. The initial data of these equations take into account the conditions of normal functioning of the territorial technosphere and emergency situations. Changing the parameters of the impact of the technosphere allows you to influence the quality of the environment and to maintain it in a stable state. An effective mechanism for controlling the territorial technosphere as a dynamic system should be the elimination of inoperable States using: the formation of a set of informative parameters; control and registration of values of informative parameters; creation of a database of normative and actual values of informative parameters, formation of control actions.
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    Influence of changes in the Volga river water expenditure on water hardness and alkalinity increase in Kuibyshev refinery river intake (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The chemical control department of the Kuibyshev refinery (known as KNPZ) registers a systematic increase in river water hardness and alkalinity. The increase of these values changes the reagent softening mode of clearing agents with weighted sediments. It is required to carry out a constant analysis of water alkalinity before reagent softening. The researchers collected data of average monthly values of the Volga-river water samples from Samara Hydroelectric Station, the Samara-river water samples from the Bezymyanka heat power-station, the Volga-river water samples from Kuibyshev refinery as well as hourly water samples from the same stations and compared it with the data on average daily Volga-river water discharge from Zhiguly hydroelectric power station, obtained in 2016, from July till October. The analysis of the data showed that changes of the Volga-river water discharge had no effect on the increase of water alkalinity and hardness of the KNPZ river intake.
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    Smart parallel robots for massage (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: A new concept smart robots for massage with plane and spatial parallel mechanisms is shown. Plane and spatial parallel robots (PPR and SPR) are based on triangular and octahedral structures. Every one of sides of triangle and ribs of octahedron is linear drive. Ends of the adjacent linear drive are connected with by cylindrical (for triangle) and spherical (for octahedron) joints. As result PPR and SPR have three and twelve degrees of freedom, and they can adapt to body of patient and. Possibility of full automation some kinds massage by autonomous portable smart PPR and SPR is shown. The use of these robots will allow the masseur remotely via the Internet to serve several patients at the same time in real time. PPR and SPR are portable multifunctional smart robots for various rehabilitation applications. Both kinds parallel robots will be discussed in detail.
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    Forest-park green belts as environment-forming element of urbanized territories (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The issues of protection and improvement of the environment surrounding residents of the cities are one of key in modern town planning. Their decision has to be a component of design and planning work. Throughout all evolution of the architectural and landscape environment of the city as anthropogenic ecosystem the quality of his territories in many respects defined gardening, which minimizes negative impact of factors of the urbanized environment on the person But in the modern cities its area decreases, the condition of vegetation worsens that, finally, leads to violation of spatial interrelations of an anthropogenic and natural component of the urban environment. The territorial growth of the cities has aggravated a problem of preservation of a natural landscape. The total area of public green areas in the majority of city districts does not meet the operating town-planning standards Owing to this fact in the Russian town planning to the forefront there were questions of form...
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    Formation of optimal structure of cellular concrete (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The paper presents the results of experimental studies on the effect of silica-containing components on the structure and properties of cellular concrete. It is shown that the creation of the optimal pore structure of concrete and the structure of the interporous frame, the intensification of hydration and crystallization processes in hydrothermal treatment can improve the physical and mechanical characteristics of cellular concrete. At the level of modern knowledge about the structure and properties of cellular concrete, the potential for increasing its strength characteristics has been studied. Through the effective use of the energy potentials of the multicomponent binder, including Portland cement, calcium lime and activated silica components, the nanopore structure of the matrix stone is formed.
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    Coupled Multi-Physics Modelling in Continuum Mechanics (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Contemporary models of solids of thermoelasticity requires to include multiphysics coupling and employ non classical e.g. elastic behavior. The permanent generalization of elastic model is the Cosseratt micropolar model. Now this model is to be applied to growing solids, biomaterials, granular media, concrete. The basic concepts of the continuum mechanics is considered in connection with the difference in the dimensions of the continuum and external space. New field variables are introduced representing complex continuum properties. A generalization of the model of the micropolar continuum has been proposed. The action and the action density for the complex continuum model are discussed. A new field-theoretic model of a nonlinearly elastic continuum is developed assuming existence of an isometric immersing into an external plane space.
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    Mathematical model of polystyrene concrete structure for design of its strength characteristics (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: In the modern society a constant search is performed for the options to improve the energy efficiency of constructed residential and public buildings to reduce the cost of their operation and the human impact on the environment. One of the possible ways of the problem solution is using new construction and thermal insulation materials and products that meet modern requirements, for example, fencing and supporting construction made of polystyrene concrete. The authors carried out some research works, concerning the aforementioned improvement of deformation and strength characteristics of building material, by modeling its structure in the Institute of New Materials and Technologies of Ural Federal University. The research and mathematical modeling of the dependence of the composite material characteristics on the properties of raw materials and structure will allow predicting the strength of manufactured structures and determining the ratio and quality of raw materials of polysty...
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    Purification of aqueous media from toxicants carbon-mineral sorbent (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: To purify aquatic environments from various toxicants, we obtained a carbon-mineral sorbent from the reed stems of the South (Phragmitesaustralis) by carbonization. At the stage of carbonization of the crushed reed, a carcass, containing carbon and silicate constituents, is formed. Depending on the type of feedstock and the carbonization temperature of the organic component, the content of the silicate component varies in the range of 20-30%. The process is carried out until a sorbent containing 70-80% of the carbon component, 29-19% of the silicate component and 1% of water is obtained. The adsorption capacity of the obtained carbon-mineral sorbent towards to medium and macromolecular organic compounds, and heavy metals was studied. As a result, it was established that the carbon-mineral sorbent obtained from the reed stems of the South (Phragmitesaustralis) has moderately distributed sizes of macro- and micropores. The presence of two constituents, carbon and silicate, in the ...
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    Investigation of probiotic agent influence on sewage quality and active sludge properties (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: One of the new and promising directions in the wastewater treatment technologies and treatment of precipitation is the use of the probiotic agents. A lot of brands of probiotics, which differ in their composition, concentration and cost are offered by the producers on the market. The research results of the “Pip Plus Water” probiotic influence on the concentration of organic contaminants in the model wastewater solution are presented in this article. An additional point is that the changes in the quality indices of the wastewater, which is taken from municipal sewage treatment facilities, because of the contact with a probiotic have been investigated. The characteristics, describing the active sludge compaction process before and after the addition of the probiotic agent, have been obtained. The preliminary study stage has showed that the probiotic agent being considered has a positive impact on the certain sewage quality indicators and the precipitation properties. The ability ...
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    Influence of Orenburg gas condensate field development on ecological and biological condition of landscape-botanical complexes (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article presents the results of the study of the landscape-botanical complexes in the zone of influence of the Orenburg gas condensate field. The studies have found that the area objects in most cases are located on the territory of arable land, which occupy 60-90% of the terrain of the study area. Previously, natural vegetation was cut down and new trees and shrubs were planted. The studies have shown that during the reconstruction and construction works at industrial sites the soil was removed. During the work with the water wash the existing vegetation was subjected to species transformations, which led to the death of communities that can not withstand constant excessive moisture. Thus, the role of the floodplain as a natural filter under the condition of surface water pollution was violated. Water-washing works led to a change of the Ural river bed: the right bank became more steep, the river bed expanded, which affected the decrease in the flow rate, the process of sil...
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    Ecological and technological aspects of increasing sustainability of vegetation cover of caspian oil and gas provinces (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article presents the results of the study of the vegetation cover, in particular, the floristic and phytocenotic features of the territory of oil and gas extraction of the North-Eastern coast of the Caspian Sea, the southeast of the Caspian lowland are determined. Also, modern ecological and technological methods and a monitoring program are reflected, which will allow us to identify and assess the level of man-made impact, to develop a system of compensation processes that balances the ecological system as a whole. It is shown that the production activity of the oil and gas industry remains one of the main reasons for the negative impact on the stability of the vegetation cover of the studied areas.
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    Features of forming a parallel staging launch vehicle mathematical model using the method of d’Alembert-Kane (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article discusses features of dynamic characteristics in a parallel-staging launch vehicle’s elastic design. In contrast to traditional forms of body transverse vibrations in rockets with tandem staging, the parallel-staging scheme features vibrational forms of spatial character which are associated with longitudinal and torsional vibrations of side blocks of the rocket. The attention in the paper is drawn to the simplicity and clarity of drawing up general equations of dynamics in the form of d’Alambert-Kane, as well as to the features of projections of overload forces and the main engines thrust onto the related and inertial axes.
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    Factors determining modern architectural space (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article gives a short review of modern trends in the development of architectural space and essential factors that influence this process: material and technical; and socio-cultural. The introduction touches upon modern requirements for organizing the living environment. The body of the article defines and analyses the factors determining the development of the modern architectural space. They represent two different trends of influence: material and technical; and socio-cultural. The body starts with the description of material and technical factors that include development and improvement of material and technical resources, technological progress, changes in the engineering and technical requirements. The author pays particular attention to their impact on modern construction concept and space planning. The article further on investigates socio-cultural factors that are regarded as the underlying for the process of shaping a modern architectural space. Among socio-cultura...
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    Confidence intervals for output variable in fuzzy linear regression model (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: An analogue of confidence intervals with a given level of possibility for output variable in a fuzzy linear regression model has been developed in the paper. The methods of fuzzy regression analysis extend the methods of classical regression analysis and allow to solve different problems in conditions of fuzzy and incomplete initial information without the limits of the probabilities methods. The developed approach opens up new opportunities for predicting of output fuzzy variable.
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    Integrating multi-level traffic intersections into urban environment (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article deals with the problem of architectural and city planning attractiveness of large cities due to the growing population and increased traffic. The author focuses on the negative impact of constructing multi-level highway intersections in the city structure in the light of socio-ecological, emotional-psychological, artistic-aesthetic and cultural-religious aspects. The article solves the problems of urban areas by integrating multi-level traffic intersections. The construction of low-rise settlements in the zones with much gardening, forest areas near lakes and rivers compensates city unattractiveness. Apparently, the solution of the problem is the harmonious combination of public administrative zones of "point" construction with buildings of different types in combination with low-rise buildings of a country type. The effective combination is based on developing a good transport system, based on multi-level traffic intersections. We suggest combining these zones with ...
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    Conceptual Design of Russian Modern Monotowns’ Architectural Space (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The paper presents a historical perspective on the emergence and development of Russian monotowns. It also studies the lack of a case-by-case approach to the modern Russian monotowns architectural appearance formation of as well as contemporary creative approaches to the design process of architectural works and design. This paper makes the case for creative approaches to the creation modern objects in the monotown's architectural space. It provides an example of a creative approach to the architectural object design, at the initial designing stage enabling to individualize a future project, reflecting a part of the author's creative self-identity. A “self-concept" is given as an example of a design approach. That approach ensured the use of a graph unit - a prototype-based visual component formation of the organization corporate identity, reflected both in the building architecture, small architectural objects, and in design items. The visualization, accompanying the paper, is ...
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    International Conference on Construction, Architecture and Technosphere Safety (ICCATS 2018) (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The International Conference on Construction, Architecture and Technosphere Safety (ICCATS-2018) was organized by South Ural State University (national research university), Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Irkutsk and Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg on 26-28 of September, 2018. The conference program encompassed a wide range of topics and was divided into 9 sections: building materials and products; construction, buildings and structures; construction technology and organization; engineering networks and equipment. foundations, bases and underground structures; engineering and computer graphics in construction design; architecture, urban studies and design; analysis, assessment and technologies of natural and man-made disasters reduction; industrial ecology and waste-water treatment. More than 236 participants from 28 cities of the Russia and other countries attended the confe...
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    Radiation hygiene assessment of working conditions at construction industry enterprises (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The concept of safety and life support of the population in the context of urbanization is one of the most systemically important concepts of human ecology. Legislative and regulatory documents, concerning the radiation safety of the population and personnel, have been considered. Conceptual issues have been critically analyzed. The article deals with the problems of ensuring the radiation and environmental safety in the construction industry. The problem of radiation hygiene support of technological processes and construction is of particular importance. The radiation control of working conditions needs to be carried out in accordance with the legislative and regulatory acts accepted in Russia. The issues of the relevance of radiation risks have been considered in the context of working conditions in the construction industry that were specially assessed. The activities to reduce workers’ exposure from natural radionuclides should be carried out in all cases, when this dose exc...
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    Investigation of spatial density of public and business objects in the largest city with help of geoinformation technologies (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article reveals the study of spatial distribution of the density of public and business objects with the use of geoinformation technologies. The source of the data was data from the open geoinformation project OpenStreetMap. Earlier, we showed that for the radial component of the density of public and business facilities. This paper is a continuation of the previous one. The angular distribution of density of public and business objects is studied by example of the largest city - Ekaterinburg. Spatial density has "tails" that characterize the predominant directions of the city development. At the same time, the average spatial configuration for the average density distribution shows the radial-ring structure for urban planning. The obtained results are interpreted within the framework of the "frame-fabric".
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    State examination of BIM-model on the basis of object technological dependencies model (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: It is important to check the projects created on the basis of BIM. In this case, an automated process of checking and evaluating the quality of the BIM-model is necessary, for example, for express checking in the state expertise. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the technological and organizational features of construction and installation works. This issue is especially important and relevant for facilities that are dangerous and technologically complex (for instance, stadiums, high-rise buildings, hydroelectric power stations, bridges). In the article the authors propose to approach the examination of the state expertise of the projects of these objects from the position of the model of object technological dependencies. The key factor of this model is a description of the technology of the facility construction, which displays the technological interrelation of the works, their quantification and the definition of the time domain of these works. The mode...
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    Experimental selection of young’s modulus according the structure of concrete (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article provides an overview of the dependencies connecting structure of concrete with young’s modulus. The developed method experimental evaluation of the known dependencies. In the studies used samples with different number and different size of crushed stone. Shows the compositions of the used concretes. According to the results of the tests were obtained the theoretical diagrams of the concrete. The paper presents the results of experimental studies of various compositions of concrete. Part of the dependency of the young’s modulus was checked for consistency with experimental data. Proposed practical methodology for the evaluation of the concrete structure. According to the results of the comparison proposed a theoretical model for the estimation of the young’s modulus for concrete structures.
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    Application of geospatial technologies for analysis and development of transport infrastructure and cadastral activities in urban areas (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The current state, development and transformation of transport infrastructure in urban areas are due to factors such as increased safety, environmental requirements, as well as the provision of new opportunities through the connection of vehicles to the Internet. Connected, Autonomous and electric vehicles have become key areas of development in the automotive industry. By the end of 2020, there will be more than 14 million connected vehicles on the roads of Russia, 3.5 million of which are trucks and more than 10 million personal cars. In this paper, the object of the study is the transport interchange of regional importance as a structural component of a single urban space of the city district of Tyumen, Tyumen region. The authors present the results of theoretical research and practical work on the implementation of geospatial systems and technologies in the design of roads. The features of the design of this object using GIS technologies are considered. The analysis of the d...
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    Technological process of buildings construction as regards occupational risks (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Relative statistical indicators of injuries in construction are higher than the general rate for all types of economic activity. In this paper, the assessment has been made of the occupational risks during buildings construction with consideration to the peculiarities of technological stages. The occupational risks were assessed with regard to the probability of danger and seriousness of consequences. The highest risks were revealed for the following works: land plot fencing, demolition of the existing buildings, foundation excavation, trenching for communications, erecting outer walls of buildings, and wiring. The most frequently occurring accidents are falling from height and electric injuries. Namely these risks require putting more focus on them and using individual approach when trying to minimize them.
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    Rationale for necessity of production enterprises entering in zones of residential development, borders of settled points, by example of “plemennoe” swine complex in Zavodoukovsk city of Tyumen region (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article deals with the problem of protecting the population and the environment from the negative impact of an agricultural enterprise built on the territory of a settlement prior to the enactment of land and urban codes. The enterprise under consideration refers to hazardous production facilities of the third hazard class. In accordance with the urban development plan for the city of Zavodoukovsk, the enterprise was in the residential development zone. Taking into account that, since the establishment of the company, not only the production capacities but also the area allocated for the land plot have increased, there is an urgent need to resolve the issues of its future activities on the territory of the settlement in accordance with the current legislation.
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    Fractals in construction material science (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The application of the theory of fractal geometry in construction materials production allows revealing a new possibility to model the properties of materials and processes. The fractal theory can be used in the research of the processes of cement paste hardening as the formation of a cluster structure; the structure and properties of dispersed media; structural characteristics of the porous material; cracking caused by various factors, using data received at predicting the collapse of critical structures. The investigation of surface properties of aggregate, using a fractal approach, allowed one to reveal the direct dependence between the physical and mechanical characteristics of the concrete and the value of the fractal dimension of such aggregate. Thus, application of the method based on the determination of the fractal dimension of the aggregate, allows predicting the properties of concrete as well as to regulate its physical and mechanical properties by selecting or modify...
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    Regional specific features of modern residential compounds. Affordable housing in the city of Samara, Russia (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The identification of modern approaches and the specifics of the improvement of architectural solutions for residential buildings of an affordable price category in non-capital cities of the Russian Federation has become the main task of the research. From the generalization and analysis of the overall results of the development of the housing sector in the Russian Federation, the authors proceed to the consideration of the situation in one of the megacities of the country - Samara. With the example of seven residential compounds being built or newly built in this city, the approaches to the formation of architectural solutions that are characteristic of local conditions at the present stage of housing construction have been shown. A particular attention was paid to the social infrastructure and the functional and spatial organization of residential complexes, environmental and social aspects. The conclusion about the gradual increase of consumer properties of affordable housing...
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    Composition and synthesis development of building glass on the basis of non-standard raw materials (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Colorless building glass on the basis of non-standard raw materials with the use of discolourers-cerium oxide and potassium nitrate-was synthesized. The regularities of the cerium oxide addition effect on the light transmittance of the glasses are shown when the proportion of Na 2 O is replaced by K 2 O. The results of ORP and iron oxide equilibrium investigation in glasses, improvement of light transmission by means of correction of ORP glass are presented. The physical and chemical properties of glasses are measured: thermal coefficient of linear expansion (TCLE), water resistance and crystallization ability of glasses. The recommended composition of a building glass on the basis of non-standard raw materials is presented.
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    Parametric optimization of pre-stressed steel arch-shaped trusses with ties (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: An algorithm of searching for the efficient values of the parameters of pre-stressed steel arch trusses with high-strength ties is currently being developed. The task in focus is to reduce the cost of the operating trusses while taking into consideration the strength, rigidness, and stability limitations as per regulatory requirements. It is assumed that a truss shall be fastened to be displaced from its plane by the nodes, and its bars shall generally be subjected to stretching-compression and in-plane bending. The cross-section areas of bars and ties along with the pretension force vary within discrete sets of allowable values. The optimization is performed via a genetic algorithm. The strain-stress state of the structure variants is calculated basing upon the finite element method. The feasibility of the suggested method was illustrated for optimal engineering of a steel truss with a 60 m span, pre-stressed with a double-lay rope.
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    Creating natural climate resources and tourist landscapes on Shengsi islands in China (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Shengsi County is located in Zhoushan City of Zhejiang Province at the junction of the Yangtze River estuary and Hangzhou Bay, which is known as an island county or the Shengsi Islands. The east side of the islands is surrounded by the sea, the south and west sides are facing Mount Putuo - a Buddhist resort - and Jinshanwei in Shanghai, and the north side of the islands are connected to the Yellow Sea. The islands, known as the only way of international access to the Yangtze River and Wusong from the ocean. The Shengsi Islands are made up of 404 islands, 16 of which are inhabited. The total area of the islands is 8,824 square kilometers. The Shengsi Islands, also known as a fairy mountain, are the only state-level scenic spot in China. There are reefs, rocks, nice beaches and precipitous cliffs distributed on the islands. The paper considers tourism resources of the Shengsi Islands, the elements of natural climate resources, tourist landscapes and reveals the present situation o...
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    Bearing capacity and life time of multielement structures exposed to corrosive wear (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: When in operation, a significant part of metal structures is exposed to aggressive media, causing the damage and failure of construction sites. This paper reviewed the well-known mathematical models and calculation methods of multielement metal structures, exposed to corrosive wear. Also, this paper described the solution approaches of stress-strain state and a life time evaluation of multielement rod structures. The finite element method is used for the solution of stress-strain state evaluation; the advantages of this method are also described. This paper proposes the statements of problems and solution algorithms of life time calculation of multielement rod structures, such as statically indeterminate trusses operating in the aggressive medium. This paper considered the most common corrosion wear case, where the corrosion rate is a stress function. The proposed solution methods involve the use of mathematical models and analytical formulas.
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    Window display in formation of safe perception of urban light and colour environment (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article considers the issues of a safe approach to the formation of comfortable light and colour environment of a modern megacity The factors influencing the perception of light and colour environment by drivers and pedestrians in the dark are determined. The state of the regulatory framework on this issue is analyzed. The ways of dark time lighting for window displays at Chelyabinsk intersections are studied, taking into account the historically formed light and colour context of the Ural region in the interrelation of objects and the existing lighting system. The contextual peculiarities of the perception of window display light and colour design in the era of “information society” were revealed.
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    On use of blast-furnace granulated ground slag in construction (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The paper presents the results of studies on the replacement of a cement binder in a concrete mixture with fine blast-furnace granulated ground slag. This material has found its application in construction as an active mineral additive, improving the structure of concrete, and it also allows reducing the cost of concrete production. The results of the matching composition of concrete class B25 with a cement binder, as well as with the use of ground slag, are demonstrated. The information on the physico-mechanical characteristics recorded during the preparation of the concrete mix is also given. As a result of the control samples testing, it was revealed that the replacement of cement with slag in the range of up to 30 percent allows achieving the required parameters of compressive strength. This circumstance makes it possible to speak about the possibility of using blast-furnace granulated ground slag for building structures both in factory production and in the production of mo...
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    Architecture and construction of low-rise buildings from composite wooden modules (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Wooden architecture is a significant part of the Russian culture and largely determines its national identity. Wood as a construction material has not exhausted its historical role yet. The reliability of wooden structures can be considered taking into account new processing possibilities. Wooden structures remain important in the face of growing environmental problems, resource-saving. As a renewable building material wood has great prospects. As the decrease in the thermal protection properties of wooden enclosing structures leads not only to heat losses and to the creation of an uncomfortable temperature and humidity regime of residential premises, but also to the decrease in the durability of buildings, increasing the thermal protection properties of enclosing structures in residential buildings should be considered a task of a not only technical, but also social nature. As a result of the analysis, the author of the article suggests using a wooden module for low-rise buildi...
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    Influence of water saturation on strength of modified gypsum-alumina expanding cement at stage of delayed hardening (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article analyzes the influence of material composition of modified gypsum-alumina expanding cement with regard to mineral components ratio on its mechanical-and-physical properties change due to water saturation at the stage of delayed hardening. The expandable cementing medium applied in the survey, except for traditional components such as crushed gypsum rock and alumina cement, contained additionally portland cement and superplasticizer, based on polycarboxylic ethers. It has been established that depending on mineral components ratio water saturation of one-year-old cement rock can either improve or worsen its strength properties, provided that bending and compression resistance can change asynchronously and divergently. A regularity has been revealed regarding composite water resistance change depending on mass ratio of portland cement and gypsum rock (AC/GR). Within the variability of experimental factors a judicious ratio - AC/GR=0,2-0,95 has been established, where b...
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    Microrotation Waves Propagating in a Cylindrical Waveguide (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The present study is devoted to analysis of coupled harmonic waves of translational displacements and microrotations propagating along the axis of a long cylindrical waveguide with circular cross-section. Microrotation waves modelling is realized within the frameworks of linear micropolar elasticity by introducing microrotations as independent degrees of freedom of the elastic continuum. The coupled system of vector differential equations of the micropolar elasticity is given. The translational displacements and microrotations vectors in the coupled wave are decomposed into potential and vortex parts. The coupled differential equations are uncoupled for some distinguished cases. The Helmholtz equations solutions for the translational and microrotation waves are obtained for a high-frequency waves in a cylindrical domain.
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    Estimation of economic efficiency of convective heating methods (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The methods of convective heating of thin-walled monolithic structures constructed in winter conditions in tunnel formwork are considered. The classification of convection heating methods, based on the principle of heat flow to the heated structure, is made: traditional chamber heating, chamber heating with air ducts, convection heating with pre-form curtains, developed at the Department of Construction and the theory of structures of the South Ural State University. The efficiency of capital investments for the methods under consideration is determined on the basis of the determination of the area under the investment curve. The unit costs in rubles per cubic meter of heated concrete for the considered methods are calculated. The results on capital investments and specific costs for heat treatment of concrete by convective methods are compared. The authors draw the conclusions about the effectiveness of using the method of convection heating with pre-form curtains for heat trea...
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    Computing experiment for unloading dumper truck at a sloping pad (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The results of a computational experiment on unloading a dump truck are described. The experiment was carried out on the mathematical model of a car built on the basis of Lagrange’s equations. Before the movement (unloading) of cargo, the lifting of the platform is considered as a quasi-static process. From the equations of the equilibrium of the car and geometric relationships, analytical expressions are derived for calculating the force interaction between the platform and the frame. When the cargo moves as a monolithic block, the mathematical model is represented in the form of a system of differential equations. After the adoption of a number of assumptions, its solution was substantially simplified. An algorithm for solving the problem is proposed that implements the method of incremental change of parameters. The results of calculation of forces in hydraulic cylinders during unloading of BelAZ mining dump truck are given.
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    Formation of professional competences of bachelors in design in course of artistic activities (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: In the article the authors consider an important role of development of creative abilities of design students on the objects of a graphic cycle, design activity during training. The importance of the disciplines "Drawing", "Bases and language of visual culture", "Architectural and Design", "Prototyping" in training preparation where students get acquainted with the bases of the graphic diploma (terms, concepts, laws) comes to light, study the main methods of design activity, master stages of creative activity, acquire professional skills. These objects provide communication with design disciplines that contributes to the development of professional competences of the profile disciplines studied in the course of education and also when performing independent works.
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    Effect of reactant treatment of rolling slime sewage on slime quality (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: This article considers the way to improve the quality of slime obtained from rolling based on the example of the slimes of the hot rolling mill 2500, Sheet Rolling Shop of the Open Joint-Stock Company “Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works” (MMK, OJSC). Hot rolling mill slimes can be used as secondary raw materials for metallurgical (blast-furnace and open- hearth steelmaking) and related manufacturing processes. At elevated slime humidity and high oil concentration its processing becomes rather difficult. Due to the improper slime quality, it is seldom applied for further production and is just accumulated in piles. Such piles pose a serious environmental threat polluting the atmosphere, groundwater, and soil. To resolve this problem, the authors studied the influence of slime sewage reactant treatment on slime quality.
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    Constraint stabilization of two-wheeled sleigh (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: In this paper a problem of constraint stabilization of a two-wheeled sleigh is considered. This problem is solved with the help of the Chaplygin’s approach, in which Lagrange equations of the second kind are modified with respect to the nonholonomic constraints. For the obtained equations we define the functions of reactions forces of constraints with respect to their stabilization. During the numerical integration some of the stabilization parameters are defining at each step of the summation. This gives an advantage in comparison with the classical stabilization approach.
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    Quadratic birational transformations in computer simulation of building structures (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Quadratic transformations are a perspective way of form-making in architectural and engineering-construction design. A quadratic (nonlinear) transformation is based on the establishment of one-to-one correspondence between the algebraic n- and 2nd-order curves. In particular, lines correspond to the second-order curves, which are widely used in the design of gridwork building structures and utility lines. Quadratic transformations are used to model the profile of rotor blades of environmentally friendly wind farms. We developed algorithms for building corresponding points for the practical application of nonlinear transformations in the computer simulation of building structures. We have shown that the inversion relative to the circle is a central quadratic transformation with imaginary fundamental point, coinciding with the cyclic points of the plane. We considered an example of using the inversion for building the rotor blade profile of a wind power installation and a cam prof...
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    Features of numerical simulation of the unsteady vortex flow around aircraft considering airbrake (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The paper presented the specifics of calculating the characteristics of vortex propagation and decay processes which cause aerodynamic tail fin-buffet loads in an aircraft at incompressible subsonic flow. Analysis of numerical diffusion and stability of differencing schemes implemented in OpenFOAM software package has been carried out. Based on the obtained results, differencing schemes are selected and their modification has been done. An algorithm has been presented for combining various approaches for modelling turbulent flows (RANS-LES) by means of zonal isolation and its implementation in OpenFOAM package is carried out. A series of calculations of three-dimensional flow around an aircraft at angles of attack of 0 to 30 degree considering airbrake deflections on 60 degree are conducted. Flow separation at the airbrake side edges and upper edge result in a highly turbulent wake. The corresponding region of vortex flow affects the fin and causes buffet loads.
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    Water resources of southern economic region: status and prospects of use (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Description unavailable
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    Motion planning of a space robot (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The plane problem of motion control of a free-floating space robot is investigated. The robot is supposed to be in a state of passive flight. It is assumed that the vectors of momentum and kinetic moment of the robot equal to zero. The movement of the arm relative to the robot body changes the position of the center of masses of the body and leads to its rotation around the center of masses. There are constraints on the range of variation of the manipulator length and the angle of its rotation relative to the body. It is shown that while carrying out special movements of the manipulator, it is possible to ensure the movement of robot gripper from arbitrary initial to an arbitrary final position, if they are located inside the workspace, which is a ring with a centre in the centre of masses of the robot. Moreover, it is possible to get the desired value of the angle between the manipulator and the body in the final position.
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    Role of EM technologies in solving bioremediation problems with regard to polluted soils (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: To clean and restore areas with man-made pollution, bioremediation methods are increasingly used. These methods are based on the use of the biochemical potential of microorganisms and are safe for the environment. The article is devoted to the investigation of the effectiveness of the use of a microbial preparation for the remediation of soils contaminated with benzo(a)pyrene. We experimented to test the ability of «Baikal EM1», a microbiological compound, to destroy benzo(a)pyrene in contaminated soils. The compound was found to be efficient at 96.7% in «dangerously» contaminated soils (up to 5 MAC), while less efficient at higher contaminations (38.7 to 52.6% at 15 to 19 MAC). When diluted 1 to 100, the compound was more efficient than in case of dilution 1 to 50. Studies have shown «Baikal EM1» a promising biological compound for further research into the remediation and restoration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-polluted soils.
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    Determination of dust disperse composition in energy-efficient aspiration systems for building materials production (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: In various industries, primarily, the production of building materials, technological processes include multiple transfer operations, during which a large amount of dust is released. The resulting dust causes air pollution and various diseases of workers. To prevent this, different dust removing systems are used. One of them is the aspiration system, which includes air purification devices. For the operation of these systems, it is necessary to obtain the data on the disperse composition of dust and its concentration. Since aspiration systems consume a lot of energy, various improvements are used. Here, basing upon the processed experimental data, the authors proposed a method to determine the main parameters of the dust flow, formed in the bulk materials transfer units of energy-efficient aspiration systems.
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    Porous materials based on flax boon technology (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: In the article we considered the technological modes of obtaining heat-insulating materials on the basis of flax boon. The technology of gas-concrete blocks on the basis of flax boon production is given. The data on the structure and properties of organic aggregate (flax boon) are presented.
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    Anisotropy of strength properties of aluminate cement after exposure to single-axis loading at early stage of hardening (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article considers the impact of short-term compression at an early age on the flexural strength of aluminate cement. Taking into account the results of the previous research, the authors took the samples with the identical planes instead of prisms. The change in splitting tensile strength of pre-stressed samples at different planes has been analyzed. The studies have shown cement hardening in a plane perpendicular to the direction of short-time compression. It can be explained by the compaction of cement stone, decrease in porosity and formation of additional bonds through the chemical-plastic hardening, as noted by F. J. Ulm and O. Coussy. The research revealed that, after the removal of load, the difference between the strength of pre-stressed and control samples tends to reduce. The X-ray phase analysis demonstrates the difference in the hydration process in the first 24 hours after loading and change in the recrystallization of hexagonal hydroalumates into cubic crystals...
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    Combined cements with non-shrinking properties using sulfoferrite clinker (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The increase of stackable waste products quantity demands taking measures is directed towards its decrease. This waste products usage in cement production which is one of the most consumptive branches of production, based on material and expenditure of energy, is one of the possible decisions. The usage of recycled resources in special sorts of cement production in contrast with its application in the Portland cement production is poorly understood and requires the increase of scientific knowledge with the purpose of total control over a technological process. The appropriate roasting conditions and whole technology ensuring is possible by careful updating and control of raw mixes. There is a potential that the most components are added the most qualitative final product will be in condition of necessary control. Two calculated modules (ferrite and sulfate) are usually used in the production, which guarantees an optimal technology of relatively clean raw materials production. Th...
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    Technical properties of activated gypsum (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The influence of the activation of the building gypsum in the vortex layer apparatus on the specific surface, the setting time, the heat release, the change in the mineralogical composition, and the strength of the gypsum stone are presented in the article. The measurements were carried out by standard methods. It has been found that the processing of the gypsum binding material in the fluidized bed results in its mechanical activation, which (assuming the optimum processing conditions), in its turn, results in a 200 percent increase in the gypsum’s specific surface area, as well as in a 47 percent increase in heat emission during hydration. Assuming the optimum ABS-processing conditions, there is a 44 percent increase in compression strength, and a 50 percent increase in the flexural strength. It takes 2-10 minutes less for the gypsum paste setting.
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    Methods for reducing color and oxidability of natural waters (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The qualitative indicators of natural waters of the open source of drinking water supply have been studied. The discrepancy with the regulatory requirements for such indicators as color and oxidability has been established. With the aim of reducing the color and oxidation of natural water, oxidative-sorption methods have been investigated. Based on the water quality indicators of the source, a non-reagent scheme of water treatment has been preliminarily proposed, including the filtration on sorption loads with preliminary chlorination of water with a dose within the limits of chlorine absorption. Such materials as quartz sand, granulated activated carbon of the brand "PUROLAT-ACTIVE", anthracite of the brand "PUROLAT-standard" and garnet have been investigated as possible loads for filtering plants. It has been established that effective reduction of water color in all considered periods of the year is achieved on a combined loading of "quartz sand - activated carbon". However, ...
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    Study of snow cover of functional zones of city territory (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: In cities the surface flow is one of the main sources of pollution for surface waters within urban development. Snow cover is an indicator of the atmospheric air pollution and sanitary state of populated areas. Using the examples of various urban functional zones, the evaluation of the snow cover state in modern conditions has been carried out. The analysis of the meltwater composition has shown that the metal ions are one of the main components of pollutants. In order to decrease the negative influence upon water bodies of surface waters of populated areas, a system of surface flow with compulsory afterpurification should be organized. A version of reconstruction for existing network of surface flow has been considered, with installation of local purification facilities including cartridge filters. A version with gabion structures has been considered for shallow parts of coastal zones. In this case rainwater and meltwater flow through spaces between gabions, without affecting a...
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    Use of metallurgical slags in mortar production (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The possibility of using the metallurgical slags of metallurgical enterprises of the Novokuznetsk city as a filler in the manufacture of mortars is shown in this work. The methodology of the research is based on the previously developed technological schemes for recycling metallurgical slags in the form of a system of work stages, which is associated with the need for a consistent transformation of the properties of slags, and what is achieved through a series of mechanical and physicochemical effects. The use of the express method of selecting the composition of aggregate fractions from open-hearth slag made it possible to obtain the densest packing of filler grains in compliance with the strength requirements for mortars. On a set of basic physical and mechanical quality indicators, experimental mortars meet the current regulatory requirements, which allows us to recommend their compositions for testing in industrial conditions.
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    Comprehensive assessment of level of environmental safety in city in construction of industrial and civil facilities (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: This work is devoted to the development of methods for a comprehensive assessment of the level of environmental safety in the city in the construction of industrial and civil facilities. The main methods of complex assessment of the influence of negative factors on the environment of cities and public health are considered. A logical-probabilistic model for assessing the level of environmental safety of the city in the construction of industrial and civil facilities has been developed, and it also makes it possible to make a forecast of the city's ecological development when operating a finished facility. This will help to formulate and calculate the effectiveness of ongoing environmental activities to reduce environmental risks.
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    Adaptive lighting system (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The main requirement for lighting is energy efficiency, which can be achieved by using modern lamps and adapting lighting to natural light conditions and working conditions. Currently, light sources and controls are considered as a single device. There are a lot of ways to control lighting – LCN, ZigBee, KNX, DALI and others, the analysis of their characteristics leads to the choice of the DALI protocol, because it is compatible with third-party products, and this ensures the inclusion of additional devices and sensors in the system. Many existing systems take into account universal lighting standards, but not specific requirements for workplaces, for example, at the computer workstation. Working with the monitor requires the creation of certain hygienic conditions, in order to provide the minimum fatigue of the visual system. The aim of the research is to create a lighting control system based on the DALI protocol, which, unlike the existing ones, will rely on the testimony of ...
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    Bionic architecture: back to the origins and a step forward (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article reviews research in the field of architectural bionics and its historical background. The article considers the development of bionic architecture from its origin till the present day. It was established how various functional elements of live forms, nature as a whole, and architectural shape formation interact and correlate. The basic factors, influencing the shape forming elements of the architectural composition, were identified. The main terms, associated with bionic shape formation, were indicated. Modern trends in bionic architecture were considered. The examples of outstanding architectural specimens and their creators were given. The concepts of architectural bionics and bionic architecture were defined and differentiated. The article considers the development of the bionic architectural style and determines the historical background of its development. The issues of fractal geometry are also addressed by reviewing the French scientist B. Mandelbrot’s treatis...
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    Assessment of the state and measures to improve the natural environment of the Volgograd. Agglomeration (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The paper describes the actual state of Volgograd agglomeration. The dynamic indicators of the pollutants emission by the industrial facilities, municipal power engineering facilities, motor vehicles, and railway transport are specified. The data on the peculiarities of the urban construction of Volgograd and its suburbs in different historical periods is presented. The data characterizing peculiarities of locations, condition of functioning of the urban transportation roads and the streets and roads network in the agglomeration is provided. The promising ways of arrangement of the existing systems of resettlement, modernization of the urban transport network, and optimization of green construction are examined. The efficiency of the environment improving and aesthetic functions by the plants is assessed. The paper states that the mandatory condition of ensuring good state and high decorative value of the vegetations in the agglomeration is the use of special watering water supp...
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    Improvement of mud pump valve (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The valve assembly is the weak point of the drilling pump. The analysis of the reasons for the failure of the hydraulic part of the drilling pump was carried out, it was shown that the valve assembly of the drilling pump accounts for a significant part of the failures. A three-dimensional geometric model of the valve assembly and a finite-element model of the valve assembly on its basis are developed. According to the results of the calculation, the effect of changing the inclination angle of the axis of the guide tray to the axis of the landing hole in the valve seat on the stress-strain state of the valve assembly was determined. To exclude axial deviations, an improvement in the valve is suggested by changing the design of the upper guide bushing body, which will increase the durability and reliability of the mud pump assembly by self-centering the pylon and the polyurethane seal.
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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