ALBERT

Description: This document is intended to provide basic guidance to researchers who work with digital data as well as all stakeholders with an interest in this issue and also provides advice on sources of further information. It was prepared by the Research Data Working Group in the Priority Initiative “Digital Information” of the Alliance of German Science Organisations.

Description: The ability of any satellite gravity mission concept to monitor mass transport processes in the Earth system is typically tested well ahead of its implementation by means of various simulation studies. Those studies often extend from the simulation of realistic orbits and instrumental data all the way down to the retrieval of global gravity field solution time-series. Basic requirement for all these simulations are realistic representations of the spatio-temporal mass variability in the different sub-systems of the Earth, as a source model for the orbit computations. For such simulations, a suitable source model is required to represent (i) high-frequency (i.e., subdaily to weekly) mass variability in the atmosphere and oceans, in order to realistically include the effects of temporal aliasing due to non-tidal high-frequency mass variability into the retrieved gravity fields. In parallel, (ii) low-frequency (i.e., monthly to interannual) variability needs to be modelled with realistic amplitudes, particularly at small spatial scales, in order to assess to what extent a new mission concept might provide further insight into physical processes currently not observable. The new source model documented here attempts to fulfil both requirements: Based on ECMWF’s recent atmospheric reanalysis ERA-Interim and corresponding simulations from numerical models of the other Earth system components, it offers spherical harmonic coefficients of the time-variable global gravity field due to mass variability in atmosphere, oceans, the terrestrial hydrosphere including the ice-sheets and glaciers, as well as the solid Earth. Simulated features range from sub-daily to multiyear periods with a spatial resolution of spherical harmonics degree and order 180 over a period of 12 years. In addition to the source model, a de-aliasing model for atmospheric and oceanic high-frequency variability with augmented systematic and random noise is required for a realistic simulation of the gravity field retrieval process, whose necessary error characteristics are discussed. The documentation of the updated ESA Earth System Model (updated ESM) for gravity mission simulation studies is organized as follows: The characteristics of the updated ESM along with some basic validation is presented in Volume 1. A detailed comparison to the original ESA ESM (Gruber et al., 2011) is provided in Volume 2, while Volume 3 contains the description of a strategy to derive realistic errors for the de-aliasing model of high-frequency mass variability in atmosphere and ocean.

Description: Die vorliegende Ausgabe des GFZ-Journals „System Erde“ soll einen Einblick in die am GFZ betriebene Forschung zur Seismologie geben.

Description: [...] In this thesis it is shown that the epoch-differenced ionospheric delay correction is sufficient for estimating the tropospheric delay, e.g., the Zenith Total Delay (ZTD), from SF GPS data. Based on this result, the Satellite-specific Epoch-differenced Ionospheric Delay model (SEID) was developed. In the SEID model the ionospheric corrections for SF data are generated from the observations of surrounding reference stations equipped with DF receivers. With the derived ionospheric corrections and the SF data, pseudo L2 data are generated, which can be processed using existing GPS processing software packages without any changes. [...]

Description: The seismicity data file used for this study is represented by the earthquake catalogue CENEC for Europe north of 44°N (Grünthal et al. 2009a). This paper describes in detail how this homogeneous data file in terms of moment magnitudes Mw (with Mw greater than 3.5) has been derived. The degree of harmonization achieved in CENEC is quantitatively analysed in Grünthal et al. (2009b).

Description: The integrated plate boundary in Chile (IPOC) combines 15 broadband stations with strong-motion sensors, GPS, strain sensors and magneto-telluric stations. The Chilean subduction zone setting provides a high background rate of seismicity (crustal, intermediate depth, and plate interface) in a region with exceptionally low ambient noise, particularly at higher frequencies. We have deployed seismic mini-arrays in the vicinity of IPOC stations PB02 and PB07, and installed a third array to the east of these stations near the village of Quillagua, such that all three arrays form a triangle. Each array has 10 elements and an aperture in the km range. The study area lies just to the north of the northern boundary of the rupture area of the Tocopilla earthquake of 2007 Mw=7.7) and just above or slightly to the east of the downdip limit of plate interface seismicity. Installing the mini-arrays in the area of the existing IPOC has the following advantages: • Independent knowledge of background structure and seismicity from existing and ongoing studies. • Should any transients or other unusual signals be found in the array data, we can look for anomalous signals in geodetic and MT recordings, which will help to narrow down possible underlying mechanisms.

Description: The International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) performed a dual-phase scientific drilling project to investigate mountain-building processes called Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC). The borehole COSC-1 was drilled through the Lower Seve Nappe, as the first of two 2.5 km deep drill holes close to Åre, central Sweden. The recovered rocks comprise a 1650 m thick suite of high grade gneisses and amphibolites with clear Seve Nappe affinities, while the lower 850 m comprise rather homogenous mylonitic gneisses with interfingered K-rich phyllonite bands of cm to several m size and some intercalated amphibolites. The different lithologies all crosscut the core in a subhorizontal direction with foliation of gneisses and phyllonites in the same direction. Albite and garnet porphyroblasts with pressure shadows show syn-deformational growth and the same sub-horizontal alignment. The focus of this thesis is to detect chemical and mineralogical differences in mylonitic and host rocks and to relate these differences to either metasomatism and deformation or inherited source rock variance. Another goal of this work is to compare chemical core scanning instruments. For this purpose two different μ-Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (μ-EDXRF), Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and hyperspectral imaging techniques served to measure seven samples from the lower 850 m of the COSC-1 core. The measurements reveal sharp borders between different rock types without indication of metasomatic changes, pointing to a heterogeneous protolith such as greywacke. Element and mineral maps show strong pervasive ductile deformation with mylonite recrystallization. The comparison of the scanning devices shows that the μ-EDXRF scanner with 50 μm resolution can be used perfectly for microstructural investigations and heavy element analysis. The XRF core scanner from AVAATECH is very useful and sufficiently precise for element profiles of line scans. The LIBS scanner is great to create distribution maps of elements from H to U with a resolution of 200 μm. The hyperspectral cameras are extremely fast in acquiring spectral mineral maps and structural information. However, several rock forming minerals in gneisses can currently not be identified and a calibration for metamorphic rocks is still needed.

Description: The guidebook contains a thematic description an background information for each field day. The overall setting and development of the Saxo-Thuringian zone within the Variscan orogen is presented in Kroner and Romer (2010). This material is not included in this guide book (because of copyright reasons) and will be handed out to field trip participants as separate handout.

Description: Film 5: "Pilotstandort Ketzin" (Länge 05:05) "Am Pilotstandort Ketzin in Brandenburg wird seit Juni 2008 erstmals in Deutschland CO2 in unterirdische Gesteinsschichten eingeleitet und gespeichert. ...". Das Überwachungsprogramm für den CO2-Speicher am Pilotstandort Ketzin zählt im internationalen Vergleich zu den modernsten und umfangreichsten. Zentral ist hierbei die Kombination verschiedener Überwachungsmethoden mit jeweils unterschiedlichen zeitlichen und räumlichen Auflösungsvermögen. Welche Methoden werden eingesetzt? Und welche Erkenntnisse gibt es bereits? Produktionsjahr: 2011-2012

Description: Film 2: "Geological Conditions and Capacities" (Length 06:00) "Porous rocks with good permeability have, in Germany and world-wide, the highest potential for geological CO2 storage. ..." Where do these rocks occur? And which further criteria need potential CO2 storage sites to meet? Production Year: 2010-2012

Description: Film 4: "Speicherüberwachung und Prognose" (Länge 06:54) "Die geologische Speicherung von CO2 hat ein klares Ziel: Die Menge des vom Menschen erzeugten Treibhausgases CO2 zu reduzieren. ..." Hierfür bedarf es der genauen Überwachung eines CO2-Speichers, denn Sicherheit und Schutz von Mensch, Tier und Ökosystem stehen dabei an erster Stelle. Welche Überwachungsmethoden für CO2-Speicher stehen zur Verfügung? Produktionsjahr: 2010-2012

Description: Film 08 Beschreibung folgt. Produktionsjahr: 2010-2012

Description: The 9th TRACE conference (Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology) was organized by the Institute for Forest Growth, University of Freiburg, on April 22nd – 25th 2010 in Freiburg, Germany. [...] This volume of TRACE Proceedings contains 26 short papers and gives an overview of the wide spectrum of fields in tree-ring research.

Description: The GeoDataNode project, funded by the Federal Ministry for Research and Education (BMBF) conducted a survey of data management practices at GFZ. The aim was to assess the state of current practices and needs, and their alignment to institutional and national guidelines for data management. The target audience included scientific and technical employees at all levels. A response rate of 24% of the target demographic was achieved. The survey revealed a general need for improvement and structuring of research data handling. This includes provision of adequate storage space, back-up schedules, and the familiarization of young researchers with good scientific practice.

Description: Film 5: "Ketzin Pilot Site" (Length 05:05) "At the Ketzin pilot site in Brandenburg, Germany, CO2 has been injected into an underground storage formation since June, 2008. ...". The monitoring methods used at the pilot site Ketzin are among the most comprehensive in the field of CO2 storage worldwide. Important is the combination of different monitoring methods, each with different temporal and spatial resolutions. Which methods are used? And what have we already learned? Production Year: 2011-2012

Description: Film 1: "Forschung für den Klimaschutz" (Länge 03:59) "Es steht außer Zweifel, dass der Mensch durch den Ausstoß von Treibhausgasen wie z.B. CO2 für die Klimaveränderungen auf der Erde mit verantwortlich ist. ..." Fakt ist, dass mit der Industrialisierung der CO2-Gehalt in der Atmosphäre weit über die Höchstwerte der vergangenen hunderttausende von Jahren stieg. Warum ist die geologische CO2-Speicherung neben dem Senken des Energieverbrauchs, dem Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien und der effizienteren Nutzung der Energie eine der Möglichkeiten, der weiteren Anreicherung von CO2 in der Atmosphäre entgegen zu wirken? Produktionsjahr: 2010-2012

Description: Film 2: "Geologische Voraussetzungen und Kapazitäten" (Länge 06:00) "Poröse Gesteinsschichten mit guter Durchlässigkeit sind in Deutschland, aber auch weltweit, die wichtigste geologische Speichermöglichkeit für CO2. ..." Wo kommen diese Gesteinsschichten vor? Und welchen weiteren Kriterien müssen potenzielle CO2-Speicher genügen? Produktionsjahr: 2010-2012

Description: Film 3: "Rückhaltemechanismen" (Länge 04:31) "... Um die Reduktionsziele zu erreichen, muss das CO2 dauerhaft im Untergrund bleiben. Für sorgfältig ausgewählte Speicherstandorte sind keine Leckagen zu erwarten. ..." Es gibt verschiedene natürliche Rückhaltemechanismen, die auf unterschiedlichen Zeitskalen dafür sorgen, dass das CO2 zunehmend im Speicher gebunden wird. Um welche Mechanismen handelt es sich hierbei und wie funktionieren sie? Produktionsjahr: 2010-2012

Description: Passive continental margins offer the unique opportunity to study the processes involved in continental extension and break up as well as the role of hot-spot related magmatism. We conducted combined on- and offshore seismic experiments in Northern Namibia designed to characterize the Southern African passive margin at the interaction with the Walvis Ridge, to assess the interaction of the presumed plume with continental lithosphere and to determine the deep structure of the transition from the coastal fold belt to the stable craton, where the Walvis Ridge hits the African continent. The seismic project integrated three experiments, (A) an onshore, coast-parallel refraction seismic profile, (B) two onshore-offshore wide-angle seismic transects, and (C) a combined on- and offshore seismic experiment to image the sub-Moho velocity (Pn tomography) at the ocean-continent transition (Fig. 1). The knowledge of the lithospheric structure of the margin together with results from other geoscientific studies (e.g., conducted within the SPPSAMPLE, DFG Priority Program 1375, South Atlantic Margin Processes and Links with onshore Evolution) will help to address fundamental questions such as, how continental crust and plume head interact, what the extent and volumes of magmatic underplating is, and how and which inherited (continental) structures might have been involved and utilized in the break-up process.

Description: This thesis summarizes the results of the WSM project’s second phase (1996‐2008). In particular it presents the major achievements that have been accomplished with the WSM 2008 database release that has been compiled under the guidance of the author. Furthermore, the thesis briefly presents three of the author’s numerical models that aim at quantification the temporal changes of the crustal stress field.

Description: This publication is a result of the 12th TRACE conference (Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology) organized by the Department of Agriculture, Forests, Nature and Energy (DAFNE) of the Università della Tuscia (Viterbo, Italy) on May 08th – 11th 2013 in Viterbo, Italy. [...] A total of 20 manuscripts were submitted. After review 19 short papers are published in this volume, giving an overview of the wide spectrum of fields in tree-ring research.

Description: [...] In context of this work, a new damage mechanism is proposed: the mechanically induced fracture face skin. This new mechanism results from mechanical interactions between the proppants and the reservoir rock, due to the increasing stress on the rock-proppant system during production. Proppant embedment into the fracture face and proppant crushing leads to fines production and can impair the fracture performance. In order to achieve sustainable, longterm productivity from a reservoir, it is indispensable to understand the hydraulic and mechanical interactions in the rock-proppant system. In order to analyse the hydraulic and mechanical interactions, laboratory experiments using three different flow cells were conducted. These flow cells were used to localise and quantify the mechanical damage at the fracture face, as well as to investigate the long-term stability of a rock-proppant system under in-situ reservoir conditions. [...]

Description: The 2014 LoNNe (Loss of the Night Network) intercomparison campaign is the third of four campaigns planned during EU COST Action ES1204. This report provides a brief synopsis of the campaign and its preliminary outcomes. Section 2 describes the measurement locations, the activities of the participants, the instruments used, and the environmental conditions. Section 3 describes a public outreach event held during the campaign. Section 4 provides some preliminary results, outlines the ongoing analyses, and presents research questions for the next campaign to address. Section 5 provides recommendations for the final LoNNe intercomparison campaign in 2016. Section 6 concludes the report.

Description: The ability of any satellite gravity mission concept to monitor mass transport processes in the Earth system is typically tested well ahead of its implementation by means of various simulation studies. Those studies often extend from the simulation of realistic orbits and instrumental data all the way down to the retrieval of global gravity field solution time-series. Basic requirement for all these simulations are realistic representations of the spatio-temporal mass variability in the different sub-systems of the Earth, as a source model for the orbit computations. For such simulations, a suitable source model is required to represent (i) high-frequency (i.e., sub-daily to weekly) mass variability in the atmosphere and oceans, in order to realistically include the effects of temporal aliasing due to non-tidal high-frequency mass variability into the retrieved gravity fields. In parallel, (ii) low-frequency (i.e., monthly to interannual) variability needs to be modelled with realistic amplitudes, particularly at small spatial scales, in order to assess to what extent a new mission concept might provide further insight into physical processes currently not observable. The new source model documented here attempts to fulfil both requirements: Based on ECMWF’s recent atmospheric reanalysis ERA-Interim and corresponding simulations from numerical models of the other Earth system components, it offers spherical harmonic coefficients of the time-variable global gravity field due to mass variability in atmosphere, oceans, the terrestrial hydrosphere including the ice-sheets and glaciers, as well as the solid Earth. Simulated features range from sub-daily to multiyear periods with a spatial resolution of spherical harmonics degree and order 180 over a period of 12 years. In addition to the source model, a de-aliasing model for atmospheric and oceanic high-frequency variability with augmented systematic and random noise is required for a realistic simulation of the gravity field retrieval process, whose necessary error characteristics are discussed. The documentation is organized as follows: The characteristics of the updated ESM along with some basic validation are presented in Volume 1 of this report (Dobslaw et al., 2014). A detailed comparison to the original ESA ESM (Gruber et al., 2011) is provided in Volume 2 (Bergmann-Wolf et al., 2014), while Volume 3 (Forootan et al., 2014) contains a description of the strategy to derive a realistically noisy de-aliasing model for the high-frequency mass variability in atmosphere and oceans. The files of the updated ESA Earth System Model for gravity mission simulation studies are accessible at DOI:10.5880/GFZ.1.3.2014.001.

Description: This study represents the first investigating potential kinematic boundary conditions for subduction erosion in a systematic manner. For the subduction erosional process, the aperture at the box's rear, which allowed rearward material loss, was shown to have the largest influence on obtained results. If the amount of material leaving the system was larger than the amount of material subducted at the wedge's toe, the margin evolved as erosional. We found the surface slope to be the second important parameter, which strongly controls the amount of basally eroded material.

Description: This short report describes the first attempt at obtaining a preliminary cross-border risk model for Central Asia starting from datasets that were already available at the beginning of the EMCA Project.

Description: This volume contains 23 short papers which summarise the main subjects of talks and posters presented at the eighth TRACE (Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology) conference organized by Jožica Gričar, Tom Levanič, Špela Jagodic, Robert Krajnc and Polona Hafner and held in Otočec, Slovenia on April 16th - 19th, 2009.

Description: This document serves as a record of the processing standards, models & parameters adopted for the generation of monthly and weekly (aligned to GPS weeks) Level-2 gravity field data products by the GRACE Science Data System component at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences.

Description: Mit dem Journal „System Erde“ berichtet das Deutsche GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ über die unterschiedlichen Facetten seiner Forschungsarbeiten. Die Reihe richtet sich vor allem an Entscheidungsträger in Wissenschaft, Gesellschaft und Politik, an interessierte Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler sowie an die fachinteressierte Öffentlichkeit.

Description: SEGY and supplementary data of the seismic reflection experiment in the Baza Basin (Southern Spain). Presented are unstacked and unmigrated data of three 2D vibroseis profiles which were carried out in October 2013 and all corresponding raw data.

Description: SEG-Y data of small-scale high-resolution controlled-source seismic experiment to investigate the mesoscopic fault structure of the Wadi Arava fault, Dead Sea Transform.

Description: In order to analyze mineralogical-geochemical changes occurring in whole rock reservoir samples (Stuttgart Formation) from the Ketzin pilot CO2 storage site, Brandenburg/Germany as well as to investigate single fluid-mineral reactions laboratory experiments and geochemical modeling were performed. The whole rock core samples of the Stuttgart Formation were exposed to synthetic brine and pure CO2 at experimental P-T conditions and run durations of 5.5 MPa/40 °C/40 months for sandstone and 7.5 MPa/40 °C/6 months for siltstone, respectively. Mineralogical changes in both sets of experiments are generally minor making it difficult to differentiate the natural variability of the whole rock samples from CO2-induced alterations. Results of sandstone experiments suggest dissolution of analcime, anhydrite, the anorthite component of plagioclase, chlorite + biotite, hematite and K-feldspar. Dissolution of anhydrite, the anorthite component of plagioclase and K-feldspar is also observed in siltstone experiments. During equilibrium simulations best matching models were ranked based on a mathematical statistical dispersion relation. The best matching model comprises a mineral combination of the albite component of plagioclase, anhydrite, dolomite, hematite, and illite. The equilibrium modeling showed that it is difficult to match K+, Fe2+ and SO4 2- brine concentrations simultaneously. The best matching subsets of the equilibrium models were finally run including kinetic rate laws. These kinetic simulations reveal that experimentally determined brine data was well matched, but reactions involving K+ and Fe2+ were not completely covered. Generally larger mismatches for dissolved Al3+ and Si4+ in all the completed simulations are most likely related to the sampling strategy and respective inaccuracies in the measured concentrations of dissolved Al3+ and Si4+. The kinetic simulation suppressing mineral precipitation yields best matches with experimental observations. The modeling shows acceptably well matches with measured brine ion concentrations, and the modeling results identified primary minerals as well as key chemical processes. It was also shown that the modeling approach is not capable of completely covering complex natural systems. Experiments on mineral separates were conducted with 2 M NaCl brine and pure CO2 using siderite, illite and labradorite samples. Experimental P-T conditions were 20 (30) MPa and 80 °C; run durations were one (siderite), two (illite) and three weeks (labradorite), respectively. Based on the acquired set of mineralogical-geochemical data the distinct experiments show: (i) dissolution of ankerite and stable siderite, which is therefore interpreted to be a potential CO2 trapping phase, (ii) preferred dissolution of the Ca-smectite component out of the illite-smectite mixed-layer mineral and (iii) dissolution of labradorite, respectively. No mineral precipitates (e.g. carbonate phases) were detected in any of the conducted laboratory experiments, and only one single kinetic simulation predicts the formation of minute amounts of dolomite. Based on the data acquired during this dissertation the mineralogical-geochemical effects of CO2 are minor, and the (chemical) integrity of the Ketzin reservoir system is not significantly affected by injected CO2.

Description: The ability of any satellite gravity mission concept to monitor mass transport processes in the Earth system is typically tested well ahead of its implementation by means of various simulation studies. Those studies often extend from the simulation of realistic orbits and instrumental data all the way down to the retrieval of global gravity field solution time-series. Basic requirement for all these simulations are realistic representations of the spatio-temporal mass variability in the different sub-systems of the Earth, as a source model for the orbit computations. For such simulations, a suitable source model is required to represent (i) high-frequency (i.e., sub-daily to weekly) mass variability in the atmosphere and oceans, in order to realistically include the effects of temporal aliasing due to non-tidal high-frequency mass variability into the retrieved gravity fields. In parallel, (ii) low-frequency (i.e., monthly to interannual) variability needs to be modelled with realistic amplitudes, particularly at small spatial scales, in order to assess to what extent a new mission concept might provide further insight into physical processes currently not observable. The new source model documented here attempts to fulfil both requirements: Based on ECMWF’s recent atmospheric reanalysis ERA-Interim and corresponding simulations from numerical models of the other Earth system components, it offers spherical harmonic coefficients of the time-variable global gravity field due to mass variability in atmosphere, oceans, the terrestrial hydrosphere including the ice-sheets and glaciers, as well as the solid Earth. Simulated features range from sub-daily to multiyear periods with a spatial resolution of spherical harmonics degree and order 180 over a period of 12 years. In addition to the source model, a de-aliasing model for atmospheric and oceanic high-frequency variability with augmented systematic and random noise is required for a realistic simulation of the gravity field retrieval process, whose necessary error characteristics are discussed. The documentation is organized as follows: The characteristics of the updated ESM along with some basic validation are presented in Volume 1 of this report (Dobslaw et al., 2014). A detailed comparison to the original ESA ESM (Gruber et al., 2011) is provided in Volume 2 (Bergmann-Wolf et al., 2014), while Volume 3 (Forootan et al., 2014) contains a description of the strategy to derive a realistically noisy de-aliasing model for the high-frequency mass variability in atmosphere and oceans. The files of the updated ESA Earth System Model for gravity mission simulation studies are accessible at DOI:10.5880/GFZ.1.3.2014.001.

Description: Mit dem Journal „System Erde“ berichtet das Deutsche GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ über die unterschiedlichen Facetten seiner Forschungsarbeiten. Die Reihe richtet sich vor allem an Entscheidungsträger in Wissenschaft, Gesellschaft und Politik, an interessierte Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler sowie an die fachinteressierte Öffentlichkeit.

Description: Das Jahr 2017 war auf dem Potsdamer Telegrafenberg, der langjährigen Heimat von Friedrich Robert Helmert, geprägt durch mehrere Jubiläen: der 125ste Jahrestag der Eröffnung der neuen Forschungsräumlichkeiten des Geodätischen Instituts wurde am 06. April 2017 unter Beteiligung von zahlreichen Gästen mit einem bunten Festprogramm gefeiert. Am darauf folgenden Tag haben mehrere Vortragende in einem gut besuchten Kolloquium an das 100ste Todesjahr von F.R. Helmert erinnert. Dies wurde ergänzt durch zahlreiche Vortragsveranstaltung und weitere Kolloquien zu Helmert, die im Jahr 2017 an mehreren Orten in Deutschland durchgeführt wurden, wie z.B. in Aachen, Dortmund und - an seinem exakten Todestag, dem 15. Juni – in Potsdam. Die faszinierende Ausstellung „Fokus Erde“ hat im Frühjahr 2017 im Haus der Brandenburgisch- Preußischen Geschichte in Potsdam die Entwicklung der Geodäsie als Wissenschaft in den letzten beiden Jahrhunderten mit beeindruckenden Exponaten einer breiten Öffentlichkeit präsentiert. Es war zu sehen, dass die Geschichte der Geodäsie – national wie auch international – im ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert wesentlich vom Potsdamer Telegrafenberg aus geprägt wurde und es muss nicht erstaunen, dass in der Ausstellung die Leistungen von Helmert, sowohl als Wissenschaftler, Hochschullehrer, geodätischer Beobachter wie auch als Organisator wissenschaftlicher Projekte eine besondere Rolle spielten. Bei den Feiern zum 25-jährigen Bestehen des Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches Geoforschungszentrum (GFZ), die ebenfalls im Jahr 2017 stattfanden, wurde immer auf die großartigen wissenschaftlichen Leistungen des langjährigen Institutsdirektors Helmert hingewiesen, die eine unverzichtbare Grundlage der heutigen Arbeiten am GFZ bedeuten und in deren Tradition sich das GFZ auch heute noch sieht. Der vorliegende Band soll insofern die unterschiedlichen Bereiche des Lebens und Wirkens von F.R. Helmert, die zum Teil im Jubiläumsjahr 2017 an verschiedenen Stellen zu Tage befördert wurden, zusammenführen und, ergänzt um weitere neu recherchierte Aspekte, den Bogen bis in die heutige Zeit der Satellitengeodäsie und des Einsatzes von Hochleistungsrechnern für geodätische Aufgaben spannen. Ohne die grundlegenden Arbeiten von Helmert wäre diese Entwicklung nicht möglich gewesen. In diesem Sinne nehmen wir seinen Geburtstag am 31. Juli 1843 zugleich zum Anlass, sein wissenschaftliches Wirken zu seinem 175. Ehrentag mit diesem Buch zu würdigen. Allen Beteiligten an den genannten Veranstaltungen wie auch den Autoren des vorliegenden Bandes sei hiermit ausdrücklich gedankt. Den Beiträgen vorangestellt ist eine Bildauswahl mit Portrait- und Gruppenaufnahmen, die Helmert zu verschiedenen Zeiten und in unterschiedlichen Positionen seines wissenschaftlichen Wirkens präsentieren.

Description: The ionosphere is a part of the upper atmosphere stretching from a height of about 60 km to more than 1 000 km. A certain fraction of the gas particles in that region is ionised by solar extreme ultra violet radiation. Since electromagnetic waves are influenced and significantly modified by ionospheric free charge carriers, the altitude range is of great scientific interest. GPS satellites emit electromagnetic waves on L – band frequencies travelling through the ionosphere and lower neutral atmosphere. Subsequently, they are received by low–Earth orbiting satellites. Consequently, the signals are affected by strong electron density gradients at altitudes above approximately 80km and by atmospheric density, pressure and water vapour content in the troposphere and stratosphere. This measurement method is termed radio occultation technique and it allows to receive a global picture of ionospheric and lower neutral atmospheric conditions. This study focusses on the detection and analysis of sporadic E layers from GPS radio occultation measurements on a global scale. Sporadic E layers are localised patches of relatively high electron density appearing in the E region of the ionosphere. They are represented in GPS signals as intense fluctuations. This work reveals that global sporadic E occurrence rates underlie variations on different time scales. It is demonstrated that the sporadic E occurrence depends on several geophysical parameters and it is subject to coupling processes between the neutral atmosphere and ionosphere. For example, the global sporadic E occurrence is oriented along Earth’s magnetic field. It is shown additionally that sporadic E altitudes are subject to tidal winds and that its annual cycle varies with meteor influx.

Description: Diese Ausgabe des GFZ-Journals „System Erde“ wurde im Dezember 2016 produziert und erscheint im Januar 2017. Das ist der Monat, in dem das Deutsche GeoForschungsZentrum seinen 25. Geburtstag feiert. Der Schwerpunkt Südamerika ist dabei durchaus passend, denn die Forscherinnen und Forscher des GFZ arbeiten dort seit der Gründung des Zentrums. Die Südpazifikküste mit den großen Subduktionsbeben, die Anden mit ihren Vulkanen und all die geologischen Prozesse, die in der Region sichtbar werden, sind wie die Seiten eines Lehrbuchs der Geologie – wenn man sie denn zu entziffern weiß. Selbst die so genannten passiven Kontinentalränder an den Küsten des Südatlantiks bieten uns tiefe Einblicke in die Erdgeschichte; sie sind Geoarchive erster Ordnung. Hinzu kommt, dass sie Lagerstätten für Rohstoffe bergen.

Description: This publication is a result of the 13th TRACE conference (Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology) organized by the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of St Andrews on May 6th – 10th, 2014 in Aviemore, Scotland, UK. [...]After review, 18 short papers are published in this volume, giving an overview of the wide spectrum of different fields covered at TRACE.

Description: The magnetic field of the Earth varies in space and time. Geomagnetism as research area that aims to describe and understand the sources of these variations is supported by two pillars: first, regular high-precision measurements in the global network of magnetic observatories and repeat stations are necessary to register the field and its variations at all. Second, mathematical methods are required in order to extract magnetic field models from this large data set. Methods applied to data offer insights in the mechanisms generating the magnetic field. This thesis covers both subjects. In a first part, following the description of the state of the art in observatory instrumentation, I explain in detail two instruments that have the potential to streamline the classical procedures: The Geomagnetic AUtomated SyStem GAUSS paves the way to automated absolute measurements, up to now only possible manually. The newly developed DI3 technique improves and simplies the standard manual measurements signicantly and thus reduces the requirements placed on observers. The second part deals with the mathematical tools available for geomagnetic field modelling. I focus on harmonic splines that can be derived from the classical approach of spherical harmonics. These base functions are interpolatory and have a localised shape while satisfying Laplaces equation. Hence, they are applicable to fit data regionally or globally. The harmonic splines are used with a data set made of repeat station and observatory measurements from Southern Africa. This region is of special interest because the field intensity is very low and and both spatial and temporal field gradients exist. Subdivided into an analysis of ancient (years 1961-2001) and recent (2005-2009) data, two continuous regional field models SAMS and X-SAMS are derived. From the analysis of the field models, a better understanding of the field behaviour is gained. Finally, the harmonic splines are used in a case study on globally distributed secular variation data. Rotating the data set in a system of coordinates aligned with the dipole axis and modelling it with the harmonic splines reveals the external origin of observed fast variations.

Description: Reinsch et al. (2013) describe the installation of a novel fibre optic cable behind the anchor casing of the geothermal well HE-53, Hellisheiði geothermal field, SW Iceland. Within this data publication, DTS temperature data, acquired together with optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) data during three different field campaigns are presented. Data have been acquired during the installation in spring 2009, during the onset of a production test in summer 2009 and after a 8.5 month shut-in period in summer 2010.

Description: Mit dem Journal "System Erde" berichtet das Deutsche GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ über die unterschiedlichen Facetten seiner Forschungsarbeiten. Die Reihe richtet sich vor allem an Entscheidungsträger in Wissenschaft, Gesellschaft und Politik, an interessierte Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler sowie an die fachinteressierte Öffentlichkeit.

Description: Länge: 15 Min.

Description: [...] In this thesis, data from seismic and infrasound stations were analyzed in order to see effects of tsunamis of the great Sumatra-Andaman 2004 and Tohuku-Oki 2011 earthquakes. Data used are from seismic stations of the Global Seismic Network (GSN) around the Indian and Pacific oceans and from infrasound stations of the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (IMS/CTBTO). In both data sets, seismic and infrasound, tsunami signals are observed in the period range of 500to2000s. These data may add to two new very useful observables for tsunami early warning systems. [...]

Description: Energiewende ist Daseinsvorsorge. Eine erfolgreiche Energiewende benötigt eine Wärmewende! Innovationen, Demonstration und gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz spielen dabei eine Schlüsselrolle. Das „Zwanzig20- Forum Wärmewende“ entwickelt Strategien für den zukünftigen Einsatz von innovativen Technologien zur Realisierung der Wärmewende. Wir sind davon überzeugt, dass eine effiziente Wärmeversorgung urbaner Räume aus heimischen, regenerativen Energiequellen nicht nur möglich, sondern auch umsetzbar ist. Die Wärmewende kan gelingen, wenn die Energieeffizienz und der Anteil erneuerbarer Wärme gesteigert werden und der Sektor Strom geschickt in die Wärmeerzeugng eingebunden wird. Effizienzmaßnahmen haben Vorrang, stoßen aber an Grenzen. Erneuerbare Energien besitzen im Wärmesektor ein hohes Entwicklungspotential. Es gibt kein Patentrezept, die Wärmewende muss technologieoffen gestaltet werden. Im Transformationsprozess spielen Akzeptanz, Demografie und strukturierte Stadtentwicklung eine Schlüsselrolle. Deshalb sind die technologischen Lösungsansätze in eine holistische Sichtweise zu integrieren. Für eine Wärmewende sollten Lösungen ab der Dimension „Quartier“ vorrangig umgesetzt werden. Städte sind stark verdichtete Lebensräume des Menschen. Wärme-, Kälte- und Gasnetze bringen erneuerbare Energien in diese Lebensräume. Daher werden diese Netze in Städten erhalten und ausgebaut. In Großstädten gibt es auch künftig einen substanziellen Bedarf für eine zentrale Fernwärmeversorgung. Hierfür ist zukünftig die Nutzung von Erdwärme unverzichtbar. Die Netze sind die Energieversorgungsinfrastrukturen, die eine Integration der Innovationen von morgen ermöglichen, also von Lösungen, die wir heute noch nicht kennen. Bei vielen technologischen Prozessen fällt Abwärme an, die ungenutzt an die Umwelt abgegeben wird. Die Stadt der Zukunft heizt und kühlt mit dieser Abwärme. Dafür sind Speicher notwendig, auch saisonale Großspeicher. Demonstration ist wichtig für den Erfolg der Wärmewende. Demonstration adressiert die vorhandenen Zielkonflikte, hilft den Veränderungsprozess lösungsorientiert zu gestalten und fördert die Akzeptanz. Benötigt werden mehr Demonstrationsprojekte. Ausgehend von technologischen Lösungen bauen sichtbare und erfolgreiche Demonstrationsprojekte Vorbehalte und Unsicherheiten ab und schaffen Blaupausen für erfolgreiches Handeln und Wirtschaften. Dabei vernetzten sie an einem konkreten Standort die relevanten Akteure und verhelfen Innovationen zum Markteinstieg. Der Entwicklung von regenerativen Demonstrationsvorhaben stehen deutliche Hemmnisse gegenüber, daher ist sie für alle Beteiligten zeit- und ressourcenintensiv. Eine regenerative Wärmeversorgung erfordert zusätzliche Investitionen und muss sich als neuer Teilnehmer in einem etablierten und gedeckten Wärmemarkt behaupten. Kostendruck und Konkurrenzstellung liefern dabei wenig Anreize für Versorger und Verbraucher, regenerative Technologien zu implementieren. Die Anwendung innovativer Technologien stellt vielfach die etablierten Rollen zwischen Erzeuger und Verbraucher sowie dem Produkt der Wertschöpfung in Frage. Neue Geschäftsmodelle haben es schwer sich durchzusetzen, da die etablierten Modelle gut funktionieren. Demonstrationsvorhaben müssen daher durch staatliche Förderprogramme stimuliert werden. Integrierte Verbundprojekte zwischen der Wärmewirtschaft und öffentlichen Forschungsinstitutionen liefern gute Voraussetzungen für eine Förderfähigkeit.

Description: We recover coseismic static surface deformation by double integration of strong motion accelerometric data. Compared to GPS measurement, the advantage of strong motion data is that they have the potential to provide real-time coseismic static displacements. Strong motion data, however, has the classic problem of baseline offsets which produce unrealistic displacements after double integration is applied. We adopted a bilinear line fitting of empirical baseline correction method to overcome such problem. We investigate the improvement methods of baseline correction that constrain the maximum flatness of the displacement trace and use the cumulative energy ratio as a threshold. We apply the methods to data sets of the 2003, Mw 8.3 Tokachi-Oki earthquake, the 2007, Mw 7.7 Tocopilla earthquake, the 2010, Mw 7.8 Mentawai earthquake and the 2011, Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake. We show that, in general, the results of strong motion derived displacements are comparable to nearby GPS data for most data sets, although for far-field data the method may lead to poor results. It confirms that cumulative energy ratio is appropriate to be used as a threshold of baseline correction method. The very large and very good quality of boreholes strong motion data of the Tohoku earthquake gives opportunity to investigate the method deeply. We analyze the dependency of the method on hypocenter distance, magnitude and rupture model of the earthquake. We found that the method has a strong dependency on the given parameters, particularly on hypocenter distance. We also show that the method should be distinguished for horizontal and vertical components. Using our improvement method in this study, the deviations of vector length between strong motion derived displacements and nearby GPS data either for horizontal or vertical components, are significantly minimized. Further study, we optimize the use of valuable rapid static displacement data obtained from strong motion or GPS near-source station. We introduce a centroid grid search method to calculate the moment magnitude by using Okada (1985) model. Our method calculates reasonable moment magnitude using data even only from single station. This method can be done very rapidly within about 5 minutes. It provides crucial information e.g. for making tsunami warning decision.

Description: Film 6: "Wissenschaftliches Bohren am Pilotstandort Ketzin" (Länge 08:53) "Am Pilotstandort Ketzin wurden im Jahre 2007 vor Beginn der CO2-Injektion drei Bohrungen bis in Tiefen von 750 bis 810 Meter abgeteuft...". Im Jahr 2011 wurde eine vierte und 2012 die fünfte Bohrung errichtet. Diese letzte Bohrung (Ktzi 203) bietet die einzigartige Gelegenheit zum ersten Mal Proben (Bohrkerne) aus einem Speicher zu gewinnen, der mehr als vier Jahre dem Einfluss von CO2 ausgesetzt war. Wie werden diese Proben (Bohrkerne) genommen und untersucht? Produktionsjahr: 2012

Description: [...] The approach followed in this study is based on the detailed analyses of the relationships between thermal conductivity of rock-forming minerals, which are most abundant in sedimentary rocks, and the properties measured by standard logging tools (i.e., gamma ray, density, sonic interval transit time, hydrogen index, and photoelectric factor). By using multivariate statistics separately for clastic, carbonate and evaporite rocks, the findings from these analyses allow the development of prediction equations from large artificial data sets that predict matrix thermal conductivity within an error of 4 to 11%, without being affected by the limitations mentioned above.

Description: The focal point of my thesis is the extraction of climatic signals archived in stalagmites from NE India. High uranium concentration in the stalagmites ensured excellent age control required for successful high-resolution climate reconstructions. Stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) and grey-scale data allow unprecedented insights into millennial to seasonal dynamics of the summer and winter monsoon in NE India.

Description: The intention of this article is to present the definitions of different functionals of the Earth’s gravity field and possibilities for their approximative calculation from a mathematical representation of the outer potential.

Description: HALO_GPS is a precise GPS kinematic positioning software. It was developed at GFZ Potsdam for the German HALO project. The goal is to develop a software which is able to achieve cm-level accuracy for an aircraft trajectory for application in airborne gravimetry.

Description: Beneath the Pamir and Hindu Kush mountains an earthquake zone is observed in 80 to 300 km depth. It resembles in form and intensity the intermediate depth seismicity in subduction zones, here lithosphere is recycled in the Earth’s mantle. The fundamental tectonic concept of subduction is well established for convergent margins including an oceanic plate. The Pamir, however, is situated in an intra-continental setting and is formed during a continent-continent collision. This thesis aims to contribute to the investigation of the active tectonic process underlying the local occurrence of the seismicity in upper mantle depths. The field experiment for this study was performed in the framework of the multidisciplinary TIPAGE project from 2008 to 2010 and included large parts of the Pamir, the adjacent Tajik Depression and the Southern Tien Shan. The receiver function technique was applied to detect and locate seismic discontinuities in the subsurface in order to perform seismic imaging. The results clearly attest to an intra-continental subduction. Beneath the Pamir, the subducting plate is of Eurasian provenance. A southerly dipping 10 to 15 km thick low velocity zone could be resolved along a north-south profile in the eastern Pamir framing the earthquake zone in the upper mantle. This low velocity zone appears to be connected to the lower crust north of the seismic zone indicating subduction of crustal material in north to south direction. West of this north-south profile the zone of intermediate depth seismicity describes an arc changing its strike from east-west beneath the eastern Pamir to north-south beneath the western Pamir. Thereby the dipping direction of the slab changes from due south to due east. The geometry of this slab is confirmed by various receiver function cross sections. Towards western direction the subducted slab is connected to the crust of the Tajik Depression, indicating that the slab is the western extension of the Tajik Depression plate. Since the crustal thickness of the Tajik Depression is determined to at least 40 km, a continental composition for the crust of the Tajik Depression is inferred even though its underlying mantle lithosphere appears to be thin. The crustal thickness is mapped for the whole region. The resulting Moho map shows a 65 to 75 km thick crust in the Pamir and a 40 to 45 km thick crust in the surrounding basins. The arcuate subduction of the Tajik Depression plate and its eastern extension is reflected by characteristic Moho depth anomalies along the arc.

Description: Within this thesis, passive seismic data collected during the two-year TIPAGE deployment in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan from 2008 to 2010, are analyzed. This is the first modern digital seismological dataset for this politically unstable region, all previous studies either relied on globally recorded data or some short-term deployments of analog stations in Afghanistan during the late 1960s and 70s. Modern seismological techniques applied to the collected digital seismic data provide a wealth of new constraints on regional crustal and sub-crustal structure, leading to a better understanding of active tectonic processes.

Description: The 2016 LoNNe (Loss of the Night Network) intercomparison campaign is the fourth of four campaigns planned during EU COST Action ES1204. The first campaign took place in 2013 in Lastovo, Croatia, the second in Madrid, Spain (Bará et al 2015), the third in Torniella and Florence, Italy (Kyba et al 2015a). The 2016 campaign took place at the Parc Astronòmic Montsec (PAM). The campaign was supported by the European Collective Awareness Platform for Social and Sustainable Innovation (CAPPSI) STARS4ALL, in which the activity is planned to become a continuous light pollution initiative (LPI). The financing of this campaign, which is listed as a milestone in the MoU of the COST Action ES1204, was unexpectedly waived by the EU-COST Office due to administrative complications and re-organization of the grant-periods. The campaign continued the strategy of taking measurements at multiple sites, this year with a main fixed site and then excursions to other sites. The goals of the campaigns included: ● Understanding the difference between extinction measurements made by DSLR photometry and classical astronomical (telescope) photometry, and also understanding the relation between extinction and sky brightness at these two sites. ● Examining the difference in radiance measured with the mosaic technique of the US National Parks Service camera compared to all-sky fisheye imagery ● Examining the relationships between all-sky and zenith radiance reported by different instruments ● Quantifying the sky brightness at the sites, including full zenith spectral radiance at selected locations ● Measuring the systematic uncertainty on handheld SQM observations due to unit-to-unit differences This report provides a brief synopsis of the campaign and its preliminary outcomes. Section 2 describes the measurement locations, the detailed activities of the participants, the instruments used, and the environmental conditions. Section 3 describes a meeting with local authorities that took place during the campaign. Section 4 provides some preliminary results, outlines the ongoing analyses, and presents research questions for the next campaign to address. Section 5 provides recommendations for future intercomparison campaigns. The Municipality of Balaguer coordinated with us regarding the time that architectural lamps were turned off, and the village of Àger allowed us to turn all street lighting off at a time of our choice.

Description: For the present work we carry out our research with two objectives : (A) Constructing a high resolution three-dimensional velocity model of the upper mantle. (B) Probing convection and deformation of the mantle through analysis of seismic anisotropy. In our study we determine the three dimensional Sv wave speed and the azimuthal anisotropy model by analyzing vertical component multimode Rayleigh wave seismograms. We use data of broadband stations within and around China. We construct the three dimensional model using a two step procedure.

Description: The present work tries to condense the state‐of‐the‐art for the exploration and exploitation of geothermal energy. Although a lot of experiences from different sites worldwide are integrated in this study, some sections do reflect the German experience. For example, the German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG, see page 78) enables also a specific promotion and growth of the geothermal sector in Germany by guaranteeing special feed‐in tariffs for a 20‐years period. During the last years, several countries worldwide have introduced similar renewable energy promotion policies (some of them restricted to certain energy sources only or requiring a certain renewable energy quote), supporting investigations also in geothermal applications. Thus, the experiences in Germany may be of some value. Dependent on the political‐economical framework, the geothermal exploration and exploitation of deeper reservoirs represents an excellent option to extend geothermal applications also in areas where shallow geothermal reservoirs may not be able to match the local energy demand. Therefore, also challenges related to the exploration and exploitation of deep low‐permeability reservoirs are included in this study.

Description: Diese Handreichung soll als Einstieg für Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler, die mit digitalen Daten arbeiten, sowie für alle an dieser Thematik Interessierten dienen und bietet darüber hinaus Hinweise zu weiterführender Information. Sie wurde von der Arbeitsgruppe „Forschungsdaten“ der Schwerpunktinitiative „Digitale Information“ der Allianz der deutschen Wissenschaftsorganisationen1 verfasst.

Description: Der Film dokumentiert den Kurs für Grundschulkinder „Geochemische Schatzsuche“. Ziel des Kurses ist es, Grundschulkinder für Naturwissenschaften zu begeistern. Länge: 6:37 min

Description: This Scientific Technical Report presents two so-called “Reference reports” produced during the MATRIX project. These reports were provided to the European Commission asdeliverables, namely D8.4 “MATRIX Results I and Reference Report” and D8.5 “MATRIX Results II and Reference Report”. D8.4 presented a series of specific reports outlining theresults of the project, written in a manner accessible not only to the specialist but with a broader audience in mind. D8.5 deals with the risk governance within a multi-hazard and risk context and has since been published. We therefore divide with document in two, where part1 represented the outcomes presented in D8.4 while D8.5 forms part 2.

Description: Film 7: "Die Stilllegung eines CO2-Speichers – Pilotstandort Ketzin" (Länge 10:39) Produktionsjahr: 2015

Description: Der vorliegende Abschlußbericht umfasst die Beschreibung der Durchführung der Fördervorhaben sowie die Darstellung der wesentlichen, technischen und wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse.

Description: Against the background of EnMAP preparation analyses have been carried out on the status of research in various areas of hyperspectral remote sensing for the use of existing algorithms in the EnMAP application box. The aim was to compose the status of research in Germany and internationally. Therefore, in various fields of expertise applied and accordingly available algorithms and products based on hyperspectral data has been evaluated and documented. The intention has been to demonstrate and to evaluate the added value of hyperspectral remote sensing to multispectral methods for each product. For this purpose analyses have been carried out by different research groups which were based on the specialty and the experience of each group. Hereby a summary was created of each major application perspective and the relevant remote sensing derived variables and significant processing algorithms (state-of-the-art) belonging to this context. Based on this, the research delivers, as a result, a recommendation which of the algorithms should be implemented into the Applikationsbox of EnMAP. Tests of the algorithms or their implementation were not part of the analyses. However, notes have been given on what algorithms should be tested in the context of a detailed preparation phase. An assessment to the further R & D requirements in the development of algorithms has been made on this basis.

Description: The present study investigates the effects of fluid-rock interactions on permeability and the related transport property electrical conductivity of rocks in the context of geothermal energy production from deep sedimentary reservoirs that exist, e.g., in the North German Basin.

Description: [...] In order to construct the 3D structural model of the Norwegian continental margin, all mentioned datasets were compiled and gridded separately for each layer. The gridded data were merged into the 3D structural model and, therefore, all obtained thickness maps and structural depth maps are spatially consistent in 3D.

Description: Der Report des Helmholtz Open Science Workshops „Zugang zu und Nachnutzung von wissenschaftlicher Software“ #hgfos16 behandelt die Themen Standards und Qualitätssicherung; Reproduzierbarkeit; Lizenzierung und weitere rechtliche Aspekte; Zitation und Anerkennung; Sichtbarkeit und Modularität; Geschäftsmodelle; Personal, Ausbildung, Karrierewege. Diese Themen sind eng miteinander verzahnt. Für jeden Themenbereich werden jeweils die Relevanz, Fragestellungen, Herausforderungen, mögliche Lösungsansätze und Handlungsempfehlungen betrachtet.

Description: Im GFZ-Journal „System Erde“ berichten wir über die vielen Facetten unserer Arbeit. Das Journal richtet sich vor allem an Entscheidungsträger in Wissenschaft, Gesellschaft und Politik sowie insbesondere an die interessierte Öffentlichkeit.

Description: An integrated geological and geophysical approach was applied to comprehend the tectonic setting and seismic structure of the North Tapanuli district (North Sumatra Indonesia) where several geothermal manifestations are located. For the first time, passive seismic methods are used as a geothermal exploration tool in Indonesia. The specific aims of the seismological study are to provide Vp, Vp/Vs, and seismic attenuation images as well as the detailed fault structure of the region derived from seismicity and focal mechanism analysis. A seismic network of 42 short period instruments was installed in the region covering the Tarutung (in the north) and the Sarulla basin (in the south) for 10 months starting from May 2011. The seismic arrivals were detected by using an optimized automatic earthquake detection approach. The earthquakes were then localized by using HYPO71 with a 1D velocity model. In order to increase the picking accuracy, the seismic onsets were revised manually and the earthquakes were relocated by using the same procedure.

Description: This report continues a series of Scientific Technical Reports, in which the theoretical description of the electromagnetic (EM, see Hagedoorn & Greiner-Mai, 2008), topographic (TOP, see Greiner-Mai & Hagedoorn, 2008) and gravitational (GRAV, see Hagedoorn et al., 2012) core-mantle coupling torques are presented in detail. Based on these theoretical descriptions numerical codes were developed to compute individual coupling torques.

Description: In this thesis I focus on the North Alpine pro‐wedge and scrutinize the potential driving forces of tectonic activity. The key questions I try to answer are: - Is it possible to constrain further the timing and amount of deformation (i.e. shortening) in the foreland fold and thrust belt of the European Alps, in particular in Late Neogene times? - What does this timing and magnitude of deformation tell us about the kinematics of late stage exhumation and the relation between the Alps and their foreland? - Can we evaluate the influence of climate (or climate changes) on timing and magnitude of deformation within the foreland fold and thrust belt? To address these questions, I combine low temperature thermochronology (in particular apatite fission track and apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He dating) with critical taper analysis and try to extrapolate the present day kinematic situation into the past; thus providing an instrument to understand wedge dynamics through time.

Description: This thesis is organized as a “cumulative thesis” and consists of a series of six chapters (without references and appendix). Chapters 2-5 consist of four individual manuscripts to be published in international peer-reviewed scientific journals. Two manuscripts (chapters 3 and 4) have been already accepted while the other two manuscripts (chapters 2 and 5) have been either submitted or are supposed to be submitted. An outline of each chapter and the contributions of the individual coauthors are provided below. The structure of the thesis (chapter 2-5) is arranged in terms of sample resolution. Chapter 2 focuses on data in monthly resolution via a monthly cleared sediment trap. Chapter 3 is based on annual resolutions, while chapter 4 and 5 discuss data at decadal resolution. Presenting data on different time scales improves the integration of seasonal information in data at millennial time scale and, thus the understanding of seasonal climatic related questions such as seasonality extremes.

Description: It is of high interest to know the magnetic field, measured at the earth surface or by satellites, in the earth deep interior, especially at the core-mantle boundary (CMB). This knowledge is of relevance for the determination of fluid motions at the top of the outer core, the estimation of diffusion and the geomagnetic spectrum, as well as in calculations of the electromagnetic core-mantle coupling torques or in studying the behaviour of geomagnetic jerk components near the CMB. The presented procedure of nonharmonic downward continuation (NHDC) is a strong theoretical method, an illposed inverse initial boundary value problem, which determines the given outer geomagnetic field or the secular variation in the deep earth interior. It accounts for a prescribed mantle conductivity model depending on the radius. Boundary values are given only on one, the upper (outer) side of the radial interval. We discuss the theoretical background of the method, referring to the intensively investigated inverse heat conduction problem in the field of parabolic differential equations, and adapt it to the geomagnetic downward continuation problem. Some historical remarks on the early trials in developing this method around the year 1980 are outlined. After investigating the limited possibilities for analytical solutions, we present the numerical algorithm, which uses the integral equation approach, combined with a special regularization variant. It can be implemented on the basis of finite differences or the finite-element technique. This algorithm enables simulations setting up simple function types (e.g. oscillations, time polynomials). In addition, approximative approaches help to reveal the analytical dependence of the solution on the conductivity function, e.g. its impact on the phase shifts or time shifts, which are different for radial and tangential magnetic field components. A couple of new applications are addressed, e.g. to check the divergence condition for the magnetic field at the CMB and the way to make diffusion studies near the CMB. On the basis of NHDC, we derive a new formula for the geomagnetic spectrum at the CMB, which shows in its approximated form the influence of the mantle conductivity model. Finally, some remarks on future possibilities in the field of geomagnetic downward continuation are added.

Description: Film 6: "Scientific Drilling at the pilot site Ketzin" (Length 08:53) "At the pilot site Ketzin three wells were drilled to depths of 750 to 810 meters in 2007 before the start of CO2 injection ..." In 2011 a fourth, and 2012, the fifth well was constructed. This last well (Ktzi 203) for the first time offers the unique opportunity to gain samples (cores) from a storage reservoir that have been exposed to CO2 for more than four years. How were these samples (cores) gained and studied? Production Year: 2012

Description: Bei der Auswertung von Messdaten der TanDEM-X Mission ist die Genauigkeit der Basislinien (der Abstand zwischen den beiden Satelliten) von entscheidender Bedeutung. Einer der wichtigen Faktoren bei der Durchführung einer hochgenauen Bahnberechnung und in Folge davon auch einer genauen Basislinienbestimmung ist die richtige Schätzung aller Störkräfte, die auf einen Satelliten auf seiner Umlaufbahn wirken. Insbesondere die richtige Schätzung der Manöver eines Satelliten, die wie eine zusätzliche Störkraft auf die Bahn wirken, spielt hierbei eine wichtige Rolle. Die Manöverschätzung in EPOS-OC erfolgt mit Hilfe eines speziellen Algorithmus, der die Störkraft eines Manövers approximieren soll. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird diese Manöverparametrisierung überarbeitet und verbessert. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird eine generelle Vorstellung der Bahnberechnung durchgeführt und verschiedene Modelle der Bahnberechnung vorgestellt. Im zweiten Teil wird anschlieÿend die praktische Bahnberechnung mit EPOS-OC durchgeführt. Hier wird unter anderem die Genauigkeit der Bahnbestimmung von verschiedenen Berechnungsverfahren bei EPOS-OC untersucht, sowie auch die absolute Positionsgenauigkeit der beiden Satelliten mit Hilfe von SLR-Beobachtungen überprüft. Weiter wird die Genauigkeit der Basislinien, die aus der Bahnberechnung mit der aktuellen Manöverparametrisierung stammen, im Rahmen eines relativen Vergleichs mit Basislinien aus Berechnungen mit anderen Programmpaketen untersucht. Anschlieÿend wird eine neue Manöverparametrisierung entwickelt. Diese wird im Anschluss darauf auf ihre Genauigkeit und Stabilität in der Berechnung untersucht, und die Ergebnisse hierfür werden vorgestellt.