ALBERT

Description: Neben Evertebratenplankton und Jungfischen anderer Arten wurden 25 Myctophiden der Art Centrobranchus nigroocellatus im April und Juli 1967 im Seegebiet westlich und südwestlich von Madeira mit einem Neustonnetz gefangen. 21 C. nigroocellatus hatten ausschließlich Mollusken, davon 18 nur die Gastropoden Styliola subula und Atlanta peroni gefressen. Der Myctophide und die Gastropoden steigen zeitweise in die 0-10 cm-Mikroschicht auf: Sie sind nachtpositiv mit Betonung der Abenddämmerung bei S. subula, mit Betonung der Morgendämmerung bei Atlanta peroni und mit Betonung wahrscheinlich beider Dämmerungen bei C. nigroocellatus. Der Myctophide zeigt mit der Nahrungsspezialisierung zusammenhängende morphologische Besonderheiten. With a neuston-net 25 Centrobranchus nigroocellatus were collected west of Madeira during April and July 1967. The guts of 18 myctophids contained exclusively the gastropods Styliola subula, Atlanta peroni, or both of them. The myctophid and both of the gastropods were found in the 0-10 cm-microlayer at night. S. subula was most abundant at dusk, A. peroni at dawn, whereas C. nigroocellatus was caught most frequently during dusk and dawn. Adaptions of the myctophid are discussed.

Description: Die Sonnenkompaßorientierung des Amphipoden Orchestia platensis läßt sich durch einen Wechsel der Umgebungstemperatur beeinflussen; kurz nach einem Temperatursprung prägt sich die Änderung der Fluchtrichtung am stärksten aus. Die Orientierung warm- und kaltgehaltener Krebse unterscheidet sich auch, wenn die Adaptation mehrere Tage lang bei einer konstanten Photoperiode vorgenommen wird. Tiefe Versuchstemperaturen verstärken die phototaktische Komponente bei den Richtungswahlen, sehr tiefe lassen die Krebse landeinwärts fliehen. Eine mögliche Kompensation der Temperaturwirkung auf den Lauf der inneren Uhr ist bei Orchestia nicht an ein gleichsinniges Anpassen des Stoffwechsels gebunden; der Sauerstoffverbrauch der Krebse zeigt nämlich keine Leistungsadaptation. In the amphipod Orchestia platensis sun-compass orientation is affected by changes in ambient temperature, a short time after sudden transitions in temperature deviations in normal behaviour of escape became apparent. There are differences in solar orientation of warm- and cold adapted amphipods, even if the acclimation is performed under constant photo periods. Low temperatures intensify the positiv phototactic tendency; at very low temperatures the amphipods try to excape towards the land. The possible ability to compensate temperature-induced variations of the endogenous clock seems not to be controlled by a metabolic acclimation, as the oxygen consumption of Orchestia shows no capacity adaptation.

Description: In der Oberen Eider bei Rendsburg wurden erstmals folgende Bryozoen-Arten gefunden: Bulbella abscondita BRAEM, Tanganella mülleri (KRAEPELIN), Bowerbankia gracilis LEIDY und Conopeum seurati (CANU). Die letztgenannte Art wurde mit einem Fund im Nordostseekanal 1965 zum ersten Mal in deutschen Gewässern nachgewiesen. Eine minierende Wuchsform (forma perforans) wurde erstmals von Tanganella mülleri in verwittertem Holz in der Oberen Eider gefunden. Bowerbankia gracilis (Vesicularina) bildet Dauerknospen (wie die Arten der Paludicellea, z.B. Bulbella abscondita und Tanganella mülleri), die in die morsche Oberflächenschicht des Holzes eingesenkt werden können. Bulbella abscondita und Tanganella mülleri minieren, indem sich die wachsenden Knospen durch das morsche Holz pressen. Diese Arten haben stellenweise einen deutlichen Anteil an der Entstehung der Verwitterungsrinde an Holz im Brackwasser (und vermutlich auch im Süßwasser). Durch ihre lokal große Siedlungsdichte und durch die anscheinend weite Verbreitung können die minierenden Bryozoen als Schädlinge an Wasserbauten aus Holz auftreten. The following Bryozoan species have been found for the first time in the Obere Eider near Rendsburg: Bulbella abscondita BRAEM, Tanganella mülleri (KRAEPELIN), Bowerbankia gracilis LEIDY, and Conopeum seurati (CANU). The occurence of the latter in German waters was first ascertained by a find in the Nordostseekanal in 1965. A penetrating growth (forma perforans) was found for the first time for Tanganella mülleri in rotten wood in the Obere Eider. Bowerbankia gracilis (Vesicularina) builds lasting buds (as known from the Paludicellea, for example Bulbella abscondita and Tanganella mülleri), which may penetrate the rotten surface layer of the wood. Bulbella abscondita and Tanganella mülleri grow penetrating by pressing the buds through the rotten wood. Sometimes these species no doubt help to decompose the wood in brackish water (and probably also in fresh water). These penetrating Bryozoans, which show a great lokal density and are probably widely distributed, may threaten wood constructions in water.

Description: Es wird ein Gerät zur gleichzeitigen analogen Registrierung und digitalen Aufzeichnung von Sauerstoffpartialdruck, Temperatur und Tiefe beschrieben. Es werden Angaben über die Konstruktion, die Funktion und über die Handhabung sowie Eichung der Sonde gemacht. An apparatus for the simultaneous and analog record of the oxygen tension, the temperature and the depth is described. Details of the construction, the function, the treatment, and of the calibration of the oxygen probe are given.

Description: Es werden die Ergebnisse von Temperatur- und Salzgehaltsmessungen auf einem hydrographischen Schnitt durch die westliche Ostsee im Januar l968 im Hinblick auf Erneuerungsvorgänge im Tiefenwasser des Arkonabeckens diskutiert. Bei den Messungen wurde besonderer Wert auf hohes Auflösungsvermögen der Beobachtungen hinsichtlich der Tiefe (Meßwertabstand 40 cm), des Stationsabstandes (2 sm) und der Zeit (mittlere Schiffsgeschwindigkeit 7 kn) gelegt. Sie zeigen sowohl advektive als auch konvektive Erneuerungsprozesse in sehr begrenzten räumlichen Ausdehnungen im Bereich des Tiefenwassers mit charakteristischen Dimensionen von 6 sm in der Horizontalen und 7 m in der Vertikalen. Man kann deshalb die Menge des erneuerten Tiefenwassers nicht alleine aus einer Bilanz des Ein- uncl Ausstroms im Fehmarnbelt erhalten. Um die für die Erneuerung maßgebenden Ausbreitungs-, Konvektions- und Vemischungsvorgänge zu erfassen sind außerdem sehr engabständige Messungen im Arkonabecken selbst notwendig.

Description: 30 Harpacticoidenarten wurden im lenitischen Watt und in den Salzwiesen der deutschen Nordseeküste gefunden. Die Beschreibung von vier Arten (Microarthridion fallax, M. littorale, Amphiascoides debilis, Enhydrosoma gariene) wird ergänzt. Amphiascoides limicola wird als Synonym von A. debilis angesehen. Von Stenhelia palustris wird der Wohnröhrenbau beschrieben. 30 species of harpacticoids were found in mud flats and salt marshes (Spartina townsendii, Puccinellia maritima, Festuca rubra) on the western coast of Germany. Additional details to the description of four species (Microarthridion fallax, M. littorale, Amphiascoides debilis, Enhydrosoma gariene) are presented. Amphiascoides limicola is considered to be synonym with Amphiascoides debilis. Living tubes of Stenhelia palustris are described.

Description: An 42 weiblichen Kabeljau mit den Längen 58 - 94 cm, 54 Schellfischen aus zwei Populationen mit den Längen von 39,0 - 53,8 und 53 - 69 cm und 30 Heringen von 29,8 - 39,0 cm Länge wurden Eizählungen durchgeführt. Die Eizahlen sind zu Länge und Gewicht, und zum Teil zum Alter, in Beziehung gesetzt und die Ergebnisse in Diagrammen und Regressionsgleichungen dargestellt. Beim Kabeljau wurden Eizahlen von 0,5 - 5,4 Mill., beim Schellfisch 0,18 - 0,65 und 0,45 - 1,64 Mill. und beim Hering 29000 - 184000 ermittelt. Bei gleicher Länge und gleichem Gewicht kann die Eizahl um das zwei- bis dreifache variieren. Die Eiproduktion setzt beim isländischen Kabeljau frühestens im Alter von 4 Jahren bei 50 cm ein und erhöht sich um 84400 Eier/cm. Bei den beiden Schellfischpopulationen setzt die Eiproduktion frühestens mit 4 Jahren bei 30 bzw. 36 cm Länge ein und erhöht sich um 20800 bzw. 41600 Eier/cm. Der Hering ergab ab 26 cm Länge eine Zunahme von 9290 Eiern/cm. Eggs were counted in 42 female cod, 58 - 94 cm in length, 54 haddocks of two different populations, 39,0 - 53,8 and 53 - 69 cm in length, and 30 herrings, 29,8 - 39,0 cm in length. The egg numbers were correlated to length and weight, and partielly to age of fish. The results are presented in graphs and regression equations. For the cod, egg numbers of 0,5 - 5,4 Mill. were obtained, for haddock 0,18 - 0,65 and 0,45 - 1,64 Mill. and for herring 29000 - 184000. The fecundity varies by a factor 2 - 3 for the same length and weight. The egg production of the cod starts with an age of 4 years and at a length of 50 cm, it increases about 84400 eggs/cm. In the haddock egg production starts at 30 and 36 cm representively, and with an age of 4 years, it increases to 20800 and 41600 eggs/cm. The eggproduction of the herring, starts at a length of 26 cm, it increases about 9290 eggs/cm.

Description: In deutschen Meeresgebieten und Brackwässern wurden erstmals nachgewiesen: Crisia aculeata HASSALL (Helgoland, ? "Lister Rhede"), Electra monostachys (BUSK) (Weser-Mündung, N von Wangerooge, Schleswig-Holsteinische Austernbank), Conopeum seurati (CANU) (Nordostseekanal, Kieler Förde), Callopora dumerilii (Aunoum) (Helgoländer Tiefe Rinne). Buskia nitens ALDER wurde in der Kieler Bucht und bei Helgoland gefunden. Aetea truncata (LANDSBOROUGH) wurde erstmals in der Kieler Bucht nachgewiesen. Bei Helgoland wurde eine nicht bestimmte Crisia gefunden. Electra monostachys kann (vermutlich durch saure Sekrete) auf kalkigem Substrat "Spuren" bilden in Form von Verfärbungsflecken oder kleinen länglichen Gruben unter der Mitte der Cystide. The following species have been found for the first time in German marine and brackish waters: Crisia aculeata HASSALL (Helgoland, ? "Lister Rhede"), Electra monostachys (BUSK) (Weser-Mündung, N of Wangerooge, Schleswig-Holsteinische Austernbank), Conopeum seurati (CANU) (Nordostseekanal, Kieler Förde), Callopora dumerilii (Aunoum) (Helgoländer Tiefe Rinne). Buskia nitens ALDER has been found in the Kieler Bucht and around Helgoland. Aetea truncata (LANDSBOROUGH) is new in the Kieler Bucht. An undetermined Crisia has been found near Helgoland. Electra monostachys is able to produce coloured markes and sometimes small excavations (possible by acid secretions) in the carbonate substrate under the cystids.

Description: Auf einer Ankerstation des F. K. "Alkor" vom 6.-12.9.1967 in der mittleren Ostsee im Gotland-Tief wurden signifikante chemische Parameter (gelöster Sauerstoff, Nitrat, Nitrit, gelöstes anorganisches Phosphat, Ammoniak, Silikat, ph-Wert, Alkalinität) in schneller Folge aus 12 Tiefenhorizonten entnommen und automatisch analysiert. Außerdem wurde Schwefelwasserstoff zwischen 170 m und 200 m Tiefe angetroffen und in den Tiefen 175 m und 200 m fortlaufend gemessen. Parallel zu diesen Messungen registrierten 5 Richardson-Strommesser, die in einer Meßkette in 500 m Entfernung von der Ankerstation verankert waren, in 5 verschiedenen Tiefen die Strömung mit einer Meßwertfolge von 2 bzw. 5 min. Das Ziel der Untersuchung war, die Veränderlichkeit chemischer Größen im Gotland-Becken stichprobenartig aufzunehmen. Die Strömungsmessungen dienten dem Zweck, die physikalisch gegebene Veränderlichkeit zu erfassen und in Zusammenhang mit Änderungen der chemischen Parameter zu bringen. Anhand des gewonnenen Beobachtungsmaterials läßt sich für einige charakteristische chemische Größen die Verteilung im Raum bestimmen, die auf Grund von Bahnintegrationen in den Meßtiefen der Strömung ausschnittsweise ermittelt wird. Die Integration führt nur für die Wasserschichten unterhalb von 90 m Tiefe zu ausreichend gesicherten Ortsangaben, da dort die horizontale Versetzung der Wasserteilchen erheblich geringer als in Oberflächennähe ist, wo die an einer Meßstelle erhaltene Information über die großräumige Verteilung der Strömung nicht ausreicht. Es zeigt sich, daß in den unteren Wasserschichten charakteristische Größen wie z. B. anorganisches Phosphat, Nitrat, Sauerstoff und Schwefelwasserstoff zeitliche Änderungen in einem Horizont erfahren, während hingegen Salzgehalt und Temperatur von diesen Änderungen nicht betroffen sind. Die räumliche Variabilität der ausgewählten chemischen Größen äußert sich in wolken- oder fleckenartig zusammenhängenden Felder erhöhter oder verminderter Konzentration, die verhältnismäßig scharf abgesetzt nebeneinander in den einzelnen Tiefenhorizonten auftreten. Mittlere großräumige Änderungen erhalten dadurch eine sehr unruhige Feinstruktur. Aus den vorliegenden Beobachtungen ergeben sich für die fleckenhaft verteilten Schwankungen im Bereich des Gotland-Tiefs Horizontalerstreckungen von wenigen 100 Metern bis zu wenigen Kilometern. Die Meßergebnisse reichen nicht aus, um die vorgefundene kleinräumige Veränderlichkeit eindeutig biologischer Aktivität zuzuschreiben.

Description: Es wird ein Überblick über die zur Zeit bekannten physikalischen Prinzipien zur Messung von Strömungsverteilungen im Meer unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Verhältnisse in Küstennähe gegeben. In dieser Zusammenstellung sind neben den Euler'schen Meßverfahren auch die wichtigsten Bahnlinienmethoden zur Untersuchung kleinräumiger Stromverteilung enthalten, obwohl sie bisher kaum Anwendung im Meer gefunden haben. Über die physikalischen und technischen Grenzen der aufgeführten Methoden wird an anderer Stelle berichtet. A review of physical principles of measuring currents is presented with respect to the application to measurements of near-shore orbital velocities. Because of the great number of principles this paper gives a survey whereas a discussion of the physical and technical restrictions of these techniques will be published later.

Description: Ausgehend von Strömungsmessungen in der Nähe des Gotland-Tiefs bei φ = 57°20'N, λ = 20°3'E vom 6.9. - 12.9.1967 werden die Veränderungen im zeitlichen Ablauf und vertikalen Aufbau des Strömungsfeldes untersucht. Mit Hilfe der Registrierungen von 5 RICHARDSON-Strommessern, die getrennt vom Schiff in einem eigenen Verankerungssystem in den Tiefen 18 m, 43 m, 94.5 m, 144.5 m und 205 m senkrecht übereinander ausgelegt waren, ergibt sich folgendes Bild über die Veränderlichkeit der Strömung im Periodenbereich zwischen 4 Minuten und 15 Stunden: In allen Tiefen bildet eine langperiodische Schwingung der Periode von etwa 13,5 h, die unterhalb der örtlich gegebenen Trägheitsperiode von 14 h 13 min liegt, den beherrschenden Teil der Veränderlichkeit. Die Amplituden nehmen von einem Wert von 20 cm/sec in Oberflächennähe auf etwa 2 cm/sec in mittleren Tiefen ab und vergrößern sich in Bodennähe wieder auf einen Wert von 4-5 cm/sec. In vertikaler Richtung treten auf kurzer Distanz verhältnismäßig hohe Phasendifferenzen im Bewegungsablauf auf. So ist z.B. auf 60 m Tiefendifferenz zwischen 144.5 m und 205 m eine Phasenverschiebung von nahezu 180° über den gesamten Beobachtungszeitraum gegeben. Einen erheblichen Einfluß hat neben der langperiodischen Variation die kurzperiodische innere Unruhe. Mit maximalen Amplituden von 2 - 3 cm/sec sind kurzperiodische Schwingungen im Periodenbereich zwischen 6 min und etwa 1 h in der Deckschicht und in mittleren Tiefen am stärksten ausgebildet. Zeiträume erhöhter Intensität werden wiederholt für mehrere Stunden unterbrochen, in denen die Aktivität kurzperiodischer Bewegungen vermindert ist. Die Spektralanalyse der Meßreihen führt zu dem Ergebnis, daß die kurzperiodischen internen Schwingungen häufig in einer 100 m mächtigen Schicht, gemessen von der Oberfläche ab, zusammenhängend ablaufen und daß in mehreren Einzelfällen die gesamte Wassersäule in die Bewegungen einbezogen ist. In einer theoretischen Betrachtung über die Entstehung und die horizontalen Ausdehnungen der beobachteten Wellenbewegungen zeigt sich, daß die kurzperiodische Unruhe im Gotland-Becken Wellenlängen zwischen etwa 100 m und mehreren Kilometern aufweist und durch kurze Zeit andauernde Kräftefelder von entsprechender horizontaler Ausdehnung erzeugt werden kann. Die Ursachen sind in Inhomogenitäten im mittleren Strömungsfeld und entsprechend kleinräumigen Druck- oder Windschwankungen der Atmosphäre in Oberflächennähe zu suchen. Für die langperiodischen Bewegungen ergibt sich eine wesentlich größere Ausdehnung. Die Erzeugung und Verbreitung der Störungen setzt ein Kraftefeld von 50 km und größeren Werten an horinzontaler Erstreckung voraus. Die Bewegungen erfassen somit sämtliche Teile der Gotlandsee fast gleichzeitig. Die Dauer der Anregung kann sich auf wenige Stunden beschränken und läßt sich in direkten Zusammenhang mit Starkwindfeldern über der zentralen Ostsee bringen. Die Häufigkeit stürmischer Wetterbedingungen über der Ostsee hat zur Folge, daß die langperiodische Veränderlichkeit der Schichtung und Strömungsverteilung im Gotland-Becken nur selten auf verschwindend kleine Werte abklingt.

Description: Die beschriebene Methode gestattet das Homogenisieren des Phytoplanktons, das Extrahieren des Chlorophylls und das daran anschließende Zentrifugieren auch bei kleinsten Probenmengen in ein und demselben abgeschlossenen Gefäß. Die so erzielte Chlorophyllausbeute ist höher als die herkömmlicher Methoden. In ihrer Wirksamkeit verglichen wird die vorgeschlagene Methode mit der 18-stündigen Extraktion ohne Vorbehandlung des Phytoplanktons und mit der 15-minütigen Extraktion nach voraufgegangenem "Grinding"; dabei wird der Grad der Homogenisation und Extraktion über den photometrisch gemessenen Chlorophyll-a-Gehalt und eine fluoreszenzmikroskopische Analyse des extrahierten Sediments kontrolliert. A method is described, which allows the homogenisation of phytoplankton, the extraction of chlorophyll, and the centrifugation of even the smallest samples in a stoppered glass tube. The yield of this method is higher than that of any other known method for the determination of chlorophyll. The effectiveness of the proposed method is compared with the 18 hours extraction method without any preliminary treatment of the phytoplankton and with the so called "grinding method". In this comparison the rate of homogenisation and extraction ist controlled for all three methods by the photometric measurement of the chlorophyll a content and by the fluorescence microscopical analysis of the extracted sediment.

Description: Gesetzmäßigkeiten fur die jahreszeitliche und regionale Verteilung von Agrobacterium stellulatum und A. ferrugineum wurden durch Vergleich ihrer Bakterienzahlen mit verschiedenen biotischen und abiotischen Faktoren gesucht. Für ihre Verbreitung ergab sich eine starke Abhängigkeit vom Salzgehalt. Im Wasser der Ostsee und des südlichen Kattegat werden sie zwischen 7 und 33 ‰ angetroffen, in der nährstoffreichen Schlei bis hinunter zu 2 ‰. Die jahreszeitliche Häufigkeit ist durch ein ausgeprägtes Herbst/Winter-Maximum und ein schwächeres Frühsommermaximum gekennzeichnet und weist eine starke Parallelität zur Gesamtkeimzahl auf. Auf Algen sind in erster Linie andere Agrobacterium-Arten anzutreffen. The seasonal and regional distribution of Agrobacterium stellulatum and A. ferrugineum was studied by comparing their bacterial counts with several biotic and abiotic factors. It was found that their spreading greatly depends upon salinity. In water of the Baltic and of the Southern Kattegat they occur between 7 and 33 per mille, in the eutrophic Schlei down to 2 ‰. Their seasonal distribution shows a distinct peak between autumn and winter an a weaker peak at the beginning of summer and strongly parallels total counts. Agrobacteria found on algae mostly belong into species different from A. stellulatum and A. ferugineum.

Description: The distribution of the particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, and of the dissolved organic carbon as a function of depth and of time is investigated. A common pattern of these distributions is found with certain deviations from a mean value. The ratio N/C (particulate) is calculated. The variation of this parameter with depth shows a maximum at 10 m depth indicating increased biological activity. Also calculated are the ratios and the correlation coefficients between the concentrations of dissolved and particulate organic carbon and between the protein content of the particulate organic matter and its organic nitrogen content. Conclusions on the biochemistry of the phytoplankton are drawn from these computations. Die Veränderlichkeit der Konzentration an partikularem organischen Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff und gelöstem organischen Kohlenstoff mit der Tiefe und mit der Zeit werden untersucht. Die Veränderlichkeit dieser Parameter mit der Tiefe hat zu verschiedenen Zeiten ein ähnliches Aussehen mit gewissen Abweichungen von einem Mittelwert. Das Verhältnis N/C der partikulären Substanz wurde berechnet. Die Tiefenverteilung dieses Parameters hat ein Maximum in 10 m Tiefe, das erhöhte biologische Aktivität anzeigt. Ebenfalls berechnet werden die Verhältnisse zwischen den Konzentrationen von partikularem und von gelöstem organischen Kohlenstoff und der Korrelationskoeffizient zwischen beiden Größen. Die gleichen Berechnungen werden angestellt mit dem Proteingehalt der partikulären Substanz und ihrem Gehalt an organisch gebundenen Stickstoff. Aus diesen Berechnungen werden Schlüsse gezogen über die Biochemie des Phytoplanktons.

Description: The results of five cruises between April 1966 and April 1967 through the Suez Canal and its lakes showed that the prime factor for the reversal of the northerly current in the summer season must be the wind stress on the water and not as previously thought to be caused by the effect of the Nile flood. The new seasonal variation after the completion of the Aswan High Dam is discussed. Fünf hydrographische Aufnahmen des Suez-Kanals im Zeitraum April 1966 April 1967 ergaben, daß die sommerliche Umkehr des sonst herrschenden Nordstromes auf die Wirkung des Windes zurückzuführen ist. Vor Beendigung des Assuan-Staudammes war die Nilflut als Ursache dafür angesehen worden. Weiterhin werden die jahreszeitlichen Schwankungen nach Fertigstellung des Dammes diskutiert.

Description: In den oberen 75 Metern Wassertiefe wurden neben dem Auszählen der Planktonorganismen chemische Nachweise durchgeführt auf Chlorophyll, Protein, RNA und die Gesamtheit einiger vorkommender Zucker. Diese und andere schon vorliegende Daten wurden auf ihre Aussagefähigkeit über die partikuläre Substanz und das lebende Plankton untersucht, um daran anschließend die Beziehungen zwischen den als aussagekräftig erkannten Werten herzustellen. Die damit ermöglichte Beschreibung des Planktonbestandes gestattet dann zwar die Konstatierung eines tiefenabhängigen, unterschiedlichen physiologischen Zustandes dominierender Organismen, doch werden hierbei auch die Aussagegrenzen summarisch-chemischer Bestimmungsmethoden sichtbar. The investigations were limited to the upper 75 meters. Here besides a counting of plankton organisms chemical determinations were performed for chlorophyll, protein, RNA, and the total amount of some occuring sugars. These and other data were compared as to their accuracy in estimating particulate matter and living organisms. Then it was searched for the relationship between values of recognized reliability. The resulting estimation of the plankton-stock permits the recognition of a varying physiological state of dominant organisms, depending on depth, though the limits of an account, given by chemical analysis of the entire amount of particulate matter, are reached.

Description: Der vertikale turbulente Diffusionskoeffizient Kz wurde aus der mittleren Salzgehaltsverteilung und einem mittleren Stromprofil berechnet. Die dazu erforderlichen Daten konnten durch die wiederholte Aufnahme von vertikalen Salzgehalts- und Stromprofilen an ausgewählten Positionen gewonnen werden. Diese Daten geben fur den betrachteten Zeitraum die mittleren Verhältnisse in dem untersuchten Seegebiet wieder. Von früheren Bestimmungen des Diffusionskoeffizienten, die auf Punkt- oder Einzelmessungen beruhten, unterscheidet sich die hier zur Anwendung gekommenen Methode zur Bestimmung von Kz durch die Anlage der Messungen. Das betrifft sowohl die Anordnungen der Stationen, als auch die Zahl der Messungen und die Möglichkeit der kontinuierlichen Registrierung von Temperatur, Salzgehalt und Strömung. Bei der Diskussion der Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der gemessene Zusammenhang zwischen dem Diffusionskoeffizienten und der Richardson-Zahl den tbeoretischen Beziehungen zwischen dem Diffusionskoeffizienten und der Richardson-Zahl von MUNK und ANDERSON (1948) und MAMAJEV (1958) gegenübergestellt. Es ergab sich: Beide Formeln sind im Rahmen der Meßgenauigkeit gleich gut zur Beschreibung des Zusammenhanges zwischen Diffusionskoeffizienten und Richardson-Zahl geeignet. In Oberflächennähe ist nur eine angenäherte Übereinstimmung zwischen dem theoretisch vorhergesagten und der gemessenen Abhängigkeit von Kz und Ri vorhanden. Dagegen findet man eine gute Annäherung der gemessenen Werte mit der Theorie im Bereich großer Diffusionskoeffizienten. The vertical eddy-diffusion coefficient Kz was computed from the mean salinity-distribution and current profiles. The data were obtained from repeated vertical profiles of salinity and currents at selected positions. The method applied here for determinating the eddy-diffusion coefficient, differs from older ones which use individual measurements only, mainly in three points: the special arrangement of the stations (triangel), a great number of measurements and the continous registration of temperature, salinity, and current. In this work the relations between Kz and Ri (Richardson-Number) as measured are compared with the theoretical correlations between Kz and Ri obtained by MUNK and ANDERSON (1948) and MAMAJEV (1958). It is shown that both formulas describe the connection between the above mentioned parameters equally well. Near the surface the predicted relation between Kz and Ri corresponds only approximately to the measured one. In the range of large diffusion-coefficients the measured values fit well to the theoretical curves.

Description: The present study was undertaken to investigate the physical and chemical variability in the eastern Gotland Basin. This can serve as an example for the variability in the inner part of an adjacent sea with small tidal influence. Two anchor stations of about four days duration were made, with R.V. "Alkor" in September 1967 and with F.R.V. "Anton Dohrn" in May 1968. On the basis of variations in the physical parameters, and also from continuous recordings of salinity and temperature, c.f., of oxygen and temperature, the presence of internal waves is demonstrated. The variability in the chemical data not only indicate internal waves but also proves the patchlike structure of the water masses with regard to biochemical parameters. The two anchor stations were made during periods of partial and of total stagnation in the deeper parts of the Gotland Basin. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine Beschreibung der physikalisch chemischen Veränderlichkeit im östlichen Gotland-Becken, und zwar als Beispiel für die Veränderlichkeit im inneren Teil eines gezeitenarmen Nebenmeeres. Zwei viertägige Ankerstationen wurden durchgeführt, im September 1967 und Mai 1968, mit "Alkor" und "Anton Dohr". Auf Grund der Variationen in den physikalischen Parametern und auch von den kontinuierlichen Registrierungen von Salzgehalt und Temperatur, bzw. von Sauerstoff und Temperatur, werden interne Wellen nachgewiesen. Von der Veränderlichkeit der chemischen Parameter werden neben internen Wellen auch wolkenartige Strukturen der Wassermassen im Bezug auf biochemische Eigenschaften demonstriert. Beide Dauerstationen fielen in einer Periode von teilweiser und von voller Stagnation im Gotland-Becken.

Description: An Pilzen der Gattung Thraustochytrium wurde starker Befall durch den Myxomyceten Labyrinthula beobachtet und es wird angenommen, daß es sich hierbei um eine Form von Parasitismus handelt. There has been observed strong attack - probably parasitic - of Thraustochytrium spec. by the myxomycete Labyrinthula.

Description: Die Muskelsysteme der im selben Biotop (Weichboden) lebenden Pontogenia chrysocoma (Aphroditidae), Thalenessa stylolepis (Sigalionidae), Glycera tesselata ( Glyceridae), Arabella iricolor und Lumbrineris fragilis (beides Eunicidae sens. lat.) zeigen deutliche Unterschiede. Sie weisen jedoch große Ähnlichkeit mit den Muskelsystemen anderer Arten auf, mit denen sie in eine Gattung oder Familie gehoren, wenn diese auch in anderen Biotopen vorkommen. Der Lebensraum modifiziert die Muskelsysteme also nur geringfügig. The muscle systems of Pontogenia chrysocoma (Aphroditidae), Thalenessa stylolepis (Sigalionidae), Glycera tesselata (Glyceridae), Arabella iricolor and Lumbrineris fragilis (Eunicidae sens. lat.), all of which inhabitate the same biotope (soft bottom) exhibit distinct differences. They show, however, always great similarities with the musculature of related species of the same genus or family, which frequently are living on completely different substrates. Therefore, it is concluded that the biotope has a negligible modifying effect on the muscle system.

Description: Es werden sieben Formen Niederer Pilze (THRAUSTOCHYTRIACEAE, SAPROLEGNIALES) neu für das Gebiet der westlichen Ostsee beschrieben und ihre Verbreitung sowie ihr Verhalten gegenüber Salzgehalt, Temperatur und Abwasserbelastung untersucht. Es handelt sich um euryhaline, eurytherme Saprophyten mit einer gewissen Resistenz gegenüber Abwasserbelastungen. - Unterschiede in der Artenzusammensetzung gegenüber Funden von der Nordseeküste waren nicht festzustellen. Zwei Formen wurden auch östlich der Darßer Schwelle (im Arkona- und Bornholmbecken) gefunden. Chytridiale Phycomyceten wurden kaum beobachtet. Seven forms of Lower Fungi (THRAUSTOCHYTRIACEAE, SAPROLEGNIALES) are discribed new for the western Baltic. Their occurrence as well as their response towards salinity, temperature, and pollution have been studied and the results suggest that the fungi described are euryhaline, eurytherme saprophytes with some ability to overcome pollution charges. - Differences in respect to the occurrence of species in the western Baltic and the North Sea respectively have not been observed. Two forms have been found east of the Darß shelf (in the Arkona and Bornholm basin). Phycomycetes of the order Chytridiales have rarely been observed.

Description: Along three sections and al a one day permanent station chemical parameters (P04, Si04, N02, N03, NH3, and 02) were determined from NANSEN bottle samples. Significant fluctuations of some of these parameters were observed. From a moored current meter array the current field was determined. It was coupled to the concentrations observed at the permanent station. The horizontal gradients of chemical components showed values up to 50% in less than 500 m distance. By use of the diffusion theory some estimates on the time scale of biochemical processes are presented. From the entire set of about 400 observations the mean relation between phosphate and silicate was found to be linear. Nitrate seemed to be the growth limiting factor. The mean relations between phosphate and nitrate and silicate and nitrate respectively differ considerably from a linear function. The oxidative ratios for nitrate, phosphate and silicate have been calculated and the following combination has been found from these regressions: ΔAOU : ΔP : ΔN : ΔSi = 276 : 1.2 : 14.7 : 7.2

Description: The Red Sea has a special place among the adjacent seas of the world. High evaporation, exclusion of its deep water from contact with the Indian Ocean proper and complete absence of continental drainage may result special conditions of the chemistry of the Red Sea. This paper aims to describe and to explain the peculiarity of the hydrochemical situation. The influence of the topography, of the inflow and outflow through the straights of Bab el Mandeb, of the evaporation, of the stability of the water layers, and of the circulation will be studied. An attempt is made to estimate the apparent oxygen ultilisation in order to obtain an indication of the biological activity. A further attempt is made toward the quantitative estimation of the circulation of the nutrients and also to obtain some information about transport, dissolution, and precipitation of calcium carbonate. The basis of these investigations are mainly observations of R. V. "Meteor" during the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1964/65.

Description: After almost exclusive use in oceanographic research, the R. V. "Meteor" conducted tests in fall 1967 in the Baltic Sea which were devoted to an important problem in ship building research. In order to check the transfer of model test results to prototype conditions, which has become somewhat uncertain in view of the increase in size and speed of modern vessels, a model family of this ship had been tested at scales of 1: 25, 1 : 19 and 1 : 13 .7 5, and full scale tests were to complete the series. The most important measurements included resistance, propeller thrust and propeller power demand. Furthermore, the nomial wake in the absence of the propeller and the effective wake in front of the working propeller, the velocity distribution in the boundary layer at one point of the hull at least and the behaviour of the ship during manoeuvering with and without propeller have been investigated. The most difficult task consisted of the determination of the resistance as a function of speed, because the ship could not be driven by propeller for these tests, but had to be moved, similar to a model on a towing carriage, by a known force exerted above the water surface. Following the historical example of the resistance tests on the ferry boat "Lucy Ashton", the "Meteor" was supplied with 3 jets, which, with a maximum thrust of about 10 Mp at 12 OOO PS, produced a forward speed of 12 kn (Fig. 1, i., 3). The jet thrust was measured by strain gauges on the diagonals in the supporting frame of each jet (Fig. 3). Measurements of thrust and torque of the propeller were also obtained from strain gauges on the propeller shaft (Fig. 7). Wake measurements were performed with pitot tubes and a total head tube fixed on a rake (Fig. 4) which could be turned by 180° on the stem tube. Boundary layer measurements were obtained by two Prandtl tubes which could be moved sideways at the hull (Fig. 6). Rudder forces were indicated by a three component balance on the rudder shaft. Ott current meters and Prandtl tubes, calibrated on the mile distance, gave the ship speed. All measurements were performed electronically with analog and digital registration. The results obtained so far are remarkably accurate. Plotting the resistance values in the system of the model family indicates, that the ITTC 1957 line, presently in use as an extrapolator for frictional resistance, has too small a slope (Fig. 11 ). The total efficiency of model and prototype is about equal (Fig. 14), and the thrust deduction fraction does not seem to depend on the scale either. For the law of the wall of the boundary layer, the values K = 0.41 and C = 5.0 from recent laboratory tests are supported (Fig. 15). The evaluation of all results will probably be finished by the end of 1968.

Description: Errors of wind speed measurements on buoys are mainly due to motions of the floating body. Additionally, the mast and/or the spars which carry the sensors, and special properties of the sensor itself, affect the accuracy of wind speed records. The error of these effects on: a) profile measurements; b) the determination of the vertical distribution of wind speed above water waves; c) spectral analysis and d) the eddy correlation n' w', is estimated by means of theoretical models, wind-tunnel results and observations from the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

Description: Measurements of atmospheric radioactivity attached to aerosols are described. Fallout was collected in a vessel of large area. Emphasis was on separation of "wet" and "dry" samples. For strontium 90a ratio of "wet" to "dry" fallout of 5:1 has been found independent of latitude. The total fallout was smaller than comparable values from continents because of very small amounts of rainfall in the equatorial zone. In order to achieve consistency in the global balance a better knowledge not only of radioactivity but also of precipitation over the ocean is required. Fallout of Ra-D clearly shows the ITC as a barrier for the latitudinal movement of near sea-surface air masses. The concentration of short-lived emanation daughters shows large variations according to varying geographic conditions. A variation with time could not be explained. The specific activity of long-lived radioactive substances shows the expected effect of the ITC as well as a seasonal diminuation of average concentration, similar to that measured at Heidelberg.

Description: During a four weeks anchoring station of R. V. ,,Meteor" on the equator at 30° W longitude, vertical profiles of wind, temperature, and humidity were measured by means of a meteorological buoy carrying a mast of 10 m height. After eliminating periods of instrumental failure, 18 days are available for the investigation of the diurnal variations of the meteorological parameters and 9 days for the investigation of the vertical heat fluxes. The diurnal variations of the above mentioned quantities are caused essentially by two periodic processes: the 24-hourly changing solar energy supply and the 12-hourly oscillation of air pressure, which both originate in the daily rotation of the earth. While the temperature of the water and of the near water layers of the air show a 24 hours period in their diurnal course, the wind speed, as a consequence of the pressure wave, has a 12 hours period, which is also observable in evaporation and, consequently, in the water vapor content of the surface layer. Concerning the temperature, a weak dependence of the daily amplitude on height was determined. Further investigation of the profiles yields relations between the vertical gradients of wind, temperature, and water vapor and the wind speed, the difference between sea and air of temperature and water vapor, respectively, thus giving a contribution to the problem of parameterizing the vertical fluxes. Mean profile coefficients for the encountered stabilities, which were slightly unstable, are presented, and correction terms are given due to the fact that the conditions at the very surface are not sufficiently represented by measuring in a water depth of 20 cm and assuming water vapor saturation. This is especially true for the water vapor content, where the relation between the gradient and the air-sea difference suggests a reduction of relative humidity to appr. 96% at the very surface, if the gradients are high. This effect may result in an overestimation of the water vapor flux, if a "bulk"-formula is used. Finally sensible and latent heat fluxes are computed by means of a gradient-formula. The influence of stability on the transfer process is taken into account. As the air-sea temperature differences are small, sensible heat plays no important role in that region, but latent heat shows several interesting features. Within the measuring period of 18 days, a regular variation by a factor of ten is observed. Unperiodic short term variations are superposed by periodic diurnal variations. The mean diurnal course shows a 12-hours period caused by the vertical wind speed gradient superposed by a 24-hours period due to the changing stabilities. Mean values within the measuring period are 276 ly/day for latent heat and 9.4ly/day for sensible heat.

Description: For the determination of the air temperature and its diurnal variation above the 500 mb-level at the equator station, at first the radiation error of the bimetal was investigated by means of a temperature comparison between the day- and night-ascents. The correction required can be obtained from an assembly of curves, that is represented from O to 90 degrees sunheight within 10 degrees distances for the pressure range from 300 to 3 mb. The error included amounts to about 10% of the correction value on account of the scattering of the temperature measurement. The mean diurnal variation of the air temperature is represented at the main pressure levels from 500 to 10 mb, but it is only recongnizable up to the 40 mb-level (about 22 km altitude). It amounts to 0.5 °C on the average. For higher altitudes the accuracy of the pressure- and temperature-measurements is no more satisfactory for this purpose.

Description: The nucleonic component of the cosmic rays has been measured by the German research vessel "Meteor" during the Atlantic Expedition IQSY 1965. The pressure corrected intensities fit well the rigidity calculations of KONDO & KODAMO. In this way we confirm the earth's magnetic field model used by these authors. Two positions of the cosmic ray equator have been determined at 29,7° W (6,5 ± 1) ° N and at 19° W (7 ± 1) ° N. These positions agree with the calculated values of KONDO & KODAMO. The total latitude effect of the nucleonic component amounts to 1.74 and 1.76. The measurements were carried out at solar minima activity. Using the values of latitude measurements at maxima solar activity the degree of modulation of the primary cosmic rays was determined in the rigidity range 2 - 13 GV. For rigidity values above 6 GV the modulation remains constant to 20%.

Description: Within the framework of the Indian Ocean Expedition of the German research vessel "Meteor" a total of 17 stations in the northern part of the Arabian Sea were measured with seismic refraction methods by the Geological Survey of the Federal Republic of Germany. In the Gulf of Oman and in the waters southeast of the Murray ridge a sequence with velocities of 2.9 to 3.7 km/s was proved below a sedimentary upper layer with a velocity increasing with depth. This sequence superposes a rock complex with 4.0 to 4.7 km/s. In all cases the underlying bed is constituted by rock material with a velocity of 6 km/s and more. Owing to the similar structure north and south of the Murray ridge it may be assumed that originally the part investigated in the Arabian Sea formed a unity, which was subdivided only recently when the Murray ridge developed. According to the results of the seismic refraction measurements this region, which presumably was a homogeneous one in the beginning, may with respect to its crustal structure be looked upon as both a seaward continuation of the Indus/Baluchistan basin and a transitional zone between the oceanic and the continental crust. An objection to the :first interpretation might be that there is no rock complex with 5 to 6 km/s, which seems to be typical of the structure of a continental crust. If the refraction horizon observed with velocities of more than 6 km/s (6.0-6.9 km/s) is correlated with the "oceanic layer" (layer 3), the considerable sedimentary thicknesses of more than 5 km and the depth position of the "oceanic layer" -exceeding those of other oceans by several thousand metres - suggest a transitional type of crust lying between the oceanic and the continental crust. Within the region of the present continental slope between Karachi and the peninsula of Kathiawar, sedimentary thicknesses (vp = 1.43 km/s to 3,7 km/s) of more than 5 km have also been observed. This sedimentary region designated as Kori marginal trough lies, towards the sea, in front of a high (Kori high). Within the Kori high, which in the present shelf region may be observed off Karachi towards the Southeast, the rock complex with a velocity of 6.2 to 6.5 km/s is upwarped. In the West, the Kori high is bordered by a remarkable system of faults. Within the Shelf region of Combay the rock complex with 6.5 km/s is upwarped. A direct connection between this high and the Kori high ma y be assumed; yet horizontal displacements possibly exist along the faults of the Cambay Depression, which extend towards the sea. Furthermore, a direct connection between the Kori/Cambay high and the Laccadiven zone seems possible according to the present state of investigations.

Description: Within the framework of the Atlantic Expedition in 1967 with F.S. "Meteor" about 900 sea miles were measured in the region of the Great Meteor Seamount (30° 00'N, 28° 30'W) by seismic reflection methods with a pneumatic sound source. According to the seismic investigations the Great Meteor Seamount mainly consists of volcanic compact rocks (vp = 5.8 km/s) superposed by a cap of seismically different sediment (vp = 2.7 - 3.7km/s). The results of the measurements are discussed by means of a number of seismic profiles and presented in the form of isochrone maps. Moreover the attempt is made to derive in rough outlines, the geological development of the Great Meteor Seamount from the seismic reflection data.

Description: Coccolithophorids agglutinated on the tintinnid-genera Codonellopsis, Codonella and Dictyocysta, and their ratio to agglutinated anorganic material are described on basis of plankton-tows from 12 stations in the Persian Gulf and the northern Arabic Sea. The results are compared with the distribution of two nannoplankton-species Cyclococcolithus leptoporus (MURRAY & BLACKMAN) and Braarudosphaera bigelowi (GRAN & BRAARUD) in recent sediments of the Persian Gulf and the northern Arabic Sea.

Description: The results of an investigation of tintinnids from the western Arabian Sea are described. A total of 134 closing-net samples was obtained from 22 stations of the German "Meteor" expedition 1964/1965. Distribution charts of the dominant species of tintinnids from the study area are presented as well as a list of the world-wide distribution of these species as derived from the literature. Tintinnids were most abundant in the surface waters. The layer from O-25 m yielded a maximum of 94.3% and a minimum of 61.3% of the tintinnids present from O-175 m; the mean was 80%, There was no significant difference in the vertical distribution between day and night stations nor wasb there any indication of the influence of the thermocline upon vertical distribution of tintinnids. TS-diagrams show different water types in the western Arabian Sea. Temperatur-salinity-tintinniddiagrams indicate regional patterns in the distribution of various species of tintinnids. Some tintinnids can be used as indicator species: Climacorylis scalaria, Parundella lohmanni and Amphorella amphora were typical for the Somali Current whereas Rhabdonella apophysata and Brandtiella palliata indicated the presence of Bast African Coastal Current water. The concentration of tintinnids in the upper 25 m ranged between 4,800 and 39,300 individuals/m3 (mean 19,000/m3). Plasma volume of tintinnids was calculated to permit comparison of different links in the food chain. There was a mean of 51 mm3/m2 in the upper layer, equivalent to a concentration of 2 mm3/m3. Carbon values were computed from the plasma volume of tintinnids, phytoplankton and larger Zooplankton. The ratio of phytoplankton plus microzooplankton carbon to large zooplankton carbon was 1 : 0.8 in the Somali Current, 1 : 0.4 in the Bast African Coastal Current and 1 : 1.2 in the mixing zone of these current systems. Tintinnids are one of the first links in the food chain. It is very likely that a part of the organic detritus and of the nanoplankton is transfered to large herbivores or omnivores via tintinnids and other protozoans. This mechanism might be especially effective during seasons when large phytoplankters are not available in the ocean.

Description: Die Teilchengrößenanalyse van Detrituspartikeln mit dem Teilchengrößenanalysator TGZ 3 der Firma Zeiss wird ausführlich beschrieben. Nach dieser Methode wurden insgesamt 92 Wasserproben von 6 Stationen in der westlichen Ostsee untersucht und eine Gesamtverteilungskurve für alle Detritusteilchen gebildet. In dem untersuchten Größenbereich zwischen 8 und 60 µ wurden die folgenden Mittelwerte gefunden: Teilchengröße: 17.6 ± 6.5 µ., Teilchenzahl: 1.35 Mill./l, Teilchenvolumen: 5.68 mm3/l, Teilchenoberfläche: 14.91 cm2/l. Es wird gezeigt, daß unter gewissen Voraussetzungen aus der Teilchengrößenverteilung das Detritustrockengewicht einer Wasserprobe errechnet werden kann. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden mit den Detrituswerten verglichen, die aus den gleichzeitig ausgeführten chemischen Analysendaten durch die Differenzbildung Sestongewicht - Planktongewicht (nach dem Eiweiß- und Chlorophyllgehalt) = Detritusgewicht erhalten wurden. The analysis of the size distribution of detritus particles by means of the 'Teilchengrößenanalysator TGZ 3, Fa. Zeiss' is described in detail. 92 water samples collected at 6 stations in the western Baltic were analysed by this method. A total size spectrum for all counted particles is formed. in the investigated size group ranging from 8 to 60 µ average values were found as follows: particle size: 17.6 ± 6.5 µ, particle number: 1.35 mill./l, particle volume: 5.68 mm3/l, particle surface: 14.91 cm2/l. It is shown, with some assumptions, that the dry weight of detritus particles present in a water sample can be calculated from their size frequency. The obtained results are compared with parallel values derived from chemical analysis of the same samples as follows: seston weight - plankton weight (derived from albumen and chlorophyll content) = detritus weight.

Description: In der Elbmündung erfolgten bei Cuxhaven während einer Tide stündliche Bestimmungen von Gesamtkeimzahlen auf Nährböden mit unterschiedlichem Salzgehalt, sowie der Coliformen- und Hefezahl, und von verschiedenen chemischen und physikalischen Daten. Außerdem wurden in zweistündigem Abstand Vertikalfänge van Phyto- und Zooplankton ausgeführt. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten am 17.VIII.1964, 26.I.1965 und 24.VI.1965 - also zweimal im Sommer und einmal im Winter. Es zeigte sich, daß die Zusammensetzung der Mikroflora- und -fauna während der Tide vor allem in Abhängigkeit vom Salzgehalt beträchtlichen Schwankungen unterliegt. Sehr erheblich ist auch der Einfluß der Cuxhavener Abwässer, der sich besonders 2 1/2 bis 5 Stunden nach Thw auswirkt. Der Abwassereinfluß ist aber in Abhängigkeit vom jeweiligen Oberwasserabfluß und von den meteorologischen Bedingungen nicht immer gleich, sondern kann recht verschieden sein. Die Vertikalverteilung von Seston und Bakterien weist die größten Unterschiede bei nachlassender Strömungsgeschwindigkeit, vor allem bei Tnw auf, da es dann durch Sedimentation zu einer Anreicherung derselben im Tiefwasser kommt. Die Menge der verschiedenen Mikroorganismen läßt große jahreszeitliche Unterschiede erkennen. So nimmt die Gesamtzahl der Bakterien im Winter deutlich zu und die der Phyto- und Zooplankter sehr stark ab. Auch die artenmäßige Zusammensetzung ist sehr verschieden. Bacterial counts on media with different salt concentrations, counts of coliforms and yeast cells as well as the estimation of some chemical and physical dates were carried out every hour and vertical net hauls of phyto and zooplancton every two hours during a tide in the Elbe estuary near Cuxhaven, twice in summer (17.VIII.1964 and 24. VI.1965) and once in winter (26.I.1965). Considerable changes in the composition of microflora and microfauna could be observed during the tide, mainly in dependence on the varying salinity. However there was an important influence of sewage contamination, too, especially 2 1/2 - 5 hours after high tide, being quite different according to the freshwater flow and the meteorological conditions. The vertical distribution of seston and bacteria showed the largest differences with decreasing tidal stream. As a result of sedimentation, seston concentrations and bacterial counts were increasing then in the deep water. Large seasonal changes of the bacterial and plancton counts could be observed. The bacterial counts were significantly increasing in winter while the numbers of phyto and zooplancters were decreasing. The species composition was seasonally changing, too.

Description: Anhand von zwei käuflichen Präparaten wird die Extinktion von Chlorophyll a in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln untersucht und daraus der Extinktionskoeffizient für frisch extrahiertes, ungetrocknetes Chlorophyll a in Methanol abgeleitet. Er beträgt für das rote Extinktionsmaximum bei 665 nm 75.0 l/g cm. Die Extinktionskoeffizienten von getrocknetem Chlorophyll a sind in den untersuchten Lösungsmitteln 10-25% niedriger als die von einer frisch extrahierten Chlorophyllösung (Tabelle 2). Die Messung des Chlorophyll a-Gehaltes kann mit hinreichender Genauigkeit in einem Filterphotometer (ELKO II, Zeiss) ausgeführt werden. Hierzu werden Eichkurven für drei verschiedene Interferenzfilter angegeben. From two purchasable preparations of crystalline chlorophyll a, the extinction coefficient of undried chlorophyll a in methanol has been calculated as 75.0 l/g cm at the maximum of extinction at 665 nm. The extinction coefficients of dried chlorophyll a in the different solvents tested are 10-25% lower than those of undried chlorophyll a (table 2). Chlorophyll a can be measured in a filter photometer (ELKO II, Zeiss) with sufficient precision. Standard curves for three different interference filters are given.

Description: Nach einer modifizierten Methode von Greenhalgh et. al. (1966) werden Kalium, Natrium und Magnesium durch Trennung mittels eines lonenaustauschers bestimmt. Die Veränderungen der Methode enthalten die Anwendung kleinerer Mengen Elutionslösung, leichtere Trennung und Titration des Kalziums mit EDTA. Es werden Veränderungen in der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Meerwassers aus dem Suez Kanal beobachtet. Die Auswirkungen der Verdünnung durch das Nilwasser bestehen aus einem geringfügig erhöhten Ca++/Cl--Verhältnis im Mittelmeer auf der Höhe von Port Said und im Lake Timsah. Das Salzbett ist sehr arm an Magnesium und Kalium, Kalzium ist geringfügig vermindert, jedoch ist das Na+ /Cl--Verhältnis gegenüber Meerwasser erhöht. Das salzreiche Wasser aus den Bitterseen zeigten kleinere K+/Cl-- und Mg++/Cl--Verhältnisse als normal. Die Beziehungen zwischen dem Chloridgehalt und den Kationen (berechnet nach der Methode der kleinsten Fehlerquadrate) sind nicht konstant, sondern nehmen mit steigendem Chloridgehalt ab oder zu. In einer Tabelle (10) wird eine Formel für die relative Zusammensetzung von Meerwasser aus den Bitterseen angegeben, die ein höheres Na+/CI--Verhältnis anzeigt als normal. Potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium were determined after separation on an ion-exchanger according to a modified method of Greenhalgh et al (1966). The modifications include smaller amounts of eluting agents, easier separation and titration of calcium with EDTA. Variations in the chemical composition of sea water from the Suez Canal were detected. The effect of dilution by the Nile water is evident in the slightly higher chlorinity ratios of calcium in the Mediterranean off Port-Said and in Lake Timsah. The salt bed was found to be very poor in magnesium and potassium, calcium is slightly reduced, while sodium has higher chlorinity ratio than in sea water. The highly saline waters of the Bitter Lakes show lower values of chlorinity ratios for potassium and magnesium, higher values for sodium, while calcium is slightly reduced. Relationships between the chlorinity and the cations calculated by the least square method show that the chlorinity ratios of the cations are not constant but decrease or increase with increasing chlorinity. A suggested formula for the relative composition of sea water from the Bitter Lakes is given in Table (10) which indicates a higher sodium/chlorinity ratio than normal, and supperts the experimental findings.

Description: Es wurden Nahrungsuntersuchungen, Längen und Nahrungsgewichtsbestimmungen an jungen Schollen, Flundern, Steinbutt und Glattbutt im Sommer ihres ersten Lebensjahres durchgeführt. Das Material wurde in der Nordsee (Nordfriesisches Wattenmeer), Öresund, Samsö Belt, Kieler Außenförde und in der Ostsee bei Bornholm gesammelt. Als Fanggerate dienten die Garnelenkurre, Johansen-Jungfischnetz und Schiebehamen. Auf Grund der Häufigkeit der Nährtiere im Magen wurde Hauptnahrung und Nebennahrung unterschieden. Die Hauptnahrung der Scholle in der Nordsee besteht aus einem Gemisch von Polychaeten und Molluskensiphonen, in der Ostsee aus Polychaeten und Oligochaeten, die Nebennahrung ist in den beiden Gebieten aus Ostracoden, Harpacticiden, Amphipoden und Decapoden zusammengesetzt. Für die Flundern wurden für alle Fanggebiete Oligochaeten und Polychaeten als Hauptnahrung gefunden. Die Nebennahrung besteht aus Ostracoden, Harpacticiden, Amphipoden, Isopoden und Mysidaceen. Für Steinbutt der ersten Bodenstadien bilden bereits Fische und Amphipoden die Hauptnahrung. Mysidaceen und Isopoden können zur Nebennahrung gezählt werden. Die Nahrung des jungen Glattbutt setzt sich aus drei Komponenten von etwa gleicher Bedeutung zusammen: Mysiclaceen, Crangon und Fische. Zur Klärung der Tagesperiodik der Nahrungsaufnahme wurde die Häufigkeit gefüllter und leerer Mägen zu verschiedenen Tageszeiten bestimmt. Dabei wurde auch der Füllungsgrad berücksichtigt, der sich aus dem prozentualen Gewichtsanteil des Mageninhalts am Gesamtkörpergewicht ergibt. Aus den tagesperiodischen Schwankungen in den Fangerträgen des Schiebehamen konnte auf eine kräftige nächtliche Schwimmaktivität der jungen Flundern geschlossen werden. Im Nordfriesischen Wattenmeer betrug das Längenwachstum der Schollen während ihres ersten Sommers 0,6 mm pro Tag. The feeding habits, amount of food and growth rate of juvenile plaice, flounder, turbot und brill were investigated during the first summer. The fishes were caught in the North Sea (North Frisian Shallows), Öresund, Samsö Belt, the outer region of the Kiel Fjord and in the Baltic near the island of Bornholm. As fishing gear we used a beam trawl, a Johansen-trawl for small fishes, and a push net. The plaice of the North Sea feeds mainly on polychaetes and the siphons of molluscs. In the Baltic Sea the diet of this fish consists mainly of polychaetes and oligochaetes, and in both areas ostracods, harpaticoids, amphipods and decapods are found as secondary food animals. In all areas the main food of the flounder are oligochaetes and polychaetes. Ostracods, harpacticoids, amphipods, isopods, and mysids are of lesser importance. The turbot feeds already as juvenile fish mainly on fish and amphipods. In this fish mysids and isopods are secondary food animals. The brill feeds to equal extent on mysids, Crangon and fish. A diurnal rhythm of feeding was found by recording the frequency of full and empty stomachs at different limes of the day. The proportion of the weight of the stomach contents to the total body weight was also recorded. From the diurnal variations in the yield of the push nets, it is obvious that in young flounders swimming activity is high during night. In the North Frisian Shallows the average growth is bodylength of the plaice is 0,6 mm per day during its first summer.

Description: The males, unknown until now, have been found among 12 specimens of Spalangia fallax Masi, 1917 along the shore of the Red Sea. All of them were caught in Barber traps placed in the wrack behind the Avicennia mangrove-belt. The characteristics of this species stressed by BOUCEK (1963) are applicable for the males also. The intraspecific variation and differences between male sand females are described. Sp. fallax is compared with the closely allied species Sp. drosophilae ASHM. and Sp. fucipes NEES.

Description: The sensitivity of the membrane salinometer to the various ionic species that constitute the dissolved salts in sea water is investigated. Mixtures of various salts with sodium chloride are investigated with regards to changes in the electromotive force upon dilution with water, and also with regards to changes in the composition of the mixed electrolyte. The results are expressed in terms of changes in the activity of sodium chloride. Also sea water is investigated upon a similar basis. Die Empfindlichkeit des Membransalinometers für die verschiedenen Ionensorten, welche im Meersalz vorhanden sind, wird untersucht. Mischlösungen von verschiedenen Salzen mit Natriumchlorid werden im Zusammenhang mit Veränderungen in der elektromotorischcn Kraft sowohl bei Verdünnung mit Wasser, als auch bei Änderung der Zusammensetzung, untersucht. Mit der Aktivität von Natriumchlorid als Referenz werden die Resultate von modifizierten Nernst-Gleichungen beschrieben.

Description: Es wird ein Geräit beschrieben, mit dem man sechs 5-Liter-Wasserproben aus beliebigen Wassertiefen entnehmen kann. Die Schöpfer werden elektromagnetisch geschlossen. Durch Zusatzgeräte lassen sich verschiedene Parameter kontinuierlich registrieren (z. B. t° C, S ‰, Tiefe, Oberlicht, Lichtextinktion). Dies ermöglicht je nach Fragestellung eine gezielte Probennahme. An apparatus is described which makes it possible to obtain six 5-liter walersamples from arbitrary depths. The waterbottles are closed electromagnetically. By means of accessory apparatus various parameters can be registered continuously (e.g. t°, S ‰, depth, downward light, lightextinction). This will make it possible to take samples at representative depths, which are most relevant to the problem under investigation.

Description: Es wird versucht, den Tagesgang cler Lufttemperatur in der Nähe cler Ozeanoberfläche mit Hilfe eines sehr einfachen Modells zu interpretieren. Das eindimensionale Modell betrachtet nur die Divergenzen des Flusses fühlbarer Wärme und des Gesamtstrahlungsstroms. Die periodische Lösung liefert eine Amplitude des Tagesganges, die in den unteren 20 m nur etwa halb so groß ist wie die beobachtete. Mit Hilfe einer hypothetischen zusätzlichen Absorption der Sonnenstrahlung liefert eine numerische Integration dann den beobachteten Gang. Gleichzeitig folgt dann ein starker Tagesgang der Stabilität in den unteren 150 m mit einem Minimum in den Morgenstunden und einem Maximum etwa um 15.00 Uhr. Die mögliche Begründung einer zusätzlichen Absorption wird kurz diskutiert. The diurnal variation of the air temperature near the sea surface is compared with the results of a very simple model. In the onedimensional model the temperature variation is considered as given only by the divergence of the sensible heat flux and the net radiation flux. The periodical solution gives an amplitude of the daily variation, which is nearly one half of the observed in the lowest 20 m. By introduction of a hypothetical additional absorption of the sun radiation a numerical integration gives nearly the observed range. Then a strong variation of the stability follows in the lowest 150 m with a minimum at the time of sun rise and a maximum at about 3 p.m. The arguments for such an additional absorption are shortly discussed.

Description: Aus der westlichen Ostsee wurde eine Reihe sternbildender Bakterien isoliert und taxonomisch untersucht. 28 Stämme wurden zur Gattung Agrobacterium, Familie Rhizobiaceae, gestellt. Einige braune, rote und gelbe Isolierungen ließen sich den Arten Agrobaclerium stellulatum STAPP und KNÖSEL 1954 sowie A. ferruginem, A. sanguineum und A. luteum AHRENS und RHEINHEIMER 1967 zuordnen. Für 4 weitere Arten werden die Namen A. agile nov. spec., A. gelatinovorum nov. spec., A. kieliense nov. spec. und A. aggregatum nov. spec. vorgeschlagen. Morphologie, Sternbildung und Physiologie der Agrobacterium-Arten werden bcschrieben. DNS-Basenanalysen bei 5 Stämmen ergaben G+C-Werte zwischen 57 und 64 Mol%. From the Western Baltic a number of star-forming bacteria were isolated in pure culture and classified. 28 strains were included within the genus Agrobacterium, family Rhizobiaceae. Of these several brown, red and yellow isolates could be assigned lo the species Agrobacterium stellulatum STAPP and KNÖSEL 1954 and A. ferrugineum, A. sanguineum or A. luteun AHRENS and RHEINHEIMER 1967. For another 4 strains the following names are proposed: A. agile nov. spec., A. gelatinovorum nov. spec., A. kieliense nov. spec., and A. aggregatum nov. spec. Morphology, star-formation and physiology of the Agrobacterium spp. are described. The DNA base composition of five strains was found to range from 57 to 64 moles per cent guanine plus cytosine.

Description: Die Anwendungsbereiche der Narkotika MS 222 SANDOZ und Nembutal ABBOT bei experimentellen Operationen an Fischen wurden abgegrenzt und diskutiert. Für kurzzeitige Narkosen bei widerstandsfähigen Fischen läßt sich MS 222 nicht ersetzen, bei länger dauernden Eingriffen dagegen wird man eher die lange Narkosedauer einer Nembutal-Injektion in Kauf nehmen, da es nicht wie MS 222 bei der Dosierung sehr enge Toleranzgrenzen aufweist. Die Technik der Tötung durch Perfusions-Fixierung über das Herz wurde modifiziert und so auf Fische anwendbar gemacht. Da die Gefäße beim Fisch einen sehr geringen Durchmesser aufweisen, hat sich eine Heparin-Gabe und die Perfusion unter Druck als notwendig erwiesen. The application of the anesthetics MS 222 SANDOZ and Nembutal ABBOT in experimental surgery on fishes has been delimited and discussed. MS 222 cannot be substituted in short time anesthesia, but in case of operations taking more time one should prefer Nembutal ABBOT, an anesthetic that is effective for hours indeed, but does not include the risk of overdosing like MS 222. The technique of fixation by perfusion through the heart has been modified and adapted for the use on fishes. Since the blood vessels in fishes are very narrow, the necessity appeared to applicate heparine and to perfuse with pressure.

Description: Es wird eine gaschromatische Methode zur Bestimmung der im Meerwasser gelösten Gase Stickstoff, Sauerstoff (+ Argon) und Kohlendioxid beschrieben. Die Analyse wird automatisch und mit hoher Genauigkeit (± 0,5%) ausgeführt. A gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of the dissolved gases nitrogen, oxygen (+ argon), and carbon dioxide. The analysis is carried out automatically, and with a high precision(± 0,5%).

Description: Fischaugen haben ein sehr großes Sehfeld, da infolge der Beschaffenheit der refraktiven Elemente des Auges alle Lichtstrahlen, die auf die Cornea treffen, auf die Retina projiziert werden. Beim Seeskorpion Myoxocephalus scorpius (L.)) wird ein horizontales Gesichtsfeld von 300 Grad, ein sagitto-vertikales Gesichtsfeld von 210 Grad und ein transverso-vertikales Feld von 320 Grad gemessen. Zur Charakterisierung der Ruheeinstellung des Fischauges kann man wahrscheinlich nicht von "Myopie" (Kurzsichtigkeit) sprechen, da es sich hier nicht um eine Fehlleistung handelt, sondern darum, daß das Auge in Ruhe auf die Nähe eingestellt ist. Es wird daher vorgeschlagen, diese physiologische Eigenschaft als "Engyopie" zu bezeichnen, im Gegensatz zur "Teleopie" der höheren Wirbeltiere. Fish eyes have a very large visual field, because all rays meeting the cornea are projected on to the retina as the result of the condition of the refractive elements of the eye. The bullhead (Myoxocephalus scorpius (L.)) has a horizontal visual field of 300 degrees, a sagitto-vertical field of 210 degrees and a transverso-vertical field of 320 degrees. It seems inadequate to characterize the state of the resting fish eye by the term "myopia" (shortsightedness), as in the case of fish vision is not defective but the resting fish eye is accomodated to proximity. So the term "engyopia" is offered to characterize this physiological fact in contrast to "teleopia" of the higher vertebrates.

Description: 1. In experiments of one hour's duration the pressure resistance of marine invertebrates and fish was examined by determining the number of surviving specimens. The results (LD50-data) show great (probably specific) differences in resistance to pressure. Young Pleuronectes platessa and Platichthys flesus, Neomysis vulgaris and decapod crustaceans (Eupagurus bernhardus, Crangon crangon, Carcinus maenas) are relatively sensible to pressure. The highest levels of pressure resistance can be observed on echinoderms (Asterias rubens, Psammechinus miliaris), molluscs (Mytilus edulis, Modiolus modiolus, Mya arenaria, Cyprina islanica, Littorina littorea), Jaera albifrons and Nereis diversicolor. 2. Gammarus oceanicus, G. duebeni and Crangon crangon are more sensible to pressure at 15° and 20° C than at 5° C. 3. The resistance to pressure of G. oceanicus becomes greater with increase of salinity as well as of osmotic concentration in the external medium. 4. The pressure resistance of G. oceanicus changes with the seasons, being obviously influenced by the stage of maturity of the gonades and the size of the animals. Crangon crangon is more sensitive to pressure at higher temperatures in summer than at lower ones in winter. 5. Asterias rubens and Littorina littorea decrease in weight at increasing sublethal pressures. 6. The frequency of cardiac beat of G. oceanicus, G. duebeni and young Zoarces viviparus was studied under pressure. Relatively little increase of pressure temporarily stimulates the heart-beat, whereas a decrease of pressure stops the beat or can slow it down for a short time. The heart-beat of Gammarus is accelerated after decompression. These effects of pressure also depend on the temperature. 7. Under pressure in short- and long-termed experiments the O2-consumption of diverse species wasmeasured in steadily running sea-water. Increasing pressure by steps (100-300 atm) Asterias rubens, Henricia sanguinolenta, Ophiura texturata and Psammechinus miliaris react every time with initial "shock-like" reduction of O2-consumption. At 100-200 atm Carcinus maenas, Hyas araneus, Nereis diversicolor and Platichthys flesus initially accelerate their metabolism. Constant pressures of 200 and 300 atm lower the O2-consumption below the normal rates. 8. The slight changes in metabolism of some eurybathic echinoderms under a step by step increase of pressure (100-300 atm) and a gradual recovery of O2-consumption during long-termed exposure to pressure may be looked upon as an adaptation to pressure.

Description: During the Atlantic Expedition "Meteor" 1965 the standard visibility was measured aboard with an AEG/FFM-Scattered Light Recorder. The working principle, technique and accuracy of this instrument is described. Furthermore some empirical results are discussed, e. g. the errors due to the disturbing influences of the ship and those caused by contamination of the lenses, The measured values are compared with estimated values of visibility by eyeobservation. For certain periods with uniform atmosphericconditions, hourly mean values of visibility have been correlated with air temperature, humidity and wind. The visibility shows a rather weak daily period for pure oceanic aerosol, whereas about 100 miles off the African coast the period appeared more pronounced. Interesting differences have been found in the relative changes of visibility for different origins of the aerosol. 'fhis results into a dependence of visibility on the wavelength of scattered radiation.

Description: During the 1965 Atlantic Expedition of the "Meteor" concentrations of various atmospheric trace gases were measured. The following gases were considered: carbon dioxide (C02), sulfur dioxide (S02), nitrogen dioxide (N02), and nitric oxide (NO). The air whereof these components were measured was sucked in from a height of 14 m above the surface of the sea. The results allow conclusions upon the long term global increase of the atmospheric C02 content, the meridional distribution of the C02 on the Atlantic Ocean, and the dependance of its concentration upon the time of the day and the thermal structure of the atmosphere. Attempts at determining concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide of non-continental origin failed at large. Concentrations of N02, however, could succesfully be measured.

Description: A radiosonde is described for measuring the upward and downward fluxes of visible light in the atmosphere. Photoresistors are used as sensors, the optical center of the spectral range beeing at 0.55 µ. The results of these flux-measurements obtained during the Atlantic Expedition 1965 with the research vessel "Meteor" are presented. The datas have been divided into three groups according to the amount of cloudiness. In group a) ( small cloudiness) the extinction coefficient of the prevailing linear radiation is derived as a function of the height. Characteristics of airmasses of maritime or continental origin are shown. In group b) (cloud covered sky) microphysical quantities are determined from the radiative lapse rate in the clouds. The average radius of droplets is found to lie between 5.5 µ und 14.4 µ. The albedo of cloud surfaces varies between 25 % and 54 %, the transmission values are between 58 % and 73 %. One ascent through a Cirrus cloud of considerable vertical thickness is treated seperately. The observed distribution of extinction is compared with theoretical values in water clouds leading to the same order of magnitude. The relation between the albedo of the surface of the sea and the amount of cloudiness is discussed.

Description: During the Atlantic expedition potential gradient, small ion density and space charge density have been recorded. Laborious efforts have been taken for receiving an exact estimation of the reduction factor for the field measurements. The mean value of the potential gradient on the free Atlantic Ocean was 105 V/m. The mean daily course is in very good agreement with the results of the Carnegie Institution. Even records taken on individual days near the equator show this course. For the first time it has been attempted to correlate the potential gradient at sea and the voltage between ionosphere and earth measured over land. A narrow relation has been found in 10 cases of balloon ascents with radiosondes. A further remarkable result is, that the short periodical fluctuations of the air electric field at sea with periods of 2 to 20 minutes have amplitudes of the magnitude of the mean field strength and exist all over the oceans. Recordings of the space charge density show, that positively charged air parcels drift in the first hectometer of the air near the sea surface and produce the fluctuation of the potential gradient. A period analysis did not indicate a recognizable relation to the wind velocity up to now, although an effect of air turbulence must be involved. The concentration of small ions also has been measured occasionally. With this and mean values of the potential gradient the air earth curent density has been computed. With η+ = 310 cm-3, η_ = 220 cm-3 the air conductivity would be Λ = 1, 14 · 10-14 Ohm-1 m-1. These values are smaller than values of other authors by a factor of 2 or 3. Therefore the computed air earth current density is also smaller. The discrepancy could not be explained yet.

Description: The study of textural, structural, chemical, and physical properties of fine-grained recent marine sediments leads to the conclusion that only a few compositional factors are responsible for significant changes in mass physical characteristics in the upper meters below sea bottom. Fossil-induced porosity (text fig. 6) increases water content and liquid limit. It also seems to have partially influenced the plastic limit and plasticity index of calcareous sandy silts from the Red Sea and the western Gulf of Aden so that they become similar to the montmorillonite rich prodelta clays from the Nile Delta. Diagrams based on liquid limit and plasticity loose their original meaning in these cases (text fig. 7 a). Activity of sediments rich in microorganisms can be higher than that of montmorillonitic clay (text fig. 7b). The shear strength-depth relationship of normally consolidated sediments (text fig. 8 a) is surprisingly little influenced by changes in sand or clay content and clay mineralogy. Only high lime content, submarine erosion and beginning cementation increase the strength considerably (part of curves in text fig. 8 b ). Erosional disconformities near the present surface can be deduced from the strength-depth curve when as little as 1 or 2 m sediment have been removed (text fig. 9). Flat or irregular strength-depth curves (text fig. 8 b, curves B and GO) indicate beginning cementation and probably discontinuous sedimentation, provided the composition of the material remains in some degree constant. In our samples diagenetic pyrite, but no recristallisation of carbonates could be detected under the microscope. Underconsolidation and excess pore-water pressure, factors which tend to foster submarine slides, mud lumps, and diapiric folding, seem to be restricted to areas with mainly rapidly deposited, homogeneous or layered sediments. But where an abundance of burrowing organisms increases the vertical permeability of the sediment, normal consolidation and stable deposits are to be expected, at least in the upper meters below the present surface. According to 14C-determinations on calcareous microorganisms the rate of deposition of the investigated sediments seems to range from 26 to 167 cm per 1000 years.

Description: Two water samples and two sediment samples taken in 1965 by the R. V. "Meteor" in the area of the hot salt brine of the Atlantis II-Deep were chemically investigated, and in addition the sediment samples were subjected to X-ray and optical analysis. The investigation of the sulfur-isotope-ratios showed the same values for all water samples. This information combined with the Ca-sulfate solubility data leads us to conclude that, for the most part, the sulfate content of the salt brine resulted from mixing along the boundary with the normal seawater. In this boundary area gypsum or anhydrite is formed which sinks down to the deeper layers of the salt brine where it is redisolved when the water becomes undersaturated. In the laboratory, formation of CaSO4 precipitate resulted from both the reheating of the water sample from the uppermost zone of the salt brine to the in-situ-temperature as well as by the mixing of the water sample with normal Red Sea water. The iron and manganese delivered by the hot spring is separated within the area of the salt brine by their different redox-potentials. Iron is sedimented to a high amount within the salt brine, while, as evidenced by its small amounts in all sediment samples, the more easily reducible manganese is apparently carried out of the area before sedimentation can take place. The very good layering of the salt brine may be the result of the rough bottom topography with its several progressively higher levels allowing step-like enlargements of the surface areas of each successive layer. Each enlargement results in larger boundary areas along which more eff ective heat transfer and mixing with the next layer is possible. In the sediment samples up to 37.18% Fe is found, mostly bound as very poorly crystallized iron hydroxide. Pyrite is present in only very small amounts. We assume that the copper is bound mostly as sul­fide, while the zinc is most likely present in an other form. The sulfur-isotope-investigations indicate that the sulfur in the sediment, bound as pyrite and sulfides, is not a result of bacterical sulfate-reduction in the iron-rich mud of the Atlantis II-Deep, but must have been brought up with the hot brine.

Description: As a result of the participation of R. V. "Meteor" in the International Indian Ocean Expedition during the winter 1964/65 altogether 37 sounding profiles were obtained in the Arabian Sea (plate 2-18). They are showing the topographic peculiarities of the main features of the sea bottom in this northwestern part of the Indian Ocean: Shelves, continental slopes and rises, deep-sea plains and hills, the Mid-Oceanic Ridge, fracture zones and seamounts. A control chart (plate 1) shows the geographical sounding lines. The coordination of the soundings with the bathymetric sketch and the map of physiographic provinces (B. C. HEEZEN and M. THARP) is represented in fig. 1 and 2. All soundings were obtained by the modern ELAC-Narrow Beam sounder which also accurately records very steep slopes of the sea bottom (fig. 3 and 4 ). Two series of sounding prnfiles (fig. 5 and 6) are showing the main topographic differences of shelf and slope between the eastern African and the western Indian continental margin. The descriptive analysis of all the sounding sections carried out by "Meteor" show the following main results: a) discovery of a very steep towering up seamount in the northern Somali basin at φ = 8° 16' N, λ 53° 12' E, which is rising up from a depth of 5000 m to about -2000 m (plate 3), b) registration of numerous steep canyons in the upper part of the eastern African continental slope near the coast of Kenya (plate 6 ), c) complete representation of a characteristic section across the Carlsberg-Ridge inclusively rift mountains and the Rift-Valley (plate 9), d) new characteristic results of sounding profiles across the Alula-Fartak trench showing very steep siopes on its flancs (plate 18).

Description: Sediments from a 3.40 m core out of the Persian Gulf were investigated for their content of straight chain paraffins and fatty acids. The samples range in age between 2000 and 9000 years (C-14-age of organic C). They contain 100-300 ppm of extractable fatcompounds and 20-70 ppm of hydrocarbons. There is no connection between the original distribution of the homologous series of n-fatty acids and n-paraffins. However, there is evidence that part of the n-fatty acids was reduced to n-paraffins, although the sediment itself does not look as if it were deposited under reducing conditions.

Description: 1. Coeloplana meteoris is described as a new platyctene ctenophore (with 11 photographs and 1 coloured figure). 2. Its systematic position is discussed and understood as preliminary. 3. A comparison is made of the gastrovascularsystem of the Platyctenea. These can be used for systematic characterisation.

Description: During the expedition of R.V. "Meteor" to the Indian Ocean 21 species of marine algae and 2 phanerograms were collected on the Sarso islands. A littoral zone (in the botanical sense) and three sublittoral zones could be diffentiated by means of the algae. Of these the most conspicuous is the Sargassum-Turbinaria belt. A small strip of Avicennia mangrove was observed. The collected marine plants belong to 5 types of geographical distribution which indicate the origin of the flora from the Indian Ocean.

Description: 1. In der Zeit von Juni 1966 bis Februar 1967 wurde die jahreszeitliche Änderung des Eiweiß-, Chlorophyll a- und Phosphorgehaltes von Netzplankton untersucht. Die Proben wurden in der Kieler Förde (Leuchtturm Friedrichsort und Tonne C) mit 3 verschieden feinen Netzen (56, 100, 300 μ Maschenweite) genommen. 2. Die aus allen Netzproben an beiden Stationen gebildeten Mittelwerte betragen für Eiweiß 7,2 bis 12,7%, für Chlorophyll a 0,54-0,70% und für Phosphor 0,41-0,90% des Trockengewichtes. 3. Das Trockengewicht des Planktons lag bei Station Leuchtturm Friedrichsort zwischen 8,8 und 23,5 mg/m3 und bei Station Tonne C zwischen 9,7 und 19,6 mg/m3. 4. Insgesamt zeigen die Analysenwerte beider Stationen keine signifikanten Unterschiede trotz der unterschiedlichen Lage in der Innen- und Außenförde. 1. The seasonal variations (June 1966 to February 1967) in albumen equivalent, chlorophyll a and phosphorus in net plankton collected with 3 different mesh sizes at two stations in the Kieler Förde (Station LF = Leuchtturm Friedrichsort and Station TC = Tonne C) were investigated. 2. Taking the overall average values of all the nets at the two stations, the variations in albumen equivalent were between 7.2 to 12.7% Chlorophyll a values were between 0.54 to 0.70% and phosphorus values were between 0.41 to 0.90% dry weight of plankton. 3. The total dry weight of plankton at Station LF varied between 8.8 to 23.5 and at Station TC between 9.7 to 19.6 mg/m3. 4. On the whole there are no significant differences in the values of both stations, inspite of their different position in the inner and outer part of the fjord.

Description: Im August 1966 wurden zwischen Cuxhaven und Edinburgh 39 Oberflachenproben in 10 sm Abstand und 17 Tiefenproben auf 5 Vertikalstationen entnommen. Es wurden die Verteilung von Temperatur, Salzgehalt, Trübung, Gelbstoff-, Chlorophyll a- und Eiweißgehalt und die Artenzusammensetzung des größeren Phytoplanktons untersucht. Folgende Wassermassen wurden beobachtet: 1. Das Wasser der Deutschen Bucht mit hohen Werten für die Trübung, den Gelbstoff-, Chlorophyll- und Eiweißgehalt. Das Phytoplankton ist durch den Reichtum an Diatomeen mit der vorherrschenden Art Rhizosolenia imbricata var. shrubsolei gekennzeichnet. 2. Das salzreiche Doggerbankwasser atlantischer Herkunft, das sehr niedrige Werte für die untersuchten biologischen Faktoren aufweist. Neben den Diatomeen werden Dinoflagellaten häufig. 3. Das Britannische Ostktüstenwasser mit einem leicht erhöhten Gelbstoffgehalt aber sonst ebenfalls sehr niedrigen Werten für Trübung, Chlorophyll a und Eiweiß. Die Kieselalgen sind von Peridineen abgelöst worden. Die Leitform ist Ceratium furca. Der Küsteneinfluß ist an der schottischen Küste sehr viel geringer als in der Deutschen Bucht. Die niedrigen Chlorophyll- und Eiweißwerte in der offenen Nordsee kennzeichnen das sommerliche Minimum in der Planktonentwicklung.

Description: An Hand von erzielten Resultaten mit dem Membran-Salzfühler wird die Genauigkeit dieser Methode zur Registrierung der Salzschichtung diskutiert. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Meßergebnisse wird besprochen. Einige Messungen in der Ostsee werden als Beispiele angeführt. With the aid of some results the accuracy of the membrane salinity sensor is discussed. The reproducibility of the measurements is determined. Some recordings in the Baltic Sea demonstrate the usefulness of the method.

Description: Die Bernsteinschnecken Succinea sarsi und Succinea pfeifferi besiedeln schwach salzige Wiesen am Rande der großen Breite der Schlei. Die Fortpflanzung setzt im März ein, hat ihren Höhepunkt im Juni und nimmt zum Herbst hin wieder langsam ab. Zum Überwintern kleben sich die Schnecken mit der Schalenöffnung an Grashalme wenige cm vom Boden an. Die Eiablage ist bei niedrigen Substratsalinitäten ( 0-5‰) normal, nimmt bei höheren Salinitäten (10‰) ab und hört bei extremen Salinitäten (20‰) ganz auf. Entsprechendes gilt für die Entwicklungsdauer. Während die Entwicklung auf O und 5‰ normal verläuft, treten bei Salinitäten über 10‰ Störungen auf. Bei 20‰ findet keine Entwicklung mehr statt. Aus den Blutuntersuchungen ergab sich, daß die Schnecken im ganzen tolerierten Salinitätsbereich schwach hypertonisch sind. Maximal werden osmotische Drucke entsprechend einer Salinität um 14‰ im Blut ertragen. Der relativ niedrige osmotische Druck des Blutes auf hoher Substratsalinität ist auf die Substratflucht zurückzuführen, mit der sich die Schnecken extrem salzigem Substrat entziehen. Die Konzentration des Innenmediums beruht hier auf dem Verlust von Körperflüssigkeit durch Transpiration. In salt-marshes along the Schlei, a firth with decreasing salinity from the mouth (about 18‰) to the innermost tip (about 4‰) there live two species of Succinea (S. pfeifferi and S. sarsi). Their salinity-tolerance was tested experimentally. As they can be determined by anatomical criteria only, they were not separated in the experiments. Egg-laying, development, feeding, and growth is normal on freshwater and on salinities of the substratum up to almost 10‰. Higher salinity cause migration to the lid of the Petri-dishes (in situ: to the upper parts of the vegetation). Development, feeding, and growth stop. The animals loose water because of desiccation and die after about one month. The osmotic pressure of the blood is normal for a terrestrial gastropod on freshwater with lettuce as food; it rises with a high salinity in the food (Enteromorpha) or in the substratum or because of desiccation up to maximum values corresponding to a salinity of 14‰. In life, Succinea seems to keep its blod slightly hyperosmotical against the substratum.

Description: Three water masses are identified in the Suez Canal region. The Port Said region represents Mediterranean waters influenced in late summer by the nile flood. The Bitter Lake waters have salinity 44 to 48‰ due to the effect of the salt deposits in the bottom of the Great Bitter Lake. The Suez Bay water is affected in autumn by the salty water from the Bitter Lakes. The salt deposits were found to be very poor in the sulphates and bromides. The waters of the Bitter Lakes show S04"/Cl' and Br'/Cl' ratios less than the oceanic values and that of the Suez Bay. A seasonal variation in the S04"/Cl' ratio was detected in the Great Bitter Lake. The maximum salinity together with the minimum S04''/Cl' ratio occur in September, while the minimum salinity is accompanied by the maximum S04"/Cl' ratio in March. The empirical relationship S04" 0.1118 Cl‰ +0.6469 is suggested for the highely saline water of the Suez Canal (S‰ 41.5). The S04"/Cl' ratio of Port Said waters is higher than the oceanic ratio due to dilution by the Nile waters which was found to have S04"/Cl' ratio 12 times that of the sea water. The Br'/Cl' ratio in Port Said is less than the normal ratio in sea water, since the Nile water must have a relatively low Br'/Cl' ratio. The F/Cl ratio of the three water masses is less than the accepted value for surface sea water. The lowest values are encounterd in the Bitter Lake waters.

Description: Die Sternbildung von drei Agrobacterium-Arten aus der Ostsee wurde anhand von bedampften und unbedampften Präparaten und von Ultradünnschnitten elektronenoptisch untersucht. Bei allen drei Arten wurde eine Haftsubstanz nachgewiesen, an der sich die Zellen mit ihren Polen festheften. Sie wird von den Zellpolen abgeschieden. Die Sternzellen waren stets von einer deutlichen Zellwand begrenzt. Anhaltspunkte for eine Zell- oder Kernverschmelzung im Sternzentrum konnten nicht gefunden werden. Es bestand keine eindeutige Tendenz zur Verlagerung der DNS in den zentralen Pol. Agrobacterium luteum besitzt polare Fimbrien, die offenbar für die Entstehung der Sterne wichtig sind. Im Zentrum der Rosetten befinden sich runde Granula von einheitlichem Aufbau. Sie werden in bedampften Präparaten ganzer Zellen und in Ultradünnschnitten abgebildet. Ihre Bedeutung wird diskutiert. The star formation of three species of Agrobacterium from the Baltic Sea was examined by electron microscopy of shadowed and unshadowed preparations. In all three species a holdfast material was found to exist, to which the cells are attached by means of their poles. This holdfast material is a secretion of the cell poles. The individual cells of the stars were in all cases limited by a distinct cell -wall. There was no indication of a fusion of the cells or the nuclei in the centre of the stars. Nor was any definite tendency found for the DNA to gather at the central pole. Agrobacterium luteum has polar fimbriae, which appear to be important for the formation of the stars. In the centre of the rosettes round granules of equal structure are to be found. They are demonstrated in shadowed preparations of whole cells and in ultrathin sections. Their importance is discussed.

Description: Es werden die Daten des Polarfront-Programms während des Internationalen Geophysikalischen Jahres 1957/58 verwendet, um die Frage des Eindringens jahresperiodischer Oberflächenstörungen zu untersuchen. Nach der Diskussion der Oberflächenstörungen und der bei der Ermittlung der Eindringtiefe auftretenden Fehler werden durch den Vergleich von TS-Kurven die gesuchten Tiefenwerte gefunden. Für das Seegebiet südöstlich Grönlands wird eine spezielle Untersuchung durchgeführt. Unter stark vereinfachten Verhältnissen werden vertikale Austauschkoeffizienten ermittelt. Zum Abschluß wird die Frage untersucht, wieweit die für das Jahr 1958 gefundenen Verhältnisse repräsentativ für das Untersuchungsgebiet sind. Data of the "Polar Front Survey", one of the most extensive oceanographic programs during the International Geophysical Year 1957/58, were used to determine the maximum depth of penetration of seasonal surface disturbances. The area of investigation covers the North Atlantic between 40°N-65°N and 10°W-45°W. It is established, that next to the annual water budget and the annual cycle of windspeed, the heat budget is the most important factor causing variations of yearly periods in deeper layers. The maximum depth of penetration is determined by comparing temperature - salinity curves both from spring and from autumn, which are obtained by means of a suitable averaging process (see plate 8, 9). The resulting depths reach from less than 200 m in the southern part of the area to more than 600 m west of Scotland and south of Iceland (see plate 10, fig. 20). The mean error of these depths was found to be about 15%, The weak haline stratification in the area southeast of Greenland gives rise to the sinking of cooled surface water in winter. Therefore extreme depths of more than 2000 m may be reached by annual surface disturbances (see plate 11). This area is well known as one of the sources of North Atlantic deep water. By means of strong simplifications vertical exchange coefficients were estimated (see table 2 and 3).

Description: 1.a) Überlebende isolierte Wimperepithelien mariner Bodenevertebraten wurden in zahlreichen Versuchsserien für jeweils gleiche Zeiten ( 6-24 Stunden) unter Druck von 100-1000 atm gebracht. Danach wurde bei normalem Atmosphärendruck ihre Überlebensfähigkeit am Fortbestehen des Cilienschlages mikroskopisch kontrolliert. Die so gemessenen zellulären Druckresistenzen zeigten folgende artspezifische Unterschiede: Asterias rubens 〉 Mytilus edulis = Astarte borealis Modiolus modiolus 〉 Cyprina islandica 〉 Metridium senile. Offensichtlich ist bei den Arten mit der größten Tiefenverbreitung auch die zelluläre Druckresistenz am höchsten. Ebenso wirkt sich wohl eine größere ökologische Potenz (Mytilus) in einer relativen Zunahme der zellulären Druckresistenz aus. b) Isoliertes Kiemengewebe von Mytilus ist in der Wärme (15°C) druckresistenter als in der Kälte (5°C). Kommt die angewandte höhere Temperatur aber nicht mehr im Verbreitungsgebiet der Art vor, so bewirkt sie keine Zunahme der Druckresistenz (Versuche an Modiolus). Werden Gewebe von kalt- und warmangepaßten Miesmuscheln bei der gleichen niederen oder mittleren Temperatur untersucht, so ist das kaltangepaßte Gewebe druckresistenter. c) Das Kiemengewebe von Nordsee-Miesmuscheln ist in Nordsee-Wasser von 30‰ S druckresistenter als das gleiche Gewebe von Ostsee-Miesmuscheln in Ostsee-Wasser von 15‰ S. Durch gekreuzte Umadaptation an niederen bzw. höheren Salzgehalt kann nachgewiesen werden, daß es sich hierbei um den Einfluß des Salzgehaltes und nicht um genetische Unterschiede handelt. d) In Meerwasser von doppeltem Calciumgehalt ist die Druckresistenz des Kiemengewebes von in gleichem Meerwasser voradaptierten Miesmuscheln deutlich erhöht. 2,a) In einer mit Fenstern versehenen Druckkammer wurde außerdem die Cilienschlagdauer des isolierten Kiemengewebes von Mytilus unter erhöhtem Druck mit Hilfe eines umgekehrten Mikroskopes beobachtet. Diese Schlagdauer unter Druck (500 atm) ist bei erhöhtem Salzgehalt (30‰ S) größer als bei niederem Salzgehalt (15‰ S). Sie ist auch bei Modiolus länger als bei Mytilus. b) Ebenso wird die Cilienschlagdauer unter Druck durch vermehrten Kalium- und Calciumgehalt und verminderten Magnesiumgehalt des Meerwassers erhöht.

Description: 1. The cellular heat resistance of the commoh mussel Mytilus edulis L. from the Baltic and the North Sea shows distinct seasonal fluctuation, being obviously influenced by the stage of maturity of the gonades as well as by the varying environmental temperature. 2. Exposing the mussels to a temperature not corresponding to the season, the cellular heat resistance will temporarily show "reasonable (corresponding)" changes i.e. increase in heat, decrease in cold. Long-term adaption to different temperatures will often equalize the heat resistance difference between the test animals being either adapted to heat or cold. Isolated gill tissue shows corresponding changes in heat resistance during the first hours after increase or decrease of the temperature respectively too. 3. A simultaneous periodical change in temperature (10°-25° C) and medium (air-water), corresponding approximately to the natural living conditions of North Sea animals (shore belt, summer) causes a slow, considerable increase in cellular heat resistance of the test animals, which will still be evident after a 7-days re-adaptation of the mussels to constant conditions (10° C and water). 4. Heat and cold shocks increase "unspecifically" the cellular heat and freezing resistance of whole animals as well as of isolated gill tissue. 5. A short exposure of isolated gill tissue to low oxygen tension causes a temporary "unspecific" increase in cellular heat and freezing resistance. 6. The increase in heat resistance of the isolated gill tissue by temperature shock is combined (associated to) with a decrease in oxygen consumption. 7. The heat resistance of the intracellular enzyme Aldolase can be increased by heat adaptation of whole mussels as well as by heat shock.

Description: Die Polychaetenart Ophryotrocha gracilis HUTH 1934 wird nach einem reichen Material aus dem Helgolander Felswatt wiederbeschrieben. Einige Beobachtungen über Bewegungsweise und Verhalten werden mitgeteilt. Ihre Morphologie wird diskutiert, besonders im Hinblick auf Anpassungen an das Leben im Sandlückensystem und auf eine im Vergleich zu O. puerilis verstärkte Neotenie. The Polychaete species Ophryotrocha gracilis, first mentioned by HUTH 1934, is redescribed from a rich material provided from intertidal sand of the rocky shore of Heligoland. Some observations concerning locomotion and reactions on disturbance are communicated. The morphology is discussed, especially with regard to adaptions to living in the interstices of the sand and to a more accentuated neoteny in comparison with the prototype of the genus, 0. puerilis

Description: Es werden vier sternbildende Bakterienstämme aus der westlichen Ostsee beschrieben und Beobachtungen über die Ausbildung der sternförmigen Zellaggregate mitgeteilt. Ein Stamm wird zu Agrobacterium stellulatum STAPP und KNÖSEL gestellt, die drei anderen werden als eigene Arten abgegrenzt und dafür die Namen Agrobacterium ferrugineum nov. spec., Agrobacterium luteum nov. spec. und Agrobacterium sanguineum nov. spec. vorgeschlagen. Four bacterial strains forming starlike aggregates were isolated from waters of the Western Baltic Sea. They were studied morphologically and physiologically, with special emphasis on the aggregate formation. A description of each strain is given. One belongs to Agrobacterium stellulatum STAPP and KNÖSEL. For three further strains the following names are proposed: Agrobacterium ferrugineum nov. spec., Agrobacterium luteum nov. spec. and Agrobacterium sanguineum nov. spec.

Description: Es wird ein Pilz aus der Familie der THRAUSTOCHYTRIACEAE (SAPROLEGNIALES) beschrieben, der im Algenanwurf und im Sediment der Ostsee sowie in Bodenproben des Sylter Watts (Nordsee) gefunden wurde. A fungus from the family of THRAUSTOCHYTRIACEAE (SAPROLEGNIALES) is described, which has been found in algal cast-off and in sediments of the Baltic Sea as well as in sediments of the intertidal zone of the isle of Sylt (North Sea).

Description: Iphione muricata ist ein breit-ovaler, abgeflachter Schuppenwurm gelblich-brauner Färbung, der über den ganzen indo-westpazifischen Raum verbreitet ist. Im Roten Meer wurde die Art bei Massawa und Al-Ghardaqa an der Felsenküste und im Korallenriff gefunden. Iphione saugt sich auf dem Substrat fest und unternimmt nachts Wanderungen. Die eigenartige Muskulatur wird untersucht, die Elytren zeigen eine an pflanzliches Gewebe erinnernde Struktur. Ihre Ränder tragen spezielle Anhänge. Die systematische Stellung wird erläutert und die Art noch einmal beschrieben. Iphione muricata is an elongate-oval, flattened scale-worm of yellowish-brown colour (Fig. 1) which is distributed all over the Indo-Westpacific region. It was found in the Red Sea near Massawa and Hurghada on the rocky shore, where it clings to the under surface of stones in shallow water and to dead parts of the coral reef. In the night Iphione crawls for some hours, but only a few inches. Musculature (Fig. 4) (with dorso-ventral tissues), the kidney-shaped elytra (Fig. 5d) (with very large, peculiar cells) and special appendages of the scales (Fig. 5c) are described. The taxonomic position is discussed and the species Iphione muricata (SAVIGNY, 1820) is redescribed (Fig. 5).

Description: Im Roten Meer wurden die beiden Polychaeten Gyptis ophiocomae n.sp. und Podarke pugettensis spinapandens n. ssp. mit Echinodermen vergesellschaftet gefunden. Podarke pugettensis spina­pandens lebt auf dem "Sand-Dollar" Clypeaster humilis,auf dessen kürzeren Stacheln, sie sich frtbewegt. Die längeren weichen dagegen vor dem Polychaeten auseinander, Pedicellarien greifen ihn nicht an. Gyptis ophiocomae lebt auf dem Schlangenstern Ophiocoma scolopendrina und zeigt im allgemeinen eine beträchtliche Übereinstimmung mit dem Farbmuster des Wirtes. Beide Arten werden beschrieben und mit anderen derselben Gattung, die im Indo-Westpazifik vorkommen, verglichen. Die Art der Fortbewegung wird erklärt und die segmentale Muskulatur dargestellt. In the Red Sea the two polychaetes Gyptis ophiocomae n. sp. and Podarke pugettensis spinapandens n. ssp. were found associated with Echinoderms. Podarke pugettensis spinapandens lives on the sand dollar Clypeaster humilis on whose shorter spines it moves while the longer spines go aside, pedicellaria do not attack the worm. Gyptis ophiocomae lives on the brittle star Ophiocoma scolopendrina. There is generally a striking colour correspondence between the serpent star and its polychaetous associates. Both species are described and compared to other species of the same genera living in the Indo-Westpacific region. The way of moving is explained and the segmental musculature is described.

Description: In this paper the sections for temperature and salinity are presented, which were obtained during the cruise of R. V. "Meteor" in the Indian Ocean (1964/65). The hydrographic observations in the Arabian Sea, had the aim to provide information on the influence of the NE-monsoon on the distribution of salinity and temperature off the east coast of Africa and off the west coast of India. Special attention was given to the spreading of highly saline water from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. The track of the expedition was layed out according to these plans and is presented in figure 1. The data were collected by means of hydrographic casts with newly developed water bottles, and by means of "in-situ" measurements with the "bathysonde", an instrument for the continuous recording of electrical conductivity, temperature and pressure. This paper only deals with the data of the casts which are presented in a special publication together with the chemical data. The hydrographic conditions off the east coast of Africa are characterised by a rather complicated distribution of salinity within the first 1000 m of depth with several intermediate maxima and minima (hydrographic sections III-IX). This is due to the spreading of highly saline water mainly from the Red Sea, which can be traced southwards at least as far as 4° N (figure 9). Similar complicated conditions were found off the west coast of India (sections XI-XVI). Here the cause can be traced back to watermasses from the Persian Gulf. In depths below 2 000 m the TS-relation is virtually the same at both sides of the Arabian Sea.

Description: The present investigatioh concerns itself with two problems: First it is investigated with the aid of the hydrographic data available until medio 1965 from the Indian Ocean, whether due to the varying actions of the monsoons a large scale seasonal shift in the distribution of the isohalines occurs at the level of intermediate salinity maxima ( depth range about from 300 to 800 m). Furthermore it is investigated by means of two theoretical models whether advection or horizontal mixing dominates in the large scale distribution of the salinity in the Arabian Sea. In the treatment of the first problem, distribution charts for the water from the Read Sea and the Persian Gulf were made with the aid of the core layer method for both monsoon periods. The core layer of Red Sea water lies at about 600 to 800 m depth. The watermasses from the Persian Gulf sink from 200 to 500 m while moving from north to south. In both seasons the observable limit of extension lies at about 3° N. Seasonal variations occur apparently only in the northern part of the basin and at its margins. The observed distribution of salinity shows at all levels (300, 400, 500, and 600 m) an east-west pattern (fig. 7 to 10). In no case a tongue form appears in the isohalines. The observed distribution is satisfactorily interpreted by means of a model which considers only horizontal mixing and the natural boundary conditions (Dirichlets problem for the rectangle). A further model which includes advective terms does not corroborate the observations. The investigations lead to the conclusion that the existing stationary distribution of salinity in the central part of the Arabian Sea is maintained essentially by large scale mixing processes. Further theoretical considerations, which are based upon observations at the 800 m level, suggest that the distribution of salinity at the margins of the basin strongly influences the salinity of the inner part. A change in the marginal distribution on the other hand, may be caused by means of horizontal movements of relatively small width. In further investigations on the circulation of the Arabian Sea one has therefore to consider especially the processes at the margins of the basin.

Description: Although vertical velocities are very small, they are of great importance with regard to chemical and biological processes in the sea. A study of the circulation phenomena of down- and upward moving watet masses is not possible experimentally. Therefore, the vertical velocities were determined by means of a theoretical model using empirical data obtained by R. V. "Meteor" in the Arabian Sea, during the period of tbe NE-monsoon 1964/65. Based upon the observed data for the density the physical topography of the sea level was calculated by means of the dynamic method. The wind registrations during the hydrographic stations of R. V. "Meteor" show a very constant wind distribution of the NE-monsoon. The data of wind distribution, shapes of sea level and pycnocline were used in a simple two dimensional two layer model with two constant densities and two constant vertical eddy coefficients. The main results are presented in horizontal charts for four levels from O to 300 m for the African and for the Indian coast (plate 6 and 7). The charts show alternative strips of weak upward and downward movements parallel to the coast. The width of the strips varies from 30 to 80 km. There are three areas of intensified vertical velocities: south of the island of Socotra (profile III), south of the equator near the coast of Mombasa (profile VIII), and southerly from Karachi (profile XV). These results of stripwise distribution of upward and downward velocities are compared for one case with the distribution of particulate carbon, which shows a similar alternative distribution of minimum and maximum values (plate 8). Maximum velocities of 2 · 10-4 cm/sec occur in profile XV, in the layers between 100 and 200 m. On the other profiles velocities are less than 10-5 cm/sec. In all cases it was found that the vertical velocities reach a maximum well below the pycnocline, in order to decrease in either direction.

Description: During the expedition of R.V. "Meteor" in the Indian Ocean the following data were observed on a section from 58° E, 3° S to 58 ° E, 2° N during the end of january 1965: Temperature and salinity by hydrographic casts as well as by continuous registrations with the bathysonde. In addition, observations of several chemical parameters, and measurements of the meridional and zonal current distribution down to 250 m depth were obtained. The results indicate no evidence of an eastward directed equatorial undercurrent towards the end of january 1965: On the contrary, we find relatively strong westward directed currents. Chemical data corroborate this fact as there is no similarity with the distribution of oxygen or phosphate on transequatorial sections from the Pacific or the Atlantic Ocean. A weak eastward directed component of current at 3° S indicates the appearance of the equatorial counter-current. The bathysonde-registrations indicate the existence of at least two characteristic watermasses: Water from the Arabian Sea between 50 to 100 m depth and water from the Red Sea at 700 to 800 m depth.

Description: During the 1965 Atlantic Expedition the R/V "Meteor" was stationed on the equator for several weeks. In order to obtain the vertical flux of heat and momentum vertical profiles of dry and wet bulb temperatures and of wind speed were measured. The water temperature, and the dry and wet bulb temperatures of aspirated psychrometers were taken by means of platinum resistance thermometers. The wind speeds were obtained by contact anemometers and small generator type anemometers. The instruments were mounted at heights between 1 m and 9 m at a meteorological buoy. Connected by floating cables the buoy lay 300 m away from the ship, free of its disturbances.

Description: The meteorological and aeronomical programs of the "Atlantic Expedition 1965 (IQSY)" of the research vessel "Meteor" (10.8.-16.12.1965) are described. Several ionospheric parameters were measured on two meridian sections (fig. 2) and an anchor station at the crossing of the geographic and geomagnetic equator (15.9.-11.10.1965). One part of the aerological programs was to investigate the pressure-, temperature-, humidity- and wind-field of the atmosphere up to 38 km height (349 ascents) and at the equator its daily variations (8 ascents per day at 4 days, 6 ascents per day at 11 days). A second program was concerned with the finestructure of the lower troposphere, especially in the system of the tradewind (146 ascents with special temperature- and humiditysondes up to 5000 m and 63 ascents with a three-channel-sonde from captive balloons (fig. 1) or kites up to 2000 m). All components of the energy-balance of the atmosphere were measured (fig. 3). The radiationbalance up to 25 km height was studied with 26 albedo-radiosondes (A) and 58 infraread-radiosondes (B). The extinction and the atmospheric water-vapour-content (C) was measured by an interference-filter actinograph which was fixed at the sun by a photo-electric follower. The radiation balance of the sea-surface.(D,E), the vertical fluxes of momentum and of sensitive and latent heat (F), and profiles of tritium were studied at the anchor-station with a floating buoy 300 m upwind of the ship. At the same time the diurnal variation of airtemperature at 140 m height was obtained by the three-channel-sonde. The radioactivity of air, rain and ocean water, the tritium content of air in two heights and of ocean water in different depths were measured during the whole expedition. Similar determinations were made of the concentration of C14. The content of C02 of the air was recorded, S02, N02 and NO were discontinuously measured. The electric field-strength up to 15 km heights was measured to evaluate the voltage between ionosphere and earth (25 radiosondes). Continuous records of the atmospheric electric field-strength were made on board the ship and during parts of the expedition additionally the ionconcentration and free electric charge was determined. By the weatherstation of "Meteor" routine meteorological observations were taken supplemented by hourly cloud photographs during daytime. In the region of the trade-wind and the intertropical convergence by aid of the ship's weather radar films and photographs of the horizontal and vertical structure of clouds and showers were made. The results of the investigations will be published in this series.

Description: During the IQSY-expedition of FS "Meteor" at the equatorial station water surface temperature was measured by a radiation thermometer. The error given by this method is estimated. The measured daily variation is in rather good agreement with that calculated for an ocean, which is mixed upto the surface.

Description: In the atmosphere the solar radiation will not only be scattered and be absorbed by the absorption bands of the atmospheric gases but will also be diminished by continuum-absorption in the spectral regions without selective absorption - the "windows" -. The cause of this continuum-absorption is still unknown; may be it is caused by the aerosol or the wings of far off absorption lines. During the Atlantische Expedition 1965 of the research vessel "Meteor" an optical equipment was used for spectral determination of the direct solar radiation and the scattered solar radiation reaching the detector from various parts of the sky. The continuum-absorption follows by comparing the measured radiation with the radiation calculated under the assumption that there is no continuumabsorption. First time air masses without continental aerosol were investigated.

Description: This is a description of a radiosonde equipment for measuring the air-pressure, temperature and humidity simultaneously and continuously. The radiosonde consists of 3 audio-frequency sinewave generators having frequencies proportional to the measured values of a dry-bulb and a wet-bulb resistance thermometer and a pair of aneroid chambers. After receiving the radiosonde signal the 3 audio-frequencies are separated by filters, connected to 3 frequency meters and finally recorded on a double function plotter or on other strip-chart recorders. This equipment has been used for meteorological measurements in the lower troposphere using captive balloons on the research vessel "Meteor" during the 1965 Atlantic Expedition. More than 100 vertical soundings have been recorded up to a maximum ceiling of 2OOO m. The weight of the radiosonde including batteries for 5 hours recording is 1.1 kg. The ambient temperature may be in a range from -28 °C to +60 °C. The accuracy of measurement for the temperatures is ±0.1 °C in a range of 25 °C, for the pressure it is better than ± 1 mb in a range of 300 mb. The resolution for measuring short time changes in smaller ranges is considerably greater.

Description: After a short survey of the ionospheric observations made during the expedition special experiments on and near the geomagnetic equator are described. Using the mobility of the ship together with the form of the antenna pattern the structure of the equatorial Es -layer (Esq) was investigated. It was shown that the Esq-layer contains a filamentary structure which is orientated along the magnetic field lines of the earth. Further polarisation experiments were made in order to investigate the attenuation or blanketing of either the ordinary or the extraordinary component of a magneto-ionic wave. This attenuation and blanketing of the components can be observed conveniently in the vicinity of the geomagnetic equator since the polarisations of both components are linear in this region. Our measurements have shown that during daytime the directions of maximum suppression for the ordinary and the extraordinary component were not exactly perpendicular to each other but deviated from orthogonality by a small angle. This effect was interpreted as an influence of electron collisions on the polarization in the lower ionosphere. Finally a special 2 · F-propagation mode was found in performing these polarisation experiments. In this mode one hop: ground - ionosphere - ground is passed as an ordinary wave, the other as an extraordinary wave. Such a mode can exist only when a coupling between the two gyromagnetic waves is present. An example is shown in which the coupling is possibly caused by two different effects, namely 1. the gyromagnetic components are not perpendicular to each other in the lower ionosphere and 2. the filaments in the Esq-layer act as depolarizers.

Description: A phytoplankton net is described with which samples from six different depth zones can be obtained by a single vertical haul. The closing net is released by an electromagnet through single conductor wire (220 V D.C.). On a revolving disc which is driven by a spring, there are six buckets which are successively brought before the net opening. The parts made of bolting silk can be exchanged, the entrance opening can be reduced. The apparatus is independent from depth by means of pressure compensation.

Description: Within the frame of the German research vessel "Meteor" participation in the International Indian Ocean Expedition 8 members of the "litoral group" worked on a biological survey of the shores of the Sarso Islands (Farasan Archipelago) from 24.11. to 8.12.1964. This report gives details about the expedition and deals with organisation and technical supplies.

Description: The scope of this research was to find out, how important is the presence of brackish water for the formation of the characteristical littoral subsoil fauna in the interstitial spaces of beaches. There is little precipitation in the Red Sea area and therefore little influence of freshwater on the beach. Moreover, the sandy beach of Sarso Island (Farasan Archipelago) is bordered landwards and underneath by solid limestone, preventing subsoil fresh water, if there is any, from penetrating into the beach region. The salinity of the interstitial water from Sarso beach lies a little above the salinity of the adjacent sea. The microfauna of Sarso beach is composed to a rather big proportion of such species that are known to be characteristical littoral subsoil water species, partially of world wide distribution. The ecological analysis of this fauna, i. e. the freeliving Nematodes, reveals the presence of two distinct associations: 1. the association of the low level subsoil region, close to the sea, with clear interstitial water, subject to regular exchange with the water of the adjacent sea. 2. the association of the high level subsoil region, 4-10 meter distant from the sea, with brownish water. Contrary to earlier results there is no distinction in salinity between tl1e two associations, so it is not longer justified to apply the term brackish water fauna on the animals living in the association of the high level subsoil region.

Description: 1. The physiographical zones of the coast of the islands Sarso and Sindi Sarso (Farsan Archipelago, Red Sea) were analyzed by 3 profiles. As shore types a steep coast with an eroded eulitoral platform, a steep coast without such a platform and a sandbeach were selected. 2. The most conspicuous and characteristic fishes, invertebrates and algae were identified, their distribution and zonational limit were studied. 3. In contrast to a normal fringing reef the whole litoral area of these islands is of coral origin. The islands themselves are raised subfossil reefs from the early pleistocene or late tertiary. The recent reefs are based on eroded platforms of these subfossil reefs. 4. Terrestially and subaquatically there are distinguishable different water level marks. They may be the result not only of tectonic occurrences, but also of eustatic changes of the sea-level by glacial origin. 5. The litoral area along the NE coast of the island Sarso was mapped. The 3 zones were studied and described as cross-sections. 6. Samples of the characteristic lime stone of different zones were studied and identified as of only corallogene. 7. As profile II is distinguished from profile I only by the sedimentation of sand upon the eroded platform along the beach there arc great morphological and ecological differences between profile I and III. 8. A reconstruction of the reef development of profiles I and III by raising sea-level was tried. Despite the morphological differences there are many important geological coincidences.