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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (7,137)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (8,146)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1950-1954
  • 1992  (8,146)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (8,146)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 24 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 2
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    Antipode 24 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper proceeds in three steps. First, it gives more focus and rigor to the geographic reception of “postmodernism,” through an investigation of the problem of representation as it has evolved from Kant through de Saussure and Wittgenstein to Derrida. Second, it arranges historical materialist encounters with the problem of representation along a spectrum of increasing seriousness leading from Palmer through Jameson to Adorno. Third, the various geographic responses to and avoidances of the key issues involved in postmodernism are read against the backdrop of possible seriousness opened up by the first two sections of the paper. The essay concludes by considering implications, for both social science and politics, not limited to questions about the possibility of disciplinary legitimacy.
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  • 3
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    Antipode 24 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: 〈blockFixed type="quotation"〉A so-called “going beyond” Marxism will be at worst only a return to pre-Marxism; at best, only the rediscovery of a thought already contained in the philosophy which one believes he has gone beyond. As for “revisionism,” this is either a truism or an absurdity. There is no need to readapt a living philosophy to the course of the world; it adapts itself by means of thousands of new efforts, thousands of particular pursuits, for the philosophy is one with the movement of society.—J.-P. Sartre, Search for a Method (1968: 7)
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  • 4
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    Antipode 24 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
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    Topics: Geography
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  • 5
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    Antipode 24 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
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    Topics: Geography
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  • 6
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    Antipode 24 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
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    Topics: Geography
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  • 7
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 24 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 8
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    Creativity and innovation management 1 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8691
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. What is needed to diminish segregation between men and women in the labour market is a program of affirmative action for the Netherlands as a whole. Specific measures aimed at the removal of barriers between occupations cannot be successful unless they are imbedded in such an overall program. A necessary part of such a plan are facilities that enable women and men to combine unpaid parental tasks and paid labour. In contrast with public day care centres, company day care centres do not fit into such a plan, because they even enlarge existing segregation.Company day care centres and other measures to facilitate parental care and paid labour are more often found in industries with a larger share of female workers. This relationship is found for both the Netherlands and the United States.It is concluded that it is in the interest of employers as well as women's emancipation to increase the number of public day care centres instead of the number of company day care centres.
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  • 10
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    Labour 6 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The article evaluates the EC Equality Directives in matters of social security adopted by the Council in 1978 and 1986. We ask whether these EC Directives are appropriate instruments to reduce manifest disadvantages women face in the national social security systems. In the first part, some features are singled out in the European pension systems which are particularly disadvantageous to women. In the second, the EC Directives are analysed with respect to their material scope and the underlying normative concepts. Thirdly, some problems with respect to the legislative implementation of the Social Security Directives in the UK, the Netherlands and Germany are discussed. It is argued that the Directives, in prescribing equal treatment, do not lead to substantial improvement for women.
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  • 11
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    Labour 6 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. From the point of view of an individual household there are two major types of private cost of children, viz. direct household expenditure for the offspring plus (usually) mothers' foregone earnings. Both aspects have been studied theoretically and empirically, but thus far only separately. The joint empirical analysis of these main costs of children are the subject of this paper. Employing the Austrian Consumer Survey of 1984/85 and 1983's Microcensus, household expenditure on one, two and three children and mothers' foregone earnings are estimated for a comparable sample of households.In order to estimate household expenditure on children a modified Prais-Houthakker model has been employed. Labour force participation functions as well as human-capital wage equations were estimated using a multinomial logit model and allowing for both the impact of career interruptions and part-time work. Through simulation on the basis of these estimates we arrive at comparable life-time earnings of women with no, one, two or three children. We then add the relevant differences to the expenditure on children to obtain the “total” private cost of children.Being aware of the limitations of our analysis–not all monetary private outlays and no public expenditure are included, no consideration of children's benefits to parents, etc. - we can nevertheless draw some tentative conclusions: there are decreasing marginal costs for the second child and rather constant costs for the third child, except for the case of “low attachment“ to the labour force, where marginal cost also declines for the third child. Assuming utility maximizing households, one could arrive at a policy prescription for raising birth rates: find a means to reduce foregone earnings which appear to be a major deterrent to having more than one child.
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  • 12
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for an H1-martingale to be representable with respect to a collection, of local martingales. M H1(P) is representable if and only if M is a local martingale under all p.m.'s Q which are “uniformly equivalent” to P and which make all the elements of local martingales (Theorem 1.1). We then give necessary and sufficient conditions which are easier to verify, and only involve expectations (Theorem 1.2). We go on to apply these results to the problem of pricing claims in an incomplete financial market-establishing two conjectures of Harrison and Pliska(1981).
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  • 13
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: This paper studies contingent claim valuation of risky assets in a stochastic interest rate economy. the model employed generalizes the approach utilized by Heath, Jarrow, and Morton (1992) by imbedding their stochastic interest rate economy into one containing an arbitrary number of additional risky assets. We derive closed form formulae for certain types of European options in this context, notably call and put options on risky assets, forward contracts, and futures contracts. We also value American contingent claims whose payoffs are permitted to be general functions of both the term structure and asset prices generalizing Bensoussan (1984) and Karatzas (1988) in this regard. Here, we provide an example where an American call's value is well defined, yet there does not exist an optimal trading strategy which attains this value. Furthermore, this example is not pathological as it is a generalization of Roll's (1977) formula for a call option on a stock that pays discrete dividends.
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  • 14
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: This is a companion paper to the authors ‘Asset Prices in an Exchange Economy with Habit Formation” in Econometrica which focuses on consumption demand and asset pricing when preferences are habit forming. Here we prove existence of optimal consumption-portfolio policies for (i) utility functions for which the marginal cost of consumption (MCC) interacts with the habit formation process and satisfies a recursive integral equation with forward functional Lipschitz integrand and (ii) utilities for which the MCC is independent of the standard of living and satisfies a recursive integral equation with locally Lipschitz integrand. Result (i) is demonstrated here for the first time. Result (ii) is novel and enables us to consider Cobb-Douglas utilities without placing lower bounds on the system of Arrow-Debreu prices. We also review and extend our earlier results in the linear case; in particular, we provide new insights about the structure of optimal portfolios. Additional new features of the model include the possibility of finite marginal utility of consumption at zero and habit formation mechanisms with stochastic coefficients. an extension to a financial market model with general processes is outlined. A byproduct of the analysis is a set of fixed-point theorems for recursive integral equations with forward functional Lipschitz or locally Lipschitz integrands.
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  • 15
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: This paper generalizes the Merton jump-diffusion option pricing model to the case in which jump risk cannot be eliminated in the market portfolio. the option pricing formula is obtained using a general equilibrium asset pricing model. Since jump risk is systematic, the correlation of the underlying stock's jump with the market portfolio's jump affects the option price.
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  • 16
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: This paper provides a general valuation method for the European options whose payoff is restricted by curved boundaries contractually set on the underlying asset price process when it follows the geometric Brownian motion. Our result is based on the generalization of the Levy formula on the Brownian motion by T. W. Anderson in sequential analysis. We give the explicit probability formula that the geometric Brownian motion reaches in an interval at the maturity date without hitting either the lower or the upper curved boundaries. Although the general pricing formulae for options with boundaries are expressed as infinite series in the general case, our numerical study suggests that the convergence of the series is rapid. Our results include the formulae for options with a lower boundary by Merton (1973), for path-dependent options by Goldman, Sossin, and Gatto (1979), and for some corporate securities as special cases.
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  • 17
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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  • 18
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: We consider a very general diffusion model for asset prices which allows the description of stochastic and past-dependent volatilities. Since this model typically yields an incomplete market, we show that for the purpose of pricing options, a small investor should use the minimal equivalent martingale measure associated to the underlying stock price process. Then we present stochastic numerical methods permitting the explicit computation of option prices and hedging strategies, and we illustrate our approach by specific examples.
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  • 19
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: This article develops a model for pricing the quality option embedded in the Treasury bond futures contract. Since the option value is set relative to a large family of deliverable bond prices, it is important for the theoretical bond prices to match up to the observed prices. Hence an arbitrage-based model is used where the forward rate process is initialized at its current observable value. A model for valuing the quality option in an otherwise identical forward contract is also established. This permits the quality option and marking to market costs to be separately quantified. Support is provided for the common practice of pricing Treasury bond futures contracts as forward contracts with an embedded forward quality option.
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  • 20
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: In the modern theory of finance, the valuation of derivative assets is commonly based on a replication argument. When there are transaction costs, this argument is no longer valid. In this paper, we try to address the general problem of finding the optimal portfolio among those which dominate a given derivative asset at maturity. We derive an interval for its price. the upper bound is the minimum amount one has to invest initially in order to obtain proceeds at least as valuable as the derivative asset. the lower bound is the maximum amount one can borrow initially against the proceeds of the derivative asset. We show that, in some instances, this interval may be strictly bounded above by the price of the replicating strategy. Prima facie, the cost of a dominating strategy should appear to be higher than that of the replicating one. But because trading is costly, it may pay to weigh the benefits of replication against those of potential savings on transaction costs.
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  • 21
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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  • 22
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: We derive alternative representations of the McKean equation for the value of the American put option. Our main result decomposes the value of an American put option into the corresponding European put price and the early exercise premium. We then represent the European put price in a new manner. This representation allows us to alternatively decompose the price of an American put option into its intrinsic value and time value, and to demonstrate the equivalence of our results to the McKean equation.
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  • 23
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: probability with martingales, by david williams
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  • 24
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: This paper extends to continuous time the concept of universal portfolio introduced by Cover (1991). Being a performance weighted average of constant rebalanced portfolios, the universal portfolio outperforms constant rebalanced and buy-and-hold portfolios exponentially over the long run. an asymptotic formula summarizing its long-term performance is reported that supplements the one given by Cover. A criterion in terms of long-term averages of instantaneous stock drifts and covariances is found which determines the particular form of the asymptotic growth. A formula for the expected universal wealth is given.
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Conditions suitable for applications in finance are given for the weak convergence (or convergence in probability) of stochastic integrals. For example, consider a sequence Sn of security price processes converging in distribution to S and a sequence θn of trading strategies converging in distribution to θ. We survey conditions under which the financial gain process θn dSn converges in distribution to θ dS. Examples include convergence from discrete- to continuous-time settings and, in particular, generalizations of the convergence of binomial option replication models to the Black-Scholes model. Counterexamples are also provided.
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: After mentioning some deficiencies of the standard Black-Scholes model for the valuation of call options, we discuss discrete models which allow price changes of the underlying security at discrete time points only. It is shown that, given any distribution with a moment higher than 2, the paths of the Black-Scholes stock price process can be approximated uniformly as closely as one wishes by discrete paths generated by this distribution. Based on this approximation, discrete-time trading strategies are defined. Convergence (in measure and almost surely) of the corresponding financial gain processes is obtained. the results show the robustness of the Black-Scholes model.
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  • 27
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: In this paper we characterize the set of Pareto optimal asset equilibria in an incomplete market OLG framework when inflation-tax-financed monetary shocks impinge on the economy. We show that it is the strength rather than the mere presence of monetary disturbances that accounts for, if the market mechanism fails to achieve allocating efficiency.
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: This paper explores the interest rate sensitivity of the prices of bonds and other securities when the instantaneous interest rate follows a Markov process. We show that whenever the interest rate describes a diffusion process the sensitivity of zero-coupon bonds increases with maturity. More generally, we characterize the risk-maturity relationship for contingent claims. This investigation yields a new property of option prices in the case where the underlying security price is a diffusion.
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  • 29
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    Mathematical finance 2 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9965
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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  • 30
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    Labour 6 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Since the later 1970s, earnings inequality in the United Kingdom has been rising steadily. It is argued that this rise reflects increasing returns to skills, as proxied by factors like education and occupation, while the strengthening labour market position of relatively skilled workers was also reflected in improving relative unemployment and labour force participation rates. These trends are best explained by a rise in the relative demand for skilled labour, implying that the most efficient way of restraining earnings inequality growth is through vigorous educational policies.
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    Labour 6 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9914
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Reviewing empirical studies concerning the corporatism-flexibility-performance nexus the paper discusses decentralized and centralized bargaining systems. Revenue pay systems, concession bargaining and two-tier wage systems as means to enhance wage flexibility at the firm level are also considered. Both theoretical and empirical evidence is presented, showing that unions are bargaining for greater employment security for the already employed (the insiders). In return, unions are ready to accept greater wage flexibility and even wage decreases. By contrast, the insider-outsider theory does suggest how unions may accentuate involuntary unemployment, because there may be ways in which a union can help to raise the wages of the insiders without reducing their chances of continued employment.
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    Labour 6 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9914
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Many problems that decision makers have to solve concern strategic environments. In such situations, the structural uncertainty they must face is overcome by using their representations of reality: people take decisions on the basis of their cognitive maps. In collective high level decision-making, conflicts can rise among different frames and definitions of the problem. The process through which the actors can reach a joint solution has a bargaining nature. The decision-makers' cognitive maps contain, besides the personal view of the problem to be solved, the perception of the position and bargaining power of the other actors. Strategic moves (commitments, threats…) can modify the partners' perceptions of the possibilities of success of their policy. As such, the decision-makers' cognitive maps finally become “complementary”, permitting an agreement.
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    Labour 6 (1992), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. According to some neo-institutional economists, the trade-off of perestroika is between the benefits of solving economic problems via institutional changes and the costs of upsetting the nomenklatura. The “sub-institutional” analysis shows instead a series of organizational adjustments of the productive system that can render this dilemma less pressing, provide Western financial aid increases. This aid will ease the social and political tensions of the transition much more than helping the start of a productivity drive in Soviet firms.
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    Labour 6 (1992), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The paper briefly investigates theoretical arguments for mismatch unemployment; it presents a vacancy-unemployment curve for Germany and investigates various reasons for outward shifts of the curve. Both variables, unemployment and vacancies, are decomposed into flows and duration to identify the underlying processes of these shifts. The analysis of the components with the help of change-duration curves shows adverse trends for unemployment and vacancies over the business cycles. Unemployment duration has increased while vacancy duration has decreased. Mismatch in the labour market can therefore hardly be blamed to have been an obstacle for economic expansion in the German economy during the 1980s. Persistently high unemployment in Germany has to be interpreted as a hysteresis process which was driven by macroeconomic policies, increasing labour supply and restructuring imbedded in the German institutional framework.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. European employers' different policies of personnel management and of industrial relations depend to some extent on the technological and organisational choices they make, but cultural - and especially institutional - factors play an even greater role, in a period in which previous models for action clearly appear inadequate and in which, as a consequence, uncertainty grows.This article illustrates a conceptual and analytical framework which helps understand the scope and the meaning of the recent managerial search for a greater labour consensus noted by many observers. Then it shows how this framework can be used, by applying it to the analysis of the Italian case. Finally, it tries to transform some of the propositions discussed into questions and hypotheses which should guide comparative research.
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    Labour 6 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9914
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Most West European countries have suffered from stagflation for many years. Mainstream economics has debated the question in particular in terms of the demand and supply of goods, labour and capital. But in recent contributions a new element has been introduced: the institutional structure of the economy as a source of imbalances. In this article we focus on the institutions of the labour market. For more than a century West European unions have been struggling to transform market economies into a more efficient and just order. Moral persuasion, strikes, and revolutionary threats were their main weapons. After the Second World War governments yielded to the pressure by building up, together with the unions, a welfare state. During the sixties however, the struggle was renewed, although the governments continued to improve the social security system and maintained their responsibility for full employment. A short sketch will be given of the ideological struggle during the first half of the twentieth century, leading to a significant institutional change: the transformation of a system of private wage bargaining into a collective wage bargaining system. Then the neoclassical, the Marxist and the Keynesian view on the effects of union power on the economic performance of a market economy and of a welfare state will be presented. The conclusion is drawn that the methods required to transform a market economy into a welfare state are anomalies as soon as a welfare state is more or less realized. This is particularly so, because the transformation of a welfare state into a centrally planned economy cannot be considered desirable. In present circumstances, it would be appropriate to pay more attention to the design of an extensive system of mediation and arbitrage to reduce the use of the strike weapon.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The paper analyzes the pattern of time allocation between work and leisure in industrialized countries. Some alternative explanations as to the slowing down in the shortening of working hours to those offered by the traditional economic theory are presented, in the light of empirical findings in the United States. Workers' endogenous preferences seem to play an important role in explaining this unforeseen trend in time allocation.
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    Notes: Abstract. This paper shows that the explicit consideration of the “expected inflation effect” makes it more likely that increases in wage and price flexibility reduce employment variability. This result, obtained in a monopolistic competition model with synchronized contracts, casts doubts on some existing consensus in the literature pointing towards the opposite view. Wage and price flexibility, although ceteris paribus desirable, is however shown to be an inferior substitute for optimally designed demand management.
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    Notes: Abstract. Will European economic and monetary union bring about a unification of European labour markets, and is there likely to be a convergence of patterns of labour market organisation among Community countries? The evidence discussed suggests that a major increase in unskilled mobility across the EC is unlikely, at least concerning EC citizens. Among skilled labour, a major increase in international mobility is also unlikely on account of differences in skill organisation among countries. In contrast, the integration of European capital is causing some integration of enterprise internal labour markets across national borders as firms seek to integrate their managerial and technical workforces. In the “high-tech” area, skills are in a state of flux, and the possibility that European labour markets will emerge is much stronger than for other categories.
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    Notes: The paper develops a simple multiplier-accelerator model of a market economy, where the strength of the accelerator relationship between current investment and past output depends on the state of the economy. It is found that the greater the values of the multiplier and the accelerator, the more persistent and aperiodic («chaotic») would be the cyclical behaviour of the economy.
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    Notes: This paper empirically investigates the impact of central government budget deficits upon interest rates in Italy. The period studied runs from 1955 to 1989, and annual data are used. The interest rate measure is the ex ante real rate of interest. It is found, using an instrumental variables technique to control for the endogeneity of the budget deficit, that the budget deficit raises the ex ante real interest rate in Italy.
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    Notes: Environmental policy is now part of the EC. Harmonization is a fine principle but it should not obstruct above-average environmental ambitions. The environment directorate in Brussels is greener than the Commission, the Commission greener than the Council of Ministers. But it can learn if the voters want it to. It is still a widely accepted idea, une idée recue, that environmental policy runs against growth and employment. But these ideas can change and so can the policy.
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    Notes: When the private Scott-Lithgow shipbuilding business was nationalized, Sir William Lithgow set to work to develop his estate in Ormsary, Argyllshire, as well as a new industrial group. This has resulted in a vertically integrated business of which a core is the largest juvenile salmon farm in Europe. The Scottish Salmon industry now annually earns more revenue and employs more people in Scotland than both British Steel and British Coal. Industries which interact with this new activity within Lithgows include trawler-building, precision engineering, electronics and also brick manufacture.
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    Notes: The intention of this paper is to provide some guidance on developing organizational capability. It is written with practitioners in mind. It focuses on an approach which draws on systems thinking and which has been found helpful in improving the effectiveness of complex organizations. One particular case study is used to illustrate the methodologies involved. The material is taken from the study of an “environmental” organization, Ecochemical, described in some detail in the text.
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    Notes: In this feature we interview people involved in all aspects of managing innovation; entrepreneurs, industrialists and senior administrators responsible for state policy. This issue features Sir Geoffrey Holland, K.C.B., Permanent Secretary at the Employment Department in the UK. Sir Geoffrey is a senior official in the UK civil service, responsible for guiding and implementing the employment policy of the incumbent administration. We approached him for an interview after learning of his reputation as an innovative administrator. The interview was conducted by Susan Moger.
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    Notes: In this new feature, we invite creativity and innovation specialists from the American continent to share their thoughts about current issues in the field. This feature is written by Stan Gryskiewicz, Senior Fellow in Creativity and Innovation, Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, North Carolina.
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    Notes: Book review in this ArticleMargaret Dale & Paul Iles (1992) Assessing Management Skills: A Guide to Competencies and Evaluation TechniquesDean Tjosvold (1991) Team Organization: An Enduring Competitive AdvantageBrian Thomas (1992) Total Quality Training: The Quality Culture and Quality TrainingMichael J. Comer, Patrick M. Ardis, & David Price (1992) Bad Lies in Business, McGraw HillRosemary Dinnage (1992) The Ruffian on the StairPeter Frost and Ralph Stablein (Eds) (1992) Doing Exemplary ResearchJanet Sayers (1992) Mothering Psychoanalysis, Penguin BooksVivian Walsh, Robin Roy, Margaret Bruce & Stephen Potter (1992) Winning by Design: Technology, Product Design & International CompetitivenessDavid Megginson & Mike Pedler (1992) Self-Development: A Facilitators GuideLinda L. Putnam and Michael E. Roloff (1992) Communication and NegotiationPeter M. Senge (1990) The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of The Learning OrganizationKeith Bradley (1992) Phone Wars, The Story of Mercury CommunicationsGordon J. Pearson (1992) The Competitive OrganizationSonja A. Sackmann (1991) Cultural Knowledge in Organisations: Exploring the Collective Mind
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    Notes: A suggestion by Pellegrini is used to equate innovation in the retail process to “technology push” and product innovation to “market pull” within the mainstream literature on innovation. A model is proposed that recognizes the objective of retail innovation as market differentiation. Innovation is seen as possible on the two dimensions of product and process or on both simultaneously. The use of the model is illustrated by applying it to the British food retailing sector. This suggests that a decline in a retailer's fortunes results from imitative or innovative competitive actions, and that repeated product innovations should be considered to retain the requisite level of differentiation.
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    Notes: The companies which are making the greatest competitive progress are those which use information technology and decision support methods in the cleverest way. The field of application varies from marketing, via production and sales, to service. But they have two things in common. First, they use the new technologies to strengthen further some aspect of the enterprise which was already strong. Second, they make enough of an investment to be able to cope with a surge in their business.
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    Notes: In this paper the authors have developed and presented a diagnostic and resource allocation tool in the tradition of action research and survey-feedback methods. This highly pragmatic technique was used in an R & D laboratory to identify where organizational resources and attention should be focused in the management of human resources. The framework can also help management avoid ineffective change activities in areas where the effort would have no significant effects.
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    Notes: Traditional economics is grounded in a classical belief system central to which is the automatic human behaviour known as economic maximisation. A more recent biological metaphor of human altruism has its own conceptual difficulties. The two approaches can be transcended by a theory of economics which incorporates human creativity.
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    Notes: An empirical study in service firms was used to explore in-company entrepreneurs. The results support the contention that entrepreneurship in large organisations is increasingly a role which is partially created by structured conditions, and by the firm's strategic actions. As such the entrepreneurial behaviour is constrained or tied.
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    Notes: Recent research suggests that implementing information systems presents considerable difficulties and that many implementations are total or partial failures. This paper argues that what both practitioners and students require are richer and more acceptable models of information systems implementation. Accordingly, case study data concerning the introduction of manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) are used to illustrate five patterns of behaviour (rites) which capture important social actions; and four components of changing psychological orientation. It is argued that appreciation of the rites and psychological developments identified here will support effective change programmes. Guidelines based on our model are provided for practitioners.
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    Notes: Source-Book for Creative Problem-Solving, edited by Sidney J. Parnes, 1992, Creative Education Foundation, 1050 Union Road, Buffalo, NY, 142241. Over 500 pages.
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    Notes: Book review in this ArticleMichael Reed & Michael Hughes (eds.), Rethinking Organization, new directions in organization theory and analysisManaging Change for Competitive Success, Andrew Pettigrew & Richard WhippRosemary Boam and Paul Sparrow
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    Notes: The basic objective of this paper is to explore at firm level the nature of strategic technological choice and its relation to the search for competitive advantage. It deals with issues concerned with the strategic movement of R&D and innovation.
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    Notes: Professor Fløistad, the distinguished Norwegian philosopher, argues for reappraisal in understanding of the nature of leadership. He contends that organisations need to permit transcendence of professional roles, within an ethical set of values. Leadership becomes ‘goal-directed co-operation development’.
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    Notes: Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) is a technology for personal excellence based on research investigation. The process involves sensitivity to effective behaviours, and the development of those behaviours. Some presuppositions of NLP are examined, together with practical components and evidence of its effectiveness. The author explains NLP, drawing on organisational experiences.
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    Notes: A Rubik cube has been transformed to provide a trigger for creative ideas. The inventor dreamed up and tested the idea (Amuse, TM) while working as a copywriter for an advertising agency. He describes its workings, and links it to a brief, theoretical account of creativity.
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    Notes: Biotechnology is an open-ended scientific challenge in extremis. The generalised term ‘biotechnology’ encompasses an immense range of disparate sectors, all of which are natural outlets for entrepreneurs. Innovators will reign supreme. Fortunes will be made - and lost. There is, however, a hidden agenda. Biotechnology is set to have the most profound effect on mankind, ranging from health, environment and longevity. The latter, for example, has major direct effects on social issues such as retirement, age and pensions. These issues will have major effects on virtually every question of public interest. The hidden agenda needs to be disclosed, and it is incumbent upon the scientific fraternity to provide better and more understandable descriptions of the technologies involved. Better forms of publicity are required that will maximise knowledge. Above all, global benefits need to be stressed. In that way, the public can better judge whether they are beneficial - or have more sinister undertones.
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    Notes: This paper describes the technology strategy and marketing orientation of a Brazilian agrichemicals manufacturing firm.1 In the company's twenty years of existence five different stages can be identified with key features of its technology strategy. Training and development of its technical personnel, outside expert support and information sourcing, university liaison projects, and an intimate collaboration between research and marketing activities were the methods used for the implementation of a technology strategy aiming to meet the needs of a particular segment better than broadly targeted competitors. This strategy seemed to be fruitful due to key aspects of the environment and internal organization of the firm, such as the entrepreneurs’ innovative posture and risk-taking propensity, the existence of space to innovate, the availability of qualified human resources, and the application of a systemic approach to a growing market. This firm's success may also be linked to a better understanding of user needs, a greater degree of attention to marketing and post-sale technical assistance, and a strong use of outside technology and scientific advice.
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    Notes: Book review in this ArticleRobert Erskine (1991) Review of Business Management, (1st edn) Prentice-Hall Int. (UK) Ltd.Ian Wigston Director Strategic Planning Markets Division BZW Division Barclays Bank PlcMichel Syrett & Clare Hogg, (ed) (1992) Frontiers of LeadershipMarjorie Parker (1990) Creating Shared Vision, Dialog InternationalNils Brunsson (1991)1 The Organisation of Hypocrisy: Talk, Decision and Actions in Organisations (translated by Nancy Adler)Theo Melis (1991) The Innovative Packager, Octogram Publishing Co.John Bessant (1991) Managing Advanced Manufacturing Technology: The Challenge of the Fifth WavePeter Barrar & Cary L. Cooper (eds) (1991) Managing Organisations in 1992: Strategic ResponsesPeter Frost, Larry F. Moore, Meryl Reis Louis, Craig C. Lundberg & Joanne Martin (eds) (1991) Reframing Organisational CulturePiers Brendon (1991) Thomas Cook, 150 Years of Popular TourismRobert A. Giacalone & Paul Rosenfeld (eds) (1991) Applied Impression Management: How Image-Making Affects Managerial DecisionsRobert L. Flood & Michael C. Jackson (1991) Creative Problem-Solving: Total Systems Intervention
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    Notes: A new kind of creativity circle is gaining acceptance in Japanese companies. It is suggested that western firms will have to reconsider the significance of individual and team-based creativity for delivering multiple incremental advances. The result may be an enhancement and extension of the work of Quality Circles.
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    Notes: Considerable competitive success can be gained through a continuous stream of incremental improvements made over a sustained period of time. In the West, we have tended to look for the ‘big bang’ solution to manufacturing problems, relying on the step jumps offered by major radical innovation to improve performance. However, experience in Japan and other countries has demonstrated the significant potential of continuous improvement to enhance competitiveness across several dimensions such as productivity, quality, flexibility and responsiveness. At its heart, continuous improvement (CI) is an organisational innovation requiring the mobilisation and commitment of all employees within a firm. Experience in the UK has shown that CI can work, but its introduction and successful management is not automatic.
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    ISSN: 1467-8691
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: How do architectural designers develop their ideas? By a kind of reflective conversation with the materials of a design situation. A workshop example of a first-year design project is used to illustrate the process, and to suggest some of the ways in which this sort of interaction works.
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    ISSN: 1467-8691
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Managing innovation in Japanese corporations has received considerable international attention. The case example reports the diversification of Nippon Steel Corporation, which is the largest steel manufacturing firm in the world; into electronics; information technology; biotechnology; new materials; and high-tech oriented services, using documents provided by the organization. The case reveals an important example of managing innovation in the emerging era of global technological competition.
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    ISSN: 1467-8691
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article examines the motivations which induce academic researchers to found their own business and reports on the advantages and disadvantages that such an entrepreneurial form presents for an efficient transfer of creativity and innovation from public research laboratories to the marketplace. In the Italian situation it shows that academic spin-offs can be very efficient in doing this although there are specific and crucial moments which generate tension within the first stages of the firm's life cycle.
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  • 92
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    ISSN: 1467-8691
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    ISSN: 1467-8691
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Management education is now one of the major forms of technology transfer from the West to the former USSR and a highly novel form of cultural intervention. A key challenge for Western management educators is to communicate management concepts into Russian/post-Soviet terms of reference. Russian cultural traits may strongly influence their receptivity to management concepts. Western management educators should not fall into the trap of thinking that they are Russia's economic salvation.
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    ISSN: 1467-8691
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 98
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    ISSN: 1467-8691
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The research literature indicates that IQ results and other scores from ability and achievement tests are poor predictors of managerial success. The authors found out that a better approach to predicting success is through identifying informally acquired skills which increase chances of recognition and advancement. This kind of tacit knowledge, they argue, can be made explicit, thereby permitting executives to make better use of their potential in fulfilling their managerial responsibilities.
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    ISSN: 1467-8691
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The pressures for competitive advantage and continuous improvement mean that all companies need a flow of new ideas. A study across three European countries was carried out and related to a similar study in Japan. There were broad similarities: most ‘bright’ ideas occur out of work hours. However, cultural differences were found reflecting different national leisure and work patterns.
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    Creativity and innovation management 1 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8691
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Serendipity is defined as the art of discovering an unsought finding. Over a thousand examples have been collected and examined, including material from unpublished work by the American sociologist, Robert Merton. It is suggested that serendipity play a supporting but essential role in discoveries in science, technology, the arts and daily life. The phenomenon deserves more serious attention as it may offer prospects of unsought benefits in all these fields of endeavour.
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