ALBERT

Anmerkung: Online-Ausg. ---〉 Müller, Ingo: Fundamentals of thermodynamics and applications , Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:2009

Anmerkung: Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:2009

Anmerkung: Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:c 2008

Anmerkung: Contents Contributors page Preface Plates Part One: Fundamentals of Large Eddy Simulation 1 Some Historical Remarks on the Use of Nonlinear Viscosities / Joseph Smagorinsky 2 Subgrid-Scale Modeling / Joel H. Ferziger 3 Some Basic Challenges for Large Eddy Simulation Research / Steven A. Orszag, Ilya Staroselsky, and Victor Yakhot 4 Some Contributions of Two-Point Closure to Large Eddy Simulations / Jackson R. Herring and Robert M. Kerr 5 Stochastic Backscatter Formulation for three-Dimensional Compressible Flows / Cecil E. Leith Part Two: Large Eddy Simulation in Engineering 6 Applications of Large Eddy Simulations in Engineering: An Overview / Ugo Piomelli Incompressible Flows 7 Large Eddy Simulation of Scalar Transport with the Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Model / William Cabot and Parviz Moin 8 Renormalization Group Theory Simulation of Transitional and Turbulent Flow over a Backward-Facing Step / George E. Karniadakis, Steven A. Orszag, and Victor Yakhot 9 Spectral Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Shear Flows / Marcel Lesieur, Olivier Métais , Xavier Normand, and Aristeu Silveira-Neto 10 Anisotropic Representation of Subgrid-Scale Reynolds Stress in Large Eddy Simulation / Kiyosi Horiuti 11 Large Eddy Simulation of Transitional Flow / Thomas A. Zang and Ugo Piomelli Compressible and Reacting Flows 12 Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation of Compressible Turbulence / Gordon Erlebacher and Mohammed Y. Hussaini 13 Large Eddy Simulation of Mixing Layers / Saad A. Ragab and Shaw-Ching Sheen 14 A Linear-Eddy Mixing Model for Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion / Suresh Menon, Patrick A. McMurtry, and Alan R. Kerstein 15 Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation of Reacting Homogeneous Turbulence / Cyrus K. Madnia and Peyman Givi Part Three: Large Eddy Simulation in Geophysics 16 Large Eddy Simulation in Geophysical Turbulence Parameterization: An Overview / John C. Wyngaard and Chin-Hoh Moeng Atmospheric Sciences 17 Using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System in the Large Eddy Simulation Mode: From inhomogeneous Surfaces to Cirrus Clouds / William R. Cotton, Robert L. Walko, Keeley R. Costigan, Piotr J. Flatau, and Roger A. Pielke 18 Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Convection over Flat and Wavy Surfaces / Ulrich Schumann Physical Oceanography 19 The Role of Oceans in Climate Change: A Challenge to Large Eddy Simulation / Greg Holloway 20 Modeling the Oceanic Planetary Boundary Layer / James C. McWilliams, Patrick C. Gallacher, Chin-Hoh Moeng, and John C. Wyngaard 21 Diapycnal Mixing in the Ocean: A Review / Peter Müller 22 Near-Surface Mixing and the Ocean's Role in Climate / Mark A. Cane Environmental Flows 23 Conjunctive Filtering Procedures in Surface Water Flow and Transport / Keith W. Bedford and Woon K. Yeo 24 Leonard and Cross-Term Approximations in the Anisotropically Filtered Equations of Motion / Alvaro A. Aldama 25 Large Eddy Simulation as a Tool in Engineering and Geophysics: Panel Discussion / Thomas A. Zang Part Four: Large Eddy Simulation and Massively Parallel Computing 26 Parallel Computing for Large Eddy Simulation / Cecil E. Leith 27 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Large Eddy Simulation, and Massively Parallel Computing / William P. Dannevik Index

Anmerkung: Contents Preface 1 Chemical equilibrium 1.1 Some introductory concepts 1.2 Equilibrium constants 1.3 Reaction quotient 1.4 LeChatelier' s principle Exercises 2 Chemical thermodynamics 2.1 The first law of thermodynamics; enthalpy 2.2 Enthalpies of reaction and formation 2.3 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics 2.4 The third law of thermodynamics; absolute entropies 2.5 Criteria for equilibrium and spontaneous transformation 2.6 Standard free energy changes 2. 7 Free energy change and the equilibrium constant 2.8 Chemical potential; homogeneous nucleation of water-vapor condensation Exercises 3 Chemical kinetics 3.1 Reaction rates 3.2 Reaction mechanisms 3.3 Reaction rates and equilibria 3.4 Collision theory of gaseous reactions 3.5 The effect of temperature on reaction rates: the Arrhenius' relation 3.6 Catalysis 3.7 Half-life, residence time, and renewal time Exercises 4 Solution chemistry and aqueous equilibria 4.1 Definitions and types of solutions 4.2 Solution concentrations 4.3 Factors affecting solubility 4.4 Colligative properties 4.5 Aqueous solutions; electrolytes 4.6 Aqueous equilibria 4.7 Strong and weak electrolytes; ion-product constant for water Exercises 5 Acids and bases 5.1 Some definitions and concepts 5.2 The nature of H+(aq) 5.3 The Brønsted-Lowry theory; conjugate acid-base pairs 5.4 The Lewis theory 8 5.5 Strengths of acids and bases; acid-dissociation (or ionization) constant 5.6 The pH scale 5.7 Polyprotic acids 5.8 Hydrolysis 5.9 Buffers 5.10 Complex ions 5.11 Mass balance and charge balance relations 5.12 The pH of rainwater Exercises 6 Oxidation-reduction reactions 6.1 Some definitions 6.2 Oxidation numbers 6.3 Balancing oxidation-reduction reactions 6.4 Half-reactions in electrochemical cells 6.5 Strengths of oxidants and reductants; standard cell and half-cell potentials 6.6 Standard cell potentials and free-energy change 6.7 The Nernst equation 6.8 Redox potentials; Eh-pH diagrams 6.9 Gram-equivalent weight and normality Exercises 7 Photochemistry 7.1 Some properties of electromagnetic waves 7.2 Some photochemical terminology and principles 7.3 Quantum yields 7.4 Rate coefficients for photolysis 7.5 Photostationary states 7.6 Stratospheric ozone and photochemistry; depletion of stratospheric ozone Exercises Appendix I International system of units (SI) Appendix II Some useful numerical values Appendix III Atomic weights Appendix IV Equilibrium (or dissociation) constants for some chemical reactions Appendix V Some molar standard Gibbs free energies of formation, molar standard enthalpies (or heats) of formation and molar absolute entropies at 25°C and 1 atmosphere Appendix VI Names, formulas, and charges of some common ions Appendix VII Answers to exercises and hints and solutions to selected exercises Index

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Berlin: Die Wiege der Stratosphärenforschung 1.1 Erste meteorologische Beobachtungen 1.2 Die Erforschung der Freien Atmosphäre 1.2.1 Bemannte Freiballonfahrten 1.2.2 Unbemannte Registrierballone 1.3 Die Entdeckung der Stratosphäre 1.4 Das Observatorium Lindenberg 1.4.1 Die Entdeckung der BERSON-Westwinde am Äquator 1.5 Das Institut für Meteorologie der FU Berlin 1.5.1 Die Entdeckung des Berliner Phänomens 1.5.2 Eine erste Klimatologie 1.5.3 Erste tägliche Wetterkarten von der Stratosphäre 1.5.4 Die Entdeckung des Einflusses der Sonne Literatur 2 Kurzbeschreibung der Klimatologie 2.1 Was für Daten haben wir heute? 2.2 Der mittlere Zustand der Stratosphäre 2.2.1 Die Temperatur von Pol zu Pol 2.2.2 Der Wind von Pol zu Pol 2.2.3 Die Zirkulation von Pol zu Pol 2.2.4 Monatsmittelkarten über der Nordhemisphäre 2.2.5 Monatsmittelkarten über der Südhemisphäre 2.3 Variabilität und Trends 2.3.1 Variabilität der Temperatur von Jahr zu Jahr 2.3.2 Temperaturtrends in der Stratosphäre Literatur 3 Warme und kalte Winter in der Stratosphäre 3.1 Einleitung 3.2 Major Midwinter Warming 3.2.1 Einteilung der Stratosphärenerwärmungen 3.2.2 Das "Major Midwinter Warming" im Winter 1990/91 3.2.3 Schema einer Stratosphärenerwärmung 3.3 Zusammenhänge 3.3.1 Die Southern Oscillation (SO) 3.3.2 Die Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) 3.3.3 Das solare Signal im Nordwinter 3.3.4 Vulkane und kalte Winter in der arktischen Stratosphäre 3.4 Vergleich zwischen Arktis und Antarktis 3.5 Modellexperimente Literatur 4 Die Quasi-Biennial Oscillation 4.1 Frühe Beobachtungen 4.2 Die Entdeckung der QBO 4.3 Heutiger Kenntnisstand 4.4 Zusammenhang mit den hohen Breiten Literatur 5 Die Ozonschicht und ihre Probleme 5.1 Einleitung 5.2 Frühe Beobachtungen 5.2.1 Dobsons frühes Meßnetz 5.2.2 Der Ozongehalt über Tromsö 5.3 Die natürliche Verteilung des Gesamtozons 5.4 Anthropogene Ozonabnahme in der Stratosphäre 5.4.1 Katalytische Ozonzerstörung 5.4.2 "Ozonloch" über der Antarktis 5.4.3 Trends im stratosphärischen Ozongehalt 5.4.4 Maßnahmen zur Reduktion des Chlorgehalts Literatur 6 Der 11jährige Sonnenfleckenzyklus 6.1 Einleitung 6.2 Das solare Signal im Lauf des Jahres 6.2.1 Nordhemisphäre 6.2.2 Südhemisphäre 6.2.3 Globale Korrelationen 6.3 Eine Verbindung zur tropischen Troposphäre? 6.4 Gesamtozongehalt und der Sonnenfleckenzyklus 6.5 Suche nach dem Mechanismus . Literatur 7 Schlußbetrachtungen 7.1 Zusammenfassung des bisher Gesagten 7.2 Relevanz der Stratosphäre 7.3 Unerwartetes! Inhaltsverzeichnis Glossar Sachverzeichnis

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 1.1 Glacier forelands and simplicity 1.2 Ecology and primary succession 1.3 Space-for-time substitution (chronosequences) 1.4 Geoecology (landscape ecology) 2 The nature of the timescale 2.1 Glacier variations 2.2 Dating techniques 2.2.1 Historical sources 2.2.2 Biological dating 2.2.3 Physico-chemical dating 2.3 Terrain age sequences and areal chronologies 3 The physical landscape 3.1 The legacy of glaciation 3.1.1 Glacial erosion 3.1.2 Glacial sediments 3.1.3 Depositional landforms and landsystems 3.2 Proglacial landscape modification 3.2.1 Glacio-fluvial activity 3.2.2 Consolidation and slope stabilization 3.2.3 Pervection 3.2.4 Cryogenic processes: frost weathering 3.2.5 Frost-heave and frost-sorting 3.2.6 Solifluction and other periglacial slope processes 3.2.7 Nivation 3.2.8 Aeolian processes 3.3 The climatic environment 3.3.1 Regional climate 3.3.2 Meso-scale climatic gradients 3.3.3 Microclimate 3.3.4 Climatic change 3.4 Spatial variation and change in the physical landscape 3.4.1 Spatial patterns at various scales 3.4.2 Physical processes and landscape change 4 Soil development 4.1 Soil chronosequences and chronofunctions 4.1.1 Conceptual framework 4.1.2 An example: Glacier Bay, Alaska 4.2 Soil properties and pedogenic processes 4.2.1 Texture 4.2.2 Micromorphology 4.2.3 Organic content 4.2.4 pH and base status 4.2.5 Iron and aluminium 4.2.6 Chemical weathering processes 4.2.7 Nitrogen 4.2.8 Phosphorus 4.3 Environmental controls on pedogenesis 4.3.1 Parent material 4.3.2 Topography 4.3.3 Biota 4.3.4 Climatic controls 4.4 Soil formation in time and space 4.4.1 Soil development and equilibrium concepts 4.4.2 Spatial variation and soil chronosequences 5 Plant succession: patterns and environmental factors 5.1 Vegetational chronosequences: methodological considerations 5.1.1 Concept and limitations 5.1.2 Tests of chronoseauences: observed successions 5.1.3 Tests of chronosequences: retrospective analysis 5.2 Inferred successional trends 5.2.1 Cover 5.2.2 Spatial organization 5.2.3 Stratification and physiognomy 5.2.4 Biomass 5.2.5 Species diversity 5.2.6 Species composition and successional stages 5.2.7 Population attributes and physiological traits 5.3 Spatial variation and successional pathways 5.3.1 Within-foreland patterns: mapping 5.3.2 Quantitative community analysis at Storbreen, Jotunheimen 5.3.3 Inferred successional pathways elsewhere 5.3.4 Between-foreland patterns: a comparative approach 5.4 Environmental controls on successional sequences 5.4.1 Initial site conditions 5.4.2 Environmental factors as influx variables 5.4.3 Environmental factor complexes 6 Plant succession: processes and models 6.1 Biological processes of colonization and succession 6.1 Migration 6.2 Ecesis 6.3 Reaction 6.4 Facilitation 6.5 Competition 6.6 Allelopathy, herbivory and pathogens 6.7 Stabilization 6.2 Models 6.2.1 Monoclimax and polyclimax 6.2.2 Climax pattern and site climax 6.2.3 Relay floristics and IFC 6.2.4 Non-selective and selective autosuccession 6.2.5 Facilitation, tolerance and inhibition 6.2.6 Chronic disturbance, competitive hierarchy and resource ratio 6.2.7 Evolutionary strategies 6.2.8 Vital attributes, process interactions and a causal hierarchy 6.3 A geoecological model 6.3.1 Coupling of physical and biological processes 6.3.2 Spatio-temporal dynamics 7 The ecological significance of recently-deglaciated terrain 7.1 Chronosequences 7.2 The geoecological approach 7.3 Some broader implications References Index

Anmerkung: Contents: I INTRODUCTION. - 1 Ecosystem Response, Resistance, Resilience, and Recovery in Arctic Landscapes: Introduction / J. F. Reynolds and J. D. Tenhunen. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 NRC Committee Report. - 1.3 The R4D Program. - 1.3.1 Objectives and Conceptual Framework. - 1.3.2 Program Implementation. - 1.3.3 Landscape Function. - 1.4 Summary. - References. - 2 Integrated Ecosystem Research in Northern Alaska, 1947-1994 / G. R. Shaver. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Early Days at NARL. - 2.3 The U.S. Tundra Biome Program. - 2.4 The Meade River RATE Program. - 2.5 Eagle Creek and Eagle Summit. - 2.6 The Arctic LTER Program at Toolik Lake. - 2.7 Other Studies In Alaska and Elsewhere. - 2.8 Summary and Prospects. - References. - 3 Disturbance and Recovery of Arctic Alaskan Vegetation / D. A. Walker. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Disturbance and Recovery. - 3.3Typical Disturbance and Recovery Patterns. - 3.3.1 Small Disturbed Patches. - 3.3.2 Contaminants. - 3.3.2.1 Hydrocarbon Spills. - 3.3.2.2 Seawater and Reserve-Pit Spills. - 3.3.3 Fire. - 3.3.4 Transportation Corridors. - 3.3.4.1 Bulldozed Tundra and Related Disturbances. - 3.3.4.2 Off-Road Vehicle Trails. - 3.3.4.2.1 Summer Travel. - 3.3.4.2.2 Winter Travel. - 3.3.4.3 Permanent Roads and Pads. - 3.3.4.4 Gravel Mines. - 3.3.4.5 Native Species in Revegetation of Gravel Pads and Mines. - 3.3.4.6 Road Dust. - 3.3.4.7 Roadside Impoundments. - 3.3.5 Cumulative Impacts. - 3.4 Conclusions. - References. - 4 Terrain and Vegetation of the Imnavait Creek Watershed / D. A. Walker and M. D. Walker. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Terrain. - 4.2.1 Glacial Deposits. - 4.2.2 Retransported Hillslope Deposits. - 4.2.3 Colluvial Basin Deposits. - 4.2.4 Floodplain Deposits. - 4.3 Vegetation. - 4.3.1 Flora. - 4.3.2 Vegetation Types. - 4.3.2.1 Lichen-Covered Rocks. - 4.3.2.2 Dry Heath. - 4.3.2.2.1 Exposed Sites. - 4.3.2.2.2 Snowbeds. - 4.3.2.3 Tussock Tundra. - 4.3.2.4 Riparian Areas. - 4.3.2.5 Mires. - 4.3.2.6 Beaded Ponds. - 4.4 West-Facing Toposequence. - 4.5 Terrain Sensitivity to Disturbance. - 4.6 Conclusions. - Appendix A. List of Plants for Imnavait Creek, Alaska. - References. - 5 Vegetation Structure and Aboveground Carbon and Nutrient Pools in the Imnavait Creek Watershed / S. C. Hahn, S. F. Oberbauer, R. Gebauer, N. E. Grulke, O. L. Lange, and J. D. Tenhunen. - 5.1 ntroduction. - 5.2 Description of Vegetation. - 5.3 Sampling Methods. - 5.3.1 Cover. - 5.3.2 Biomass and Nutrient Pools. - 5.4 Cover. - 5.5 Aboveground Biomass. - 5.5.1 Live Biomass. - 5.5.2 Photosynthetic Biomass. - 5.5.3 Lichen Biomass. - 5.5.4 Organic Litter. - 5.5.5 Watershed Patterns. - 5.6 Nutrient Pools. - 5.6.1 N and P in Heath Cryptogams. - 5.6.2 N and P in Communities. - 5.7 Discussion and Conclusions. - References. - II PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, HYDROLOGY, and TRANSPORT. - 6 Energy Balance and Hydrological Processes in an Arctic Watershed / L. Hinzmann, D. L. Kane, C. S. Benson, and K. R. Everett. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Radiation and Thermal Regimes. - 6.2.1 Surface Energy Balance. - 6.2.2 Snow Cover and Soil Thermal Regime. - 6.3 Hydrological Processes. - 6.3.1 Snowmelt. - 6.3.2 Plot and Basin Water Balance. - 6.3.3 Runoff and Basin Discharge. - 6.3.4 Precipitation, Evaporation, and Evapotranspiration. - 6.4 Energy Balance and Hydrology Models. - 6.4.1 Simulation of the Thermal Regime. - 6.4.2 Simulation of Snowmelt. - 6.4.3 Simulation of Catchment Runoff. - 6.5 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Shortwave Reflectance Properties of Arctic Tundra Landscapes / A. S. Hope and D. A. Stow. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Shortwave Reflectance Studies in Arctic Environments. - 7.2.1 Environmental Considerations. - 7.2.2 Radiometric Data. - 7.2.3 Image Data. - 7.3 Spectral Reflectance. - 7.3.1 Aboveground Biomass. - 7.3.2 Vegetation Composition. - 7.3.3 Landscape Patterns. - 7.3.4 Effects of Dust Deposition. - 7.4 Albedo. - 7.4.1 Undisturbed Tussock Tundra. - 7.4.2 Effects of Dust Deposition. - 7.5 Conclusions. - References. - 8 Isotopic Tracers for Investigating Hydrological Processes / L. W. Cooper, I. L. Larsen, C. Solis, J. M. Grebmeier, C. R. Olsen, D. K. Solomon, and R. B. Cook. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.1.1 Units. - 8.1.2 Conservative vs Nonconservative Isotopes. - 8.2 Nonconservative Tracers. - 8.3 Sulfur-35. - 8.4 Oxygen-18. - 8.4.1 Oxygen-18 Content of Snowpack. - 8.4.2 Oxygen-18 Content of Imnavait Creek. - 8.4.3 Oxygen-18 Content of Soil Moisture. - 8.4.4 Covariance of Oxygen-18 and Deuterium in Watershed Compartments. - 8.4.5 Covariance of Oxygen-18 and Deuterium in Plant Water. - 8.5 Long-Lived Radioisotopes: Lead-210 and Cesium-137. - 8.5.1 Distribution of 137Cs on Tundra and in Lake Sediments. - 8.5.2 Cycling of 137Cs in Annual Berries. - 8.5.3 Distribution of 210Pb in Tundra. - 8.6 Conclusions. - References. - III NUTRIENT AND CARBON FLUXES. - 9 Surface Water Chemistry and Hydrology of a Small Arctic Drainage Basin / K. R. Everett, D. L. Kane, and L. D. Hinzman. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Watershed Instrumentation. - 9.3 Snowmelt Period. - 9.3.1 Snowmelt Hydrology. - 9.3.2 Snowmelt Chemistry . - 9.3.2.1 Overland Flow. - 9.3.2.2 Water Track Flow. - 9.3.2.3 Imnavait Creek Flow. - 9.4 Post Snowmelt Period. - 9.4.1 Atmospheric Inputs. - 9.4.1.1 Rainfall. - 9.4.1.2 Dry Deposition. - 9.4.1.3 Rime. - 9.4.2 Water Chemistry. - 9.4.2.1 Overland Flow. - 9.4.2.2 Active Layer Flow. - 9.4.2.3 Imnavait Creek Flow. - 9.5 Conclusions. - References. - 10 Nutrient Availability and Uptake by Tundra Plants / J. P. Schimel, K. Kielland, and F. S. Chapin III. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Controls on Mineralization and Nutrient Supply. - 10.2.1 Patterns of Nutrient Supply in the Soil. - 10.2.2 Patterns of Mineralization. - 10.2.3 Controls on N and P Mineralization. - 10.2.4 Controls on Decomposition and Mineralization. - 10.2.4.1 Temperature. - 10.2.4.1.1 Enzyme Activities. - 10.2.4.1.2 Microbial Activity at Low Temperatures. - 10.2.4.1.3 Freeze-Thaw Events. - 10.2.4.2 Effects of Low Oxygen on Microbial Activity and Mineralization. - 10.2.4.3 Substrate Quality. - 10.3 Fate of Available Nutrients. - 10.3.1 Microbial Nutrient Uptake and Competition with Plants. - 10.3.2 Plant Uptake. - 10.3.2.1 Soil Factors Controlling Nutrient Absorption. - 10.3.2.2 Rooting Strategies. - 10.3.2.3 Uptake Characteristics of Tundra Plants. - 10.3.2.4 Retranslocation vs Current Uptake. - 10.4 Disturbances. - 10.4.1 Vehicle Tracks. - 10.4.2 Road Dust. - 10.4.3 Gray Water. - 10.4.4 Climate Change. - References. - 11 Landscape Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Exchange in Tundra Ecosytems / S. F. Oberbauer, W. Cheng, C. T. Gillespie, B. Ostendorf, A. Sala, R. Gebauer, R. A. Virginia, and J. D. Tenhunen. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Methods. - 11.2.1 Community Types. - 11.2.2 Leaf Photosynthesis. - 11.2.3 Ecosystem Efflux. - 11.2.4 Ecosystem Net CO2 Exchange. - 11.3 CO2 Uptake. - 11.3.1 Factors Affecting CO2 Uptake. - 11.3.1.1 Light. - 11.3.1.2 Temperature. - 11.3.1.3 Phenology. - 11.3.1.4 Water Availability. - 11.3.1.5 Nutrition. - 11.3.2 Landscape Patterns in Leaf Photosynthesis. - 11.4 CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.1 Factors Affecting CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.1.1 Live Plant Biomass. - 11.4.1.2 Soil Quality. - 11.4.1.3 Thaw Depth and Depth to Water Table. - 11.4.1.4 Soil Moisture. - 11.4.1.5 Soil Temperature. - 11.4.2 Landscape Patterns of CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.3 Daily and Seasonal Patterns of CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.4 Dust Deposition Effects on CO2 Efflux. - 11.5 Landscape Patterns in Net CO2 Exchange. - 11.6 Conclusions. - References. - 12 Control of Tundra Methane Emission by Microbial Oxidation / S. C. Whalen, W. S. Reeburgh, and C. E. Reimers. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Sampling Procedure. - 12.3 Results and Discussion. - 12.3.1 Methane Flux and Environmental Variables in Tundra and Taiga. - 12.3.2 Physiology, Controls, and Potential for Microbial CH4 Oxidation. - 12.3.3 Methane Oxidation by Tundra Soils in a Warmer Climate. - 12.4 Conclusions. - References. - 13 Dynamics of Dissolved and Particulate Car

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Falsche Propheten. - 2 Wetter jeder Art - wie wird das Wetter?. - 2.1 Erst Diagnose - dann Prognose. - 3 Voraussetzung für die Wettervorhersage - Beobachten und Messen. - 3.1 Meteorologische Größenordnungen (Scales). - 3.2 Messen der Wetterelemente in Bodennähe - eine Wetterstation. - 3.3 Messen der Wetterelemente in der Atmosphäre - die 3. Dimension. - Geschichtliches: Meßverfahren für die ganze Atmosphäre. - Vom Boden aus wird die dritte Dimension erschlossen. - Flächenhafte Messung aus der Ferne - vom Satelliten aus. - Meßgeräte der neuen Generation. - 3.4 Meßnetze. - 4 Nowcasting - die ersten zwei Stunden. - 4.1 Großer Aufwand für Nowcasting - Wetterüberwachung (Monitoring). - 4.2 Wann löst sich der Nebel auf? Wie gefährlich wird das Gewitter?. - 4.3 Nutzung empirischer Verfahren. - 5 Meilensteine der modernen Wettervorhersage. - 5.1 Die Suche nach dem wahren Zustand der Atmosphäre. - 5.2 Die geniale Idee des Breslauer Physikers Brandes. - 5.3 Ist der Krieg doch "der Vater aller Dinge"?. - 5.4 Wetterdienste in Aktion - Warum Deutschland Schlußlicht war. - 5.5 Das Bjerknes-Programm - die Geburtsstunde der modernen Wettervorhersage. - 5.6 Richardson - der Rückschlag und die Konsequenzen. - 5.7 Charney und Neumann - der Durchbruch. - 5.8 Hinkelmann - der deutsche Aufbruch. - 6 Grundlagen und Besonderheiten der mittelfristigen Wettervorhersage. - 6.1 Das EZMW-Modell näher betrachtet. - 6.2 Das Prognosemodell. - 6.3 Datenassimilation. - 6.4 Noch einmal zum Maßstabsproblem. - 6.5 Instabilitäten wohin man schaut. - 6.6 Unvermeidliche Fehlerquellen. - 7 Aktuelle Herausforderungen und erste Antworten. - 7.1 Die Entdeckung der Grenzen in der Vorhersage. - 7.2 Die Antwort heißt: Stochastik. - 7.3 EPS - der gesteuerte Zufall. - Steigerung der Vorhersagegüte. - Quantifizierung der Unbestimmtheit. - 7.4 Muß das EPS erweitert werden?. - 7.5 Die Automatisierung der Wettervorhersage. - AFREG. - 7.6 Die MIX-Philosophie. - 8 Prognosenprüfung - Wie gut oder schlecht sind Wettervorhersagen?. - 8.1 Verifikation tut not. - 8.2 Wozu Prognosenprüfung?. - 8.3 Interessen contra Objektivität. - 8.4 Wie erkennt man Blindlingsprognosen?. - Was heißen nun Persistenz und Klimaerwartung?. - 8.5 Die Geister scheiden sich. - 8.6 Zahlen statt Begriffe - die Wende. - 8.7 Maßzahlen der Güte. - Wirtschaftsprognosen - ist da etwas dran?. - Bewertung von Alternativprognosen. - 8.8 Zur aktuellen Güte der Wettervorhersage. - 1. Schwankt die Prognosegüte im Laufe eines Jahres?. - 2. In welchem Monat sind die Wettervorhersagen am genauesten?. - 3. Wie gut werden Niederschläge vorhergesagt?. - 4. Wie verhalten sich Mensch und Maschine bei der Vorhersage anderer Wetterelemente?. - 5. Wie gut sind mittelfristige Wettervorhersagen?. - 6. Wo liegt gegenwärtig die zeitliche Grenze der Vorhersagbarkeit?. - 7. Zum Trend der Prognosengüte. - 8. Wird der Fortschritt anhalten?. - 9 Wettervorhersage - Einblick und Ausblick. - 9.1 Das Mensch-Maschine-Problem in der Wettervorhersage. - 9.2 Die Zukunft der Wettervorhersage. - 10 Langfristvorhersage. - 10.1 Einige historische Anmerkungen zu Langfristvorhersagen. - 10.2 Gegenwärtiger Stand der Langfristvorhersage. - Extratropische Langfristvorhersagen. - 11 Klimaprognosen. - 11.1 Der Klimabegriff. - 11.2 Komponenten unseres Klimasystems. - Wenigstens auf die Sonne ist Verlaß. - Die Atmosphäre - ein warmer Mantel. - Der Mantel ist vielschichtig. - Es wird noch komplexer!. - Der Kohlenstoffkreisl. als Schlüssel zum Verständnis unseres Klimas. - Physikalischer Kohlenstoffkreislauf. - Der organische Kohlenstoffkreislauf - Ozeane als Schlüsselfaktor. - 11.3 Mögliche Ursachen von Klimaänderungen. - Historische und prähistorische Klimaänderungen. - Historische Aufzeichnungen. - Laminierte Sedimente (Warven). - Ablagerungen in Großtagebauen. - Kohlenstoffisotope von Bäumen als Klimaindikatoren. - Untersuchungen der Eisbohrkerne auf Grönland. - Klimabedingungen aus Rattenkot. - Samen- und Pollenanalysen. - Wo ist das CO2 der Uratmosphäre geblieben und warum gibt es überhaupt noch CO2?. - Einige Eiszeittheorien. - 11.4 Methoden der Klimaprognose. - Statistische Modelle. - Boxmodelle. - Zirkulationsmodelle. - 11.5 Regionalisierung von großräumigen Klimaprognosen. - 1. Regionale Klimamodelle. - 2. Statistische Verfahren. - 3. Gekoppelte dynamische und statistische Verfahren. - 11.6 Ergebnisse von Klimaprognosen. - Werden wir den CO2-Ausstoß wirklich weltweit reduzieren?. - Literatur. - Glossar. - Index.