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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic Enhancement and Procreative Autonomy (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: Liberal eugenics according to one version is distinguished from authoritarian eugenics on the basis that the choice of enhancement is devolved to parents. The argument for liberal eugenics combines a commitment to the right of parents to autonomy - in reproductive decisions and in the upbringing of children - and a parity claim that there is no morally significant difference between ante-natal and post-natal alterations of a child. The article reviews the putative constraints on parental choice, and assesses some criticisms of the parity claim. It concludes that a liberal commitment to social justice is in tension with a liberal commitment to parental choice, but judges that the former commitment does not entail the authoritarian eugenics which is represented as the alternative to liberal eugenics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art9
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Argument against Arguments for Enhancement (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: The treatment-enhancement distinction is difficult to make, and defenders of enhancement often base their case on that. Critics of enhancement, however, often have prototypical cases of enhancement-oriented interventions in mind, and the ethics of these can be evaluated on a case by case basis. Things like intelligence enhancement may have adverse effects on equality and utility. If the equality and utility effects of such enhancements were sufficiently severe, then restrictions would be called for. We need to think more about how to make tradeoffs between liberty, equality, and utility--and we need to know more about the extent to which each of these is at stake--before reaching conclusions about the ethics of, and appropriate social policy regarding, human enhancement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art12
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Support of Human Enhancement (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: This short comment presents arguments in support of human enhancement.What is enhancement? Surely it is a procedure that improves our functioning: any intervention which increases our general capabilities for human flourishing. We exclude from consideration those procedures often termed ``enhancements" that are of dubious overall benefit (for example breast or penis augmentation, or the taking of anabolic steroids to increase muscle mass). Equally we are not talking of ``designer" modifications which are more akin to aesthetic or fashion preferences than to improvements: hair colour, eye colour, or physique. An enhancement (as we are using the term) is something of benefit to the individual.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art10
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generous Funding for Interventive Aging Research Now? (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art13 
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    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: This article examines Aubrey de Grey's case for allocating substantial funding to interventive biogerontological research immediately. The conclusion is that the case is inconclusive and that scientific analyses of costs and probabilities would be needed to defend it properly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art13
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preserving Humanity - and Technology? A Response to de Grey (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: Aubrey de Grey's enthusiasm may or may not be infectious, but it is certainly palpable. And it adds a dimension to the discussion the priority that should be given to life-extension/anti-ageing research of which he seems to be unaware. For on the cusp of developments in emerging technologies we find ourselves button-holed by enthusiasts whose ``transhumanist" visions importunately press upon us the most radical understanding of their implications. My suspicion is that the transhumanist mini-insurgency is partly responsible for the general failure of the policy establishment to summon up the courage and vision to address the implications of emerging technologies at all. The insurgents' effort at ``branding" these technologies as transhumanist (like that of the Raelian flying-saucer cult, a decade ago, to claim cloning as their own) does no favors to the technology. The irony is that de Grey and his fellow-visionaries, far from generating consensus enthusiasm for emerging technology applications, are making them too hot to handle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art11
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liberal Freedoms: Enhancement Is/nt Eugenics? (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: Genomics and the technologies arising out of the science are often heralded as a means of securing cures for diseases which have proved resistant to the progress of medicine. These, generally hereditary diseases, with advances in genomic science are becoming more understood, but as of yet the possibilities of effective cures, whether through for example somatic or germ-line gene therapy, remain elusive. This has not stopped despite speculation and debate on potential future applications such as the use of genetic technologies in enhancing humans. Curative applications and enhancement applications are inextricably linked however both through the social contexts in which these technologies are to be deployed and the discourses which inform and frame the debates on their use. This article seeks to explore these links and in doing so aims to investigate some of the wider dimensions of the enhancement debate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art8
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement in Sport, and Enhancement outside Sport (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: Sport is one of the first areas in which enhancement has become commonplace. It is also one of the first areas in which the use of enhancement technologies has been heavily regulated. Some have thus seen sport as a testing ground for arguments about whether to permit enhancement. However, I argue that there are fairness-based objections to enhancement in sport that do not apply as strongly in some other areas of human activity. Thus, I claim that there will often be a stronger case for permitting enhancement outside of sport than for permitting enhancement in sport. I end by considering some methodological implications of this conclusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art2
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social Perspectives and Genetic Enhancement: Whose Perspective? Whose Choice? (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: This paper's account of the core issues at stake in relation to genetic enhancement is presented as an alternative to mainstream liberal defenses of enhancement. The mainstream arguments are identified as being associated with reproductive autonomy, individual choice, and a `neutral', passive interpretation of technology. The alternative account is associated with the perspective of `woman' or child-bearer, with a fundamental concern for social justice, and an understanding of society in both a global and a contextual sense. This paper adopts a theoretical framework informed by feminist ethics, particularly a feminist ethic of care. The paper begins by outlining some of the key points of the care perspective, highlighting how this contrasts with a mainstream `justice' perspective, and illustrating how this is reflected in arguments relating to genetic enhancement. The paper then turns to a consideration of how a care perspective might be applied to questions of genetic enhancement, and how this may bring forward new issues. This includes in particular a consideration of IVF technologies and how applying understandings from research into this area brings forward usually unaddressed concerns in considering genetic enhancement. The final section of the paper covers some of the questions that there is space to ask once the narrow focus on individual rights is overcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art3
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Athlete or Guinea Pig? Sports and Enhancement Research (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: Bioethics has paid little attention to the issues raised by health in athletic competition, with the single exception of the use of prohibited performance enhancements. However, in competitive athletics, the treatment and prevention of athletic injury and the development of training programs designed to maximize athletic achievement share many characteristics with medical innovation and clinical research, and should be understood to constitute enhancement research.Athletes should, in at least some circumstances, be viewed as vulnerable research subjects, akin to desperate patients. Competitive athletes are often encouraged to sacrifice long-term health benefits for short-term gains; cultural mythology about sports and high-stakes financial investments at the organizational level in team sports exercise great influence on individual athletes' range of choices. Technological advances in training, equipment, and injury treatment serve to raise the bar in competitive athletics, in turn increasing not only the risks of harm but the level of expectation with regard to performance, injury, and recovery. It is common for athletes to seek, and teams to offer, intensive and innovative training regimens from which data are gathered, thus transforming innovation into research.As technology continues to enhance the prospects for athletic enhancement, it is time for bioethics to take a closer look at the way competitive athletics highlights the troubling questions posed by enhancement research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art1
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: The pace of a given strand of scientific research, whether purely curiosity-driven or motivated by a particular technological goal, is strongly influenced by public attitudes towards its value. In the case of research directed to the radical postponement of aging and the consequent extension of healthy and total lifespans, public opinion is entrenched in a "pro-aging trance" - a state of resolute irrationality. This arises from the entirely rational attitude to a grisly, inevitable and relatively far-off fate: putting it out of one's mind allows one to make the most of what time one has, free of preoccupation with one's demise, and it is immaterial how irrational the arguments that one uses to achieve this are, e.g. by persuading oneself that aging is not such a bad thing after all. As biotechnology increasingly nears the point where aging will no longer be inevitable, however, this studied fatalism has become a core part of the problem, making people reluctant to join the crusade to hasten that technology's arrival. An effective way to address this hesitation is to promote debate about the reasons people give for fearing the defeat of aging, most of which are sociological. Such debate exposes people to the glaring flaws in their own logic. Thus, the more the debate is sustained and promoted, the harder it is for those flaws to be ignored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art5
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Virtue Ethics and Prenatal Genetic Enhancement (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: In this paper I argue that the virtue ethics tradition can enhance the moral discourse on the ethics of prenatal genetic enhancements in distinctive and valuable ways. Virtue ethics prescribes we adopt a much more provisional stance on the issue of the moral permissibility of prenatal genetic enhancements. A stance that places great care on differentiating between the different stakes involved with developing different phenotypes in our children and the different possible means (environmental vs. genetic manipulation) available to parents for pursuing legitimate concerns of parental love and virtue. Key components of the virtue ethics account of morality, such as the Aristotelian account of happiness, love and the doctrine of the mean, provide an adequate basis for rejecting the claim that it is morally impermissible for parents to pursue (safe and effective) prenatal enhancements. Furthermore, there is good reason to believe that a virtue ethics account of morality could actually support the stronger claim that utilising such interventions can (in certain contexts) be morally required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art4
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Should We 'Cure' Aging? A Reply to de Grey (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: This is a reply to the discussion piece Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations, Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology by Audrey de Grey. Having read the article there seem to be four messages. The first being, that longevity/immortality research faces rejection, resistance and neglect from `classic anti-aging' researchers, policy makers, the funding system and the public. The second being that the `pro-aging' trance is illogical; the third being that not pushing for longevity and immortality research is immoral; and the fourth being that so far no valid reason for opposing longevity and immortality has been generated and that we will deal with potential problems if and when they appear. My message in this invited comment is 1) that de Grey is right with his first point; 2) that his second point is debatable and depends on certain assumptions; 3) that his third point is even on weaker feet and debatable (Morals and ethics are social and cultural constructions and depending on ones frame of reference something can be seen as moral and ethical or not. This is a whole different paper as to who decides which morals and ethics are right and wrong and can't be covered here.) and 4) that the longevity and immortality research exhibits the same discourse problems as the other new and emerging technology discourses, namely that its makes light of potential and real social risks that it tailors to a minority of the world and ignores the marginalized majority of the world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art7
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Medical Nanorobotics: Breaking the Trance of Futility in Life Extension Research (A Reply to de Grey) (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: Biogerontologist Aubrey de Grey has suggested that one of the reasons we as a society invest so little in research on combating aging is because we are in an intellectual trance. We think the effort will be futile: aging is immutable, so why try? A healthy skepticism can be a good thing but it is a major mistake to bet against the irresistible force of inexorable technological progress. Over the next few decades, nanotechnology will come to play a pivotal role in the solution to the problem of human aging. Medical nanorobotics, if it can be made to work, can unquestionably offer convenient solutions to all known causes of age-related damage and most likely can also successfully address any new causes of senescence that remain undiscovered today.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art6
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