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  • Springer  (387,982)
  • American Physical Society  (44,533)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 1975-1979  (234,756)
  • 1965-1969  (165,841)
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  • 1
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 893-898 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Biological tree-like structures, such as mammalian tracheobronchial airways, are complicated branching systems. One problem in modeling such systems is the reassignment of the number of segments at a given generation in the model being constructed. A hypothesis is proposed which has successfully been used in modeling mammalian lung airways.
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  • 2
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 11 (1979), S. 5-13 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 3
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 129-138 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The results of an earlier effort to provide a geometrical analysis of Hutchinsonian niche space are extended. The concept of diversity of a species in niche space is introduced and the maximization of this diversity provides a rationale for a within-niche fitness distribution which is Gaussian. Niche expansion is seen as a consequence of diffusion in niche space, and an evolutionary version of the Volterra competition equations is proposed as a way to relate niche geometry with population dynamics. Applications to topics in community evolution, species packing and the statistical fitting of species abundance data are mentioned.
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  • 4
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 203-215 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we use marginal probabilities to derive expressions for the means, variances and covariances ofm-compartment systems. We also present an efficient algorithm for the estimation of the parameters of the system using time series data when measurements are available fromk of them compartments. An application of the analysis and parameter estimation procedure for a model representing the results of a cancer treatment follow-up study is given.
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  • 5
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 193-201 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The self-organizing properties of an ensemble of interconnected units are studied by linear stability analyses. Small perturbations of a uniform steady-state may result in bifurcations to other solutions that exhibit spatial or temporal order. We show that increasing the number of connections that a unit makes with its neighbors changes the nature of these solutions and tends to destroy spatiotemporal patterns. If an unconnected system is orginally stable, the formation of multiple interconnections can never induce temporal periodicity but may, under certain circumstances, allow the emergence of stationary spatial patterns. We have verified the predictions of the linear stability analysis on a model system and comment on the implications of these results for multicellular ensembles.
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  • 6
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 217-227 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A performance criterion and weighting factors for the optimal cardiac assistance are investigated by applying Tellegen's network theorem and tolerance analysis on animal experimental data for left ventricular (LV) bypass on the failing heart. Two major factors with respect to cardiac assistance (total power delivered to the peripheral circulatory system, and changes in temporal pattern of ventricular contraction) are represented by two performance criteria,J 1 andJ 2 whereJ 1 relates to the sum of LV and pump power, andJ 2 relates to the “peakedness” factor of LV power. The total performance index (J) is determined as the weighted sum ofJ 1 andJ 2;J=w 1J1+w2J2. The weighting factors,w 1 andw 2, are computed as inverses of the tolerance in the performance contours with respect to improvement of stroke work per minute from pre- to post-bypass condition.
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  • 7
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 253-255 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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  • 8
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 229-251 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract In treating the Volterra-Verhulst prey-predator system with time dependent coefficients, we ask how far this deterministic system represents or approximates the dynamics of the population evolving in a realistic environment which is stochastic in nature. We consider a stochastic system withsmall Gaussian noise type fluctuations. It is shown that the higher moments of the deviation of the deterministic system from the stochastic approach zero as the strength δ of the perturbation decays to zero. For any δ〉0 and allT〉0, ε〉0, the sample population paths that stay within ε distance from the deterministic path during [0,T] form a collection of positive probability. In comparing the stationary distributions of the two systems, we show that the weak limits of those of the stochastic system form a subset of those of the deterministic system. This is in analogy with a result of May connected with the stability of the two systems. Plant and rodent populations possess periodic parameters andexhibit periodic behaivor. We establish theoretically this periodicity under periodicity conditions on the coefficients and perturbing random forces. We also establish a central limit property for the prey-predator system.
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  • 9
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 257-282 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Adaptation of repetitively firing sensory neurons and nerve models is correlated with specific inhibitory feedback phenomena—an electrogenic sodium pump, and post synaptic self inhibition. The quality of the adaptive responses depends on the excitation properties of the neuron in the interspike interval, or the description of these properties by the underlying impulse encoder model. THis model dependence is demonstrated by comparisons of the behavior of two classes of models; the “leaky integrator models” which assume a passive neural membrane, and the “variable-γ models”, for which the neural state of excitation varies according to first order differential equations. The complexity inherent in the variable-γ models is effectively boiled down to mathematically simple relationships which are derived from studies of the neural- and model frequency responses to small amplitude sinusoidal stimuli. It is argued, and supported with examples, that these relationships hold for impulse frequency transients resulting from more general stimulus conditions. Expressions are then derived which permit feedback parameters to be determined from impulse frequency data. In this connection, recent studies of neural dynamics are brought to bear to resolve ambiguities in data interpretation.
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  • 10
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 283-304 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A setQ(n) of noncongruent connected shapes, constructed from a fixed numbern of congruent regular hexagons laid edge to edge, is defined. Various measures of shape are applied toQ(n) and the results are numerically analyzed in the special casesn≦9. The concept of spatial entropy is introduced which affords a measure of the “complexity” of shape. Possible biological applications include the analysis of ecological cover,stigmergy or the complex nest-building activities of social insects and morphogenesis. Essentially any comparative study of shape, regardless of the specific application, might be carried out along the lines suggested in the paper.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 305-324 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract This paper uses optimal control theory in conjunction with a Gompertzian type model for cellular growth to determine the optimal method of administering cycle non-specific chemotherapy or more generally the optimal durations of treatment and rest periods during chemotherapy. The performance critera employed to determine the relative merits of the therapy include not only the destruction of malignant cells, but also the sparing of a critical normal tissue. Since these criteria are at odds with one another, the solutions are found which satisfy the Pareto optimality conditions.
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  • 12
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 325-342 
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    Notes: Abstract Oscillations governed by generalized Volterra-Gause-Witt equations to include retardation effects in population dynamics are considered. Models containing either small or significant time delay are discussed. The Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolskii perturbation method and its extension for differential equations with retarded argument is used.
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  • 13
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 357-364 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract A general solution to the dynamical equation for the probability distribution associated withn interacting species is obtained by employing the author's generic canonical expression for the rate functions. Interacting species models with limit-cycle dynamics and no stable equilibrium points feature probability distributions that are asymptotic for large values oft to Dirac δ-distributions concentrated on the limit-cycles, as illustrated here for an analytically solvable two-species model. For ann-species Volterra model, a stationary or temporally-averaged probability distribution should generally be much more complicated than the specialized Poisson form studied by Kerner and others.
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  • 14
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 365-385 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A set of coupled nonlinear differential equations, determining the concentration profiles and electric potentials valid for isothermal transport of ions and molecules across a diffusion barrier are formulated, using a correction to the limiting expression for chemical potential gradients and the molecular expression for frictional force. These differential equations are similar to Nernst-Planck equations and reduce to these under appropriate approximations. Solutions of these equations valid under specified conditions are presented. Expressions for permeability, concentration profiles of many ion systems are included.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 629-640 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The global flow equations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics for a single nonelectrolyte solute and water passing through a membrane are obtained by solving the local equations of motion. The method follows that developed for the general,n-solute case in the previous paper (Mikulecky, 1978). It is easily seen in this simple case that the passage from local interactions, formulated as position dependent frictional interactions in the equations of motion, to ghe global result involves a loss of any simple way of identifying particulars about local information. Two particular cases are analyzed in further detail: the case of no interaction within the pore and the case of constant interaction for both solute and solvent across the pore. In the former case, Onsager reciprocity survives in the global result if a self-consistent definition of the partial viscosity coefficients is used, while in the latter case, reciprocity is lost. Since, in many biologically interesting cases, the presence of interaction of the type considered here is likely to occur, the reciprocity condition should not automatically be assumed to hold.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 665-686 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract This study is related to a model describing the behavior of barium-treatedAplysia neurons generating regular burst-plateau patterns. The model is represented by an autonomous dynamical system, defined inR 4 and depending on a small parameter. This paper is restricted to the qualitative study of three “reduced systems” deduced from the “complete system”. Part of the study is performed with the use of the qualitative theory of singular perturbations. The predicted behaviors are compared with experimental results.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 641-664 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Using linear stability analysis, the qualitative stability properties of open nonlinear chemical systems, in which reactions of any order may occur, will be studied. Systems will be classified in three fundamental classes: trees, cycles and loops, according to their knot graphs. The study of the Jacobian matrix for the kinetic equations of the system shows that the symmetrizability by a particular procedure (calledD-symmetrizability) is a sufficient condition for stability. It has been proved that tree-graphs always satisfy the above condition. For the cycle-graphs, theD-symmetrizability condition leads to a cyclic relation between forward and reverse steady state flows. The stability may be assured, even if the cyclic relation is not satisfied, providing that the “symmetry breaking” be lower than an upper bound; further alternative criteria for stability of cycles have been derived. All these results are independent of the number of diffusive exchanges with the environment.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 687-705 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract The basis of an analytical description of the behaviour of large random nets of binary elements of the type first investigated in detail by S. A. Kauffman is presented. It is shown that information about the network dynamics can be deduced from quite general considerations of the properties of the state transition graph and matrix. An expression for the matrix elements of the state transition matrix in terms of the Boolean function specification of the net is derived. Using these ideas the distribution of limit cycle lengthsl for a completely random net is calculated and shown to bex 1/l, a result which agrees well with experimental data.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 707-724 
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    Notes: Abstract The state-transition matrix description of Kauffman binary networks described in the previous paper is further developed to obtain an analytical expression for the fraction of states involved in limit cycles as a function of the network size and connectivity. The result obtained for totally connected networks agrees with that derived from quite different considerations by other workers. For low connectivity networks the results are in qualitative agreement with the experimental data of Kauffman but there is a quantitative discrepancy which remains to be resolved.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 877-891 
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    Notes: Abstract Persistence-extinction in simple food chains modelled by Lotka-Volterra dynamics is governed by a single parameter which depends upon the interspecific interaction coefficients, the intraspecific interaction coefficients, and the length of the food chain. In persistent systems with nonzero carrying capacity, two new features predominate. Trophic level influence factors relate persistence on different trophic levels and determine, in conjunction with the persistence parameter, the magnitude of persistence. Equilibrium component ordering, which results in persistent systems, mandates once again that systems need to be studied on the complete ecosystem level; static field measurements reflect species location in the food chain, the total length of the food chain and assume characteristics according to these factors.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 11 (1979), S. 40-46 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
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    Topics: Economics
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 11 (1979), S. 34-39 
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    Topics: Economics
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 11 (1979), S. 52-62 
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    Topics: Economics
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 12 (1979), S. 3-4 
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    Topics: Economics
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 12 (1979), S. 5-22 
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    Topics: Economics
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 139-150 
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    Notes: Abstract Oxygen consumption of the left ventricle (MVO 2) was evaluated theoretically under the condition that the ventricle pumps a constant stroke volume against a constant arterial pressure, hence producing a constant external mechanical stroke work, with a widely varied contractility.MVO 2 was calculated by an empirical equation which had been inferred previously. Theoretical results indicated that the ventricle has a contractility at whichMVO 2 is minimal in spite of constant external work and therefore the mechanical efficiency as a pump is maximal. Such a contractility can be considered to be optimal from a standpoint of metabolic economy. The optimal contractility fell within the physiological range of contractility which had been observed experimentally. The result suggests a possibility that the contractility of a normal heart might be physiologically adapted to such an optimal level.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 151-162 
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    Notes: Abstract Diffusion problem with variabale diffusion coefficient in a spherical biological system is investigated. Also included in this study is the biological reaction of the Michaelis-Menten type. The problem formulated consists of a highly nonlinear differential equation which, however, can be efficiently solved by the orthogonal collocation method on a digital computer. The effects of the dimensionless governing parameters on the transient and steady state concentration responses are parametrically examined for the diffusion system with and without biological reaction.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 163-181 
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of calculating the potential induced in an electrical syncytium by a point source of current is studied. The interiors of the many interconnected cells are treated as one continuum with resistivity ρ i . The interdigitated extracellular space is treated as a second continuum of resistivity ρ e , occupying the same overall volume, coupled to the first via the resistanceR m and capacitanceC m of the cell membranes. The intra- and extracellular potentials are then solutions to a pair of coupled partial differential equations. The equations are uncoupled, yielding a cable equation for the transmembrane potential and a Poisson equation for a second auxiliary potential. For an unbounded syncytium the potential for a step function source is obtained in terms of error functions. For a spherical syncytium of radiusa, bounded by a membrane with surface resistanceR a, and capacitanceC a, expansions are obtained in spherical harmonics and spherical Bessel functions. For ɛ=ρ ia/R a and β=ρ i /ρ e small, an asymptotic expansion of the potential is developed. The results are compared to earlier results for a spherical cell as well as to microelectrode measurements of the lens of the eye.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 183-192 
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    Notes: Abstract The model developed in an earlier paper using two coupled partial differential equations for calculating the intracellular and extracellular electric potentials in a syncytium is applied here to cylindrical geometry. Eigenfunction expansions are obtained for the potentials resulting from an intracellular point source of current. The required orthogonality relations for the two sets of coupled radial eigenfunctions are derived. The model is applied to the structure composed of the interior and the transverse tubules of a muscle fiber. Asymtotic expansions for ζ and β→0 are obtained, where ζ is the product of the effective intracellular resistivity, the fiber radius and the outer surface membrane admittance per unit area, and β is the ratio of the effective intracellular resistivity to that of the tubular lumen. Earlier results from the distributed circuit model of a muscle fiber are recovered when ζ and β are small, and for a nerve axon when β=0.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 343-356 
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    Notes: Abstract Assuming a model of facilitated ionic transport across axonal membranes proposed by McIlroy (1975) and extended by McIlroy and Hahn (1978), it is shown that if the selectivity coefficient, πK, of the potassium conducting system ≃59 the permeabilityP Ks, of the periaxonal barrier of the squid giant axon for K+ ions≃(1.2±0.44)×10−4 cm sec−1 and the thickness of the periaxonal space ≃477±168 Å. Using a value (10−4 cm sec−1) ofP Ks in the foregoing range the experimental curves for the steady state membrane ionic conductance versus measured membrane potential difference (p.d.), ϕ, of Gilbert and Ehrenstein (1969) are corrected for the effect of accumulation of K+ in the periaxonal space. This correction is most marked for the axon immersed in a natural ionic environment, whose conductance curve is shifted ≃70mV along the voltage axis in the hyperpolarization direction. By assuming that the physico-chemical connection between a depolarization of the axonal membrane and the consequent membrane conductance changes is a Wien dissociative effect of the membrane's electric field on a weak electrolyte situated in the axolemma, the position of the peaks of the corrected conductance versus ϕ curves can be identified with zero membrane electric field and hence with zero p.d.across the axolemma. A set of values for the double-layer p.d.s at the axonal membrane interfaces with the external electrolytes in the vicinity of the K+ conducting pores can therefore be deduced for the various external electrolytes employed by Gilbert and Ehrenstein. A model of these double-layer p.d.s in which the membrane interfaces are assumed to possess fixed monovalent negatively charged sites, at least in the neighbourhood of the K+ conducting pores, is constructed. It is shown that, using the previously deduced values for the doublelayer p.d.s, such a model has a consistent, physically realistic solution for the distance between the fixed charged sites and for the dissociation constants of these sites in their interaction with the ions of the extramembrane electrolytes.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 387-405 
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    Notes: Abstract Gradual changes in function of proteins in response to single changes in primary structure are often observed to occur and are a necessary condition for evolution by variation and natural selection at the protein level. A probabilistic (entropy theory_ analysis of the effect of changes in primary structure on three-dimensional shape and function shows that such gradualism is based on the presence of a control system in the molecule involving a definite general form of structure-function degeneracy. The assumptions of the analysis are that primary structure determines tertiary structure (or a thermal distribution of tertiary configurations and allosteric forms), tertiary structure determines function (characterized by rate and other parameters), and that certain features of tertiary structure may be specialized for particular functions. The main conclusion is that embodied in the molecule is a subsystem which serves as a buffer, absorbing mutation or other forms of genetic variation and expressing these as graceful variations in features of the shape critical for function. This buffer system may be realized by numerical redundancy of amino acids or other mechanisms which increase the redundancy of weak interactions responsible for folding, utilization of amino acids having a greater number of analogs with redundant features, or local and global structural formats which allow for more effective utilization of redundancy. The mutation-absorption model has implications for the interpretation of structure-function relations in biology, the topology of the adaptive landscape, the interpretation of isoenzymes and allozymes, the relationship between selection and neutralism in evolution, and the relation between the complexity of and energy required by biological systems and the effectiveness of evolutionary optimization.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 427-445 
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    Notes: Abstract A system of rate equations gives rise to a corresponding pattern of activation and inhibition between the state variables. We consider the converse question: to what extent does the specification of a pattern of activation and inhibition between interacting quantities determine the rate equations? Among other things, it is shown that in order to determine a closed set of rate equations, a set of integrability conditions among the interactions must be satisfied; hence there is a sense in which an activation-inhibition pattern is more general than systems of rate equations. Questions of the structural interactions, are briefly discussed. A comparison is made between the properties of such activation-inhibition patterns and those of neural networks, or more general modular automata.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 447-447 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 407-425 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the Weber-Fechner law. which relates the response of a sensory biosystem to the intensity of the input stimulus, can be derived from a teleological principle of minimum transentropy (maximal noise reduction) provided the relative mean fluctuation (coefficient of variation) of the input intensity can be assumed to be (approximately) constant for all feasible mean input intensities. A law is then deduced from experimental results which quantifies the relationship existing between the relative amount of activated muscle mass and the “size” (which term is clearly defined) of a newly recruited motor unit. This law is found to be formally equivalent to the Weber-Fechner law when applied to motor unit recruitment. It is then shown that, in general, the ratio of the force increment upon recruitment, to the present force output does not obey Weber's law. Finally, it is proved that the “motor unit size law” as derived in this paper implies a fixed sequential order in the recruitment of motor units and that it may be viewed as the realization, by the mammalian neuromuscular system, of a general principle of maximum grading sensitivity.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 449-460 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we develop stability criteria applicable to Eigen's model for the selection and evolution of biological macromolecules. We show that it is possible to characterize the time evolution of the macromolecular system by Lyapounov-like functionals. The Lyapounov method is used to discuss the general stability of the system and the metastable nature of the selected states are discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 461-468 
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    Notes: Abstract A model of morphogenetic pattern formation recently proposed by Frenchet al. (1976) is investigated in relation to the properties of reaction-diffusion systems operating on two-dimensional circular medium. One of the basic requirements of this model is the existence of a circular morphogenetic gradient exhibiting no discontinuity. We explain how bifur-cation theory may account for the generation of such a spatial pattern through reaction-diffusion processes. For this, we study the emergence of multiple-order bifurcations.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 469-490 
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    Notes: Abstract We analyze under different environmental conditions the occurrence of bistability, i.e. of two simultaneously stables steady states, in a biological model system which describes the immunological interactions of neoplastic-target cells and cytotoxic-effector cells. As a result of environmental fluctuations such complex biological systems may undergo drastic modifications of their steady state properties. In particular, when the variance of fluctuations increases around a well defined mean value, transition phenomena appear which are absent in the usual bifurcation diagrams. The properties of the non-fluctuating systems can no longer be considered as a first approximation of the properties of the real system. Interestingly, in the case of the model, these transitions correspond to a rejection of tumor cells.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 517-523 
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    Notes: Abstract Two results on light penetration of an absorbing medium are presented in this paper: (1) It is shown, using the general light penetration law of Mannet al. (1977), that a random distribution of absorbing bodies (cells, leaves, etc.) is most efficient at intercepting direct beam (parallel) light. (2) A transmission coefficient is added to the general law in a manner similar to Monteith's (1965). This leads to the partitioning of the radiation regime beneath an absorbing medium into unintercepted, once intercepted, twice intercepted, etc., components. We are thus enabled to calculate the mean radiation intensity beneath the absorbing medium.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 491-515 
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    Notes: Abstract Previous stochastic compartmental models have introduced the primary source of stochasticity through either a probabilistic transfer mechanism or a random rate coefficient. This paper combines these primary sources into a unified stochastic compartmental model. Twelve different stochastic models are produced by combining various sources of stochasticity and the mean value and the covariance for each of the twelve models is derived. The covariance of each model has a different form whereby the individual sources of stochasticity are identificable from data. The various stochastic models are illustrated for certain specified distributions of the rate coefficient and of the initial count. Several properties of the models are derived and discussed. Among these is the fact that the expected count of a model with a random rate coefficient will always exceed the expected count of a model with a fixed coefficient evaluated at the mean rate. A general modeling strategy for the onecompartment, time invariant hazard rate is also proposed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 525-542 
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    Notes: Abstract A new equation for the growth rate of photosynthetic microorganisms is derived. It is based on a series formulation of the mechanism of photosynthesis and it has the form of a functional of the spectral qualities of light. Using this functional to model their growth it is shown that populations of photosynthetic microorganisms can coexist in the same homogeneous environment even though they compete for the available light.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 543-554 
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    Notes: Abstract The formalism and results of the theory of random evolutions are used to establish and investigate a model for two randomly interacting populations. The asymptotic stability of the expected solution is studied and contrasted to that of the associated deterministic system.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 555-571 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper an extension of a mathematical model of Keller and Segel (1970) describing the aggregation of amoebae is presented. In their paper (Keller and Segel, 1970) they showed that the onset of the aggregation could be viewed as a spatial instability. Their instability condition involved diffusion constants of the cyclic AMP and of the amoebae as well as a constant describing the chemotactic behavior of the amoebae. In our case we consider a temporal instability that depends only on the kinetics of cyclic AMP production, degradation and transport through the cell wall. Our model then explains the oscillatory behavior of the cyclic AMP in well-stirred suspensions of amoebae. In addition we discuss existence and non-existence of nonuniform steady states of the nonlinear parabolic system involved.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 607-610 
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    Notes: Abstract A branching processZ(t) which behaves as Markov branching processesZ 1(t) andZ 2(t) during the free and dead times of a counter process is considered. Expression forE[Z(t)] is given.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 573-589 
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    Notes: Abstract The spontaneous electrical rhythms recorded from the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and animals have been successfully modelled by an array of interconnected van der Pol oscillators. To account for asymmetry in the recorded waveforms (with particular reference to the human small intestine) an additional term in the van der Pol dynamics has been included. It is shown that the method of harmonic balance can be used to give analytical results for this asymmetrical condition. The non-linear algebraic equations are solved by hill-climbing to give values of d.c., fundamental and second harmonic amplitudes together with the entrained frequency. The results correlate well with actual measurements made on an analogue simulation by three different methods for waveshape factors of 0.1 and 1.0
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 591-606 
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    Notes: Abstract In view of the increasing evidence that multicomponent diffusion effects could be significant in biological gas exchange systems, a non-equimolar film model of multicomponent diffusion was derived. “Osmotic” ternary diffusion was studied for the gas systems He−N2−O2, He−SF6−O2, and N2−SF6−O2. Diffusional fluxes and concentration profiles were calculated under both the “square-root” and the “product” flux conditions. Results were also compared with those obtained using the equimolar flux condition. It was found that the greater the difference of the diffusibilities between the two active components in a system, the greater the osmotic fluxes, and also the more alinear the concentration profiles. These results support the suggestion that the “product” condition applies to molecular diffusion in free space, the “square-root” condition to molecular diffusion in pores, and the equimolar flux condition to closed diffusion systems.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 611-613 
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    Notes: Abstract This communication contains a proof of the fact that the coefficient of variation of the contents of a compartment of a stochastic compartmental model with deterministic rate parameters is small for large populations. We can therefore conclude that the use of stochastic compartmental models is not of great consequence in the case of systems involving large populations when only the randomness of the transfer mechanism is considered.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 615-616 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 617-628 
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    Notes: Abstract A system of arbitrarily many nonlinear ordinary differential equations which can be interpreted as describing competition between populations is studied here. It is found that limits exist for the system given specified constraints on the “signal function” which describes input-output relations at the level of single populations. Existence of limits is shown by means of a function which records which variable in the system is growing fastest at a given time i.e. who is winning the competition. Generalizations are discussed to sigmoid signal functions which appear in models of pattern discrimination by neuron populations.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 737-749 
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    Notes: Abstract The cumulant generating function and first two moments are derived for the stochastic distribution of units in a general irreversiblen-compartment model with time-dependent transition probabilities. In this model, a unit in the first compartment can transfer to any one of the remainingn−1 compartments and a unit in the second compartment can transfer to any of the remainingn−2 compartments and so on. In addition, a unit can enter or leave the system through any compartment. The work is related to previous research and a numerical example is given.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 725-735 
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    Notes: Abstract Many ecological and biological systems can be studied in terms of a bivariate stochastic branching process, {X 1 (t), X 2 (t)}, each of whose components (or populations) varies in magnitude according to the laws of a generalized birth-death process. Of particular interest is such a model in which the birth and death rates of the first population,X 1, are constant while those of the second population,X 2, exhibit a functional dependence upon the magnitude of the first. It is shown, first, that the existence of the stochastic mean of a birth death process implies the existence of all higher moments. The values of all the factorial moments of such a process are then determined. The moments of the dependent population of the bivariate process are given in terms of its expectation and the joint probability density function of the process is determined. It is possible, therefore, to use Bayesian techniques to infer conclusions about the independent population, given information about the variation of the dependent one.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 751-755 
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    Notes: Abstract Only a fraction of the total number of equilibrium solutions of the differential system which describes the populations of species in an ecosystem are feasible: that is only a fraction of the solutions give non-negative values for all the populations. The feasible equilibrium solutions of a generalized logistic equation are considered for the limiting cases of strongly and weakly interacting species. It is found that only about one third of all the possible species are generally expected to be present (i.e. to have non-zero populations) at any given equilibrium solution.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 757-759 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 761-766 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider a method for selection among a collection of self-reproducing macromolecular information carriers. The information carriers are assumed subject to the general constraint in which the fluxes of the energy rich monomers used in the syntheses of the information carriers are controlled externally. The constraint forces a competition among the various macromolecular species and a Darwinian like selection takes place. We show that the overall selective behaviour is independent of the specific form of the constraint. A general criteria for selection is given and we show that the selection process may generally be characterized by an optimization principle.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 767-790 
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    Notes: Abstract The bifurcation equations of a general reaction-diffusion system are derived for a circular surface. Particular attention is directed to the deformation of the circular boundary into an elliptic shape. This leads to a new bifurcation diagram which may involve secondary bifurcation, but which retains however the basic characteristics of the solutions for the circular case. Numerical simulations of the various coexisting, time-periodic and space-dependent solutions, are presented for a simple model reaction and circular geometry.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 803-812 
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    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of a self-organizing molecular system is described in terms of its normal modes. Each normal mode is associated with a certain eigenvalue, the average of which reflects most directly the overall process of self-organization. For the temporal change of this quantity a maximum principle holds.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 791-802 
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    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the structure of muscle and its function, especially with regard to the influence of the internal pressure when a muscle contracts. A model is constructed based on the anatomy of muscle. For difference shapes of muscle, but of equal volume, the muscle features (i.e. force exerted etc.) are computed after every contraction step. A function for the internal pressure is also calculated. The internal pressure influences the structure of the muscle which also depends in a certain way upon the function of the muscle.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 829-834 
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    Notes: Abstract Experimentally induced auto-immune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) in rabbits is characterized either by constant depressed erythrocyte numbers, or by oscillatory erythrocyte numbers about a depressed level (periodic auto-immune hemolytic anemia). Here the experimetallys observed characteristics of AIHA are satisfactorily accounted for by a simple model for erythropoiesis, assuming only the peripheral erythrocyte destruction rate is elevated with all other parameters normal. The onset of periodic AIHA is identified with the occurrence of a Hopf bifurcation in the model dynamics for certain values of the erythrocyte destruction rate.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 841-848 
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    Notes: Abstract Gating current is considered to be due to the transition of dipoles, which are coupled with the membrane matrix. Based on previous theory of nerve excitation, the equation for gating current is derived; the charge displacement equation and the time constant of the gating current are also derived. Agreement with experimental data is good.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 835-840 
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    Notes: Abstract The travelling waves for Fisher's equation are shown to be of a simple nature for the special wave speeds $$c = \pm 5/\sqrt {(6)} $$ . In this case the equation is shown to be of Painlevé type, i.e. solutions admit only poles as movable singularities. The general solution for this wave speed is found and a method is presented that can be applied to the solution of other nonlinear equations of biological and physical interest.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 813-828 
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    Notes: Abstract A system involving two kinds of sliding filaments is analysed with special attention to the actomyosin system. Rigorous results are obtained about the statistical effect originating from many active sites distributed on both filaments. It is necessary for the occurrence of smooth motion in sliding filament that the spatial periods of active sites on both filaments are relatively incommensurable, and that the number of active sites on each filament is large enough. Sufficient conditions for smooth contraction are derived under the assumption that both filaments are rigid; this is called rigid rod approximation in the present paper. The elastic mode of the filaments, during the sliding process, is analysed by perturbation theory based on the rigid rod approximation. A stochastic theory is briefly discussed in reference to the cooperative generation of contractile force, which is concerned in Hill's relation of muscle contraction.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 849-859 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider some models for selection in self-reproducing macromolecular systems subject to time varying environmental constraints. We show that many of the results concerning selection obtained previously for stationary constraints may be generalized and that the over-all selective behaviour even in complex enzyme coupled systems is basically the same under the time varying external conditions as it is in the stationary case.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. 861-875 
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    Notes: Abstract Standard results relating to the stability of autonomous first order difference equations are restated here with slight modifications so as to apply directly to equations in which the state variable remains positive. Some simple and effective tests for both local and global stability of these first order difference equations are presented. The main results are illustrated with examples drawn from population biology.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 41 (1979), S. i 
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    Notes: Abstract An analytical procedure is used to derive a class of functions for the shapes of the cross section of the human red cell during its osmotic swelling.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 12 (1979), S. 23-25 
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    Topics: Economics
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 12 (1979), S. 26-26 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 11 (1979), S. 63-67 
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    Notes: Summary and concluding remarks The traditional analysis of the performance of large international reinsurers typically concentrates on the effect of exchange rates on profitability of the firm (NRG [9]). The multi-index model enables us to capture and analyze two additional effects: According to the Interest Rates Parity Theorem, the expected rates of return on foreign investments already reflect the expected change in the exchange rate. Therefore, a firm operating in a perfect market would be indifferent to the currency denomination of its financial assets. The firm should consider only the unexpected element in the exchange rate movements, i.e., the exchange risk. The uncertainty in the exchange rate contributes to the variability of the return on each investment and underwriting project. The firm must consider this new element of risk while constructing its investment and insurance portfolios. p ]The model can be used to examine and analyze alternative policies of the firm operating in international markets. For example, the model can be used to examine the “full hedge” policy, in which the insurer has a zero net position in any non-reference currency, or the policy of isolating national insurance markets.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 13 (1979), S. 3-5 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 13 (1979), S. 6-55 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 13 (1979), S. 56-84 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 13 (1979), S. 85-101 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 14 (1979), S. 3-19 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 14 (1979), S. 20-43 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 14 (1979), S. 44-62 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 14 (1979), S. 63-72 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 11 (1979), S. 14-33 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 11 (1979), S. 47-51 
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 14 (1979), S. 73-79 
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    Notes: Conclusions The emergence of economists in the insurance industry is only a symptom of a profound change in the market reality which the industry, especially in the U.K. with its worldwide ramifications of business interests, is facing now. This change, brought about by a sudden appearance of purely economic aspects of insurance activities, links up firmly the insurance proper with solely financial operations of the industry. It also widens very considerably both the range of factors relevant to underwriting and overall policy decisions and extends the time dimension of business analysis. It is this complexity of the background to the decision-making process that is responsible for a growing trend towards corporate planning within which economists have a vital role to play.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 22-32 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On the basis of a survey of estimated game losses following the introduction of farm machinery in 36 district hunting areas in North Rhine Westphalia, the losses amongst roe, hare, wild rabbit, pheasant and partridge are particularised. Alongside the absolute figures, the mechanisation data are analysed against the annual bag of the individual animal species and the different agricultural acreages. By N. Rhine Westphalian standards, feathered game were found to be the hardest hit (pheasant and partridge along with their offsring formed about 22% of the annual bag), followed by hare (14.5%), roe (13.5%) and rabbit (only 1.1%). After conversion to put the figures on a comparable basis, the results correspond on the whole quite well, and in some respects very well, with those of an earlier inquiry by the Deutscher Jagdschutz-Verband made on a much smaller area. Nevertheless, these uncorrected estimates should be accepted only with reservations, especially because of possible psychological stress in the people who were questioned.
    Abstract: Résumé Les résultats d'une enquête sur les pertes de gibier causées par des engins agricoles et portant sur 36 territoires de districts de Rhénanie-Westphalie fournissent des estimations de ce type de mortalité chez le Chevreuil, le Lièvre, le Lapin, le Faisan et la Perdrix. Ces valeurs ne sont pas seulement données en chiffres absolus mais sont également rapportées aux tableaux de tir des différentes espèces et aux différentes surfaces agricoles en question. En Rhénanie-Westphalie, la situation est telle que le gibierplume (Faisan et Perdrix, y compris leur couvées) est le plus touché avec 22% du tableau, suivi du Lièvre (14.5%), le Chevreuil (13.5%) et le Lapin avec seulement 1.1%. La concordance générale des chiffres, après conversion, avec ceux obtenus lors d'une enquête antérieure beaucoup moins etendue en surface et organisée par le „Deutscher Jagdschutz-Verband“ est bonne, voire, dans certains cas, très bonne. Ces estimations à l'état brut doivent cependant être considérées avec réserve, d'autant plus que certaines contraintes psychologiques ont pu jouer chez les personnes interrogées.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anhand einer Erhebung von Schätzwerten über Wildverluste durch landwirtschaftlichen Maschineneinsatz aus 36 Kreisgruppengebieten in Nordrhein-Westfalen werden Verlustzahlen der Wildarten Reh, Hase, Wildkaninchen, Fasan und Rebhuhn angegeben. Dabei sind neben den absoluten Zahlenangaben die Daten auf die jeweilige Jahresstrecke der einzelnen Tierart sowie auf verschiedene landwirtschaftliche Nutzflächen bezogen. Nach nordrhein-westfälischen Verhältnissen sind dabei die Federwildarten Fasan und Rebhuhn einschl. ihrer Gelege mit etwa 22% der Jahresstrecke am stärksten betroffen, gefolgt von Hase (14,5%), Reh (13,5%) und Kaninchen mit nur 1,1%. Die Ergebnisse stimmen nach Umrechnung primär nicht vergleichbarer Zahlen im großen und ganzen gut und teilweise sehr gut mit denen einer früheren flächenmäßig erheblich begrenzteren Umfrage des Deutschen Jagdschutz-Verbandes überein. Dennoch sollen diese nicht korrigierten Schätzwerte — besonders auch wegen dargestellter möglicher psychologischer Verhaltenszwänge bei den Befragten — unter Vorbehalt entgegengenommen werden.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 36-38 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There is a report of a congenital combined tooth and bite anomaly in the form of an undifferentiated fourth molar in the left lower jaw of a fallow deer stag, and the appearance of beads of enamel on the M3 sin. inf. Two photographs illustrate the malformations.
    Abstract: Résumé Anomalie congénitale et combinée de la denture inférieure chez un Daim mâle sous la forme d'une quatrième molaire non différenciée sur le rameau gauche et d'une perlure d'émail sur le sinus inférieur de la M3. Deux documents photographiques illustrent cette double malformation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine angeborene kombinierte Zahn- und Gebißanomalie in Form eines undifferenzierten vierten Molaren im linken Unterkiefer eines Damhirsches sowie über das Auftreten von Schmelzperlen am M3 sin. inf. berichtet. Zwei Fotos belegen die Mißbildungen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The central feature of the paper is the development of the study of game in Jugoslavia. Alongside this is given a short résumé of game study activities during the same period in Bulgaria, Hungary and Poland.
    Abstract: Résumé On présente l'historique de la cynégétique en Yougoslavie et, accessoirement, celui de la Bulgarie, de la Hongrie et de la Pologne. Pour la Yougoslavie, on fait état, principalement, des centres de recherche de Ljubljana et de Novi Sad. En 1953, se constitua le groupe pour la recherche cynégétique, d'où émergea, après deux ans, l'Institut de Recherche Scientifique du Gibier, relié à l'association fédérale yougoslave de chasse. Les liens avec les travaux du ProfesseurNüsslein sont rappelés, en particulier ceux qui sont le fait de l'„Internationaler Ring der Jagdwissenschaftler“.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schwerpunktmäßig wird die Entwicklung der Jagdwissenschaft in Jugoslawien dargestellt, daneben wird jeweils ein kurzer Überblick über jagdwissenschaftliche Tätigkeiten in den Ländern Bulgarien, Ungarn und Polen gegeben. Für Jugoslawien werden vor allen Dingen die beiden Zentren für Wildforschung Ljubljana und Novi Sad genannt. 1953 bildete sich die Gruppe für wissenschaftliche Forschung im Jagdwesen, aus der zwei Jahre später das Institut für wissenschaftliche Wildforschung hervorging, das an den föderalen Jagdverband in Jugoslawien gebunden war. Verbindungen zu dem Wirken von Prof.Nüsslein werden aufgezeigt, insbesondere die durch den Internationalen Ring der Jagdwissenschaftler bestehenden.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 110-114 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper traces the links between the hunting organisation and the game research in Germany. It was the „Allgemeiner Deutscher Jagdschutzverein“ which ensured the introduction of research into game-tagging in 1904. The majority of the members of the „Gesellschaft für Jagdkunde“, founded in 1919, were members of the many hunting associations. In 1934, the „Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft“ took over the „Institut für Jagdkunde“ in Berlin which had been founded in 1911. The State hunting association of North-Rhine Westphalia ran its own research establishment after 1950, as did that of Schleswig-Holstein after 1953. Prof.Nüsslein is considered to have been the central figure in the study of game in Germany since the International Union of Game Biologists was established in 1954.
    Abstract: Résumé On fait état des liens existant entre les organisations de chasse et la cynégétique en Allemange. La mérite de l'„Allgemeine Deutsche Jagdschutzverein“ (association allemande pour la protection de la chasse) fut l'instauration, en 1904, d'une recherche sur des animaux marqués. La majorité des membres de la „Gesellschaft für Jagdkunde“ (Societé de Cynégétique), fondée en 1919, étaient issus d'associations de chasse. Le „Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft“ (Fédération allemande des chasseurs) assura en 1934 la reprise en charge de l'Institut de Cynégétique fondé à Berlin en 1911. L'association de chasse de la Rhénanie-Westphalie — depuis 1950 — et celle du Schleswig-Holstein — depuis 1953 — disposent de leurs propres institutions de recherche. Le ProfesseurNüsslein est considéré comme la personnalité cynégétique allemande la plus marquante depuis les origines de l'„Internationaler Ring der Jagdwissenschaftler“ (Cercle international des Cynégéticiens) en 1954.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aufgezeigt werden Verbindungen zwischen der Jägerorganisation und der Jagdwissenschaft in Deutschland. Das Verdienst des 1875 gegründeten „Allgemeinen Deutschen Jagdschutzvereins“ war die Einführung der Wildmarkenforschung im Jahre 1904. Der Großteil der Mitglieder der 1919 gegründeten „Gesellschaft für Jagdkunde“ waren Mitglieder aus den Reihen der Jägervereinigungen. Der „Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft“ übernahm 1934 das 1911 gegründete Institut für Jagdkunde in Berlin. Eigene Forschungseinrichtungen betrieben der Landesjagdverband Nordrhein-Westfalen ab 1950 und der Landesjagdverband Schleswig-Holstein ab 1953. Prof.Nüsslein wird als zentrale Persönlichkeit der Jagdwissenschaft in Deutschland seit dem Entstehen des Internationalen Ringes der Jagdwissenschaftler im Jahre 1954 angesehen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 127-128 
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 117-122 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper reports on the work of the Institute for Wildlife Biology and Game Studies („Jagdkunde“) in the University of Göttingen since 1945. Prof.Fritz Nüsslein was from 1947 to 1952 principal lecturer and director of the Institute for Game Studies, as it then was, and from 1953 to 1967 he was senior professor. In 1973 the professorship was recast, after the name of the institute had been broadened in 1971 into “Wildlife Research and Game Studies”. In 1976 it was renamed “The Institute for Wildlife Biology and Game Studies”. The article presents the current teaching programme, including a compulsory 2-semester unit of four hours per week for wildlife biology and game studies, and the current research programmes which are concerned with indigenous hoofed animals, indigenous predators, hares and rodents, indigenous birds, ecosystem research, tropical research, the protection of wild animals, wildlife pathology, parasitology and the study of fisheries and hydrology. Further, reference is made to the services of the Institute (inter alia extensive age-estimates and investigations of dead game animals) and its collaboration with official organisations.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est rendu compte des travaux de l'Institut de Biologie du Gibier et de Cynégétique de l'Université de Göttingen après 1945. De 1947 à 1952, ce fut au titre de Chargé de Cours, de 1953 à 1963 au titre de Professeur ordinaire, que le ProfesseurF. Nüsslein présida aux destinées de ce qui s'appelait à l'époque l'Institut de Cynégétique („Institut für Jagdkunde“). En 1973, la chaire de cynégétique fut à nouveau occupée, après que l'appellation de l'institut fut élargie sous le vocable „Recherche sur le gibier et cynégétiqu“ („Wildforschung und Jagdkunde“). En 1976, cette appellation fut transformée pour devenir „Institut de Biologie du Gibier et de Cynégétique“ („Institut für Wildbiologie und Jagdkunde“). Un aperçu est donné sur la charge d'enseignement actuelle (qui comprend entre autres un enseignement obligatoire, pendant deux semestres, de quatre heures-semaine pour la biologie du gibier et pour la cynégétique) et sur les recherches en cours (qui portent sur les Ongulés indigènes, les Carnivores, les Lagomorphes, les Rongeurs indigènes, l'avifaune indigène, sur les écosystèmes, la problématique tropicale, la protection des espèces menacées d'extinction, la pathologie et la parasitologie des espèces-gibier ainsi que sur la limnologie et la pisciculture). On mentionne également les services qui sont assurés par l'Institut (entre autres déterminations de l'âge et autopsies d'animaux retrouvés morts) et la collaboration qui est engagée avec différentes organisations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Berichtet wird über die Arbeit des Instituts für Wildbiologie und Jagdkunde der Universität Göttingen nach 1945. Prof.Fritz Nüsslein war von 1947 bis 1952 Lehrbeauftragter und Leiter des damaligen Instituts für Jagdkunde und von 1953 bis 1967 Ordinarius. 1973 erfolgte die Neubesetzung des Lehrstuhles, nachdem 1971 die Institutsbezeichnung in „Wildforschung und Jagdkunde“ erweitert worden war. 1976 wurde die Umbenennung in „Institut für Wildbiologie und Jagdkunde“ vorgenommen. Dargestellt werden das gegenwärtige Lehrangebot, u. a. eine zweisemestrige Pflichtveranstaltung von 4 Wochenstunden für Wildbiologie und Jagdkunde, und die laufenden Forschungen, die sich auf einheimische Huftiere, einheimische Raub-, Hasen- und Nagetiere, einheimische Vögel, die Ökosystemforschung, die Tropenforschung, den Wildtierschutz, die Wildpathologie und Parasitologie und die Fischerei- und Gewässerkunde beziehen. Hingewiesen wird ferner auf die Dienstleistungen des Instituts (u. a. umfangreiche Altersschätzungen und Fallwilduntersuchungen) und die Mitarbeit in Organisationen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 150-159 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary As a result of the administration of Testosteron and subsequent traumatisation, four male red deer which were castrated before or at puberty, developed antlers. During the autumn-winter period, Testosteron, Oestradiol or Progesteron were administered to the animals in order to induce cleaning. After the hormone treatment ceased, the antlers were shed in spring, whereupon the next period of antler growth began. The research showed that the effect of Progesteron on the antler cycle is similar to that of Testosteron, though Progesteron is at least 2–3 times less effective. In two cases antlers were generated without producing a trauma. These antlers did not develop in the normal way but grew bent over downwards, and in one case a pendulous beam developed.
    Abstract: Résumé Après administration de Testotérone et suite au traumatisme infligé aussitôt après, quatre cerfs mâles, qui avaient été châtrés au moment de la puberté, ont développé des bois. Au cours de l'automme et de l'hiver on administra aux animaux de la Testotérone, de l'Oestradiol et de la Progestérone afin de provoquer le décroûtage. Après l'arrêt du traitement hormonal, les bois furent jetés bas au printemps, après quoi on put observer la nouvelle poussée des bois. Les recherches ont montré que l'effet de la Progestérone sur le cycle des bois était semblable à celui de la Testotérone. La Progestérone présente cependant un effet certainement 2 à 3 fois moindre que celui de la Testotérone. Dans deux cas, des bois ont été produits sans intervention d'un traumatisme. Ces bois ne se développèrent pas de façon normale mais s'infléchirent vers l'avant; dans un cas se développa une perche en pendule („Pendelstange“).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Als Folge der Verabreichung von Testosteron und nachfolgender Traumatisierung haben vier männliche Rothirsche, die vor oder zur Zeit der Pubertät kastriert wurden, Geweihe entwickelt. Während der Herbst-Winter-Periode wurde den Tieren Testosteron, Oestradiol oder Progesteron verabreicht, um das Fegen zu verursachen. Nach Einstellung der Hormonbehandlung wurden die Geweihe im Frühjahr abgeworfen, worauf die nächste Geweihwachstumsperiode einsetzte. Die Versuche haben gezeigt, daß die Auswirkung von Progesteron auf den Geweihzyklus dem Effekt von Testosteron ähnlich ist. Progesteron ist jedoch mindestens 2–3mal weniger wirkungsvoll als Testosteron. In zwei Fällen wurden Geweihe ohne Beibringen eines Traumas erzeugt. Diese Geweihe entwickelten sich nicht in der normalen Weise, sondern wuchsen verbogen nach unten, und in einem Falle entwickelte sich eine pendelnde Stange.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 129-139 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is still very strictly protected in South West Africa/Namibia. There has even been a clear increase in cheetah numbers in farming areas over recent years. Causes of this are the general increase in game populations, the more favourable opportunities for capture as a result of farm husbandry measures, the diminishing competition from enemies, the reduced pressure of hunting and the more limited disturbance of their areas. Cheetah can do considerable damage to game and livestock. This has forced the farmers to hunt the cheetah. Capture by box trap at the play tree has proved to be particularly successful in the sense of skinning off the surplus population whilst at the same time being the best method of conserving the stock. By selling live cheetahs and cheetah skins, the farmers, prior to the Washington accord on protection of species coming into force, could balance out or outweigh the losses they suffered trough cheetah, so that they had a financial interest in the conservation of the species. The situation which has developed from the Washington accord on preservation of species gives rise to a fear that the repercussions may destroy the population. That is why ways must be sought to interest the farmers in future management by the conservation and effective hunting of cheetah.
    Abstract: Résumé Le Guépard (Acinonyx jubatus) est encore très fortement représenté dans le Sud-ouest de l'Afrique (Namibie). Ces derniers temps, une multiplication notoire de l'espèce dans les régions d'élevage peut même être constatée. L'augmentation généralisée des effectifs de gibier, les possibilités accrues de la prédation liées à certaines mesures favorables au bétail, la diminution de la pression de chasse et une moindre perturbation de l'espace rural en sont les causes. Les guépards peuvent causer des dommages importants au gibier et au bétail. Les fermiers sont ainsi amenés à faire la chasse à ce prèdateur. Le procédé de capture à la fois le plus efficace et le moins préjudiciable à la population consiste à utiliser des chatiéres que l'on dispose au pied de certains arbres utilisés par le carnivore. Avant l'entrée en vigueur de la Convention de Washington, les fermiers parvenaient, par la vente de guépards vivants ou de leur peaux, à compenser — parfois largement — les pertes qu'ils leur causaient; ces fermiers avaient donc tout intérêt à veiller à la conservation du félidé. La nouvelle situation qui résulte de la mise en application de la Convention de Washington pourrait avoir des effets négatifs. Une formule doit donc être trouvée qui permette d'associer économiquement les fermiers à la conservation et à une chasse permanente du Guépard.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus) ist in Südwestafrika/Namibia noch sehr stark vertreten. Für die jüngste Zeit läßt sich sogar eine deutliche Zunahme im Farmland feststellen. Ursachen hierfür sind die allgemeine Zunahme der Wildbestände, die günstigeren Erbeutungsmöglichkeiten infolge farmwirtschaftlicher Maßnahmen, die Verminderung des Feinddrucks, die Abnahme des Jagddrucks und die geringere Geländebeunruhigung. Unter Wild und Vieh können die Geparden beträchtliche Schäden anrichten. Die Farmer sind dadurch zu einer Bejagung der Geparden gezwungen. Als besonders erfolgreich im Sinne einer Bestandesabschöpfung und gleichzeitig als am meisten bestandesschonend hat sich der Fang mit der Kastenfalle am Spielbaum erwiesen. Durch Verkauf von lebenden Geparden und Gepardenfellen konnten die Farmer vor Inkrafttreten des Washingtoner Artenschutzabkommens ihre durch die Geparden verursachten Verluste ausgleichen oder übertreffen, so daß sie ein wirtschaftliches Interesse an der Erhaltung der Geparden hatten. Die durch das Washingtoner Artenschutzabkommen entstandene Situation läßt negative Auswirkungen befürchten. Es muß deshalb nach Wegen gesucht werden, die Farmer auch in Zukunft wirtschaftlich an der Erhaltung und nachhaltigen Bejagung der Geparden zu interessieren.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This report deals with the residue-levels of heavy-metals in chamois of the Zillertal, Austria. The authors examined muscles and kidneys in order to discover the lead, mercury and cadmium content. The concentrations found in the muscles are of about the same level as for animals sent for slaughter, whereas the levels in the kidneys are higher. The lead content of kidneys relative to the age of the animals and seasonal variations of the lead-and mercury-concentrations are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est rendu compte de la contamination de chamois du Zillertal (Autriche) par des résidus de métaux lourds. Les concentrations de Plomb, Mercure et Cadmium dans les muscles et dans les reins ont été déterminées. Les résultats révèlent une contamination des muscles presque aussi importante que celle observée chez les bovidés d'abattoir en Autriche, tandis que celle des reins se situait à un niveau plus élevé. La discussion porte sur la dépendance de la teneur des reins en Plomb en fonction de l'âge des animaux et sur celle de la teneur en Plomb et en Mercure suivant les saisons.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Belastung von Gemsen aus dem Zillertal, Österreich, mit Schwermetallrückständen berichtet. Bei Muskulatur und Nieren wurden die Konzentrationen von Blei, Quecksilber und Cadmium ermittelt. Die Resultate zeigen eine etwa gleich hohe Belastung der Muskulatur wie bei Schlachtrindern in Österreich, während die Belastung der Nieren höher liegt. Abhängigkeiten des Bleigehaltes in der Niere vom Alter der Tiere sowie des Blei- und Quecksilbergehaltes von der Jahreszeit werden diskutiert.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 139-150 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The study used a data base of 17 380 red deer calves and yearlings shot during 17 hunting seasons to investigate the mean growth development between August and January. Some statistical difficulties in analysing this kind of data are discussed. A second-order polynominal model was used to describe the relationship between body weight and date of kill. The deer were divided into four groups according to age and sex, and for each group the unknown parameters were estimated by the least square regression method. A similar model equation was derived for each of the 17 hunting seasons. The mean body weight on December 1st as predicted by these equations was used to show the correlation between body weight and population density as derived from the careful recording of the game management. According to these results, the increase in body weight was of the magnitude of one kilogram for a reduction of the population density by one animal per 100 hectares.
    Abstract: Résumé Le développement moyen du poids du corps au cours de la saison de chasse chez les faons et yearlings de Cerf est étudié grâce à l'analyse du poids de 17 380 animaux tirés au cours de 17 saisons de chasse. Certaines difficultés d'ordre méthodologique inhérentes à l'analyse de telles données sont soulignées. On fait appel à un polynôme du second degré pour décrire la relation entre le poids du corps et la date de tir. Pour chacun des quatres ensembles faons mâles, faons femelles, yearlings mâles et yearlings femelles, les paramètres inconnus sont estimés par la méthode des moindres carrés. Des courbes analogues sont obtenues pour chacune des 17 périodes d'observation. Les valeurs de poids au 1er décembre qui résultent de ces équations sont confrontées avec les densités de population d'année en année. On observe ainsi que la majoration des poids moyens des faons et yearlings est de l'ordre d'l kg lorsque la densité de population baisse d'une tête par 100 ha.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Daten von 17 380 erlegten Tieren aus 17 Jagdjahren wurde die mittlere Gewichtsentwicklung in der Abschußzeit von Kälbern und einjährigem Rotwild untersucht. Es werden einige methodische Schwierigkeiten der Analyse derartiger Daten erörtert. Ein Polynom zweiten Grades wurde benutzt, um die Beziehung zwischen Körpergewicht und Abschußdatum zu beschreiben. Für die vier Untersuchungskollektive Hirschkälber, Wildkälber, Schmalspießer und Schmaltiere wurden jeweils die unbekannten Parameter mittels der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate geschätzt. Ähnliche Kurven wurden für jedes der 17 Untersuchungsjahre abgeleitet. Die aus diesen Gleichungen errechneten Körpergewichte am 1. Dezember wurden den jährlichen Wilddichten gegenübergestellt. Danach lag die Steigerung der durchschnittlichen Körpergewichte von Kälbern und einjährigen Tieren in der Größenordnung von einem Kilogramm bei Senkung der Wilddichte um ein Tier pro 100 Hektar.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 178-179 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two cases of lead poisoning by shot in waterfowl(C. cygnus, Bucephala clangula) are reported from Schleswig-Holstein, North Germany.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans le Schleswig-Holstein, Allmagne fédérale, on a enregistré chez des Anatidés(C. cygnus, Bucephala clangula) deux cas d'empoisonnement provoqués par des plombs de chasse.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwei Fälle von Schrotbleivergiftung bei Anatiden(C. cygnus, Bucephala clangula) werden aus Schleswig-Holstein mitgeteilt.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 253-253 
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 261-261 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 111-126 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Least Element ; Linear Complementarity ; Quadratic Programs ; Special Structure ; Applications ; Computational Experience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The present paper studies the linear complementarity problem of finding vectorsx andy inR + n such thatc + Dx + y ≧ 0,b − x ≧ 0 andx T (c + Dx + y) = y T (b − x) = 0 whereD is aZ-matrix andb 〉 0. Complementarity problems of this nature arise, for example, from the minimization of certain quadratic functions subject to upper and lower bounds on the variables. Two least-element characterizations of solutions to the above linear complementarity problem are established first. Next, a new and direct method to solve this class of problems, which depends on the idea of “least-element solution” is presented. Finally, applications and computational experience with its implementation are discussed.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 139-139 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
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  • 94
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 190-209 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Algorithm ; Piecewise Linear ; Complementary Pivot ; Equilibrium Model ; Trade ; Production Prices ; Linear Programming ; Fixed Point Methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The general equilibrium model is approximated as a piecewise linear convex model and solved from the point of view of welfare economics using linear programming and fixed point methods.
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  • 95
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 260-260 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 96
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 263-263 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Complementarity Problem ; Computational Results ; Structural Engineering ; Applications ; Portfolio Selection ; Actuarial Graduation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we discuss three applications of a class of (parametric) linear complementarity problems arising independently from such diverse areas as portfolio selection, structural engineering and actuarial graduation. After explaining how the complementarity problems emerge in these applications, we perform some analytical comparisons (based on operation counts and storage requirements) of several existing algorithms for solving this class of complementarity problems. We shall also present computational results to support the analytical comparisons. Finally, we deduce some conclusions about the general performance of these algorithms.
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 136-136 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 99
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    Mathematical programming 16 (1979), S. 141-158 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Constrained Least Squares Problems ; Positive Semidefinite Quadratic Programming ; Orthogonal Factorization ; Reorthogonalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a feasible descent algorithm for solving certain constrained least squares problems. These problems are specially structured quadratic programming problems with positive semidefinite Hessian matrices that are allowed to be singular. The algorithm generates a finite sequence of subproblems that are solved using the numerically stable technique of orthogonal factorization with reorthogonalization and Given's transformation updating.
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    Mathematical programming 17 (1979), S. 104-105 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Complementarity Problem ; Number of Solutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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