ALBERT

Description: CLIMODE (CLIVAR Mode Water Dynamic Experiment) is a research program designed to understand and quantify the processes responsible for the formation and dissipation of North Atlantic subtropical mode water, also called Eighteen Degree Water (EDW). Among these processes, the amount of buoyancy loss at the ocean-atmosphere interface is still uncertain and needs to be accurately quantified. In November 2006, cruise 434 onboard R/V Oceanus traveled in the region of the separated Gulf Stream and its recirculation, where intense oceanic heat loss to the atmosphere in the winter is believed to trigger the formation of EDW. During this cruise, the surface mooring F that was anchored in the core of the Gulf Stream was replaced by a new one, as well as two subsurface moorings C and D located on the southeastern edge of the stream. Surface drifters, ARGO and bobbers RAFOS floats were deployed, CTD profiles and water samples were also carried out. This array of instruments will permit a characterization of EDW with high spatial and temporal resolutions and accurate in-situ measurements of air-sea fluxes in the EDW formation region. The present report documents this cruise, the methods and locations for the deployments of instruments and some evaluation of the measurements from these instruments.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under contract No. OCE04-24536

Description: This report is the last of a series of three reports on a comprehensive study of CTD instrument lowering mechanics. The first report, WHOI 79-81, "A Study of CTD Cables and Lowering Systems", examines the causes and modes of lowering cable failures, both mechanical and electrical, and makes recommendations to improve existing instrument packages and lowering procedures. The second report, WHOI 81-76, "Hydrodynamics of CTD Instrument Packages", is a theoretical study of instrument package stability when cable lowered or free falling. The model is used to predict the hydrodynamic response of CTD packages in their present or improved configuration. This report, WHOI 83-21, is more factual. It describes the tests performed on scale models and actual CTD packages to actually observe and/or measure their hydrodynamic behavior. Analytical results and experimental data obtained in this study are used to draw recommendations for CTD package improvement and future lowering procedures.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-72-C-0019.

Description: Digital computing techniques have been used in special computing applications in underwater acoustics at WHOI for many years, but recently we have commenced intensive application of digital data handling and computing facilities to a variety of computing, data storage, and data handling problems. Progress in these applications is described under Acoustic Instrumentation below. Some bathymetric studies carried out recently under another contract have shown that even very narrow-beam, single-beam echo sounders simply cannot provide reliable depth sounding information where the topography is complex. In this work we have been experimenting with the inverted echo sounder, discussed below, originally developed to measure depth of the sound velocimeter. The inverted echo sounder is lowered to a position within a few feet of the bottom. The total acoustic travel time from surface to bottom may be read as the sum of the travel times from the instrument to the bottom and surface . True depth is then computed in the usual way with appropriate s cnmd velocity data. In its present form the inverted echo sounder is suitable for mapping ~mall areas~ a few square miles, provided there is a suitable means of positioning the instrument. We have experimented with radio-acoustic navigation, and intend to experiment with vertical triangulation from the suspending ship as well. Steady demands for new, modified, and improved instrumentation have been responded to in echo sounding, seismic profiling, and spectrum analysis, as detailed below.

Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under Contracts Nonr-1367(00)NR261-102 and Nonr-2129(00)NR261-104

Description: The following report describes the scientific motivations for the use of a Sea Floor Winch System for Wireline Re-entry of Deep Sea Boreholes and presents a conceptual design for the winch system.

Description: This report has been prepared for the Scripps Institution of Oceanography under U.C.S.D. Order # G29733-0901.

Description: The primary objective of this publication is to share with a wider audience the valuable information and extensive dialogue that took place amongst over 140 individuals who attended the second in a series of planned workshops on the science and management of coastal landforms in Massachusetts. This workshop took place at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on January 24, 2001. The individuals who attended this workshop are actively engaged in planning, managing, regulating, engineering, educating, and studying coastal landforms and their beneficial functions. This workshop titled, Can Humans & Coastal Landforms Co-exist?’, was a natural follow-up to a previous workshop, Coastal Landform Management in Massachusetts, held at WHOI October 9-10, 1997 (proceedings published as WHOI Technical Report #WHOI-98-16). The workshop had a very practical, applied focus, providing state-of-the-art scientific understanding of coastal landform function, case history management and regulation of human activities proposed on coastal landforms, a multi-faceted mock conservation commission hearing presented by practicing technical consultants and attorneys that involved all attendees acting as regulators in breakout sessions, and, at the conclusion of the workshop, an open discussion on all issues related to the science and management of coastal landforms, including future research needs.

Description: Funding for these proceedings was provided by WHOI Sea Grant and the NOAA National Sea Grant College Program Office, Department of Commerce, under NOAA Grant No. M10-2, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sea Grant Project No. NA86R60075.

Description: The Seafloor Borehole Array Seismic System (SEABASS) was originally developed to record autonomously on the seafloor the signals received on a four-sonde three-component borehole geophone array in the VLF band (2-50Hz)(Stephen eta!., 1994). The system is designed to use the wireline re-entry capability (Spiess, 1993; Spiess eta!., 1992) to install and retrieve the seafloor instrumentation (Figures 1 and 2). Following the successful demonstration of this technology on the LFASE (Low Frequency Acoustic-Seismic Experiment) project in September 1989, it was decided to extend the capability to broadband (1000sec-5Hz) borehole seismometers which could be used for permanent seafloor seismic observatories in the Ocean Seismic Network (Orcutt and Stephen, 1993; Purdy and Dziewonski, 1988; Purdy and Orcutt, 1995; Stephen, 1995; Sutton and Barstow, 1990; Sutton eta!., 1988; Sutton eta!., 1965). The Broadband Borehole Seismic System (B3S2) is the prototype system for permanent broadband borehole seismic observatories on the seafloor. It has three major components: i) a broadband borehole seismometer, the Teledyne 54000, modified for seafloor operations by Scripps-IGPP; ii) the re-entry system provided by Scripps-MPL; and iii) the seafloor recording system developed by WHO I. Because of the similarity of the seafloor recording system to SEABASS we have named this new system SEABASS-ll. This report discusses the development of SEABASS-Il at WHOI in the period from July 14, 1992 to January 31, 1996. The motivation for the project and a work statement are contained in WHOI proposals 7016 and 7016.1. This report is a collection of documentation prepared while the work was being carried out. Some of the issues discussed in early memos were subsequently changed. Modifications and further testing of SEABASS-ll, as well as final system integration tests with the borehole andreentry systems (both of which are also still being modified and tested) have still to be carried out in preparation for the OSN Pilot Experiment Cruise in Spring 1997. This is a preliminary report only and presents work in progress. It will be useful to the engineering team as a historical reference of the sequence of events in the development of SEABASS-ll but it should not be considered as a technical manual for the instrumentation.

Description: This is a report of the research program under contracts Nonr-4029 (1 May - 31 October 1963), and Nonr-3243 (1 May - 31 October 1963} . Both contracts are with the Office of Naval Research, Code 466. Contract Nonr-4029 is a continuation of Contract Nonr-1367. Under Contract Nonr-4029, ATLANTIS· II and CHAIN, in May and August, were employed in searching for the sunken submarine THRESHER by various means. Under the same contract, activities were devoted also to the development of systems or components of systems for search and for navigational control required in such operations. One system of submerged navigation was employed for locating suspended instruments by acoustic ranging from the ship. A second navigation system was also tested which depends on acoustic ranging either from the ship or from the suspended instrument to a hydrophone buoyed near the bottom. This hydrophone is connected to a radio link in a surface buoy. This system will be useful not only for navigation but also for bottom reflection studies. A program has been started to print and mount all photos taken by WHOI on the THRESHER search; it will be coordinated with other similar efforts in the continuing investigation of the disaster. Under Contracts Nonr-4029 and Nonr-3243 considerable progress has been made in other research, which is described in this report .

Description: Submitted to Under sea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under· Contracts Nonr- 4029(00)NR261-10 2 and Nonr- 3243(00) NR261-136

Description: This report presents a bibliography of literature on the Persian Gulf and sections concerning design and equipment for a Persian Gulf marine research vessel and for a marine field operation.

Description: Prepared with funds from the Iranian Department of the Environment.

Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 69-14, series later renamed WHOI-

Description: This report describes work done with Geodyne current meters and wind recorders during 1968. Techniques for testing instruments prior to use at sea, instrument performance at sea and instrument changes evolved during the year are discussed.

Description: Submitted to the Office of Naval Research under ContractN00014-66-C0241, NR 083-004.

Description: As part of the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) field program, moored buoys were instrumented to measure and record wind speed and direction, air and water temperature, insolation, barometric pressure and relative humidity. Appropriate sensors were selected, necessary modifications to the sensors and existing current meters were made, and Vector Averaging Wind Recorders (VAWRs) were assembled. R. M. Young utility rotor and vane wind sets designed by G. Gill, Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensors, Eppley pyranometers and Hy-Cal relative humidity and solar sensors were used in two field experiments . Standard VACM direction and temperature sensors were maintained in the wind recorders. Devices were constructed as needed to protect against measurement errors due to wind, sun and ocean spray. Four W.H.O.I. VAWRs with Gill wind sensor sets were deployed CODE-1 in 1981. Seven VAWRs were deployed in CODE-2 in 1982. A modified VMCM (Vector Measuring Current Meter) was used for comparison in CODE-1, and the seventh VAWR deployed in CODE-2 carried an integral sensor set for comparison. Although several VAWRs had minor problems, all but one VAWR in the two experiments returned useful scientific data.

Description: Funding was provided by and this report prepared for the National Science Foundation under grant Numbers OCE 80-14941 and OCE 84-17769.

Description: The Patch Experiment (PATCHEX) was a multi-ship experiment that took place in the area near 34 N, 127 W, between 8 and 27 October, 1986. The ships used in the experiment and their chief scientific objectives were the following: R/V THOMPSON, AMP (Advanced Microstructure Profiler) and MSP (micro-structure profiler) drops; USNS DESTEIGUER, ADCP (Acoustic Doppler current Profiler), seasoar and RiNo (Richardson Number) f loat operations; R/V POINT SUR, ADCP and towed fish; and FLIP, Acoustic Doppler and CTD profiling. This report describes the RiNo operations carried out on the USNS DESTEIGUER. Topics discussed include the RiNo float, the sensors used, how it was tracked, some of the preliminary results, and a log of the relevant parts of USNS DESTEIGUER Cruise #84.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through contract Number N00014-85-C-0001.

Description: A modified clamping system for 30-liter Niskin bottles, consisting of a wire stop, a socket block, and a toggle clamp, has been designed and has been tested at sea. The modified system makes deployment and recovery of the Niskin bottles considerably easier than it is with the standard clamps .

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Number OCE 84-17910, and by the United States Department of Energy under contract Number DE-AC02-76EV03566.

Description: The broadband borehole seismic system (B3S2) is being developed as one component of the Ocean Seismic Network (OSN) Pilot Experiment which will be carried out at the OSN-1 Site off Hawaii in Winter 1998. The other major instruments being developed for the experiment are a Broadband Ocean Bottom Seismometer and a Shallow Buried Broadband Ocean Bottom Seismometer. B3S2 consists of four major components: 1) a borehole sonde with a re-entry guide, Teledyne 54000 broadband seismometer, and REFTEK digitizing system, 2) a seafloor acquisition and recording system (SEABASS), 3) a control vehicle for deploying the sonde in a borehole, and 4) shipboard command and control electronics. The deployment system is very similar to the SEABASS configuration used on LFASE (Stephen eta!, 1994). The purposes of the tests at Pinon Flat were: 1) to integrate the borehole sonde and seafloor and shipboard electronics which had been constructed by different groups: WHOI and SIO/IGPP; 2) test the combined subsystem in a wet borehole environment using actual cables and simulating seafloor conditions; and 3) acquire seismic ambient noise and earthquake data over approximately a three month period for comparison with known stations at the Pinon Flat Observatory.

Description: This work was carried out under NSF Grants No. OCE-91-18943 and OCE No. OCE-95-05730: "A Broadband Borehole Seismometer for the Deep Ocean - Development and Land Testing"

Description: This document contains two workshop reports and several brief technical reports, all on aspects of ocean data telemetry and platform positioning. The principal topic is a Summary of an Ocean Telemetry Workshop held at the AGU/ ASLO Ocean Sciences Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, on 15 January 1986. A brief version of this summary appeared in EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 4 March 1986. Both the full summary presented here and the brief form in EOS were coauthored by D. Brooks of Texas A&M University. Included here is a list of the attendees at that workshop (Appendix A), and a description of the goals and membership of the AGU Ocean Sciences Section Technical Committee on Ocean Data Telemetry and Platform Positioning, which was formed at that meeting (Appendix B). An earlier, informal, local workshop on telemetry was held at Woods Hole in March 1985; a report on that meeting is in Appendix C. Technical summaries are given on Meteor-Burst Telemetry (Appendix D), the GEOSTAR positioning system (Appendix E), tradeoffs for various telemetry systems (Appendix F), a proposed communications network [authored by M. Comberiate from NASA Goddard) (Appendix G), and the possibilities of a new kind of HF telemetry system (Appendix H). A small discussion at Woods Hole prior to the January Telemetry Workshop is reported in Appendix I.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contracts No. N00014-84-C-0134. NR 083-400 and N00014-85-C-0001, NR 083-004.

Description: In the fall of 1967 an extended program of tests was begun to evaluate several types of acoustic anchor release devices available on the market. This program was.prompted by a.need to isolate and correct problems which came to light after, several years of use of the O.R.E. system. Two other systems, one made by Raytheon and the other by American Machine and Foundry Co., were tested. This report deals with previous use of O.R.E.'s system by the W.H.O.I. Buoy Project and the testing program in 1968 and with the Raytheon and A.M.F. test series. Detailed description of these systems and their operation will not be undertaken in this report. Reference is made to data published by the respective manufacturers.

Description: Submitted to the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241, NR 083-004.

Description: Geophysical investigations were carried out aboard R /V CHAIN in the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the North Atlantic Ocean. Observations underway were continuous seismic profiling, gravity, magnetic, and echo sounding measurements. At stations rocks were dredged, cores were taken (about 10 meters long, photographic montages of the sea floor were made, and the sound velocity of the water was measured as a function of depth. Progress is being made in filtering and correlation techniques for seismic profiling, while seismic receiving arrays were improved to make them quieter. The analysis of internal wave data is continuing, but further observations at sea will be required in order to fully understand the mechanism of propagation. Seven papers were published during this period and thirteen were submitted for publication. These papers are concerned with seismic profiling, seismic refraction profiles, sediment ponding, sound transmission, thermal fronts, and biological papers dealing with sound production by marine mammals and deep-sea fish natural history gained from bottom photographs. A new thermistor string intended to replace and improve upon the original thermistor chain was the principal new instrumental development.

Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research under Contracts Nonr-4029(00)NR260-101 and Nonr-3243(00)NR260-108

Description: This report is part of a research project conducted at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to improve the flight characteristics of CTD instrument packages. Improvement of these cable lowered instrument packages could allow their use in more severe weather conditions. It could improve the quality of the measurements. This·report presents the development of a simplified mathematical model of the CTD package flight characteristics. This computer model was exercised to perform a sensitivity analysis of different versions of CTD packages. Part of the research project includes scale model testing. The second part of the report discusses pertinent flow similarity criteria and proposes a scheme for building a CTD half scale model. Finally, recommendations to improve the hydrodynamic behaviour of the present CTD configuration are summarized at the end of the report.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-79-C-0071.

Description: The Ocean Bottom Seismometer Augmentation in the North Pacific Experiment (OBSANP, June-July, 2013, R/V Melville) addresses the coherence and depth dependence of deep-water ambient noise and signals. During the 2004 NPAL Experiment in the North Pacific Ocean, in addition to predicted ocean acoustic arrivals and deep shadow zone arrivals, we observed "deep seafloor arrivals" (DSFA) that were dominant on the seafloor Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) (at about 5000m depth) but were absent or very weak on the Distributed Vertical Line Array (DVLA) (above 4250m depth). At least a subset of these arrivals correspond to bottomdiffracted surface-reflected (BDSR) paths from an out-of-plane seamount. BDSR arrivals are present throughout the water column, but at depths above the conjugate depth are obscured by ambient noise and PE predicted arrivals. On the 2004 NPAL/LOAPEX experiment BDSR paths yielded the largest amplitude seafloor arrivals for ranges from 500 to 3200km. The OBSANP experiment tests the hypothesis that BDSR paths contribute to the arrival structure on the deep seafloor even at short ranges (from near zero to 4-1/2CZ). The OBSANP cruise had three major research goals: a) identification and analysis of DSFA and BDSR arrivals occurring at short (1/2CZ) ranges in the 50 to 400Hz band, b) analysis of deep sea ambient noise in the band 0.03 to 80Hz, and c) analysis of the frequency dependence of BR and SRBR paths. On OBSANP we deployed a 32 element VLA from 12 to 1000m above the seafloor, eight short-period OBSs and four long-period OBSs and carried out a 15day transmission program using a J15-3 acoustic source.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract #'s N00014-10-1-0987 and N00014-10-1-0510

Description: The instrument described was designed to provide sufficient data to relocate a floating object at sea. It provides a line of bearing to the object from the tracking ship. Cost and power consumption were the major driving concerns. There is a minimum of microwave circuitry. The package is reproducible for under $2000.

Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant 0CE-82-15708 and for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-82-C-0019.

Description: The endurance of self-sustained oceanographic instruments is generally limited to battery energy. Tests were initiated to measure the capacities of several types of electrochemical batteries when discharged at temperatures and rates typical of oceanographic use. Battery systems represented are alkaline-manganese dioxide, mercuric-oxide, and lithium sulphur oxychloride. Results of tests completed so far are presented. A brief overview of those batteries best suited for use with self-sustained oceanographic instruments is included as an appendix.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract Number N00014-76-C-0197, NR 083-400.

Description: The recovery package described here was used as the primary retrieval system to recover tripod instrument platforms from a depth of 90 meters. The device uses dual in-line burn wires, one of which is acoustically commanded from the surface ship. The other is set to release by back-up timer, ensuring recovery in the event of a poor acoustic command channel. The burn wire activates spring loaded cam latches which release the float package and pull a ~ inch Dacron line to the surface. The float package is recovered and the line is used to winch the tripod to the surface for recovery by the ship's crane. Major benefits of the system are reliability, low cost, light weight, and use of many off-the-shelf components. The float package provides 50 pounds of buoyancy and is fabricated using commercial fish trawl net floats. The retrieval line container is separate from the float assembly, and is fabricated from plastic storage containers. The line is coiled and restricted to prevent unpackaging due to waves or current action. The system described here is not appropriate in areas of high current or great depth due to drag and dead weight of the lift line.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract No. N00014-89.J-1058.

Description: The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air-sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations are used to investigate air-sea interaction processes related to climate variability. The NTAS Ocean Reference Station (ORS NTAS) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. This report documents recovery of the NTAS-13 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-14 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air-Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air-sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 160 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, salinity and velocity. The mooring turnaround was done by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), onboard R/V Endeavor, Cruise EN549. The cruise took place between December 5 and 21 December 2014. The NTAS-14 mooring was deployed on December 13, and immediately followed by a 36-hour intercomparison period during which data from the buoy, telemetered through Argos satellite system, and the ship’s meteorological and oceanographic data were monitored. The NTAS-13 buoy had parted on September 23 and was recovered on October 28 while drifting freely near Martinique. The rest of the mooring, which had fallen to the seafloor was recovered during EN549, on December 17. This report describes these operations, as well as other work done on the cruise and some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations. Other operations during EN549 consisted in the recovery and deployment of Pressure Inverted Echo Sounders (PIES) and the acoustic download of data from PIES and subsurface moorings that are part of the Meridional Overturning Variability Experiment (MOVE) array. MOVE is designed to monitor the integrated deep meridional flow in the tropical North Atlantic. Two Argo floats were also deployed during the cruise on behalf of the Argo group at WHOI.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158.

Description: A miniature temperature recorder has been developed to be used with the hydraulic piston sediment corer 〈HPC) on the Deep Sea Drilling Project 〈DSDP). The instrumentation fits into pressure-sealed slots in the wall of the HPC, allowing temperature measurements to be made simultaneously with coring operations. Temperatures from -2 to 70°C are measured to a resolution of about 0.01°C. Up to 1300 13-bit measurements are recorded in random access memory (RAM), at a sampling rate ranging between 0.1 s to over 100 min., as specified by the operator in a program loaded into a microprocessor of the instrument. During recording the instrumentation uses about 3.5 mamp at 7.5 volts, which can be supplied for about 20 hours of operation by a custom-made pack of silver-oxide batteries. The corer is normally left motionless in the sediment for about 10 min. to allow extrapolation of the measured temperatures to equilibrium in-situ temperature. Examples of data from DSDP Leg 86 are given.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. OCE 82-14658 and OCE 83-00073. Additional support was provided by U.S. Geological Survey of Woods Hole to begin development of instrumentation; and to the Ocean Industry Program of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to complete the development.

Description: In July 1962 a short cruise was made on CHAIN to investigate the hypothesis (Worthington 1962) that the major circulation of the North Atlantic is divided into two anti-cyclonic eddies or gyres. Evidence from International Geophysical Year data indicated that the thermocline water east of the Grand Banks had different characteristics from Sargasso Sea water. In particular, the dissolved oxygen content throughout the thermocline was at a much higher level in the more northerly waters than in the Sargasso Sea. It was deduced from this that the Gulf Stream, which transports a large volume of water of the Sargasso Sea type, does not turn south around the Tail of the Banks, but that the strong, narrow currents found to the East of the Banks transport water of different origin.

Description: The Geqphysics Branch, Office of Naval Research Under Contract-Nonr-2196(00) (NR-083-004)

Description: A directional wave gage consisting of a two-axis electromagnetic current meter and a pressure sensor, developed by Sea Data Corporation, with modifications specified by the author, was successfully deployed during the joint NOAA/U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center's Atlantic Remote Sensing Land/Ocean Experiment (ARSLOE) during November, 1980. Data recovery rate was 100%, and instrument function was verified through comparison with a four-element pressure sensor array at the same location, an X-band imaging radar, and with surface meteorological observations charting developing local wave fields. The instrument was proven to be a viable alternative for point measurements of directional wave fields and for estimating the first five fourier coefficients in a directional wave model.

Description: Prepared for the Department of Commerce, NOAA Office of Sea Grant under Grants NA79AA -D- 00102 and NA80AA-D-00077 and for the U.S. Army Research Office, Contract DAAG29-81-K-0004 .

Description: The system described provides wide operational flexibility at any operating frequency from 5 kHz to over 800 kHz (except for a small band around 455 kHz) limited mainly by the availability of transducers. Variable pulse width, variable receiver bandwidth, low receiver noise, various time variable gain functions and wide system dynamic range characterized the system. Built-in time-sharing controls maximize flexibility of graphics display on either dry-paper or fibre-optic CRT recorders.

Description: Prepared for the NORDA under Contract N00014-77-C-0196; and for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant 04-8-MO1-43.

Description: The experimental towed multi-port water sampler was designed to provide a shipboard science party with the capability of obtaining continuous water samples from the surface to a 100 meter depth. The device will simultaneously provide six samples spaced one meter apart in a vertical plane, while being towed by a surface support vessel at a forward speed of between two to three knots. The device consists of a bottom fish containing six electric motors, each driving an individual pump. The six water samples are pumped to the surface using separate runs of TFE Teflon tubing. The tube is mounted in a pliant fairing that also houses the lifting cable, power leads, and instrumentation bundle. A drum winch is used to store a total of 150 meters of faired cable, and is capable of raising or lowering the fish while under way. The sampler will provide a discharge flow rate of 5.6 liters per minute from each sample tube, while pumping through 150 meters of 12.7 rnrn bore tubing, against a 4.5 meter head. A depth sensor transducer within the fish provides a top-side readout of the actual operating depth of the fish, while a remote reading temperature sensor provides a continuous display of the water temperature.

Description: Prepared for the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Contract NA79AA-D-0044.

Description: A Conductivity, Temperature and Depth (CTD) profiler has been designed to make precise fine scale measurements of these physical parameters in the ocean. This CTD system consists of a shipboard Data Terminal deck unit and an underwater unit which provides continuous sampling of the three variables as it is lowered into the water. Additional sensors can be added to measure other variables; the most common is dissolved oxygen. This report is a detailed description of the CTD System and includes the necessary documentation to operate and maintain the equipment.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C-0241; NR 08,3-004 .

Description: This report describes the performance of a freely-falling velocity profiler called the Absolute Velocity Profiler (AVP) . The AVP is distinguishable from our previously developed velocity profiler the Electro-Magnetic Velocity Profiler (EMVP) in that acoustic Doppler measurements are used, to determine the reference velocity for the EMVP profiles. The AVP contains the essential measurements of the motional electric currents in the sea as implemented in the EMVP and in addition, collects acoustic Doppler measurements of frequencyshifted bottom echoes. The former measurements yield a profile of the horizontal components of velocity relative to a reference velocity, independent of depth, while the latter measurements determine the absolute velocity of the AVP vehicle with respect to the sea floor. The EM profile is obtained from the sea surface to bottom, and the acoustic Doppler measurements are made within about 300 m of the sea floor. The combination of the EM and acoustic Doppler measurements yields an absolute velocity profile throughout the water column. Performance analyses included in this report set method uncertainties of between 1 and 2 cm/s r.m.s. Measurements of temperature and its gradient are also made.

Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation, Office of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration under Grant OCE76-24605.

Description: Also published as Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 83, No. C8, 1978, pp. 4062-4068

Description: Acoustic data, transmissometer data, and calculations are presented which indicate that high-frequency acoustic backscattering systems can become a valuable tool in the remote monitoring of suspended particle distributions and active resuspension areas. Data are also presented which show that acoustic backscattering systems can be used to remotely detect slope/shelf water frontal zones. Towed acoustic systems should be able to map the extent of the frontal zone and add significantly to the understanding of frontal zone processes.

Description: Prepared for the Naval Oceanic Research and Development Activity under Contract N00014-77-C-0196.

Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Buoy Group's field work for the international POLYMODE program consisted of deployment and recovery of seventy of the seventy- eight program moorings on eight research cruises. The mooring program consisted of four distinct experiments conducted from June of 1974 to November of 1979. A brief description of the arrays is provided, the mooring design process for a typical POLYMODE mooring is explained, and brief summaries are given of the WHO! deployment and recovery cruises. Appendix I is a schematic presentation of the chronological mooring history; Appendix Il lists details of the seventy WHO! moorings deployed in the POLYMUDE program and Appendix II I lists details of other WHOI moorings that may be of interest to investigators .

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contracts N00014-66-C-0241; NR 083-004; N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083- 004, N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 and the Office for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration of the National Science Foundation under Grants GX-29054, OCE 75-03962 and OCE-77-19403.

Description: The purpose of this report is to discuss the use of a Neil Brown Instrument Systems internal recording CTD. The components of the instrument are described along with the advantages and disadvantages of the internal recording system. Calibration of the pressure and temperature sensors in the laboratory and the method used for in situ calibration of the conductivity sensor is described. A step by step description of the use of the CTD/IR at sea is also included.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 .

Description: A large, open ocean applicable sediment trap has been developed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in order to assess the fluxes of particles sinking through the deep water column, under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. PARFLUX Mark II trap, 1978-79 version for PARFLUX phase 1 program, has been successfully developed and has gathered much meaningful data. A trap opening is 1.5 m2 and consists of 94 hexagonal buffer cells with the nominal form ratio of 2. Sediment particles are concentrated to the receiving cup located at the bottom of the funnel-shaped trap. Two types of receiving cups have been developed; a trap with Type S cup is open at both ends as it sinks to the designated depth. Twenty-four hours after the deployment the receiving cup moves into alignment with the funnel to store the sediment. At the end of deployment a spring mechanism activated by a quartz oscillator based electrical timer-release retracts the receiving cup, seals the collected sample and leave the funnel open at both ends while the trap ascends for recovery. Type C mechanism is installed with a shutter which seals the cup during recovery; this type involves a simple mechanism with less moving parts. Sodium azide/sodium chloride solution is diffused through a series of membrane filters to keep the cup contents in an aseptic condition. Since October 1976 to December 1979, we have deployed and recovered 24 traps successfully along with several moorings as deep as 5,600 m for as long as 112 days. This reports the engineering detail and lists the required parts to assist the construction, operation and maintenance of the PARFLUX Mark II sediment trap.

Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 76-82063 and OCE 77-27004.

Description: Operations activities of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Buoy Group for an exploratory array of deep-ocean moorings in the western North Pacific Ocean are described along with specific engineering notes associated with high-current deep moorings. The array, along 152° E. from 28° N. to 41° N., was in place for about two years. After one year the array was successfully recovered and redeployed. Brief summaries of each of three research cruises are provided. An Appendix lists details of the twenty moorings including positions, dates deployed and recovered, instrument types and depths and moored station numbers which are required for specific data retrieval by investigators. The initial scientific publication has been prepared by Schmitz, et al (1982).

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contracts N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400, N00014-79-C-004; NR 083-102 and N00014-75-C-0152; NR 083-005.

Description: The development of a reliable miniature molded transducer for the Williams/Koehler acoustic current meter, BASS (Benthic Acoustic Stress Sensor) ls documented. The procedures developed and components selected for manufacturing the transducer assemblies are documented as well as some of those rejected. Engineering tests performed to ensure reliable performance in the field are outlined and discussed as well. The transducers are now routinely molded with great success (over 1200 operational transducer months to date) and commercial sources are being investigated.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under contracts N00014-82-C-0019 and N00014-79-C-0071; and for the National Science Foundation under grant OCE-8014938.

Description: The dynamic response of electromagnetic current meters (manufactured by Marsh-McBirney, Inc.) has been clarified through a comprehensive laboratory measurement program combined with a thorough literature review. Elucidation of the behavior of these flowmeters under a variety of dynamic conditions has been neglected in the past. Since flow past a spherical body has considerable hydrodynamic complexity for different dynamic conditions, a careful laboratory study was carried out for pure steady, pure oscillatory (horizontal plane), and combined steady/oscillatory conditions at two test facilities. Test results indicate that flowmeter behavior under pure steady flow is excellent in the absence of high levels of free-stream turbulence, with an r.m.s. error of 1-5 cm/sec. These errors could· be reduced with a higher-order polynomial regression fit. Pure oscillatory response was also excellent, with r.m.s. errors of 1-2 cm/sec, and sensitivity which is correlated with the oscillatory Reynolds number, (Re)o, and the Keulegan-Carpenter number, (A/d). Combined steady/oscillatory flows degraded current meter performance with larger residual errors (1-6 em/sec) and significant differences in sensitivity (up to 20°/o). Horizontal cosine response showed systematic deviations from pure cosine behavior, with a notable inter-cardinal undersensitivity and cosine "shoulder" at lower Reynolds numbers. Error analysis shows these current sensors are adequate for many kinematic measurements, but may lead to excessive errors when using velocity to calculate dynamical quantities (such as bottom friction, Reynolds Stress, or log-layer friction velocities). A careful error analysis must precede any use of these meters for estimating dynamical quantities. These studies pointed out a potential difficulty in using these meters in areas of large ambient turbulence levels (20°/o turbulent intensities), which are characteristic of many near-bottom shallow water environments. Further study is needed to clarify this behavior.

Description: Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, under contract DACW/2-82-C-0014; work was initiated with funding from the NOAA National Office of Sea Grant under grant number NA80-AA-D-00077; the Coastal Research Center of the Woods Hole Qceanographic Institution provided support.

Description: Instructions for installing pressure-temperature recorder including location of parts on the submarine and the general description of the apparatus. The instrument is composed of two main elements: a) the pressure-sensitive element; and b) the temperature-sensitive element.

Description: The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing climate-quality records of surface meteorology, air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with past cruises that have come between October and May. This cruise was conducted on the Chilean research vessel Cabo de Hornos. During the 2016 cruise on the Cabo de Hornos to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were the recovery of the previous (Stratus 14) WHOI surface mooring, deployment of the new Stratus 15 WHOI surface mooring, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation installed on the ship, CTD casts near the moorings. Surface drifters and ARGO floats were also launched along the track.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158

Description: A winch has been developed which can be free-dropped to the ocean bottom in full ocean depths. The winch is powered by self-contained batteries and can be programmed to cycle self-recording instruments from close to the bottom to 100 meters above the bottom continuously or in steps. A typical scenario is envisioned as one complete cycle per day for one year with the instruments pausing each five meters for two minutes while measurements of current, temperature and conductivity are made. The upper section of the tripod contains the winch and instrumentation and is recovered by sending an acoustic command to a release mechanism allowing it to come to the surface.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-82-C-0019

Description: The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on inter-annual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15N, 51W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. The NTAS Ocean Reference Station (ORS NTAS) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division. This report documents recovery of the NTAS-15 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-16 mooring. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 160 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, salinity and velocity. The mooring turnaround was done by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), onboard R/V Endeavor (cruise EN590). The cruise took place between January 21 and February 8 2017. The NTAS-16 mooring was deployed on January 30, and the NTAS-15 mooring was recovered on January 31. A 24-hour intercomparison period was conducted on January 29 in front of the NTAS 15 buoy, and again on February 1 in front of the NTAS 16 buoy. During the inter-comparisons, data from instrumentation on the buoys, telemetered through Argos satellite system, and the ship’s meteorological and oceanographic measurements were monitored while the ship was stationed 0.2 nm downwind of the buoys. This report describes these operations, as well as other work done on the cruise and some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations. Other operations during EN590 consisted in the recovery and deployment of the Meridional Overturning Variability Experiment (MOVE) Pressure Inverted Echo Sounders (PIES) at two MOVE arrays (MOVE 1 in the east, and MOVE 3 in the west near Guadeloupe). Acoustic downloads of data from (PIES) and subsurface mooring (MOVE1, 3 and 4) were also conducted. MOVE is designed to monitor the integrated deep meridional flow in the tropical North Atlantic.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158.

Description: Stability tests over periods ranging from 3 to 19 months have been carried out on Paroscientific models 215-AT and 760-15A, AIR DB-1A, Rosemount 1201F1B, Setra 270 and Heise 623 electronic barometers. The Paroscientific barometers had the highest accuracy, stability, and price, and the lowest power consumption. The Rosemount 1201FIB had excellent stability but high power consumption as well as price. The AIR DB-1A and Setra 270 have good stability and moderate power consumption and price. The tests are being expanded to include inexpensive sensors.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-87-09614

Description: The EG&G Vector Measuring Current Meter (VMCM) used in mooring work provides a 20 ma Serial ASCII Instrumentation Loop (SAIL) communication system. A projected application of the VMCM is to have a surface mooring communicate with a series of VMCMs via a Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) link. While an FSK modem can communicate with the VMCM. a problem exists with the general operation of the VMCM. If the VMCM is addressed to dump data; it remains on until the unit is re-addressed. If a failure in the link occurs. then the VMCM stays on in . a higher power mode and the batteries will be depleted early. The insertion of a processing block between the modem the VMCM provides a way to look at incoming data. qualify it re-transmit it to the VMCM. The VMCM will reply and preprocessor can channel the data to the modem. In the event VMCM malfunction. the preprocessor has a timeout function will turn off the carrier keeping the line quiet.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract Number N00014-84-C-0134, NR 083-400.

Description: This report reviews the working principles of the InterOcean S4 electromagnetic current meter and outlines the practical difficulties and engineering solutions to convert these basic principles into a working instrument. Presented are the test procedures and results performed on three production units placing emphasis on the oceanographic users point of view. These tests, performed by the Ocean Structures and Moorings Laboratory, Ocean Engineering Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), include laboratory, dockside, and both surface and subsurface mooring tests. S4s are compared to each other and to other types of current meters in various intercomparison tests. Results of. this evaluation program are next summarized. Also, suggestions for areas of improvement and further developments are made. Finally, recommendations for the acceptance, calibration, and burning in of new instruments conclude the report.

Description: Office of Naval Research Contract No. N00014-82-c-0019

Description: The following is a report on the findings of a study conducted by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to assess the needs and the means for improving the conventional intermediate winches used in the oceanographic community to lower profiling instruments (CTD for example). Eight major u.s. oceanographic centers were visited to confirm community needs and common problem areas, and to survey existing lowering equipment and techniques. This information was used to develop a set of general requirements for an improved instrument lowering system. Recommended improvements included: compensation of wave induced ship motion, automation of casts, and capability for automatic tracking of oceanographic parameters. A review is presented of additions or modifications which could meet these requirements. These options are compared and the system which offers the best potential for scientific usefulness, ease of fleet implementation and/or retrofitting of existing equipment is described at the conceptual and general specifications level. A plan for the design procurement, test and demonstration of a working prototype concludes the study.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-82-C-0019.

Description: This manual describes the objectives, design, operation, and maintenance of the Precision Graphic Recorder (PGR), emphasizing its application to echo-sounding. The words "precision graphic recording" describe a method for displaying data by means of successive, precisely-timed rectilinear sweeps of a recording point or "stylus" across a long, moving strip of sensitized paper (Veatch and Smith, 1939, p. 61-63). The recorded data appear as dye-markings, shaded in proportion to signal amplitude along the sweep of the moving recording point.

Description: The Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr-72521 and Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr-1367 (00) (NR-261-102)

Description: This progress report contains findings in 1) physical oceanography, 2) marine biology, 3) geology and geophysics, and 4) hydroacoustics. 1) Long-period internal waves are deduced from sound-velocity data between Bermuda and the Antilles . The region of the thermal front (usually found near 30°N) was thought on one occasion to be a generator of internal waves. 2) Midwater fishes were four times more abundant north of the front than south and midwater reverberation levels varied similarly. 3) Evidence obtained southeast of Charleston, S.C. shows that the continental shelf has been building out over the Blake Plateau. The gravity characteristics of many major rifts of the world reveal that as the width of the rift increases, the Bouguer anomalies become increasingly positive. 4) Observations support the hypothesis that diffraction effects are required to explain the sound propagation in convergence zones in the Mediterranean. A major engineering accomplishment was the installation and use of Sea Spider on the Blake Plateau. Sea Spider is a near motionless platform for scientific measurements in the deep ocean. The development of an automatic digital depth-reading system for use with echo sounders on ships were successfully completed, improvements in seismic profiling techniques were made, and special coherency studies of towed hydrophone array noise have progressed.

Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Re search under Contract Nonr-4029(00) NR 260-101