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  • 1
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    Gulf Stream ring trajectories (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Physical Oceanography 10 (1980): 90-104
    Description: During the period 1976-78, the movement of 14 Gulf Stream rings, including two anticyclonic and 12 cyclonic rings, was measured with satellite-tracked free-drifting buoys. The buoys in the cyclonic rings showed a tendency to move out toward the high-velocity region of the ring and to remain there circling the center. One buoy stayed in a ring as long as 8 months and completed 86 loops. Periods of rotation ranged from less than 2 days up to 10 days. The movement of the rings was complicated and appears to be related to the Gulf Stream and strong topographic features such as the New England Seamounts . Rings that were not touching the Stream generally moved westward with typical speeds of 5 cm s-1. Rings that were attached to the Stream generally moved downstream in the Stream with speeds up to 75 cm s-1 . Frequently rings coalesced with the Gulf Stream and one of the following three things seemed to happen: I) the ring turned into an open meander of the Stream and was lost; 2) the ring was advected rapidly downstream in the Stream and was presumably lost; and 3) the ring became attached to the Gulf Stream and then split off again as a modified ring. The results of this study, that frequently strong interactions occur between rings and the Gulf Stream, are in contrast to my original view that rings slowly translate southwestward through the Sargasso Sea and gradually decay there.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 75-08765 and OCE 76-82059.
    Keywords: Buoys ; Eddies
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 2
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    The physical structure and life history of cyclonic Gulf Stream ring, Allen (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research 84 (1979): 7727-7741
    Description: A cyclonic Gulf Stream ring, Allen, was followed over its life from September 1976 to April 1977 in the region north of Bermuda. Conductivity, temperature, and depth; expendable bathythermograph; and velocity profile measurements were made in Allen, and over the last 5 months of its life, satellite buoys were used to track continuously its movement. The measurements indicate that in December 1976 Allen split into two rings, a large one, Allen, and a small one, Arthur. Arthur moved rapidly eastward and coalesced with the Gulf Stream near the New England seamounts. Allen moved in a large clockwise loop; at the end of February 1977 it became attached to the Gulf Stream and reformed into a modified ring, smaller in size and faster in rotation . At the end of April 1977 the modified ring coalesced with the Gulf Stream and disappeared as it was advected downstream in the stream. The principal results of this study are that (I) the New England Seamount chain was a major influence in the genesis of Allen and on the trajectories of nearby rings; (2) while a free eddy, months after its formation, Allen evolved into a bi modal or peanut-shaped structure; (3) the bimodal structure ultimately bifurcated, spawning a new isolated eddy, denoted as Arthur, and a modified remnant, Allen; (4) the velocity field of Allen involved the whole water column, with bottom velocities of 10-15 em s- 1; (5) the barotropic velocity at the center of Allen (6 cm s-1 to NNW) was about equal to its translation velocity (4 cm s-1 to NW); (6) especially energetic inertial motions were seen at the center of Allen, and these may play a role in enhancing the stirring of water properties; (7) Allen survived several close encounters or entrainments with the Gulf Stream, proving that such encounters can be nonfatal to a ring; (8) the encounters appear to result in injections (exchanges) of water (momentum, heat, etc.) into the rings at an estimate rate of 106 m3 s-1 per ring; and (9) the behavior of Allen and Arthur was in contrast to the results of some other studies which have shown that rings generally drift slowly and passively southwestward.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N000 14-74-C-0262; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 76-82059, DES 74-02783, and OCE 76-24605.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Oceanographic buoys
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 3
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    Sound channel propagation through eddies southeast of the Gulf Stream (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68 (1980): 1750-1767
    Description: Acoustical signals at 270 Hz from SOFAR floats drifting in the region southeast of the Gulf Stream were recorded during most of 1975 from a near axis sound channel hydrophone near Bermuda. The amplitude levels received exhibit a large increase (12–18 dB) commencing about 24 July, following a long period (March to July) of relatively lower peak level amplitudes. A major part of the increase can be attributed to the influence of a large cyclonic eddy (Gulf Stream ring) that passed slowly between the SOFAR floats and Bermuda. Such an eddy produces a large sound speed anomaly that extends to depths below the axis of the sound channel. On 24 July, two SOFAR floats were known to have approximately the same sound transmission path through the edge of the large eddy. The sound transmission peaks occur when no ocean eddy is between the SOFAR floats and the receiver. Their spacing shows they occur at regular refraction caustics in the sound channel. When the sound transmission path passes through an eddy, these transmission focal distances are shifted to greater range and the signal level may be greatly enhanced. The decrease of caustic peak intensities with range is 5 dB per double distance, and this agrees with theory. Several different levels of peak acoustic intensity occur and these result from two float depths and oceanic thermocline oscillations.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004·.
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics ; Eddies
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 4
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    Available potential energy for mode eddies (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Physical Oceanography 11 (1981): 30-47
    Description: Available potential energy (APE) is defined as the difference between total potential plus internal energy of a fluid in a gravity field and a corresponding reference field in which the fluid is redistributed (leveled) adiabatically to have constant stably-stratified densities along geopotential surfaces. Potential energy changes result from local shifts of flu id mass relative to geopotential surfaces that are accompanied by local changes of enthalpy and internal energy and global shifts of mass (because volumes of fluid elements are not conserved) that do not change enthalpy or internal energy. The potential energy changes are examined separately by computing available gravitational potential energy (GPE) per unit mass and total GPE (TGPE) per unit area. A technique for estimating GPE in the ocean is developed by introducirtg a reference density field (or an equivalent specific volume anomaly field) that is a function of pressure only and is connected to the observed field by adiabatic vertical displacements. The full empirical equation of state for seawater is used in the computational algorithm. The accuracy of the estimate is limited by the data and sampling and not by the algorithm itself, which can be made as precise as desired. The reference density field defined locally for an ocean region allows redefinition of dynamic height ΔD (potential energy per unit mass) relative to the reference field. TGPE per unit area becomes simply the horizontal average of dynamic height integrated over depth in the region considered. The reference density surfaces provide a precise approximation to material surfaces for tracing conservative variables such as salinity and potential temperature and for estimating vortex stretching between surfaces. The procedure is applied to the MODE density data collected in 1973. For each group of stations within five 2-week time windows (designated Groups A-E) the estimated GPE is compared with the net APE based on the Boussinesq approximation and to the low-frequency kinetic energy measured from moored buoys. Changes of potential energy of the reference field from one time window to the next are large compared with the GPE within each window, indicating the presence of scales larger than the station grid. An analysis of errors has been made to show the sensitivity of the estimates to data accuracy and sampling frequency.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Ocean circulation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 5
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    A note on some uses of Θ-S sections (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research 86 (1981): 6649-6652
    Description: Isohalines plotted against temperature and horizontal distance along a hydrographic section can be used to observe changes in the T-S or Θ-S relationship of water masses. By using this technique, eddies formed off the Somali coast during the southwest monsoon, or Gulf Stream eddies having their own individual T-S characteristics, may be identified.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-79-C-0071; NR 083-004.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Sea salt
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 6
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    Gulf Stream trajectories measured with free-drifting buoys (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Physical Oceanography 11 (1981): 999-1010
    Description: During 1975-78, 35 free-drifting buoys measured surface currents in the Gulf Stream region. The buoy trajectories trace numerous paths of the Stream and show that the Stream is strongly influenced by the New England Seamounts. This influence is manifested as 1) a quasi-permanent, 100 km, southeastward deflection of the Stream and the frequent occurrence of a ring meander over the seamounts; 2) large-amplitude meanders beginning at the seamounts and extending eastward; and 3) small, 20 km diameter eddies which appear to be generated locally by individual seamounts. A chart of the mean temperature field at a depth of 450 m agrees with several of the patterns seen in the buoy trajectories. West of the seamounts, the mean path of the Gulf Stream is eastward; over the seamounts, the path turns sharply northeastward and the isotherms in the Stream abruptly diverge.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N000 14-74-C- 0262; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 78-18017.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Ocean circulation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 7
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    Effects of variations in eddy diffusivity on property distributions in the oceans (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Marine Research 37 (1979): 515-529
    Description: The hypothesis that variations in eddy diffusivity may be responsible for some of the observed distributions of oceanic scalars is explored. A gradient in eddy diffusivity affects property distributions much as would an additional velocity field from regions of high to low eddy diffusivity. In support of such an interpretation, the cross-isopycnal distribution of density is compared with an eddy diffusivity prescribed by the combination of boundary mixing and isopycnal exchange. Since the surface area available for boundary mixing varies with depth, similar variations are reflected in property distributions. For isopycnal distributions, an eddy diffusivity field inferred from the eddy potential energy field description of Dantzler (1977) is compared with the salinity distribution from the Mediterranean Outflow.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 76-81190.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 8
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    Observed and numerically simulated kinetic energies for MODE eddies (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Physical Oceanography (1979) 9: 1294-1297
    Description: It is demonstrated that the outcome of an intercomparison between data and the vertical distribution of eddy kinetic energy predicted by a previously developed numerical model of the MODE area is frequency dependent. In the range of periods from 50 to 150 or even to 400 days (one definition of the temporal mesoscale, the scale that the model was designed to simulate), the comparison is quite good. For periods in the range of 5 to 50 days, the agreement is poor. For periods longer than 400 days , the comparison is indeterminate. Earlier conclusions concerning the relation of model results to the MODE data should be qualified by stipulating frequency range , and future intercomparisons for any model in all regions should be conscious of the desirability of doing so across common frequencies.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 and for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration Office of the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 75-03962.
    Keywords: Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) ; Ocean currents ; Eddies
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 9
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    Eddies off the Somali coast during the southwest monsoon (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research 84 (1979): 7742- 7748
    Description: The development and decay of the large eddy in the northern Somali Basin and its smaller associated eddies each southwest monsoon in the northwestern Indian Ocean has been monitored for four consecutive years by a time series of temperature sections obtained along the tanker sea lane across the Somali Basin. The evidence suggests that the large eddy first forms between 4°N to 12°N during late May and tends to remain approximately in this location throughout the entire southwest monsoon.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083- 004.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Ocean circulation ; Monsoons
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Anticyclonic eddies generated near the corner rise seamounts (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Marine Research 38 (1980): 673-686
    Description: During 1977 two freely drifting buoys, originally in the Gulf Stream, looped over and in the lee of the Corner Rise seamounts. The trajectories suggest that by mid-August an anticyclonic eddy was generated over the seamounts, where it remained for six weeks. During the period October-December it left the seamounts and drifted southwestward with a mean speed of 5 em/sec. The eddy was characterized by a clockwise circulation with speeds of 30 em/sec and an overall size of 200 km. An XBT survey showed that the eddy contained a warm core manifested by a depression of the main thermocline; at the center the 15• isotherm was located ·at a depth of 715 m. During the period June-August a third buoy looped in a second anticyclonic eddy which also drifted southwestward in the lee of the Corner Rise. The implication of these measurements is that, every few months, warm core eddies form near the Corner Rise and that they subsequently drift southwestward forming a wake region downstream of the seamounts.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 78-18017, the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083- 004 and the United States-France Exchange of Scientists Program sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the Centre National de al Recherche Scientifique.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Buoys
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 11
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    Somali eddy formation during the commencement of the southwest monsoon, 1978 (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research 85 (1980): 6654-6660
    Description: An early stage of the Somali eddy circulation was mapped in the period May 29 to June 13, 1978, using expendable bathythermograph data at closely spaced stations. By this time the SW monsoon had been blowing at 5°N for about 4 weeks and the large anticyclonic eddy in the northern Somali Basin was clearly discernible between 3°N and 10°N. It is estimated that the offshore transport at this time was approximately half of that occurring during the period when the eddy reaches maximum size and strength during August and September. A smaller southern eddy was observed just offshore between the equator and 3°N.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contracts N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004 and N00014-79-C-0071; NR 083- 004.
    Keywords: Ocean currents ; Monsoons ; Eddies
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 12
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    Models and simulations of tracer dispersal by mid-ocean mesoscale eddies (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Haidvogel and Keffer (1984) have examined the stirring and mixing of a passive tracer in a turbulent mesoscale eddy field for environmental parameters characteristic of a homogeneous mid-ocean region. This study utilized two numerical models, based respectively on the barotropic vorticity and advective-diffusive equations, to simulate the evolving mid-ocean eddy field and the associated dispersion of an embedded tracer spot. Here, these models are described in detail, and the full suite of tracer release simulations are shown in the form of contour plots.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE81-09486, and the Center for Analysis of Marine Systems (CAMS).
    Keywords: Ocean currents ; Eddies
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  • 13
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    Oceanographic study of warm core Gulf Stream rings and the Northwest Atlantic Slope Water region : a prospectus for multidisciplinary research, report and proceedings / Interdisciplinary Workshop on Gulf Stream Anticyclonic Eddies (Warm Core Rings) held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, May 16-20, 1977 (2014)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: It is well recognized in the oceanography of the Western North Atlantic that a distinct hydrographic regime exists between the continental shelf and the Gulf Stream, once the latter has effectively separated from the coast at Cape Hatteras. Denoted as the Slope Water, this hydrographic regime has been considered as one of confusing complexity, presumably arising from irregular mixing processes between it and the neighboring shelf and Gulf Stream regimes. Although previously noted in the literature, it has recently become very strongly evident as a result of the satellite image coverage of this region that a dominant role in this variability can be ascribed to well organized and persistent circulation features. These have been given the name warm core Gulf Stream rings, in order to emphasize their complementary dynamic origin relative to the more generally known cold core rings in the Sargasso Sea. A scientific workshop was held in Woods Hole under the auspices of the NSF/ IDOE to review in detail the status of our knowledge about the biology, chemistry and physics of the shelf-Slope Water regime and the associated rings, and the general biological, chemical and physical processes likely to be taking place in rings. Also considered were the prospect for advancing this knowledge through a multidisciplinary study of the warm core rings and the region impacted by them. Out of extensive background review in papers presented in plenary sessions, and program discussions in working groups, there arose a consensus that such a multidisciplinary effort would be both feasible and timely.
    Description: Funded by the National Science Foundation, Office for International Decade of Oceanographic Exploration, Grant OCE77-00924
    Keywords: Eddies ; Ocean currents ; Warm Core Rings
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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  • 14
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    Thermoconvective eddies in air : application to meteorology (2005)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution | E. Blondel la Rougery : Gauthier-Villars
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Translated from the French by Carl A. Ronne.
    Description: The object of the present work is a study thermoconvective eddies in a layer of air heated uniformly from below. Being given the importance that these eddies present in meteorlogical phenomena, we have tried to attain three principal objectives: 1. To realize systematic experiments on thermoconvective eddies in air under thicknesses exceeding considerably the scale generally employed by preceding experimenters; 2. To verify experimentally the practical value of the numerical results deriving from the theory of thermoconvective eddies; 3. To complete, by the results acquired in the course of our researches in the laboratory, the theory of thermoconvective eddies in the free atmosphere.
    Keywords: Vortex-motion ; Heat ; Convection ; Eddies
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 23304081 bytes
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