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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and modification of trifunctional epoxy resin with amine terminated polydimethyl siloxanes for semiconductor encapsulation application (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of polymer research 3 (1996), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8935
    Keywords: Triglycidyl ether of tri(hydroxyphenyl)methane (TETM) ; Amine terminated polydimethyl siloxane (ATPDMS) ; Stress ; Flexural modulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Epoxy resins based on the triglycidyl ether of tris(hydroxyphenyl)methane (TETM) possess a very high heat distortion temperature and superior thermal oxidative stability over other types of epoxy resins. The high performance trifunctional epoxy resin (TETM) was synthesized by the condensation of a hydroxybenzaldehyde with phenol followed by epoxidation with a halohydrin. The structure of the synthesized TETM was confirmed by infrared (IR), mass spectra (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Amine terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (ATPDMS) were used to reduce the stress of trifunctional epoxy resin cured with phenolic novolac resin for electronic encapsulation applications. The dispersed silicone rubbers effectively reduce the stress of cured epoxy resins by reducing the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and flexural modulus, while the glass transition temperature (Tg) is depressed by only a small amount.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01492903
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacteria tolerant to organic solvents (1998)
    Springer
    Extremophiles 2 (1998), S. 229-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-4909
    Keywords: Key words Solvent-tolerant bacteria ; Adaptation ; Resistance ; Toxicity ; Log P ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The toxic effects that organic solvents have on whole cells is an important drawback in the application of these solvents in environmental biotechnology and in the production of fine chemicals by whole-cell biotransformations. Hydrophobic organic solvents, such as toluene, are toxic for living organisms because they accumulate in and disrupt cell membranes. The toxicity of a compound correlates with the logarithm of its partition coefficient with octanol and water (log P ow). Substances with a log P ow value between 1 and 5 are, in general, toxic for whole cells. However, in recent years different bacterial strains have been isolated and characterized that can adapt to the presence of organic solvents. These strains grow in the presence of a second phase of solvents previously believed to be lethal. Different mechanisms contributing to the solvent tolerance of these strains have been found. Alterations in the composition of the cytoplasmic and outer membrane have been described. These adaptations suppress the effects of the solvents on the membrane stability or limit the rate of diffusion into the membrane. Furthermore, changes in the rate of the biosynthesis of the phospholipids were reported to accelerate repair processes. In addition to these adaptation mechanisms compensating the toxic effect of the organic solvents, mechanisms do exist that actively decrease the amount of the toxic solvent in the cells. An efflux system actively decreasing the amount of solvents in the cell has been described recently. We review here the current knowledge about exceptional strains that can grow in the presence of toxic solvents and the mechanisms responsible for their survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007920050065
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of particle strength on the compression of crushed aggregate (1973)
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 5 (1973), S. 237-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Keywords: Aggregate ; Compressibility ; Compressive strength ; Particle size ; Rockfill ; Rock Mechanics ; Void Ratio ; Strain ; Stress ; Average particle size ; Compressive strength ; Void ratio ; Initial void ratio ; Final void ratio ; Angularity number ; Uniformity coefficient ; Deformation ; Force ; Modulus of elasticity ; Poisson's ratio ; Aggregat ; Kompressibilität ; Druckfestigkeit ; Körnung ; Steinpackung ; Felsmechanik ; Relativer Porenraum ; Verformung ; Spannung ; Korndurchmesser ; Druckfestigkeit ; relativer Porenraum ; anfänglicher relativer Porenraum ; endrelativer Porenraum ; Eckigkeit ; Ungleichförmigkeitsgrad ; Verformung ; Kraft ; Elastizitätsmodul ; Poisson-Zahl ; Agrégat ; Compressibilité ; résistance à la compression ; taille des particules ; enrochement ; mécanique des roches ; indice des vides ; déformation ; contrainte ; diamètre des grains ; résistance à la compression ; indice des vides ; indice des vides initial ; indice des vides final ; angulairité ; coefficient d'uniformité ; déformation ; force ; module d'élasticité ; coefficient de Poisson
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Einige Faktoren, die die Kompressibilität von Aggregaten bestimmen Diese Arbeit untersucht die Variablen, die die Kompressibilität von Gesteinsaggregaten bestimmen, und liefert experimentelle Angaben über das Verhalten von Kalkstein-, Dolerit- und Sandsteinproben bis zu 19,0 mm Korngröße. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß, während der anfängliche relative Porenraum des Aggregats den Grad der potentiell vorhandenen Kompressionsspannung bestimmt, der durchschnittliche Aggregatsdurchmesser (d m) und die eigentliche Druckfestigkeit (S c) die Kompressibilitäts-Spannungs-Verformungscharakteristik laut der Formel $$\varepsilon \alpha \ln \frac{{\sigma d_m {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}}}{{S_c }}$$ bestimmen.
    Abstract: Résumé Influence de la résistance des particules sur la compression d'un agrégat broyé Les auteurs examinent les paramètres qui affectent la compressibilité des agrégats de roches et présentent des résultats expérimentaux obtenus avec des échantillons de calcaire, de dolérite et de grès, sur l'influence du diamètre des grains en-dessous de 19 mm. Les résultats suggèrent que l'indice des vides initial impose le taux de la déformation à la compression dont on dispose, cependant que le diamètre des grains (d m) et la résistance à la compression (S c) définissen les caractéristiques de la courbe de compressibilité.
    Notes: Summary The Effect of Particle Strength on the Compression of Crushed Aggregate The paper examines the variables controlling the compression of rock aggregates, and presents experimental data on the behaviour of limestone, dolerite and sandstone samples in size ranges up to 19.0 mm. The results suggest that while the initial void ratio of the aggregate determines the degree of compressive strain potentially available, the average aggregate dimension (d m) and intrinsic compressive strength (S c) determine the compressive stressstrain characteristics in the form, $$\varepsilon \alpha \ln \frac{{\sigma d_m {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}}}{{S_c }}$$
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01301797
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal Arachis hypogaea to NaCl and acid stress (1996)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 6 (1996), S. 145-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Glomus caledonium ; Peanut ; Acid ; Salt ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The response of peanut to salt (NaCl) and acid (HCl) stress was studied in association with Glomus caledonium, an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. The plants were exposed to salt stress by irrigation on alternate days with 1% or 5% NaCl solutions, or with 0.1 N HCl to induce acid stress. Plant yield almost tripled in mycorrhizal plants compared with nonmycorrhizal control plants. AM inoculation significantly increased plant yield and biomass at 1% NaCl, while at 5% NaCl AM was less effective in alleviating salt stress. Percentage AM colonization was also lowest at 5% NaCl. AM inoculation was found to promote the establishment of peanut plants under acid stress conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050119
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial diversity and activity of disturbed soil in the northern Chihuahuan Desert (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microorganisms ; Diversity ; Activity ; Grazing ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of intense grazing, seasonal drought, and fire on soil microbial diversity (substrate utilization) and activity in a northern Chihuahuan Desert grassland were measured in summer 1997, winter 1998, and spring 1998. Intense livestock grazing was initiated in winter 1995, burning occurred in August 1994, and drought stresses were imposed from October 1994 to June 1997. Microbial diversity was inferred from the carbon substrate utilization patterns in both gram (+) and gram (–) Biolog plates. Microbial activity was estimated by the activity of selected enzymes. Neither microbial diversity nor activity was affected by grazing. The interaction of intense grazing and stress sub-treatments only occurred in spring for one set of diversity measurements. The maximum microbial diversity and activity occurred in the winter-drought-stress sub-plots in summer and spring. Burning reduced microbial diversity and most enzyme activities as compared to the control in summer and spring. Microbial diversity was also lower in summer-drought-stress sub-plots than in the control in summer and spring. Microbial diversity was highest in summer, intermediate in winter, and lowest in spring. Microbial activity was generally higher in summer and lower in winter. It was concluded that substrate availability was the most important factor affecting the diversity and activity of soil microorganisms within a season. Soil moisture was not the factor causing differences in microbial diversity and activity among the stress treatments, but it was a predictor for some microbial responses under a particular stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000242
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bone remodeling due to continuously applied loads (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Remodeling ; Bone ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary It has long been known that the stress history of bone tissue influences its structure; however, the nature of this relationship remains largely uncharacterized. The objective of this work was to induce a quantifiable change in the stress history ofin vivo bone tissue and examine subsequent changes in structural and material properties that might occur. Continuous compressive loads were applied to the diaphysis of adult mongrel dogs for 2 months. The loads, ranging from 12–130 N, were superposed on the normal activity of the animals by implanting spring loading devices on the diaphysis of the femur. After the animals were sacrificed, mid-diaphysial specimens were subjected to compression testing to determine a structural bulk stiffness. The cross-sectional areas of original bone tissue and new bone deposition were then determined. The ash weights of selected specimens were also determined. The results indicate that a positive correlation between the increase in cross-sectional area and the superposed stress does exist. The new bone apposition was found almost entirely on the periosteal surface. Very little evidence of internal remodeling or endosteal movement was observed. The new tissue was found to have a lower ash weight and appeared to have a disorganized microstructure. Mechanical testing also suggests that the newly deposited tissue is far less stiff than the mature original bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406130
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of a protein superfamily: Relationships between vertebrate lens crystallins and microorganism dormancy proteins (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 30 (1990), S. 140-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Lens crystallins ; Physarum polycephalum ; Spherulins ; Protein evolution ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A search of sequence databases shows that spherulin 3a, an encystment-specific protein ofPhysarum polycephalum, is probably structurally related to the β- and γ-crystallins, vertebrate ocular lens proteins, and to Protein S, a sporulation-specific protein ofMyxococcus xanthus. The β- and γ-crystallins have two similar domains thought to have arisen by two successive gene duplication and fusion events. Molecular modeling confirms that spherulin 3a has all the characteristics required to adopt the tertiary structure of a single γ-crystallin domain. The structure of spherulin 3a thus illustrates an earlier stage in the evolution of this protein superfamily. The relationship of β- and γ-crystallins to spherulin 3a and Protein S suggests that the lens proteins were derived from an ancestor with a role in stressresponse, perhaps a response to osmotic stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02099940
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A paradigm for robust geometric algorithms (1992)
    Springer
    Algorithmica 7 (1992), S. 339-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0541
    Keywords: Geometrical algorithm ; Algorithm ; Paradigm ; Correctness ; Convex ; Polyhedron ; Graph ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores a paradigm for producing geometrical algorithms in which logical decisions that depend on finite-precision numerical calculation cannot lead to failure. It applies this paradigm to the task of intersecting two convex polyhedral objects. A key tool in this work is a method of perturbing embedding polyhedra in ways consistent with their topology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01758769
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pore-fluid pressures and frictional heating on a fault surface (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 583-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fault ; Pore-fluid pressure ; Frictional heating ; Numerical modeling ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This study considers the effects of heat transfer and fluid flow on the thernal, hydrologic, and mechanical response of a fault surface during seismic failure. Numerical modeling techniques are used to account for the coupling of the thermal, fluid-pressure, and stress fields. Results indicate that during an earthquake the failure surface is heated to a tempeature required for the thermal expansion of pore fluids to balance the rate of fluid loss due to flow and the fluid-volume changes due to pore dilatation. Once this condition is established, the pore fluids pressurize and the shear strength decreases rapidly to a value sufficient to maintain the thermal pressurization of pore fluids at near-lithostatic values. If the initial fluid pressure is hydrostatic, the final temperature attained on the failure surface will increase with depth, because a greater pressure increase can occur before a near-lithostatic pressure is reached. The rate at which thermal pressurization proceeds depends primarily on the hydraulic characteristics of the surrounding porous medium, the coefficient of friction on the fault surface, and the slip velocity. If either the permeability exceeds 10−15 m2 or the porous medium compressibility exceeds 10−8 Pa−1, then frictional melting may occur on the fault surface before thermal pressurization becomes significant. If the coefficient of friction is less than 10−1 and if the slip velocity is less than 10−2 msec−1, then it is doubtful that either thermal pressurization or frictional melting on the fault surface could cause a reduction in the dynamic shear strength of a fault during an earthquake event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874618
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress transfer and nonlinear stress accumulation at the North Anatolian fault, Turkey (1990)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 132 (1990), S. 699-710 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Stress ; North Anatolia ; Turkey ; Elsasser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis is presented of the accumulation of stress along the North Anatolian fault. The analysis is based on the time-dependent reloading of the plate boundary by using a modified Elsasser model of a coupled lithosphere-asthenosphere system. It is found that many of the North Anatolian fault earthquakes are likely to have been triggered by adjacent ruptures, while the time intervals between large earthquakes may have been partly modulated by the relaxation of the viscoelastic asthenosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876814
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