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  • Lepidoptera  (1,057)
  • Springer  (1,054)
  • MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute  (3)
  • Nature Publishing Group
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  • 1
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    Protection Strategy against Spruce Budworm (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks are a dominant natural disturbance in the forests of Canada and northeastern USA. Widespread, severe defoliation by this native insect results in large-scale mortality and growth reductions of spruce (Picea sp.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forests, and largely determines future age–class structure and productivity. The last major spruce budworm outbreak defoliated over 58 million hectares in the 1970s–1980s, and caused 32–43 million m3/year of timber volume losses from 1978 to 1987, in Canada. Management to deal with spruce budworm outbreaks has emphasized forest protection, spraying registered insecticides to prevent defoliation and keep trees alive. Other tactics can include salvage harvesting, altering harvest schedules to remove the most susceptible stands, or reducing future susceptibility by planting or thinning. Chemical insecticides are no longer used, and protection strategies use biological insecticides Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) or tebufenozide, a specific insect growth regulator. Over the last five years, a $30 million research project has tested another possible management tactic, termed an ‘early intervention strategy’, aimed at area-wide management of spruce budworm populations. This includes intensive monitoring to detect ‘hot spots’ of rising budworm populations before defoliation occurs, targeted insecticide treatment to prevent spread, and detailed research into target and non-target insect effects. The objective of this Special Issue is to compile the most recent research on protection strategies against spruce budworm. A series of papers will describe results and prospects for the use of an early intervention strategy in spruce budworm and other insect management.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; SD1-669.5 ; pheromone mating disruption ; spruce budworm ; insecticide application ; multi-spectral remote sensing ; simulation ; apparent fecundity ; Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) ; Pinaceae ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; circadian rhythm ; forest protection ; early intervention strategy ; insect population management ; moth ; survival ; Phialocephala scopiformis ; moths ; optimized treatment design ; spatial-temporal patterns ; monitoring ; modelling ; science communication ; decision support system ; population control ; area-wide management ; tortricidae ; insect susceptibility ; egg recruitment ; annual defoliation ; treatment threshold ; Maine ; dispersal ; growth rate ; forest pests ; Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) ; mixed effect models ; intertree variance ; endophytic fungi ; Acadian region ; insecticides ; defoliation ; Abies balsamea ; Picea glauca ; immigration ; defoliation prediction ; early intervention ; Quebec ; phenology ; aerobiology ; economic losses ; spatial autocorrelation ; foliage protection ; computable general equilibrium model ; economic and ecological cost: benefit analyses ; hardwood content ; plant tolerance ; Lepidoptera ; migration ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    New Insights into Parvovirus Research (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Viruses in the Parvoviridae family constitute one of the most diverse and intriguing fields of research. While they all share an ssDNA genome and a small capsid, they can differ widely in structure, genome organization and expression, virus–cell interaction, and impact on the host. Exploring such diversity and unraveling the inherent complexity in these apparently simple viruses is an ongoing endeavor and commitment for the scientific community. The translational implications of research on parvoviruses are relevant. Within the family, some viruses are important human and veterinary pathogens, in need of diagnostic methods and antiviral strategies; other viruses have long been studied and engineered as tools for oncolytic therapy, or as sophisticated gene delivery vectors, and can now display their wide and expanding applicative potential. This Special Issue of Viruses collects recent contributions in the field of parvovirus research, with a focus on new insights and research on unresolved issues, as well as new approaches exploiting systemic methodologies. Evolution, structural biology, viral replication, virus–host interaction, pathogenesis and immunity, and viral oncotherapy are a selection of the topics addressed in the issue that can be of relevance to the community involved in parvovirus research and of interest to a wider audience.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC109-216 ; antivirals ; Bombyx mori bidensovirus ; Bocaparvovirus ; human bocavirus 1 ; equine parvovirus-hepatitis ; NS2 ; NS1 ; X-ray crystallography ; BIRC3 (cIAP-2) ; glycans ; children ; antibody interactions ; new viruses ; alpaca ; cidofovir ; rodent protoparvoviruses ; clinical trials ; structural biology ; DNA virus ; human bocavirus ; caspase-3 ; viral communities ; uncoating ; PLA2 ; phospholipase-A2 ; oncolytic virus immune therapy ; Parvoviridae ; viral ecology ; Cryo-EM ; AAV ; metagenomics ; phylogeny ; oncolytic viruses ; mite ; parvovirus evolution ; Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 ; adeno-associated virus ; telbivudine ; capsid stability ; virus ; homology modeling ; human airway epithelia ; sequence analysis ; acute gastroenteritis ; bisulfite PCR ; next-generation sequencing ; single stranded DNA virus ; overlapping promoters ; virus diversity ; prognosis ; oncolytic activity ; genome ; hydroxyurea ; Lepidoptera ; genome externalization ; antiviral compounds ; circulating angiogenic cells ; tumor microenvironment ; coumarin derivatives ; nuclear targeting ; densovirus ; receptor interactions ; cell cycle arrest ; transcription profile ; brincidofovir ; canine parvovirus ; endogenous viral elements ; inflammatory cardiomyopathy ; erythroid progenitor cells ; RNA-seq ; insect ; chapparvovirus ; RT-qPCR ; trafficking ; AAV2 ; agricultural pests ; Adeno-associated virus ; myocarditis ; diagnosis ; parvovirus ; feline panleukopenia virus ; chitin ; B19V ; transcription mapping ; flavonoids ; immunomodulation ; erythrovirus ; apoptosis ; adenoviral vector ; anti-cancer ; divalent cations ; protease ; genetics ; preclinical ; arthropod ; peritrophins ; biocontrol ; dilated cardiomyopathy ; insect parvovirus ; combination therapies ; intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) ; virus phylogeny ; evolution ; second generation parvovirus treatments ; commercial horse serum ; parvovirus B19 ; canine chapparvovirus ; CpG methylation ; RACE ; H-1PV ; viral metagenomics ; horses ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Forest Insects and Pathogens in a Changing Environment: Ecology, Monitoring & Genetics (IUFRO Joint Meeting of WP7.03.05 & 7.03.10) (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: After the successful conclusion of the Joint Meeting of IUFRO’s 7.03.05 & 7.03.10 working parties and given the exciting and novel studies that have been presented in the framework of this meeting, we decided to present some of these studies in the current Special Issue of Forests. To make this issue more appealing and interesting to everyone in the field of Forest Protection, studies that cover a wide range of topics were selected, ranging from ecology and phylogeography to forest management and protection. More importantly, as these studies refer to pests and pathogens from different parts of the world, it is expected that the knowledge gained can be further used in the protection of natural environment worldwide.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; phenols ; flying ability ; Mediterranean forests ; wood borer insects ; Coraebus florentinus ; human-mediated transport ; ITS ; American chestnut ; sterols ; aggregated retention ; multivariate analysis ; Ips duplicatus ; Forestry Reclamation Approach ; triterpenes ; stand type ; Xyleborini ; birch ; Japanese red pine pure forests ; Scolytinae ; biological control ; Cephalcia kunyushanica ; deciduous forest ; silvicultural interventions ; fungal phytopathogens ; pathogen ; soil properties ; hypovirulence ; ammonium phosphite ; chestnut blight ; mtDNA ; latitude ; Cryphonectria parasitica ; occurrence ; distribution ; ash dieback ; ethanol ; phylogeography ; Carpathian Mountains ; Buprestidae ; stand characteristics ; oak ; vector ; Phytophthora ; black timber bark beetle ; infection level ; Romania ; coniferous forest ; Trypodendron laeve ; clearcutting ; Fraxinus excelsior ; selective pruning ; chlorophyll-a fluorescence ; forest management ; Ips sexdentatus ; disease management ; spread ; forest health ; ambrosia beetle ; Quercus ; invasive pathogens ; invasion ; biological invasion ; Lepidoptera ; ink disease ; functional group ; Betula ; mine reclamation ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine-scale resolution of closely spaced pheromone and antagonist filaments by flying male Helicoverpa zea (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 131-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key wordsHelicoverpa zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Sex pheromone ; Antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The limits of a male moth's ability to resolve closely spaced odor filaments have been investigated. Male Helicoverpa zea normally respond to their conspecific sex pheromone blend by exhibiting an upwind flight, which culminates in source contact by at least 50% of the bioassayed individuals. When loaded onto the same filter paper source containing this hitherto attractive pheromone blend, or onto a separate filter paper and co-emitted from the same pipette source with pheromone, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate severely reduced upwind flight and source contact by male H. zea. A similar level of upwind flight inhibition was recorded when the antagonist (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was emitted from its own point source placed 1 mm upwind of the pheromone point source, both plumes being simultaneously emitted in a continuous mode to form a confluent strand. However, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was less effective in reducing upwind flight and source contact when it was isolated and pulsed from its own source, placed 1 mm either upwind, downwind or cross-wind of a pipette source from which pheromone was simultaneously being pulsed, such that both filaments were separated in time by 0.001–0. 003 s. These results suggest that male H. zea are able to distinguish between odor sources separated by as little as 1 mm in space and 0.001 s in time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050372
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trichromatic colour vision in the hummingbird hawkmoth, Macroglossum stellatarum L. (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 184 (1999), S. 535-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Insects ; Lepidoptera ; Macroglossum stellatarum ; Colour vision ; Red receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hymenopterans have long been shown to choose colours by means of the spectral distribution and independently of the intensity (true colour vision). The same ability has only very recently been proven for two butterfly species. We present evidence for the existence of true colour vision in the European hummingbird hawkmoth, Macroglossum stellatarum. Moths were trained in dual-choice situations to spectral lights of a rewarding and an unrewarding wavelength. After training, unrewarded tests were performed during which the intensities of the lights were changed. The results confirm that the species has three spectral receptor types and uses true colour vision when learning the colour of a food source. If colour vision is not possible since only one receptor type is receiving input from both stimuli, the moths learn to associate some achromatic cue correlated to the receptor quantum catch, with the reward. The moths learn spectral cues rapidly and choose correctly after one to several rewarded visits even when trained to different colours in sequence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050353
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) pheromone receptor neurons: Relationships between neural thresholds and behavioral responses (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 168 (1991), S. 739-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Threshold ; Olfaction ; Insect ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Responses of Trichoplusia ni HS(A) receptor neurons were measured to determine the minimum detectable concentration (absolute threshold) and the minimum detectable increment (difference threshold) for the major sex pheromone component (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate (Z7-12∶Ac). The absolute threshold was 1000-fold below the ∼10-11 M level of Z7-12∶Ac at a calling female. The Weber fraction, i.e., the ratio of the difference threshold to the stimulus concentration, declined from ∼0.8 to ∼0.06 as the concentration rose from threshold to high intensities. Relatively smaller fluctuations were detected as the stimulus increased. 2. The HS(A) responses were interpreted in relation to behavior by considering an ideal observer as approximating the central nervous system (CNS). The ideal thresholds were 3–9-fold lower than the HS(A) thresholds. 3. The ideal absolute threshold of the T. ni CNS is comparable to observed behavioral thresholds for wingflutter and taking flight. However, only a low percentage response occurs at threshold. Most males take flight at higher concentrations. Also, the ideal Weber fraction is lower than in most flight-tunnel bioassays. Yet, males respond to small fluctuations in orienting to pheromone plumes. These differences between moths and ideal observers may reflect inhibition at points in the CNS that control the flow of olfactory input.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224362
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary conservatism of oviposition preference in a widespread polyphagous insect herbivore, Papilio zelicaon (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 111 (1997), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Insect-plant interactions ; Lepidoptera ; Polyphagy ; Specialization ; Host plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed geographic differentiation in oviposition preference in the anise swallowtail butterfly, Papilio zelicaon Lucas, which is one of the most widely distributed and polyphagous butterflies in western North America. Among 13 populations that span 1200 km of the range of P. zelicaon in the Pacific Northwest of North America, the overall oviposition preference hierarchy has not diverged significantly, even though these populations differ in the plant species they use in the field. The results indicate that differences in host availability and use have not favored major reorganizations in the preference hierarchy of ovipositing females. Instead, this butterfly has a conserved preference hierarchy that varies within a narrow range among populations. All populations ranked the four test plant species in the same overall relative order, even though these populations differ in the plant species they use in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050227
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal ecology of gregarious and solitary nettle-feeding nymphalid butterfly larvae (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 122 (2000), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Distribution ; Gregariousness ; Larval strategy ; Lepidoptera ; Thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Group-living in animal populations has many possible ecological and evolutionary explanations, including predator evasion and feeding facilitation. In insects, the thermal balance of solitary and gregarious larvae is likely to differ and may thus have important ecological consequences. The abilities of the larvae of four species of nettle-feeding nymphalid butterflies to thermoregulate were quantified in the field. Larval surface body temperatures of the gregarious Aglais urticae (small tortoiseshell) and Inachis io (peacock) and the solitary Polygonia c-album (comma) and Vanessa atalanta (red admiral) were measured for each instar, in both sunny and overcast conditions, over a seasonal range of temperatures. The results suggested two distinct larval thermal strategies. In the presence of direct sunlight, the exposed gregarious larvae of A. urticae and I. io regulated body temperatures at 32.5 and 31.5°C, respectively, while the temperatures of concealed larvae of P. c-album and V. atalanta were largely dependent on ambient temperatures. In the sun, the range of body temperatures recorded for A. urticae and I. io larvae was fairly narrow relative to ambient temperatures. This suggests a high degree of thermal control in these species. Modal body temperatures coincided with the temperature at which development rate is maximal. Regardless of whether changes in thermoregulation are a cause or consequence of the evolution of gregariousness, the combination of behavioural thermoregulation and gregariousness in larval insects has important implications for voltinism patterns and range extension (via increased development rates). Distributional responses of gregarious and solitary larvae to climatic warming may differ as a result of changes in cloud cover as well as changes in temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008825
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect lysozymes from three species of lepidoptera: Their structural relatedness to the c (chicken) type lysozyme (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 14 (1979), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Lysozyme ; Insect ; Lepidoptera ; Evolution ; Sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sequence studies of the N-terminal halves of the lysozymes isolated fromBombyx mori, Galleria mellonella andSpodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera) allow us to classify these enzymes among the c (chicken) type lysozymes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01732494
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restructuring of Lepidoptera communities by introduced Vespula wasps in a New Zealand beech forest (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 119 (1999), S. 565-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key wordsVespula ; Lepidoptera ; Phenology ; Shared predator ; Ecological impact
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Introduced social wasps (Vespula vulgaris) reach high densities in some New Zealand beech forests, because honeydew provides an abundant high-energy food source. We manipulated wasp density to estimate an “ecological damage threshold” for large, free-living Lepidoptera larvae. There will be a continuum of ecological damage thresholds for wasp density depending on the prey species or habitat. Experimentally placed small caterpillars had a significantly higher survival rate than large caterpillars, and the survival rate of both groups decreased with increasing wasp density. Spring-occurring caterpillars have a probability of surviving of 0.90–0.95, assuming wasps are the only source of mortality. However, at the peak of the wasp season we predict caterpillars would have virtually no chance (probability of 10−78 to 10−40) of surviving to adults. Wasp abundance must be reduced by at least 88% to conserve the more vulnerable species of free-living caterpillars at wasp densities similar to those observed in our study sites. This equates to a damage threshold of 2.7 wasps per Malaise trap per day. It was exceeded for about 5 months of the year in non-poisoned sites. There are currently no biological or chemical control techniques available in New Zealand that will reduce wasp abundance below this damage threshold throughout the year. Our models show that most Lepidoptera with spring caterpillars will be able to persist, but species with caterpillars occurring in the peak wasp season will be eliminated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050820
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