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  • Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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  • 1
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    Journal of business ethics 19 (1999), S. 393-401 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; ethical decision making ; ethical dilemma ; organizational environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study attempts to help explain the ethical decision making of individual employees by determining how the perceived organizational environment is related to that decision. A self- administered questionnaire design was used for gathering data in this study with a sample size of 245 full-time employees. Perceived supervisor expectation, formal policies, and informal policies were used to assess the expressed ethical decision of the respondents. The findings indicate that the perceived organizational environment is significantly related to the ethical decision of the respondent.
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  • 2
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    Journal of business ethics 22 (1999), S. 203-217 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; culture ; dialogue ; experience ; learning ; values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In practice, the relationship between business and ethics is not well-settled. In the past, organisations have developed an interest in setting value charts but this has been approached from a purely managerial perspective following the momentum and interest aroused by research on organisational cultures. Although interest in managing organisational cultures has slowly died down, for both theoretical and practical reasons we argue that there are feasible ways to explore values as part of an organisational culture. Indeed it is our claim that it is feasible and productive to discuss values within organisations. However, rather than developing sophisticated theoretical frameworks, more efforts should be put into thinking about the conditions under which participants can enter into productive dialogue. It is our claim that if processes are carefully examined people within organisations can make better sense of their work and discover their own perspective to account for what they actually do and to project themselves into what they think they should be doing. Thus, values identified within the organisation can eventually reach a point where they become an expression of a shared commitment. The experience we describe aims to illustrate only one example of a concrete application of this approach.
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  • 3
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    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 125-136 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; caring ; feminine ; Hofstede ; justice ; masculine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A conflict within the community of those investigating business ethics is whether decision makers are motivated by an ethics of justice or an ethics of caring. The proposition put forward in this paper is that ethical orientations are strongly related to cultural backgrounds. Specifically, Hofstede's cultural stereotyping using his masculine-feminine dimension may well match a culture's reliance on justice or caring when decisions are made. A study of college graduates from six countries showed that Hofstede's dimension was remarkably accurate in predicating a justice or caring orientation for decision makers from five of the six countries.
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  • 4
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    Journal of business ethics 24 (2000), S. 257-272 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: academic discipline ; business ethics ; macro ; management ; managerial ; meso ; micro ; political ; political philosophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to mediate between the extremes of a managerial conception of business ethics which subordinates it to management and a political conception which subordinates it to political philosophy. The mediated position arrived at sees the central focus of business ethics in the intersection of micro-managerial concerns with macro-political ones provided by the task of determining morally optimum forms of business. Involvement with the macro rules out subordination to management while, conversely, involvement with the micro rules out subordination to political philosophy. Moreover, such is the (increasing) social importance of business, that business ethics can have at least co-equal explanatory status with political philosophy as a discipline.
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  • 5
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    Journal of business ethics 22 (1999), S. 155-173 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; common good ; corruption ; irregular economy ; School of Salamanca ; social ethics ; state ; taxes ; values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article is an introduction to the selection of papers on "Business Ethics in Spain" included in this monographic issue of the Journal of Business Ethics. Specifically, this article is a survey of the development of the social, political, cultural and economic background of business in Spain since 1940, in order to show how the ethical values, attitudes and problems of the Spanish managers changed in these years. First, the global evolution of this background is explained, and then several relevant problems are discussed, namely those of the attitudes of business towards the State and the law (with an aside on the attitudes of society towards profit and wealth), corruption, and the grey economy, taxes, and irregular labour. The article concludes with a survey of the scientific developments of business ethics in Spain.
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  • 6
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    Journal of business ethics 22 (1999), S. 233-247 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: board of directors ; business ethics ; corporate governance ; ethical codes ; The Olivencia Commission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In an open, unregulated and globalised economy, it is logical that the problem of corporate government not only occupy the time of academics, but also preoccupy both companies and the public administration. Corporate governance varies depending on several factors, such as the culture of a particular country, the economic situation and the organisational structures. Thus, there is no single recipe which can be applied automatically and is universally valid in all contexts. However, it is possible to propose some general principles which have duly stood the test of experience and are recognised as providing valuable guidance for efficient corporate governance. The aim of this article is to present the Spanish "Olivencia Report", which is an attempt to draft an "ethical code" containing a number of practices and principles, which, if they were to be applied, could improve the governance of the larger Spanish companies listed on the Stock Market. The pages which follow narrate the story of the making of the report, and highlight those features which distinguish this report from other analogous reports published in other countries, and which inspired the Olivencia Report. These reports, which include the "Cadbury Report", the "Viénot Report" and the "Peters Report" among others will also be dealt with. Once the more outstanding aspects of the Spanish report have been highlighted, the article closes with a brief concluding section, which goes beyond the case in question and stresses the relationship between ethics, corporate governance and the mission of the enterprise. This focus is of some importance as the literature on corporate governance rarely brings the ethical problem to the fore.
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  • 7
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    Journal of business ethics 22 (1999), S. 273-280 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; consequences ; co-operation ; suppliers ; trust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Our research has found that companies which have diverged from traditional management in order to adopt strategies which include ethics, cooperation and a joint vision of management obtain a greater added value. The new challenges of competitiveness require a position of active cooperation between firms and their suppliers, which should be considered as collaborators rather than adversaries. An active cooperation management may well allow the company to improve the quality of its products and its image, speed up delivery to its clients and make its production and trading more agile, thus enhancing the perception the client has of the product. An improved ethical quality in our dealings, generating trust, improving communication and establishing long-term relationships with joint added value, results in higher competitiveness and greater creation of wealth.
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  • 8
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    Journal of business ethics 25 (2000), S. 33-51 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; business and society ; consumerism ; corporate environmentalism ; corporate social accounting ; corporate social responsibility ; stakeholder model ; societal marketing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Most models of corporate social responsibility revolve around the controversy as to whether business is a single dimensional entity of profit maximization or a multi-dimensional entity serving greater societal interests. Furthermore, the models are mostly descriptive in nature and are based on the experiences of western countries. There has been little attempt to develop a model that accounts for corporate social responsibility in diverse environments with differing socio-cultural and market settings. In this paper an attempt has been made to fill this gap by developing a two-dimensional model of corporate social responsibility and empirically testing its validity in the context of two dissimilar cultures – Australia and Bangladesh. The two dimensions are the span of corporate responsibility (narrow to wider perspective) and the range of outcomes of social commitments of businesses (cost to benefit driven perspective). The test results confirm the validity of the two-dimensional model in the two environments. The Factor analysis revealed two leading dimensions. Cluster analysis pointed to two distinctive clusters of managers in both Australia and Bangladesh, one consisting of managers with a broad contemporary concept of social responsibility, and the other with a limited narrow view. The paper concludes that corporate social responsibility is two-dimensional and universal in nature and that differing cultural and market settings in which managers operate may have little impact on the ethical perceptions of corporate managers.
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  • 9
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    Journal of business ethics 28 (2000), S. 109-119 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; caveat venditor ; contracts of merchants ; incunabula ; just price ; medieval moral philosophy ; scholastic economic thought ; usury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract There are varying opinions about whether or not the field of business ethics has a history or is a development of more modern times. It is suggested that a book by a Dominican Friar, Johannes Nider, De Contractibus Mercatorum, written ca. 1430 and published ca. 1468 provides a basis for a history of over 500 years. Business ethics grew out of attempts to reconcile Biblical precepts, canon law, civil law, the teachings of the Church Fathers, and the writings of early philosophers with the realities of expanding economic activity. Nider's background is discussed as well as his book as an example of incunabula. Nider was one of the Scholastics who provided a link between Aristotle and later Reformation thinkers. In Nider we find caveat venditor as his moral guide to merchants as well as other surprisingly modern ideas such as justice in exchange; restitution for defective goods; the market as the final arbiter of value; and the importance of creating utility in products.
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  • 10
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    Journal of business ethics 16 (1997), S. 1273-1282 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; economic development ; entrepreneurship ; Ukraine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Based on personal experience, interviews, and numerous anecdotal evidence documented in the press, this paper analyzes current practices and focuses on future challenges of business development in Ukraine. In particular, the most recent developments in evolution of business relations and ethics are studied. Business ethics practices are viewed within the current political, economic, and social context. A unique combination of three factors: old communist mentality, new "mafia-style" capitalism, and Ukrainian nationalism have created a situation where applying internationally accepted ethical concepts may not lead to success. The new entrepreneurial spirit and privatization windfalls against the background of cronyism, bureaucracy, and organized crime have produced the new rules of doing business. Business ethics reflect a peculiar combination of the above factors and make them difficult for the outsider to comprehend.
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  • 11
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    Journal of business ethics 16 (1997), S. 1411-1418 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: applied ethics ; business ethics ; distributive justice ; interpretation in moral reasoning ; moral understanding ; phronesis ; virtue ethics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article examines and synthesizes two different approaches to determining the content of business ethics courses and the manner in which they ought to be taught. The first approach, from a political perspective, argues that the institutional framework within which business operates ought to be tested by theories of distributive justice. The second approach, from the perspective of virtue theory, argues that we ought to examine the character of individual employees and the responsibilities associated with the roles which these individuals play within organizations. I argue that Gadamer's interpretation of Aristotle's notion of phronesis shows an inseparable, bidirectional, conceptual link between the approaches of politics and virtue as well as providing insight into how business ethics might best be taught.
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  • 12
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    Journal of business ethics 20 (1999), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; economic justice ; economic pastoral ; ethical decisionmaking ; social justice ; social ethics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Ten years have passed since the National Council of Catholic Bishops presented their pastoral letter Economic Justice for All. For a democratic society to succeed, it must cultivate moral attachments. The following three questions are asked of all Americans regarding social ethics: l) How do my economic choices contribute to a sensitivity to those in need? 2) With what care, human kindness and justice do I conduct myself at work? 3) How do I strike a balance between labor and leisure that enlarges my capacity for friendships, for family life, for community? The importance of a sense of shared humanity is discussed and recommendations are made regarding emotions as strategies in the process of moral decisionmaking. The task of sensitizing both the intellectual convictions and the emotional feelings of Americans towards a more compassionate stance vis-a-vis the ‘disinherited’ in our midst is presented.
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  • 13
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    Journal of business ethics 22 (1999), S. 249-259 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: accounting information ; audit committees ; business ethics ; code of best practice ; ethical climate ; external auditors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The main purpose of this article is to analyse one aspect of Spanish business ethics: the role of the transparency and quality of the economic and financial information given to meet the demands and requirements of shareholders. To that end we concentrate firstly on analysing the Spanish capital market and the situation of shareholders prior to the publication in February 1988 of the Code of Best Practice for Spanish Companies, drawn up by a Special Committee created at the request of the Ministry of Economy and Finance. We analyse the importance of the behaviour and actions of three groups which are fundamental to assuring quality and transparency of information: those who prepare financial statements, the Board of Directors (particularly the Audit Committee) and the external auditors. Finally, we look at the possible consequences of the Code of Best Practice on Spanish business ethics.
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  • 14
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    Journal of business ethics 23 (2000), S. 67-71 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; feminist ethics ; Free Trade Area of the Americas ; NAFTA ; western hemisphere ; Whitehead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The first part of my presentation is a short outline of how a feminist, process-oriented, i.e. in a Whiteheadian tradition, business ethics may look like. In the second part, I want to apply this approach in the field of American foreign trade policy concerning the extension of the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) to a free trade zone of the Western Hemisphere. I want to focus on ethical problems for the business of the Free Trade Area of the Americas. By taking my business ethics approach into consideration, I want to open up perspectives for a Whiteheadian view of the problem of the Free Trade Area.
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  • 15
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    Journal of business ethics 28 (2000), S. 59-72 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; cognition and organization culture ; control ; corporate crimes ; Japanese management ; norm ; phenomenology ; qualitative methods ; scandals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study introduced a phenomenological approach to the study of the companies that committed corporate crimes. The author first developed the epistemology of normative control which is based on the philosophical ground of phenomenology, sociology of knowledge, ethnomethodology, Habermas's normative theories, and Foucault's normalizing discourse in the context of organizations. He, then, showed the procedures for conducting a qualitative and phenomenological empirical case study of an aggressive Japanese company whose name appeared in the media for its scandal in Tokyo. The inquiry revealed the generative mechanism of normative control and the patterns of constructing social reality of workplaces in a Japanese company.
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  • 16
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    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 9-19 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; business risk ; conduct risk management ; corporate social responsibility ; ethics ; ethics auditing ; licences to operate ; risk management ; social accountability ; social audits ; social reporting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The explosion of interest in responsible corporate citizenship since 1995 has reminded many of the earlier rapid development of interest in environmental management issues. Active stakeholders and lobby groups have successfully exerted pressures on management for improved corporate behaviour. The paper looks at some recent initiatives and draws conclusions about the imprecise terminologies in use. It moves on to consider tools to better manage business risk exposures within the corporation. The example of the “Business Ethics Strategic Survey” is described, together with the attendant benefits it can deliver to company chairmen, Audit Committees and investment fund managers.
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  • 17
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    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 105-115 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; cross-cultural management ; dilemma reconciliation ; ethical codes ; trans-cultural competence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The Trompenaars database (1993) updated with Hampden-Turner (1998) has been assembled to help managers structure their cross cultural experiences in order to develop their competence for doing business and managing across the world. The database comprises more than 50,000 cases from over 100 countries and is one of the world's richest sources of social constructs. Woolliams and Trompenaars (1998) review the analysis undertaken by the authors in the last five years to develop the methodological approach underpinning the work. Recently Trompenaars with Hampden-Turner (Trompenaars and Woolliams, 1999) have extended the concepts into a new model on dilemma reconciliation of cultural differences. This paper reviews these latest updates in relation to dilemmas of cross-cultural business ethics. The paper asserts that knowledge in relation to business ethics is culturally specific; and that ethnocentrism is not easy to avoid. Too great an emphasis on rational-analytic conceptions of reality may mean that syntheses, emotion, and intuition, are not adequately developed. This presents implications for doing business and managing across cultures and for resolving ethical dilemmas.
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  • 18
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    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 89-104 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; cross-cultural research ; equivalence ; methodological issues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Despite the fundamental and administrative difficulties associated with cross-cultural research the rewards are significant and, given an increasing trend toward globalisation, the move away from singular location studies to more comparative research is to be encouraged. In order to facilitate this research process it is imperative, however, that considerable attention is given to the methodological issues that can beset cross-cultural research, specifically as these issues relate to the primary domain or discipline of investigation, which in this instance is research on business ethics. Utilising the experience of a four country comparative study of both Asian and Western cultures in the field of business ethics, the following presents a discussion of methodological concerns under the three broad areas of operationalising culture, operationalising business ethics, and data interpretation.
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  • 19
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    International journal of value-based management 10 (1997), S. 9-29 
    ISSN: 1572-8528
    Keywords: business ethics ; Jewish ; religious ; community ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the method of Jewish business ethics. MichaelWalzer, in his work, Interpretation and Social Criticism (1987), suggeststhree common and important approaches to moral philosophy. He labels thesethe path of discovery, the path of invention, and the path ofinterpretation. The first part of this paper argues that Jewish businessethics is best thought of in terms of interpretation. Without question, thereligious ethicist immediately recognizes Walzer‘s metaphor of the moralworld as a ’home occupied by a single family over many generations... ‘as his own. Ethical arguments from a Jewish perspective must of necessityhave a ’lived-in quality‘ and always make reference to and are based on the’memory-laden objects and artifacts.‘ The second part of the paper exploressome of the implications of Jewish business ethics as interpretation.
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  • 20
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    International journal of value-based management 10 (1997), S. 173-192 
    ISSN: 1572-8528
    Keywords: business ethics ; ethical dilemmas ; moral policies ; principled and pragmatic approach ; responsible decision making ; reconcile different responsibilities ; organizational change ; field of tension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Several theories exist on how managers think aboutethical responsibilities in a business environment.Some stress the economic way of thinking and explainwhy there is no space for moral reasoning in abusiness environment. Others claim that in a businessenvironment also moral considerations can play animportant role. In this article, we will explore theway managers have actually dealt with potentialdilemmas in organizational change processes,especially changes with drastic consequences foremployees. Do managers consider moral arguments? Dothey feel a moral responsibility towards theiremployees? And in what way do they include a moralresponsibility in the decision process and itsoutcomes? These questions were investigated throughcase studies in two organisations and interviews withsix managers in other companies. The framework whichis used in the research will be described and the mainresults of the field-research will be presented. Wedid find that managers actually strived to some extentfor fair and morally responsible solutions in dilemmasituations, but in another way then we expectedbeforehand. Managers did not base their acting onmoral arguments. Instead they used a more pragmaticapproach wherein acting in a morally responsible wayis based on strategic arguments, such as the positiveeffects for the organisation in the long run.
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  • 21
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    International journal of value-based management 10 (1997), S. 193-203 
    ISSN: 1572-8528
    Keywords: discourse ethics ; business ethics ; argumentation ; motives ; personality traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Fair and non-manipulative argumentation plays a key role in contemporary German ethics and business ethics. The purpose of this paper was to examine the question whether psychological dispositions for this type of communication do exist. In three empirical studies consisting of 839 subjects it was possible to establish four argumentative motives. Furthermore, the data show that these motives are correlated with basic personality traits. These motives have also implications for social integration, rationality, use of information, time demand, and interpersonal trust in business communication. In sum, fair and non-manipulative argumentation is a realistic tool for solving everyday ethical problems. Thus, discourse ethics is not only good for theory but also good for practice.
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  • 22
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    International journal of value-based management 10 (1997), S. 127-146 
    ISSN: 1572-8528
    Keywords: business ethics ; moral responsibility ; high reliability organizations ; aviation industry ; aircraft maintenance ; safety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this article I will discuss the construction of safety in high reliability organizations. This construction is then evaluated from a moral point of view. I will argue that accidents happening to high reliability organizations make clear that we have to reconceptualize our notion of moral responsibility.
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  • 23
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    International journal of value-based management 11 (1998), S. 103-124 
    ISSN: 1572-8528
    Keywords: character traits ; values ; business ethics ; students in business schools ; coed schools ; all-women colleges ; organizational culture ; religious vs. public comparisons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study examines whether business students' perception of value trait reinforcement and importance differ by their university context. Student perceptions in coeducational religious, coeducational public and all-female religious schools were compared. The results of this study indicate areas of similarity and differences among students in regard to the context of school type and that reinforcement differences seemed to contribute to the differences.
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  • 24
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    International journal of value-based management 12 (1999), S. 13-27 
    ISSN: 1572-8528
    Keywords: business ethics ; mindset ; values ; christianity ; confucianism ; Italian ; Taiwanese ; Machiavellianism ; rotarians ; international
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the application of an organizational mindset instrument to compare the ethical mindsets between Italy and Taiwan. Results suggest that there are not significant differences, but Italian business is perceived to practice some Machiavellianism that puts results ahead of ethical concerns.
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    International journal of value-based management 13 (2000), S. 55-77 
    ISSN: 1572-8528
    Keywords: values ; human nature ; organizational culture ; business ethics ; leadership
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study explores how managers perceive the issue ofcreating `common values,' what change strategies theyprefer, and their reflection on `value-basedmanagement.'Common values are the glue which binds anorganization together; they motivate and createa sense of community. If properly implemented, theemployees can be trusted in the absence of directrules and regulations. Most managers embrace a holistic view of man on a rhetorical level, but thewell-being of the company has priority in practice.Given these assumptions, held reluctantly orimplicitly, there is little leeway for democraticmanagement.This methodological reduction of man mostlyremains hidden. Without an open discussion, suchshort-term deviations from an ideal situation runthe risk of being a permanent conflict in the companyculture, or lead to an ontological reduction ofman.
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    International journal of value-based management 13 (2000), S. 141-158 
    ISSN: 1572-8528
    Keywords: business ethics ; ethics in purchasing ; environmental protection in purchasing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article discusses a transfer of moral values between purchasing and supplying organisation in the manufacturing sector. In the first part, the relevant literature is discussed to glean criteria, which could facilitate such a transfer. Given a scarcity of research into ethics in purchasing, the literature review is extended into related fields, such as total quality management, environmental purchasing in retailing and minority vendor programmes in the U.S. In the second part, the question is raised whether such a transfer can at all lay claim to being of moral value. The process is screened against established ethical theories, which are found to support it. Finally, the financial impact of such a policy on the supplier is considered.
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    International journal of value-based management 9 (1996), S. 133-140 
    ISSN: 1572-8528
    Keywords: catholic social teaching ; business ethics ; human resource management ; employment relation ; social justice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract For more than a century, Popes have spoken to the issue of proper treatment of employees. Through several encyclicals, they have collectively constructed a framework that offers specific guidance for the management of human resources. Ben & Jerry's Homemade, Inc. is a successful producer of super-premium ice cream. Although it in no way professes to practice Catholic Social Teaching in its management, the parallels between its approach and the Catholic model are striking. This article explores those parallels to contemplate to what extent an organization can realistically implement Catholic Social Teaching in a competitive environment.
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    International journal of value-based management 9 (1996), S. 141-152 
    ISSN: 1572-8528
    Keywords: business ethics ; moral management ; teaching ethics ; management training ; classroom ethics ; macromorality ; micromorality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article explains in comprehensive macro and micro terms why business management professors teach or should be teaching ethics as part of their classroom subject matter. Ten different perspectives, starting with transcendental and global, and ending with departmental and individual, are presented in convincing fashion. Ethics is an extremely popular topic today inside and outside of business schools. This article summarizes why; and it attempts to encourage professors who are not yet a part of the new environmental-ethical era of the 1990s to join the movement.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: agreement ; business ethics ; case ; conflict of interests ; dialogue ; discursive ethics ; environmental ethics ; participation ; stakeholders
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this article is to present a business ethics case from the viewpoint of discursive ethics. Dialogue and subsequent agreement constitute two key ideas of European identity and are two basic concepts of discursive ethics thinking. Our choice for this type of approach was determined by several reasons, of which there are three that should be pointed out, as they can be considered an heritage of the European way of thinking: 1) the need for a rational dialogue, in which all those affected -- or, failing that, the people acting in their name -- are represented, as a way to find solutions to conflicts; 2) the importance of respecting a set of conditions ensuring equal opportunities and total symmetry among the participants; and 3) obliged respect for the universalization principle, which establishes that a decision is morally correct when it can or could be accepted by all those whom it affects, present or future. In order to present this case, the following steps are taken. Firstly, a brief summary of the case will be provided, defining the different ways of approaching the problem and the resulting map of interests. Secondly, the different interests and values, which came into play, are analysed. Finally, we go over the different approaches that were made to reach a solution before considering dialogue, which turned out to be the most decisive.
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    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; communication ; discourse ; ethics ; Habermas ; implicit contracts ; Luhmann ; multicultural organisations ; organisations ; values
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract "Ethical Leadership" in modern multicultural corporations is first the consideration of different personal and cultural value systems in decision-making processes. Second, it is the assignment of responsibility either to individual or organisational causalities. The task of this study is to set the stage for a distinction between rational entities and the arbitrary preferences of individuals in economic decision making processes. Defining rational aspects of behaviour in economics will lead to the formal structures of organisational systems, which are independent of concrete but varying “values”. Luhmann's “Theory of systems of communication” describes the internal dynamic forces of economic communication processes in terms of formal structures. On the other hand Habermas' “Theory of discourse” integrates the previous relationship between individual subjectivity and rational behaviour. Habermas gives an indication of how to separate subjective values and meaning from rational arguments in rational communication processes. The translation of these theoretical structures into practical applications for decision making processes and decision taking acts links the ethical, or value-oriented, context precisely to both individual and organisational areas of responsibility.
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    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 351-362 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; ethical work climate ; ethical decision making ; ethical judgments
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Dimensions of the ethical work climate, as conceptualized by Victor and Cullen (1988), are potentially important influences on individual ethical decision-making in the organizational context. The present study examined the direct and indirect effects of individuals' perceptions of work climate on their ethical judgments and behavioral intentions regarding an ethical dilemma. A national sample of marketers was surveyed in a scenario-based research study. The results indicated that, although perceived climate dimensions did not have a direct effect on behavioral intentions, there were significant moderating effects. Climates perceived as emphasizing social responsibility and rules/codes moderated the individual ethical judgment-behavioral intentions relationship such that individuals were less likely to say that they would engage in a questionable selling practice even when they themselves did not believe the practice to be unethical. Respondents were somewhat more likely to form intentions consistent with their judgment that the questionable practice was morally acceptable when the ethical climate was characterized by an emphasis on team/friendship.
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    Journal of business ethics 18 (1999), S. 315-334 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; business law ; ethics ; marketing and society ; marketing ethics ; marketing law ; public policy
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The material to follow challenges the conceptual uniqueness and contribution of the content of the field of marketing ethics. Based on a comprehensive inspection of the marketing ethics literature, this "review note" (an uncommon genre of academic manuscript – a briefly-presented review highlighting a specific point) concludes that, in terms of pragmatic behavioral guidance as well as conceptual content, marketing ethics has nothing new nor distinctive to offer. Though an initially unexpected conclusion, perhaps, explanation is provided for why marketing ethics' absence of contribution is perfectly natural and appropriate. Evidence also is found to establish that the paper's contrarian-appearing position may not be extremist after all.
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    Journal of business ethics 18 (1999), S. 345-358 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; Egypt ; Islamic business ethics ; Muslim culture
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract As global business operations expand, managers need more knowledge of foreign cultures, in particular, information on the ethics of doing business across borders. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to share the Islamic perspective on business ethics, little known in the west, which may stimulate further thinking and debate on the relationships between ethics and business, and (2) to provide some knowledge of Islamic philosophy in order to help managers do business in Muslim cultures. The case of Egypt illustrates some divergence between Islamic philosophy and practice in economic life. The paper concludes with managerial implications and suggestions for further research.
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    Journal of business ethics 18 (1999), S. 367-381 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; cohesiveness ; ethics ; formalism ; groups ; leadership ; performance ; satisfaction ; utilitarianism
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the influence of group context on the ethical predispositions of group members. Results indicate that groups exert a powerful influence on individuals' ethical frameworks, and that the patterns of these influences differ depending on the type of ethical framework involved. Individuals' ethical utilitarianism was affected by both leadership style and group cohesiveness. Ethical formalism was most affected by the leadership style in the group.
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    Journal of business ethics 26 (2000), S. 75-88 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; organizational development ; organization theory ; systems theory
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this article two important organizational concepts – lean production and sociotechnical systems design – are evaluated on their reflective capacity and their (moral) outcomes. At least in theory both concepts entail a promise of overcoming some of the irreflexive pitfalls of rational organization. As will be shown, both concepts do have shortcomings too. It is argued that the meaning and value of the concepts is related to the context in which the systems are implemented.
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    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 255-269 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; decision-making ; issue recognition ; judgement ; moral intensity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The construct of moral intensity, proposed by Jones (1991), was used to predict the extent to which individuals were able to recognize moral issues. We tested for the effects of the six dimensions of moral intensity: social consensus, proximity, concentration of effect, probability of effect, temporal immediacy and magnitude of consequences. A scenario-based study, conducted among business individuals in Singapore, revealed that social consensus and magnitude of consequences influenced the recognition of moral issues. The study provided evidence for the effects of temporal immediacy. There was marginal support for the impact of proximity and probability of effect but no evidence that concentration of effect influenced recognition of moral issues. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for researchers and organisational practitioners.
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    Journal of business ethics 28 (2000), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; small business ; social responsibility
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results of a national study of the beliefs and perceptions of small business professionals concerning ethics within their company and business in general. The study examined their views on the relationship between success and ethical conduct as well as the extent and nature of ethical conflicts experienced by the respondents. Some comparisons are made with similar studies that have been conducted in the past. Respondents have the most ethical conflicts with customers and employees, and with regard to honesty in contracts/agreements. Most also believe that ethical standards are lower than they were 10 and 20 years ago, primarily because society's moral standards are lower. Additionally, they believe that the behavior of top management has the most influence on decisions in ethical situations. Finally, consistent with prior studies, they believe that they have the most responsibility to customers, ahead of employees and stockholders.
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    Teaching business ethics 1 (1997), S. 33-51 
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: business ethics ; business-related classic literature ; morality ; moral philosophy ; vocabulary of ethics
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract America's economic ideology lacks a vocabulary of ethics. If, as we assume, an economic system requires a moral component for long-term survival, students in business schools must be exposed to a vocabulary of ethics that is consistent with the ideology of capitalism. We present a vocabulary of ethics and describe an approach to teaching business ethics based on business-related classic literature and moral philosophy.
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    Teaching business ethics 1 (1997), S. 197-211 
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: business ethics ; case method ; discretion ; ethical culture ; ethical devision making ; ethics education ; gender differences ; organizational crisis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Many managers now routinely receive training in business ethics using the case method. However the efficacy of this training has not been studied. Organizational crises, in the form of cases which present managers with ethical dilemmas, are commonly used to illustrate principles in business ethics courses. As illustrated in the classroom, these organizational ethical crises often result in severe financial consequences for the organization involved such as litigation or bankruptcy. The present study assessed the potential of the case method for teaching managers to respond ethically to organizational crisis. The author also assessed the role of organizational and ideographic factors in determining which managers would choose to act. Managers who had received classroom training in ethical case analysis were compared to those who had not. The majority in both groups of managers chose to take action when confronted with ethical dilemmas. However, managers who had received ethical training were more likely to act in some ethical situations than managers who had not. The ethical culture of an organization and the gender of the managers was also found to influence managerial action in response to ethical dilemmas.
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    Teaching business ethics 2 (1998), S. 411-432 
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: business ethics ; teaching ; values ; New Zealand
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article contains seven exercises I have used in my Business Ethics classes. A central aim of the class is to clarify the values which guide ethical consideration and use these to evaluate a range of business activities. The value of these exercises lies in their ability to connect the personal to the economic and political and in so-doing, to clarify what it might mean to personally lead an ethical life as a more aware business person, consumer and citizen. The discussions these exercises facilitate can, in the hands of a competent teacher, be both broad ranging and profound. Their ability to connect the larger economic world to ones own personal world of values have been greatly appreciated by my own students and they are offered here in the hope that they might be of some value to others in the field.
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    Teaching business ethics 1 (1997), S. 97-106 
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: business ethics ; global warming ; hydroelectric power ; market forces ; native peoples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A very large hydroelectric generating project has been proposed for the northern regions of Quebec. Numerous benefits will be derived from this project: inexpensive power, reduced pollution, and improved quality of life. The native peoples living in the region object strongly, however, and claim that the project will destroy their culture. A 35-minute video describes this conflict and challenges students to make the “build/don't build” decision.
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    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: Social issues ; media sensationalism ; business ethics ; teaching methods
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study assessed the perceived importance of various social issues and the effect that teaching methods have on business students' perceptions of those issues. Subjects in the test group were shown an educational video that explained how some social issues are reported inaccurately with extensive coverage, or sensationalized in the media, resulting in a “moral panic.” Other issues are not covered as extensively, but may have a more significant impact on business, society and the subject. The importance of five social issues was rated by students who had completed a course that covered business ethics and social responsibility content and those who had not taken the course yet. Results indicated that business ethics and social responsibility course content had no effect on perceived importance of social issues, but that viewing the video did. Subjects who viewed the educational video on social issues in the news media rated those issues receiving extensive coverage as lower in importance than those subjects who did not view the video. Also, subjects who viewed the educational video rated those issues not receiving extensive coverage as higher in importance than those subjects who did not view the video. Implications for business ethics and social responsibility educators are discussed.
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    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: business ethics ; Canada ; consumer ethics ; marketing ; New Zealand ; students
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Recent initiatives in business curricula have included emphases on global business and ethics. This paper combines these issues by comparing the ethical predisposition of business students in New Zealand with their Canadian counterparts. A sample of 360 students indicated that students in both countries generally hold high expectations for the behaviour of both business and consumers. Of the 28 scenarios evaluated, five exhibited significant differences between the two groups. In four cases, students from New Zealand expressed less tolerance for the questionable business practices, and in the other one the situation was reversed. Despite the relative congruence of attitudes exhibited by the students of the two countries, the fact that differences do exist is testimony to the increased risk inherent to international business.
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    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 341-358 
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: business ethics ; business’ role in the community ; community service ; ethics ; service learning ; undergraduate business students ; values and opinions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Until now, there has been little research assessingthe impact and extent of business ethics education andservice learning upon students’ values and opinions. This paper studies the influence of these variables byanalyzing 129 junior-level students’ ethical valuesand opinions before and after these experiences. Through the use of the Students’ Values and OpinionsSurvey (SVOS) as a measurement gauge, we foundsignificant support for our hypotheses that a businessethics course and a community service experiencepositively affect students’ values and opinions. Thus, we found desirable improvement in the ethicalvalues and opinions of students after they wereexposed to service learning and business ethicseducation. In addition, we explored the impact ofservice learning by gender and prior communityservice. We did not find a significant difference inthe effect of service learning for men or women, butdid find that prior community service increased thepositive impact for students completing theircommunity service requirement in this study.
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    Teaching business ethics 1 (1997), S. 3-19 
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: business and society ; business ethics ; college teaching ; ethics ; pedagogy ; social responsibility ; teaching ; undergraduates ; undergraduate instruction ; values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Undergraduate business students present special needs and challenges in respect to the teaching of ethics. Traditional methods of teaching this topic are the subject of criticism in the literature. This paper considers the nature of the target audience while advancing the complementary goals of convincing undergraduate business students that ethical behavior in business is important and increasing the likelihood that these students will make ethical choices in the future. Shortcomings of approaches commonly used to teach this topic are discussed. Specific instructional techniques to supplement or replace traditional pedagogy are suggested.
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    Teaching business ethics 1 (1997), S. 353-368 
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: business ethics ; case method ; ethics ; ethical decision making ; Flanders ; Flemish Network for Business Ethics ; methodology ; procedure ethics ; secondary schools
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In order to draw some attention to the subject of business ethics and to achieve the inclusion of business ethics into the official curricula of the sixth form courses in secondary schools in Flanders, the Flemish Network for Business Ethics set up a pilot project. It includes about twelve lessons. The main object is to teach students how to cope with an ethical problem. Therefore an educational map has been edited – titled Ethics ...none of my business? (Siebens, 1998) – in which a procedure to handle an ethical problem is proposed. The procedure rests on the stakeholders-approach (Freeman, 1984). Other theoretical items are: ethical intuition, traditional moral norms and communication, a procedure approach, the limitation of acting, and the metaphysical basis (especially the existentialistic philosophy of Lévinas). The basic procedure contains four steps. But the map makes a distinction between a procedure for a ‘choice’ directed situation and a procedure for an ‘evaluation’ directed situation. The subject of the project is business ethics, but the organizing commission hopes the students will learn to look at their entire world from an ethical angle. Because real ethical intuition hasn't to do with external hierarchical power and regulation but with selfregulation, argumentative authority and internalized values and principles.
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    Teaching business ethics 2 (1998), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: business ethics ; finance ethics ; business education ; finance education ; moral education ; financial contracting ; financial markets ; financial regulation ; financial services ; financial management ; investment decision making ; pedagogy ; values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article seeks to promote the study of ethics in the finance curriculum by providing an organizing framework of ethical issues in finance, a discussion of theoretical approaches to these issues, a listing of the main ethical problems in finance, and suggestions about resources and materials.
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    Teaching business ethics 3 (1999), S. 57-67 
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: American Dream ; business ethics ; computers ; F. Scott Fitzgerald ; Gatsby ; learning ; literature ; lying ; moral growth ; movies ; multimedia ; music ; software ; teaching ; technology ; videos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Still shots, videos, music, and movie clips can be helpful in bringing some excitement to the study of business ethics. For several years, Professor McAdams has been using The Great Gatsby as a “text” for discussing American commercial values. That discussion serves as an introduction to a larger examination of contemporary business ethics. Recently, Professor Duclos and her students converted that socratic exploration of Gatsby's contemporary relevance to a PC-based, multimedia “show” employing the efficient and manageable PowerPoint software presentation package. Computer-based multimedia added “flavor” to the presentation, but developing this lengthy lesson required hundreds of hours, substantial hardware/software and a high tolerance for frustration.
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    Teaching business ethics 3 (1999), S. 283-296 
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: simulations ; teaching methods ; business ethics ; experiential learning ; active learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe behavioral simulations, develop a rationale for their use in business education, and outline a business ethics simulation developed for the university classroom. First, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of traditional classroom approaches for teaching ethics. Second, we describe simulations and discuss the benefits of a using a business ethics simulation as part of the classroom experience. Finally, we outline the simulation development process and describe the Soy-DRI business ethics simulation.
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    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 239-256 
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: Multidimensional Ethics Scale ; personal religiousness ; business ethics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The study examines the relationship betweenmoral judgments of a business situation with ethicalcontent and personal religiousness. The findingssuggest that ethical interest and behaviour arerelated to religiousness. However, only the ethicalphilosophy of contractualism was found to be relatedto religiousness, while moral equity and relativismwere not.
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