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  • Articles  (167)
  • high pressure  (167)
  • Springer  (167)
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  • Physics  (167)
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  • Articles  (167)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 5 (1994), S. 145-155 
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Rhenium ; molybdenum ; dimetal complexes ; δ to δ* transition ; high pressure ; solid state ; optical spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results obtained from the application of high pressure in optical absorption studies of compounds with metal-metal quadruple bonds are reviewed. The different degrees of balance between intermolecular and intramolecular effects of compression in different cases are highlighted. A consistent effect observed for [Re2Cl8]2−, [Mo2Cl8]4− , and related compounds is a continuous shift to Iower energy (red) in the δ to δ* excitation with increasing pressure. This observation is interpreted in terms of significant van der Waals interactions between the molecular chromophore and its surroundings, leading to relative stabilization of the more polarizable excited state. Changes in the intensity of the δ to δ* peak are not correlated with the changes in position. The intensity changes become consistent only at relatively high pressures, and this falloff is attributed largely to compression and deformation of the cell gasket. In certain cases, such as [Re2 I 8]2− and Re2(piv)4X2, piv = pivalate, X= CI, Br, rearrangement to a new species is observed upon the application of high pressure. These rearrangements are all reversible upon pressure release, but they involve different degrees of interaction between adjacent molecules.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: electronic spectra ; adsorption of liquid ; zeolites ; p-nitrotoluene ; high pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The behavior ofp-nitrotoluene adsorbed at zeolite/n-heptane interface has been investigated by the electronic spectroscopy under pressure up to 300 MPa. The uv-vis absorption bands of adsorbedp-nitrotoluene were deconvoluted into ones for the species adsorbed on the cation sites, and one for that on the pore wall of zeolite. The peak of adsorbed species on the cation site red-shifted by 20–80 nm from the position of the same species in the liquid phase, and their magnitudes of shift depended on the strength of electric field generated by the cation in zeolites. The peak intensities of adsorbed species on the cation site were enhanced but these or the pore wall site were reduced with the increase in pressure, suggesting that a part ofp-nitroluene molecules on the pore wall site desorbed and the adsorption on the cation site was enhanced by compression. The pressure dependence of peak intensity indicated that the behavior of this adsorption system was strongly governed by the solvation structure of the adsorbate in the zeolite pore. In particular, it was found that the adsorption of solvent molecules on the cation site strongly affected the volume change of the adsorption system.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: Single crystals ; high pressure ; layers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single crystals of Hg-12(n−l) have been grown using high-pressure gas-technique. Due to the high density of Ar gas at 10 kbar the evaporation of Hg is strongly suppresed. An influence of structure defects on magnetic properties will be discussed. Superconducting parameters λ ab ,ξ ab and γ have been studied using torque magnetometry. Layers of Hg-1201 compound have been grown from flux.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: La2CuO4 ; high pressure ; La-Ca-Cu-O ; Y-Sr-La-Cu-O ; oxygen pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The unique coordination of the copper ions in +1, +2, and +3 oxidation states, which are stable in a range of oxygen partial pressure. 10−6〈P(O2)〈 103 atm, makes possible the formation of a wide variety of distinct structures. By controlling the oxygen pressure during the synthesis and annealing, the distribution of metal and oxygen ions can be modified on an atomic scale to optimize the structural and electronic properties. We present several examples of compounds for which the critical structural elements for superconductivity, i.e., the perfectly ordered CuO2 planes, have been obtained and doped with holes by means of high oxygen pressure,P(O2)〉1 atm. These materials, La2CuO4+δ , La2−x Ca x CuO4, and YSr2−x La x Cu3O7+δ , offer a unique opportunity to study the relationship between superconductivity and structural, magnetic, and chemical properties.
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  • 5
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    Pure and applied geophysics 141 (1993), S. 379-392 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Elastic constant ; thermodynamics ; equation of state ; acoustic velocity ; thermal expansivity ; heat capacity ; Grüneisen constant ; high pressure ; high temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complete travel-time equation of state (CT-EOS) is presented by utilizing thermodynamics relations, such as; $$K_T = K_S (1 + \alpha \gamma T)^{ - 1} , \gamma = \frac{{\alpha K_S }}{{\rho C_P }}, \left. {\frac{{\partial C_P }}{{\partial P}}} \right)_T = - \frac{T}{\rho }\left[ {\alpha ^2 + \left. {\frac{{\partial \alpha }}{{\partial T}}} \right)_P } \right], etc.$$ The CT-EOS enables us to analyze ultrasonic experimental data under simultaneous high pressure and high temperature without introducing any assumption, as long as the density, or thermal expansivity, and heat capacity are also available as functions of temperature at zero pressure. The performance of the CT-EOS was examined by using synthesized travel-time data with random noise of 10−5 and 10−4 amplitude up to 4 GPa and 1500 K. Those test conditions are to be met with the newly developed GHz interferometry in a gas medium piston cylinder apparatus. The results suggest that the combination of the CT-EOS and accurate experimental data (10−4 in travel time) can determine thermodynamic and elastic parameters, as well as their derivatives with unprecedented accuracy, yielding second-order pressure derivatives (∂2 M/∂P 2) of the elastic moduli as well as the temperature derivatives of their first-order pressure derivatives ∂2 M/∂P∂T). The completeness of the CT-EOS provides an unambiguous criterion to evaluate the compatibility of empirical EOS with experimental data. Furthermore because of this completeness, it offers the possibility of a new and absolute pressure calibration when X-ray (i.e., volume) measurements are made simultaneously with the travel-time measurements.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Physics and chemistry of minerals 26 (1999), S. 437-445 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Key words lawsonite ; high pressure ; infrared spectroscopy ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The infrared spectrum of CaAl2Si2O7 · H2O-lawsonite, has been characterized to pressures of 20 GPa at 300 K. Our results constrain the response to compression of the silicate tetrahedra, hydroxyl units, and water molecules in this material. The asymmetric and symmetric stretching and bending vibrations of the Si2O7 groups (at zero pressure frequencies between 600 and 1000 cm−1) increase in frequency with pressure at rates between 3.6 and 5.9 cm−1/GPa. All silicate modes appear to shift continuously with pressure to 20 GPa, although the lowest frequency stretching vibration becomes unresolvable above 18 GPa, and a splitting of the main bending vibration is observed near this pressure. The O-H stretches of the hydroxyl units exhibit a discontinuity in their mode shifts at ∼8–9 GPa, which we interpret to be produced by a pressure-induced change in hydrogen bonding. The stretching and bending vibrations of the water molecule are relatively unaffected by compression to 20 GPa, thus demonstrating that the structural cavities in which water molecules reside are relatively rigid. Significant changes in the amplitude of the O-H stretches of the hydroxyl and water units are observed at this pressure as well; nevertheless, our results demonstrate that the dominant structural units in lawsonite persist metastably at 300 K with only modest structural modifications well beyond the known stability field of this phase.
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  • 7
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    Journal of applied spectroscopy 67 (2000), S. 976-980 
    ISSN: 1573-8647
    Keywords: ferroelectric ceramics ; IR reflection spectra ; ferroelectric-active mode ; perovskite structure ; lead zirconate-titanate ; solid solution ; high pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the IR reflection spectra of ferroelectric ceramics based on solid solutions of lead zirconate-titanate with a rhombohedral structure obtained by high-pressure cold precompaction. In the 55–65-cm−1 frequency range, we have revealed by experiment that the “soft” ferroelectric-active mode for the ceramics compacted by a higher pressure under the conditions of cold compaction is shifted into the region of lower frequencies. For the ceramics precompacted at various pressures, we have determined the frequencies of longitudinal and transverse phonons and calculated the frequency dependences of the imaginary and real parts of the dielectric constant.
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  • 8
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    Surveys in geophysics 16 (1995), S. 5-36 
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: continental crust ; electrical conductivity ; high pressure ; high temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Great strides have been made in understanding the upper part of the crust by in-situ logging in, and laboratory experiments on core recovered from super-deep bore-holes such as the KTB. These boreholes do not extend into the lower crust, and can contribute little to the elucidation of mechanisms that produce the high electrical conductivities that are commonly observed therein by magneto-telluric (MT) methods. Laboratory studies at simulated lower crustal conditions of temperature, pressure and saturation, on electrolyte saturated rocks thought to have been derived from the lower crust, have not been possible up until now due to their experimental difficulty. It is necessary to subject electrolyte-saturated rock samples to independently controlled confining and pore-fluid pressure, which implies that the rock be sleeved in some impermeable but deformable material, that can withstand the very high temperatures required. Metals are the only materials capable of being used, but these cause great difficulties for cell sealing and conductivity measurement. In this paper we describe recent breakthroughs in experimental work, specifically the development of two new types of sophisticated metal/ceramic seal, and a conductivity measurement technique that enables the measurement of saturated rock conductivity in the presence of a highly conducting metallic sleeve. The advances in experimental technique have enabled us to obtain data on the electrical conductivity of brine saturated basic, acidic and graphite-bearing rocks at lower crustal temperatures and raised pressures. These data have facilitated the comparison of MT derived crustal electrical conductivity profiles with profiles obtained from laboratory experiments for the first time. Initial modelling shows a good agreement between laboratory derived and MT derived profiles only if the mid-crust is composed of amphibolite pervaded by aqueous fluids, and the lower crust is composed of granulite that is saturated with aqueous fluids and/or contains interconnected grain surface films of graphite. The experimental data are consistent with a three layer crust consisting of an aqueous fluid saturated acidic uppermost layer, above an aqueous fluid saturated amphibolite mid-crust, and a granulite lowermost crust, which may or may not be saturated with aqueous fluids, but if not, requires the presence of an additional conduction mechanism such as conduction through thin graphite films.
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  • 9
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    Rheologica acta 35 (1996), S. 13-23 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Lubricants ; normal stress ; high pressure ; shear bands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Although normal stress differences in liquids have conventionally been associated with polymers, aspects of rheological behavior in lubricated concentrated contacts suggest that normal stress difference may be significant in even low molecular weight liquids sheared under high pressure and high shear stress. A torsional flow rheogoniometer was constructed for use at high (300 MPa) pressure. Four typical liquid lubricants were investigated, including one polymer/mineral oil solution. Shear stress and N 2-N 2 are reported as functions of shear rate. The effect of pressure variation is reported for two liquids. Results are compared with predictive techniques and a molecular dynamics simulation. Simple low molecular weight lubricant base oils can generate measurable and significant normal stress differences when sheared at high shear stress.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: single crystals ; HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ ; high pressure ; substitutions ; irreversibility line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single crystals of HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ compound with partial substitution of Sr and Pb have been grown at high gas pressure. Bond valence sum calculations show that the substitution of Sr for Ba leads to a more homogeneous distribution of holes between nonequivalent CuO2 planes. In nonsubstituted crystals, the density of holes is significantly higher in the inner CuO2 planes. The irreversibility field increases on Sr substitution. The thickness of the charge reservoir decreases with Sr substitution by 0.7 Å.
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  • 11
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    Journal of superconductivity 13 (2000), S. 989-993 
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: manganese oxides ; high pressure ; charge-density waves ; magnetism ; polarons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The localized-itinerant and Mott–Hubbard transitions in single-valent perovskites are distinguished. The approach to the Mott–Hubbard transition from the itinerant-electron side is characterized by the appearance of strong-correlation fluctuations within a metallic matrix; these fluctuations introduce a Curie–Weiss paramagnetism that is added to a strongly enhanced Pauli paramagnetism. As the critical bandwidth is approached, ordering of the strong-correlation fluctuations into a charge-density wave (CDW) may compete with a global Mott-Hubbard transition. The approach to the localized-itinerant electronic transition from the localized-electron side is illustrated by LaMnO3, where orbital ordering localizes the electrons of e-orbital parentage. In the mixed-valent La1−x Sr x MnO3 system, the doped holes evolve from small polarons to two-manganese Zener polarons to itinerant-electron behavior. The Zener polarons order at low temperatures into a CDW.
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  • 12
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    Journal of superconductivity 7 (1994), S. 921-924 
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: Iodine ; superconductivity ; high pressure ; low temperature ; monatomic phase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The superconductivity of metallic iodine is observed at temperatures below 1.2 K under pressures above 28 GPa by magnetization and electrical resistance measurements. The pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature is studied up to 74 GPa. This is the first observation of the superconductivity of the molecular-dissociated monatomic metal.
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  • 13
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    Journal of superconductivity 7 (1994), S. 819-821 
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: Oxide superconductor ; high pressure ; phase transition ; pressure effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The superconducting transition temperature,T c , of La2−x Ba x CuO4 has been measured under high pressure up to 8 GPa.T c is found to change drastically at the pressure where the structural phase transition takes place. This finding clearly indicates that there exists an intimate relation between the crystal structure and superconductivity.
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  • 14
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 15-25 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: binary mixtures ; diamond anvil cell ; helium ; high pressure ; nitrogen ; phase equilibria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent investigation at our institute revealed that the solid-fluid-fluid three-phase line of the system helium-nitrogen shows two quadruple points in the pressure range up to 10 GPa. Since each quadruple point is connected with four three-phase lines, the phase diagram is very complicated. We have detected the phase transitions representing solid-solid-fluid equilibria. Moreover, two lines of constant composition have been determined as a function of temperature and pressure. These results are discussed together with the implications for the phase diagram of both He-N2 and pure nitrogen.
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  • 15
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    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 259-267 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: ammonia ; deutero-ammonia ; high pressure ; hydrogen bond ; Raman spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract High-pressure Raman studies up to 40 GPa have been made on solid ND3 at room temperature. Features of external and internal modes are compared to that of solid NH3 and mode assignments are proposed in solid phase IV (p⩽3.8 GPa). In contrast with NH3, which transforms to a cubie phase at 15 GPa, solid IV ND3 was observed to be stable up to 40 GPa, the upper limit of the present investigation. It is concluded that bond symmetrization in ND3 will occur above that of NH3.
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  • 16
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    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 399-415 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous solutions ; chemical industry ; Debye-Hückel limiting law ; excess properties ; geology ; Helmholtz free energy ; high pressure ; high temperature ; power industry ; standard states
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Needs exist for thermophysical data on aqueous solutions at high temperatures and pressures in many different areas of science and engineering. These needs are reviewed and references are given to recent relevant conference proceedings, reviews, and papers. Aspects and drawbacks are discussed of current methods, which are most often extensions to high temperatures of methods developed for liquid water. The challenges posed by engineering needs and by new phenomena resulting from experimental breakthroughs are discussed. Some examples are given of alternative approaches more suitable for highly compressible media.
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  • 17
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 1013-1027 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; propane ; thermal conductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents thermal conductivity measurements of propane over the temperature range of 192–320 K, at pressures to 70 MPa, and densities to 15 mol · L−1, using a transient line-source instrument. The precision and reproducibility of the instrument are within ±0.5%. The measurements are estimated to be accurate to ±1.5%. A correlation of the present data, together with other available data in the range 110–580 K up to 70 MPa, including the anomalous critical region, is presented. This correlation of the over 800 data points is estimated to be accurate within ±7.5%.
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  • 18
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    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 835-861 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: compressibility ; dichloroethane ; diffusion ; high pressure ; p, V, T, data ; rough hard sphere ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract (p, V, T) data for dichloroethane (DCE) have been obtained at 278.15, 288.15, 298.15, 313.15, 323.15, and 338.15 K for pressures either slightly below the freezing pressure or up to a maximum of 280 M Pa, together with densities at 0.1 MPa. A high-pressure self-centering falling-body viscometer method has been used to measure shear viscosities at 278.15, 288.15, 298.15, 313.15, and 323.15 K for pressures either slightly below the freezing pressure or up to a maximum of 330 MPa. Self-diffusion coefficients for DCE are reported at 278.15, 288.15, 298.15, and 313.15 K for maximum pressures up to 300 MPa. Isothermal compressibilities, isobaric expansivities, and internal pressures have been evaluated from the volumetric data. The shear viscosities and self-diffusion coefficients have been interpreted in terms of a modified rough hard-spheres theory. The anomalous behavior observed for p-V-T, shear viscosities, and self diffusion at higher temperatures and pressures is suspected to be the result of temperature and pressure altering the population ratio of the two molecular conformers, trans and gauche.
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  • 19
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    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: compressibility ; excess volume ; high pressure ; p, V, T data ; 2,2,4-trimethylpentane + heptane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract (p, V, T) data for mixtures of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP) and heptane have been obtained in the form of volume ratios for four temperatures in the range 298.15 to 338.15 K for pressures up to 390 MPa. The data have been represented by the Tait equation of state for the purposes of interpolation and extrapolation. The atmospheric pressure densities of both pure components and their mixtures for three temperatures have been measured and used to determine the excess molar volumes. Isothermal compressibilities have been evaluated from the volumetric data.
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  • 20
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    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 455-466 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: CH4 ; compressibility ; density ; high pressure ; methane ; pVT ; sound velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New density measurements of methane (CH4) at 298.15 K up to 1 GPa are reported. The precision of the measurements is 0.03%, while the estimated accuracy is between 0.05 and 0.1%. Velocities of sound have been remeasured between 148.15 and 298.15 K at intervals of 25 K and at pressures up to 1 GPa, with an estimated accuracy of 0.12% at 100 M Pa, 0.10% at 150 MPa, and 0.08% above 150 MPa. Comparisons with experimental results and equations of state of other workers are presented. The isothermal and the adiabatic compressibility and the ratio of specific heats have been calculated at 298.15 K.
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  • 21
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    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 943-948 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: argon mixtures ; high pressure ; one-fluid model ; sound velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The sound velocity in argon-helium, argon-neon, argon-krypton, and argon-xenon equimolar dense mixtures has been measured with a pulse-echoes overlap method at room temperature, 298.15 K, and at pressures up to 800 MPa. The accuracy of these results is 0.2%. Furthermore, the validity of the one-fluid compared with these experimental data is examined.
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  • 22
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    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 443-452 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: alkanes ; density ; high pressure ; interfacial tension ; Tait equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Accurate density data for n-alkanes are essential for the measurement of interfacial tension of liquid-liquid systems as a function of pressure. The variation of density with pressure for three n-alkanes, n-hexane, n-heptane, and n-decane, was measured at 21.2°C and pressures ranging from 0.1 to 35 MPa with a digital density meter. The Tait equation of the form (ρ−ρ 0)/ρ=C log[(B+P)/ (B+P0)] was used to represent the experimental data.
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  • 23
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    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 791-800 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; mesitylene ; mixtures ; toluene ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New absolute measurements of the viscosity of mesitylene and binary mixtures of toluene + mesitylene are presented. The measurements were performed in a vibrating-wire instrument and cover a temperature range of 295–330 K and pressures up to 55 MPa. The concentrations studied were 40 and 70%, by weight, of toluene. The overall uncertainty in the reported data is estimated to be ±0.5%. A recently extended semiempirical scheme for the prediction of the viscosity of mixtures from the pure components is used to predict successfully the viscosity of these mixtures, as a function of composition, temperature, and pressure.
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  • 24
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 95-107 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: 1-butanol ; ethanol ; high pressure ; methanol ; 1-propanol ; viscosity ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New measurements of the viscosity of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol are presented. The measurements were performed in a vibrating-wire instrument and cover a temperature range of 290–340 K and pressures up to 30 MPa. The overall uncertainty in the reported data, confirmed by the measurement of the viscosity of water, is ±0.5 %. The high-pressure experimental results were correlated by a Tait-like equation. It was found that the isothermal viscosity data were satisfactorily correlated by such an equation.
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  • 25
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 155-164 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: n-alkanes ; density ; high pressure ; Tait equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New experimental density data have been used to improve a recently published correlation ofn-alkane densities, based on the Tait equation. The new correlation covers then-alkanes from methane ton-hexadecane in an extended pressure range of up to 500 MPa in some cases. The overall average deviation of the experimental measurements of the density from those calculated by the correlation is ±0.10%. A simple extension to n-alkane mixtures gives a satisfactory prediction of the density compared with experimental data.
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  • 26
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 245-259 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous solutions ; compressibility ; density ; nuoroalcohols ; high pressure ; hydrocarbon alcohols ; Raman spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Densities of aqueous solutions of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, 2,2,3,3-tetranuoropropanol, and 2,2,3,3,3-pentanuoropropanol have been measured with a vibrating-tube densitometer. Measurements were performed at temperatures of 298 and 323 K and at pressures up to 80 MPa with an estimated uncertainty of ±0.2 %. Molar volumes obtained for these mixtures are correlated with pressure by the Tait equation within the experimental uncertainty. Excess molar volume, isothermal compressibility, and partial molar volume of these mixtures are determined in terms of this correlation equation and compared with those of the aqueous solutions of hydrocarbon alcohols. Composition dependence of partial molar volume is discussed in comparison with that of Raman spectroscopic data.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; isooctane ; 2,2,4-trimethylpentane ; vibrating-wire densimeter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new apparatus for the measurement of liquid densities at high pressures is presented. The instrument is a development of a vibrating-wire densimeter described earlier and uses the buoyancy force exerted by the sample fluid on an immersed buoy to alter the tension of a wire from which it is suspended. The tension of the wire is related to its resonant frequency under steady-state transverse vibrations through a rigorous theoretical model which includes a complete analysis of the hydrodynamic effect of the fluid surrounding the wire. The present instrument uses a new design for the measuring cell with the purpose of relieving the degeneracy of perpendicular oscillation modes of the vibrating wire. The modifications lead to a significant increase in the precision of the results. Tests performed on the new apparatus and the operating procedure used, which requires the determination of one cell parameter from one density datum at atmospheric pressure, are described. New results for the density of liquid 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at temperatures from 298.15 to 348.15 K and pressures up to 100 MPa are presented. The data obtained have a precision of ±0.05% at a 2a level and an estimated accuracy of approximately ±0.1%.
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 779-790 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; liquid ; refrigerants ; R22 ; R124 ; R125 ; vibrating-wire ; technique ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosity masurements of refrigerants R22, R124, and R125 in the liquid phase have been performed in the temperature range 273–333 K and at pressures up to about 17 MPa. A vibrating-wire instrument has been employed. The overall uncertainty of the experimental values is estimated to be ±0.5%. The experimental data have been represented by polynomial functions of temperature and pressure for the purposes of interpolation.
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  • 29
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 849-861 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: air ; calorimeter ; heat capacity ; high pressure ; isochoric
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    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the molar heat capacity at constant volumeC v for air were conducted with an adiabatic calorimeter. Temperatures ranged from 67 to 300 K, and pressures ranged up to 35 MPa. Measurements were conducted at 17 densities which ranged from gas to highly compressed liquid states. In total, 227C v values were obtained. The air sample was prepared gravimetrically from research purity gases resulting in a mole fraction composition of 0.78112 N2 + 0.20966 O2 + 0.00922 Ar. The primary sources of uncertainty are the estimated temperature rise and the estimated quantity of substance in the calorimeter. Overall, the uncertainty (± 2σ) of theC v values is estimated to be less than ± 2% for the gas and ±0.5% for the liquid.
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  • 30
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 1323-1331 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: critical point ; electrical resistivity ; enthalpy ; high pressure ; high temperature ; iron ; liquid metals ; melting ; specific heat ; vapor pressure
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    Notes: Abstract Wire-shaped iron samples are resistively volume heated as part of a fast capacitor discharge apparatus. Measurements of current through the specimen, voltage across the specimen, radiance temperature, and thermal expansion of the specimen as functions of time allow the determination of specific heat and various dependencies among enthalpy, electrical resistivity, temperature, and density for liquid iron up to 5000 K. High pressures. up to 3800 bar, are used to obtain the liquid state far above the normal boiling point. An estimate of critical-point data for iron is given by using experimental data of the vapor pressure of liquid iron.
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 1231-1239 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: critical region ; ethylene ; high pressure ; mole fraction errors ; n-butane ; simplex optimization ; vapor-liquid equilibrium
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    Notes: Abstract The modified Leung- Griffiths model is applied to the previously unpublished data, tabulated here, of Williams for high-pressure vapor-liquid equilibria of ethylene +n-butane. It is not possible to obtain a highly accurate correlation with the experimentally stated compositions, but evidence is given that those composition measurements may be Suspect, although pressure, temperature, and density data are accurate. A simplex optimization method was used for the parameters of the model. and the compositions were also treated as adjustable parameters. With this method a much more accurate correlation is obtained, but the optimized compositions differ in two of four cases by more than 3% from the stated compositions,
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  • 32
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    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 133-143 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; refrigerants ; vibrating wire ; viscosity
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    Notes: Abstract A recently modified vibrating-wire instrument was employed to measure the liquid viscosity of a wide selection of new refrigerants under pressure. Calibration of the viscometer with water over the range of measurements confirmed that the estimated uncertainty of the measurements is 0.5%, while the precision is 0.3%. With this instrument, the viscosity of chlorofuorocarbons (CFC's) and alternative refrigerants. R11. R12. R22, R32. R124, R125. 11134a. R 141 b, and R152a, was measured over the temperature range from 270 to 340 K, from just above the saturation pressure up to 211 M Pa. The experimental data, represented by polynomial functions of temperature and pressure, are used in a comparative examination of other recently reported experimental measurements of the viscosity of all these refrigerants. to investigate the uncertainty with which the viscosity is known.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: acoustic resonance spectroscopy ; diffusion kinetics ; high pressure ; methane ; liquid hydrocarbons
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    Notes: Abstract A novel cylindrical acoustic resonance method for the measurement of gas diffusion into liquids at high pressures is described. The measurements were per formed in a vertically oriented cylindrical acoustic resonator containing both the liquid solvent and gaseous diffusant while under high-precision isothermal and isobaric control. Individual resonance modes of the liquid column, the gas column, and the two-phase coupled fluid are resolved in the fast Fourier trans form acoustic-resonance spectrum (FFT-ARS). High-resolution acoustic spectra measured at frequent time intervals reveal the changes which accompany the diffusion fusion of gas into the liquid phase. One change, namely, the growth in length of the liquid column, results in a systematic shift to higher frequencies of axial modes in the gas column. The temporal behavior of this moving boundary, together with quantitative measurement of the flow to the gas column required to sustain the constant pressure, permits determination of the gas-into-liquid diffusion coefficient. Diffusion coefficients were determined from the change in frequency as a function of time of axial resonance modes in the gas-phase virtual cylinder as the surface of the underlying liquid phase advanced due to gas absorption. Measurements of the systems methane/n-octane, methane/n-nonane, and methane/n-decane were performed as a function of temperature at a pressure of 250 psia. Comparisons is made to results obtained elsewhere and by other methods but at the same temperatures and pressure.
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    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 375-399 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: coaxial cylinders ; high pressure ; refrigerants ; HFC-125 ; thermal conductivity
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    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the thermal conductivity of HFC-125 that have been made by a coaxial cylinder cell operating in steady state are reported. The measurements of the thermal conductivity of HFC-125 were performed along several quasi-isotherms between 300 and 515 K in the gas phase and the liquid phase. The pressure range covered varies from 0.1 to 53 MPa. Based on the measurement of more than 600 points, an empirical equation is provided to describe the thermal conductivity outside the critical region as a function of temperature and density. A careful analysis of the various sources of error leads to an estimated uncertainty of approximately ± 1.5%.
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    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 507-513 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aluminium ; boron ; high pressure ; high temperature ; melting parameters ; nitrides ; silicon ; thermogram
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    Notes: Abstract The ranges of temperatures and pressures for the existence of condensed boron, aluminum, and silicon nonmetallic nitrides in thermodynamic equilibrium with an ambient gas were calculated on the basis of reference data. The melting parameters of the high-temperature nitrides mentioned above were investigated experimentally in the nitrogen pressure range of 5–200 MPa. The 99% purity nitride samples were prepared in the form of 4 x 4-mm plates with a thickness of 1 mm. The surfaces of samples were heated with stationary laser beam and analyzed by X-ray technique. The brightness temperature of nonmetallic nitrides was measured at 0.633-µm wavelength using the optical pyrometry method. The apparent melting temperatures were found from the analysis of heating and cooling thermograms. Based on the available literature data on normal spectral emmissivity, the true melting temperatures of nonmetallic nitrides were estimated as 3370 K for BN, 3025 K for AIN, and 2775 K for Si3N4.
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    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 851-871 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: compressibility ; equation of state ; high pressure ; speed of sound
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    Notes: Abstract Speed of sound measurements have been performed on three mixtures of the ternary system methane + carbon dioxide + normal hexadecane. The systems have been investigated from 12 to 70 MPa in the temperature range from 313 to 393 K. Furthermore, these measurements have allowed the evaluation of the isothermal and the isentropic compressibilities up to 70 MPa from low pressure (〈40-MPa) density data.
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    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 987-1000 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: critical point ; electrical resistivity ; enthalpy ; high pressure ; high temperature ; liquid metals ; zinc
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    Notes: Abstract Wire-shaped zinc samples were resistively volume heated as part of a fast-capacitor discharge circuit. Time-resolved measurements with submicrosecond resolution of the current through the specimen, the voltage drop across it, and the thermal expansion of the specimen as a function of time allow determination of the enthalpy, electrical resistivity, and density at different temperatures up to superheated liquid states of zinc far above the normal boiling point. High static pressures, up to 3800 bar of the ambient medium water, were used. An estimate of the critical pressure for zinc is given by investigations of the stability of the sample with a framing CCD camera, taking pictures of different samples varying the ambient static pressure. The critical volume and the critical temperature are obtained by means of an extrapolation of measured data at different pressures.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; internal pressure ; isobaric thermal expansion coefficients ; isothermal compressibilities ; liquid ; polyethylene glycol dimethylethers
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present a new experimental apparatus designed to measure pressure–density–temperature (pρT ) properties with a high-pressure vibrating tube densimeter. Data reliability has been verified by comparing our experimental results for methanol, n-heptane, toluene, and HFC-134a with literature data. In this work we also report new experimental densities from 278.15 to 328.15 K, and up to 12 MPa, of triethylene glycol dimethylether (TrEGDME) and tetraethylene glycol dimethylether (TEGDME). The isobaric thermal expansion coefficients, isothermal compressibility, and internal pressure have been calculated. The dependence of these properties on the length of polyethylene glycol dimethylether, CH3O–((CH2)2O) n –CH3, is analyzed.
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  • 39
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    Keywords: high pressure ; liquid-solid transition ; speed of sound ; supercooled region ; thermodynamic properties ; water
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    Notes: Abstract The speed of sound in water has been measured in a broad region around the liquid-solid transition, that is, in the temperature range from 251.15 K to 293.15 K and in the pressure range from 0.1 to 350 MPa. An iterative method of calculation was used to determine the thermodynamic properties in the same P-T diagram. Anomalies observed for the isothermal compressibility and the specific heat at constant pressure are discussed in terms of statistical mechanical considerations.
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  • 40
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    International journal of thermophysics 6 (1985), S. 267-273 
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    Keywords: high pressure ; thermal conductivity ; vitreous boron trioxide
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    Notes: Abstract The thermal conductivity, λ, of vitreous boron trioxide was measured, using a hot-wire procedure, from 170 to 570 K and under pressures of up to 1.7 GPa. The thermal conductivity at room temperature and zero pressure was found to be 0.52 W · m−1 · K−1. The values of the logarithmic pressure derivative, g = d(ln λ)/d(ln ρ), where ρ is the density, were found to be 1.1 for uncompacted glass and 0.7 for glass compacted to 1.2 GPa. The variation of λ with temperature at constant density was approximately linear, with a positive slope of 1.38×10−3W·m−1·K−2.
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    International journal of thermophysics 6 (1985), S. 331-351 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: acetonitrile ; aniline ; dichloromethane ; high pressure ; n-dodecane ; p,V,T data ; toluene ; trichloromethane
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    Notes: Abstract Experimentally determined p,V,T data are reported for toluene, trichloromethane, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, aniline, and n-dodecane at 278, 288, 298, 313, and 323 K, except for dichloromethane, for which the highest temperature was 298 K. At each temperature, measurements were done at pressures up to about 280 MPa or (for aniline and n-dodecane) at a lower pressure slightly below the freezing pressure at the temperature of measurement. Values of the isobaric expansivity isothermal compressibility and (for toluene, trichloromethane, dichloromethane, and acetonitrile) internal pressure, derived from the p,V,T data, are presented.
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  • 42
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    International journal of thermophysics 7 (1986), S. 635-646 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; critical phenomena ; equations of state ; high pressure ; phase equilibria ; solutions
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    Notes: Abstract The calculations of gas solubilities in supercritical solvents require equations of state remaining accurate in the critical range, which are difficult to obtain with classical models. In this work, the Helmholtz energy of a mixture is considered as the sum of the Helmholtz energies of pure components taken at a constant packing fraction and of a residual term which may have the form of a RedlichKister, Van Laar, NRTL, UNIQUAC, or UNIFAC function. Thus it is possible to assign to a given component an equation of state whose form is different from that of the others. This model has been applied to binary systems containing supercritical carbon dioxide. The results are improved with respect to those obtained with the classical model for vapor-liquid equilibria and for volumetric properties.
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    International journal of thermophysics 8 (1987), S. 557-565 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: bromobenzene ; hard-sphere diameter ; high pressure ; internal pressure ; isobaric expansivity ; isothermal compressibility ; p, V, T data
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    Notes: Abstract Experimentally determined p, V, T data are reported for bromobenzene at 278, 288, 298, 313, and 323 K, at pressures up to about 280 MPa or (at 278 and 288 K) a lower pressure slightly below the freezing pressure at the temperature of measurement. Values of the isobaric expansivity, isothermal compressibility, internal pressure, and equivalent hard-sphere diameter, derived from the p, V, T data, are presented.
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    International journal of thermophysics 8 (1987), S. 607-620 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; hot-wire method ; thallium bromide (TlBr) ; thallium chloride (TlCl) ; thermal conductivity
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    Notes: Abstract The hot-wire method was used to measure the thermal conductivity of both TlCl and TlBr. The measurements were performed in the temperature range 120–300 K and at pressures up to 2.3 GPa. An analysis of the thermal conductivity data showed that the Leibfried-Schlömann formula is a better description for TlBr than for TlCl. For both TlBr and TlCl the effect of optic phonons on thermal conductivity cannot be ignored.
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    International journal of thermophysics 8 (1987), S. 671-680 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: bromobenzene ; chlorobenzene ; high pressure ; α-methylnaphthalene ; β-methylnaphthalene ; solid-liquid phase equilibrium ; solid solution
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    Notes: Abstract Solid-liquid phase equilibria of the (α-methylnaphthalene + β-methylnaphthalene) and the (chlorobenzene + bromobenzene) systems have been investigated at temperatures from 278 to 343 K and pressures up to 500 MPa using a high-pressure optical vessel. The uncertainties of the measurements of temperature, pressure, and composition were within ±0.1 K, ±0.5 MPa, and ±0.001 mole fraction, respectively. In both systems, the freezing and melting pressures at a constant composition increase almost linearly with increasing temperatures. In the former system, where the two components can form a solid solution with one another to a limit extent, the eutectic point shifts to a higher temperature and to a α-methylnaphthalene-rich composition with increasing pressures. In the latter system, where the two components are completely soluble in each other in the solid phase, the freezing points of all mixtures lie between those of the pure components at each pressure. It is found that the coexistence curves obtained can be expressed by a quadratic equation in pressure.
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    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 21-35 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: heat capacity ; high pressure ; m-xylene ; o-xylene ; p-xylene ; thermal conductivity ; thermal diffusivity
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    Notes: Abstract New, absolute measurements of the thermal conductivity of the three xylene isomers within the temperature range 308–360 K for pressures up to 0.38 GPa are reported. In addition, for two of the isomers, m-xylene and p-xylene, it has been possible to measure the thermal diffusivity simultaneously within the same range of conditions. The accuracy of the thermal conductivity data reported is one of ±0.3%, whereas for the thermal diffusivity the estimated accuracy is ±6%. It is found that the density dependence of the thermal conductivity for all of the xylenes can be well represented by one equation based on a rigid-sphere model in the same way that has proved successful for normal alkanes. The thermal diffusivity data have been employed to derive heat capacities for the xylenes over a range of pressures.
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    International journal of thermophysics 8 (1987), S. 283-292 
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    Keywords: critical range ; high pressure ; thermal conductivity ; steam
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    Notes: Abstract New measurements of the thermal conductivity of steam have been performed in the temperature range 250–510°C and in the pressure range from 1 up to 95 MPa. Most of the measurements were taken at temperatures greater than the critical temperature, where the enhancement of the thermal conductivity is observed. The experimental values are compared to the IAPS formulation for the thermal conductivity of water.
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    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 217-228 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: air ; equation of state ; fundamental equation ; high pressure ; high temperature ; thermodynamic properties
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    Notes: Abstract A thermodynamic property formulation for standard dry air based upon experimental P–ρ–T, heat capacity, and speed of sound data and predicted values, which extends the range of prior formulations to higher pressures and temperatures, is presented. This formulation is valid for temperatures from the solidification temperature at the bubble point curve (59.75 K) to 2000 K at pressures up to 2000 MPa. In the absence of experimental air data above 873 K and 70 MPa, air properties were predicted from nitrogen data. These values were included in the fit to extend the range of the fundamental equation. Experimental shock tube measurements ensure reasonable extrapolated properties up to temperatures and pressures of 5000 K and 28 GPa. In the range from the solidification point to 873 K at pressures to 70 MPa, the estimated uncertainty of density values calculated with the fundamental equation for the vapor is ±0.1%. The uncertainty in calculated liquid densities is ±0.2%. The estimated uncertainty of calculated heat capacities is ±1% and that for calculated speed of sound values is ±0.2%. At temperatures above 873 K and 70 MPa, the estimated uncertainty of calculated density values is ±0.5%, increasing to ±1% at 2000 K and 2000 MPa.
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    International journal of thermophysics 4 (1983), S. 311-327 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; thermal conductivity ; toluene ; radiation contribution
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    Notes: Abstract New, absolute measurements of the thermal conductivity of liquid toluene are reported. The measurements extend over the temperature range 35–90°C and the pressure range 0.8–600 MPa. A new analytic evaluation of the contribution of radiation in an absorbing emitting fluid to the measurement process is presented. This analysis indicates that the thermal conductivity determined in a transient hot-wire instrument is the radiation-free value. As a consequence it is possible to assert that the overall uncertainty in the experimental data is one of ± 0.3%. A comparison of the data with the results of independent measurements by the same technique shows that the various sets of data are consistent within their mutual uncertainty.
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    International journal of thermophysics 5 (1984), S. 281-290 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: equation of state ; high pressure ; methane ; modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation
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    Notes: Abstract The density of methane has been measured in the temperature range -20 to 150°C and in the pressure range 130–690 MPa, using a substitution method. The overall uncertainty in the results of 0.03% at the 95% confidence level. The data are presented in the form of a modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state and are compared with the results of other workers.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: free volume ; Grunberg and Nissan equation ; high pressure ; isooctane ; n-dodecane ; n-octane ; viscosity
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    Notes: Abstract Changes in the high-pressure self-centering falling-body viscometer system, and the new automated data logging system, are described. Viscosity coefficient measurements made with an estimated accuracy of ± 2 % are reported for isooctane and for equimolar mixtures of isooctane + n-octane and isooctane + n-dodecane at 25, 50, 75, and 100°C at pressures up to 500 MPa or to the freezing pressure. The pressure dependence of the results is found to be represented equally well by the recent equation of Makita and by a free-volume form of equation. The Grunberg and Nissan equation gives a good fit to the mixture viscosity coefficient data.
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    International journal of thermophysics 6 (1985), S. 395-409 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: enthalpy ; equation of state ; heat capacity ; high pressure ; high temperature ; thermodynamic properties ; tungsten
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    Notes: Abstract A new evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of tungsten has been made. A set of parameters describing the Gibbs energy of each individual phase as a function of temperature and pressure is given. The experimental information on the P, T phase diagram and the thermodynamic data are compared with calculations made using the presented set of parameters.
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    International journal of thermophysics 6 (1985), S. 439-450 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; methanol ; mixtures ; viscosity ; water
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    Notes: Abstract Shear viscosities have been measured for methanol up to 400 MPa at 298, 313, and 323 K and for methanol-water mixtures (a) at 0.1 MPa and 278 K and (b) up to 300 MPa at 298 K. Where a comparison is possible the results are in good agreement with literature data. The data for the mixtures are discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding in methanol and water and by the use of excess viscosities.
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  • 54
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    International journal of thermophysics 7 (1986), S. 1163-1182 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: adiabatic calorimetry ; carbon dioxide ; heat capacity ; high pressure ; saturated liquid
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    Notes: Abstract Specific heats of saturated liquid carbon dioxide (C sat) have been measured in the temperature range 220 to 303 K. Specific heats at constant volume (C v) have been measured at 12 densities ranging from 0.2 to 2.5 times the critical density in the temperature range 233 to 330 K, with pressures varying from 3.4 to 32 MPa. The measurements have been conducted in an adiabatic constant-volume calorimeter of conventional design. Uncertainty of the specific heats is estimated to not exceed 2.0%. Comparisons are made with an extended Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state and with the results of other workers.
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: diamond anvil cell ; high pressure ; mixtures ; phase equilibria ; solutions
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    Notes: Abstract The invention of the diamond anvil cell (DAC) has been an enormous stimulus to high-pressure research. This technique has only recently been used to investigate the behavior of binary systems, probably because of the extra experimental problems which arise in the study of mixtures. It will be shown that a variety of aspects of the behavior of the mixture can, nevertheless, be studied under extreme conditions. Although the first investigations were carried out only recently, some very interesting results have already been obtained. A variety of two-components systems has been studied, e.g., He-Kr, Ne-Xe, He-H2, NH3-H2O, and N2-He2. Some of these results are discussed. Finally, a comparison is made between experimental results and theoretical calculations.
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    International journal of thermophysics 1 (1980), S. 375-381 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: thermal conductivity ; high pressure ; nitrogen ; computer simulation ; modified Enskog theory
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    Notes: Abstract The results of the measurements of the thermal conductivity coefficients of nitrogen at 298.15 K from atmospheric pressure up to 1 GPa are reported. The experimental values are used to test the Modified Enskog Theory and the corresponding state principle. The experimental values are also compared with the results of computer simulation of the thermal conductivity of a Lennard Jones fluid.
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; mixtures ; organic liquid ; phase equilibrium
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    Notes: Abstract Solid-liquid phase equilibria of the binary mixtures of the organic liquids have been investigated at temperatures from 278 to 343 K and pressures up to 500 MPa using a high-pressure optical vessel. The systems investigated are as follows: (1) simple eutectic systems-benzene + cyclohexane system and benzene + 2-methyl-2-propanol system; (2) eutectic systems with formation of intermolecular compounds — carbon tetrachloride + p-xylene system and carbon tetrachloride + benzene system; (3) partial solid solution system-α-methylnaphthalene + β-methylnaphthalene system; and (4) complete solid solution system-chlorobenzene + bromobenzene system. The uncertainties of the measurements of temperature, pressure and composition are within ±0.1 K, ± 0.5 MPa, and ±0.001 mole fraction, respectively. The freezing and melting temperatures at a constant composition increase monotonously with pressure. The eutectic mixture becomes richer in the component whose temperature coefficient of the freezing pressure is larger and the eutectic temperature rises monotonously with increasing pressure in the eutectic systems. The pressure-temperature-composition relation of the solid-liquid phase equilibria can be expressed satisfactorily by an equation newly proposed.
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 227-236 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: carbon phases ; diamond ; electronic effects ; graphite ; melting ; high pressure ; high temperature
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    Notes: Abstract A three-phase equation-of-state model, to be used in high-pressure high-density simulations of systems containing carbon, is described for the system graphite-diamond-liquid. The solid phases are represented by cold lattice and thermal energy terms. Simple additivity of the energy terms is assumed and the cold curve is a modified Birch form. Liquid states for diamond and graphite are obtained by a previously described scaling model. The actual Gibbs free energy of the liquid state uses the free energy of these liquids in a mixture model that includes an entropy of mixing and a pressure-dependent strain term. It is noted that the thermal expansion coefficient and the Grüneisen gamma increase faster above 3000 K than the usual approximation for the volume dependence would predict. The result is a phase diagram that fits all available data.
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 857-870 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: compressibility ; density ; fluorocarbon oil ; free-volume equation ; high pressure ; perfluoropolyether ; specific volume ; Tait equation ; viscosity
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    Notes: Abstract New experimental data on the density and viscosity of linear, unbranched perfluoropolyethers are presented at temperatures from 273 to 333 K and pressures up to 180 MPa. The measurements were carried out by a high-pressure burrette apparatus and a falling-cylinder viscometer. The uncertainties of the measurements are estimated to be less than 0.09% for the specific volume and 2.5% for the viscosity. The P-V data at each temperature are correlated satisfactorily by the Tait equation. The viscosity data are also analyzed and correlated with pressure or molar volume by several empirical and theoretical equations.
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    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 381-395 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: sound velocity ; ethanol ; high pressure
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    Notes: Abstract The sound velocity in liquid ethanol has been measured up to 280 MPa and at temperatures between 193 and 263 K, using a phase-comparison, pulse-echo technique operating at 2 MHz. The density, isothermal compressibility, isobaric thermal expansion coefficient, and specific heat have been evaluated from the measured speed of sound starting from the density and specific heat data at 0.1 MPa and making use of a modified computational method originally developed by Davis and Gordon. The derived density data have been used to examine the validity of several empirical equations of state.
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    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 801-810 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; n-heptane ; n-nonane ; n-undecane ; viscosity
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    Notes: Abstract New absolute measurements of the viscosity of n-heptane, n-nonane, and n-undecane are presented. The measurements were performed with a vibrating-wire instrument at temperatures of 303.15 and 323.15 K and pressures up to 70 MPa. The overall uncertainty in the reported viscosity data is estimated to be ±0.5%. A recently developed semiempirical scheme for the correlation and prediction of the thermal conductivity, viscosity, and self-diffusion coefficients of n-alkanes is applied to the prediction of the viscosity of n-heptane, n-nonane, and n-undecane. The comparison of these predicted values with the present high-pressure measurements demonstrates the predictive power of this scheme.
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    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 1059-1073 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: compressibility ; high pressure ; p, V, T data ; reference material ; Tait equation of state ; 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
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    Notes: Abstract p, V, T data for 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP) have been obtained in the form of volume ratios for six temperatures in the range 278.15 to 338.15 K for pressures up to 280 MPa. Isothermal compressibilities, isobaric expansivities, and internal pressures have been evaluated from the volumetric data. There are strong indications that the combination of the present results with literature data at 348 and 373 K enable accurate extrapolations in the liquid range up to 473 K, and possibly to as low as 170 K, for pressures up to 980 MPa; use of only the present results with the requirement that the B coefficient of the Tait equation should become equal to the negative of the critical pressure at the critical temperature provides interpolations and extrapolations of comparable accuracy. It is suggested that 2,2,4-trimethylpentane is a suitable secondary reference material (because of its large liquid range at atmospheric pressure and the similarity of its volumetric properties to a wide range of fluids) for calibration of measuring cells used for determining volumes of fluids under pressure.
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    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 735-751 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; R11 ; R12 ; refrigerants ; thermal conductivity ; toluene ; transient hot-wire technique
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reports new, absolute measurements of the thermal conductivity of liquid refrigerants R11 and R12 in the temperature range 250–340 K at pressures from saturation up to 30 MPa. The measurements, performed in a new transient hot-wire instrument employing two anodized tantalum wires, have an estimated uncertainty of ±0.5%. Measurements of the thermal conductivity of toluene in the temperature range 250–340 K at pressures up to 30 MPa are also reported.
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    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 183-197 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; R123 ; R134a ; R22 ; refrigerants ; thermal conductivity ; transient hot-wire technique
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reports new, absolute measurements of the thermal conductivity of the liquid refrigerants R22, R123, and R134a in the temperature range 250–340 K at pressures from saturation up to 30 MPa. The measurements, performed in a transient hot-wire instrument employing two anodized tantalum wires as the heat source, have an estimated uncertainty of ±0.5%. A recently developed semiempirical scheme is employed to correlate successfully the thermal conductivity and the viscosity of these refrigerants, as a function of their density.
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    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 835-849 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous solutions ; fluoroalcohols ; high pressure ; hydrocarbon alcohols ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; viscosity
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    Notes: Abstract Viscosities of aqueous solutions of 2,2,2,-trifluoroethanol, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropanol and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol have been measured with a falling-body viscometer. Measurements were performed at temperatures from 298 to 323 K and at pressures up to 80 MPa with an estimated uncertainty of ±2%. Viscosities obtained for these mixtures are represented by a simple empirical equation within the experimental uncertainty. The composition dependence of the viscosity is compared with that for mixtures of hydrocarbon alcohols and water.
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    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 399-411 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; high temperature ; magnetic suspension balance ; single-sinker densitometer
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    Notes: Abstract A new apparatus for density measurements of fluids in the entire range from gas to liquid densities is presented. The instrument is a single-sinker buoyancy densitometer designed in a completely new way. The buoyancy force exerted by the sample fluid on an immersed sinker (buoy) is transferred by a new type of magnetic suspension coupling to an analytical balance. In order to reduce drastically the linearity error of the (commercial) balance. a special basic load compensation is applied which also avoids any buoyancy ellèct of the laboratory air on the balance. The new single-sinker densitometer covers a density range from 10 to 200(1 kg - m ' at temperatures from 233 to 523 K and pressures up to 30 MPa. A special compact version of such a single-sinker densitometer can even he used at temperatures from 80 to 523 K at pressures up to 100 MPa. Test measurements on densities of carbon dioxide at 233, 360, and 523 K at pressures up to 30 MPa show that the estimated total uncertainty of ±0.02% to ±0.03% in density is clearly met.
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 591-601 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; refrigerants ; R134a ; R32 ; vibrating-wire technique ; viscosity
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reports new measurements of the liquid viscosity of R134a and R32 in the temperature range 270 to 340 K and pressures up to 20 MPa. The measurements have been carried out in a vibrating-wire instrument calibrated with respect to the standard reference value of the viscosity of water. It is estimated that the uncertainty of the present viscosity data is one of 0.5%. The experimental data have been represented by polynomial functions of temperature and pressure for the purposes of interpolation.
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    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 1009-1026 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: Anderson-Grüneisen ; bulk modulus ; equation of state ; expansivity ; high pressure ; Murnaghan equation
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    Notes: Abstract In the Murnaghan approximation, an isothermal relation between pressure (P) and volume (V) for solids is derived from the assumption that the isothermal bulk modulus (B) is a linear function ofP. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of a generalized form of the equation, based on treating all its various parameters [viz., V, B, and (∂B/∂P) T atP=0] as functions of temperature. Extending a previous study, the effect ofT upon (∂B/∂P) T is accounted for by using a dimensionless parameter introduced by us, which is used in formulating general expressions for the volume dependence of various thermophysical quantities,viz., the thermal expansion coefficient (α), the productαB, and the Grüneisen and Anderson-Grüneisen parameters. Some combinations of these parameters are identified, which show a simple dependence uponP. The new expressions are used in analyzing current approximations and the behavior of the solid in the low-compression range. In particular, an expression forα at highP is reported which generalizes the Anderson equation and previous results by us.
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    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 761-772 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; refrigerants ; Tail equation ; thermal conductivity ; viscosity
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    Notes: Abstract A recently developed scheme, based on considerations of hard-sphere theory, is used for the simultaneous correlation of the coefficients of viscosity and thermal conductivity for the refrigerants R11, R12, R22, R32. R124, R125, R134a, R141b, and R152a in excellent agreement with experiment, over extended temperature and pressure ranges. Values for the roughness factors and correlations for the characteristic volume are presented. The overall average absolute deviations of the experimental viscosity and thermal conductivity measurements from those calculated by the correlation are 2.1 and 2.3%, respectively, over a temperature range from 200 to about 10 K below the critical temperature and a pressure range from saturation to about 40 MPa. Since the proposed scheme is based on recent and accurate density values, a Tail-type equation was also employed to correlate successfully the density of the refrigerants. The overall average absolute deviation of the experimental density measurements from those calculated by the correlation is ±0.08%.
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    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 851-865 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; refrigerants ; R32 ; R124 ; R125 ; R141b ; thermal conductivity ; transient hot-wire technique
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reports measurements of the thermal conductivity of refrigerants R32, R124, R125, and R141b in the liquid phase. The measurements, covering a temperature range from 253 to 334 K and pressure up to 20 MPa, have been performed in a transient hotwire instrument employing two anodized tantalum wires. The uncertainty of the present thermal-conductivity data is estimated to be ±0.5%. The experimental data have been represented by polynomial functions of temperature and pressure for the purposes of interpolation. A comparison with other recent measurements is also included.
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    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 965-971 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: concentration fluctuations ; critical line broadening ; high pressure ; hydrogen-helium ; mixtures ; Raman spectroscopy
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    Notes: Abstract We investigated the vibrational Raman spectrum of H2 in the binary mixture He-H2. The Q1-line was measured between 150 and 350 K for two isobars in the gigapascal region in a mixture of critical composition. The results indicate a broadening of the spectrum due to critical concentration fluctuations.
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    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 1213-1224 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: alkanes ; diffusion ; high pressure ; mixtures
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    Notes: Abstract The interdiffusion coefficient,D 12, has been measured by Mach-Zehnder interferometry for liquid mixtures of methane andn-decane at 303 K. The mole fraction of methane was from 0.11 to 0.96 and the pressure was from 30 to 60 MPa. This includes measurements in the critical region, the critical locus being approached from supercritical pressures to within 0.4 MPa. The accuracy inD 12 is estimated to be from 3 to 10%, depending on the composition. Our data are compared with the Sigmund correlation, which is widely used to estimate diffusion coefficients in hydrocarbons at high pressures. The deviation between estimate and measurement is one order of magnitude for some of the states. We have also compared with a more recent correlation used by Erkey, but this one is not found to be applicable to the compositions studied in the present work. Our data were related to recently measured intradiffusion coefficients,D 1 andD 2, at the same state points. On this basis, we have evaluated different mixing rules for obtaining the interdiffusion coefficient from intradiffusion coefficients, both close to and away from the critical region. It is found that the so-called Darken and Adamson relations have the right qualitative behavior.
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    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 1309-1334 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; hydrocarbons ; mixtures ; viscosity
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    Notes: Abstract The dynamic viscosityη and densityρ of 10 pure substances and three binary systems were measured as a function of temperatureT (298.15, 313.15, 333.15, 353.15, and 363.15 K.) and pressureP (⩽100 MPa). The pure substances were toluene,p-xylene,m-xylene,o-xylene, methylcyclohexane, methylnaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene, phenyldodecane, heptamethylnonane, and tetramethylpentadecane (pristane). The three binaries were toluene + tetramethylpentadecane, toluene + methylnaphthalene, and toluene + heptamethylnonane, for molar fractionsx of toluene ranging between 0 and 1. The three binaries are highly “contrasted” systems, i.e., systems in which the viscosities of the pure components are very different for eachP, T pair. In all, 547 experimental determinations were carried out (279 experimental data for viscosity of the pure substances and 268 data concerning the mixtures: x⊋0 and 1).
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    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 169-178 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: densified silica ; fast multipole method ; fracture ; high pressure ; intermediate range order ; kinetic roughening ; molecular dynamics ; multiresolution algorithms ; parallel computing ; porous silica ; structural transformations
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    Notes: Abstract A highly efficient multiresolution algorithm has been developed to carry out large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for systems with long-range Coulomb and three-body covalent interactions. The algorithm combines the reduced cell and fast multipole methods and multiple time-step approach. Pressure-induced structural transformation, loss of intermediate range order, and dynamcal correlations in SiO2, glass are investigated with the moleculardynamics method. At twice the normal density, the Si-O bond length increases, the Si O coordination changes from 4 to 6, and the O-Si-O band-angle changes from 109 to 90°. This is a tetrahedral-to-octahedral transformation, which was reported by Meade, Hemley, and Mao. Results for phonon density of states also reveal significant changes at high pressures. The multiresolution MD approach has been used to investigate the structural properties and mechanical failure in microporous silica. Structural correlations are characterized by the fractal dimension, internal surface area, and pore surface-tovolume ratio. Critical behavior at fracture is analyzed in terms of pore percolation, and kinetic roughening of fractured surface is also investigated.
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    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 441-454 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous solutions ; compressibility ; density ; dioxane ; high pressure ; partial molar volume
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    Notes: Abstract Densities of aqueous of 1,4-dioxane have been measured at temperatures from 298 to 348 K and at pressures up to 40 MPa by a vibrating-tube method. Molar volumes obtained with an estimated uncertainty of ±0.2°,% are correlated with pressure by the Tait equation within the experimental uncertainty. Pressure and composition dependences of the excess molar volume, partial molar volume, and isothermal compressibility are determined and they are compared with those of other aqueous solutions.
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    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 1177-1188 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: graphite ; high pressure ; laser pulse ; melting point ; tungsten ; uranium dioxide
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    Notes: Abstract The melting points of uranium dioxide, tungsten, and graphite were measured as a function of the isostatic pressure up to 2000 bar (200 MPa), in a laser-heated autoclave filled with inert gas. The measured melting curves and their slopes were compared with predictions obtained from the Clausius–Clapeyron equation and existing thermochemical data of these substances. While for tungsten and graphite the results show reasonable agreement with the equilibrium thermodynamic calculations, the melting point of UO2 increases with pressure with a slope more than three times larger than expected.
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    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 1189-1198 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: diamond anvil cell ; emissivity ; high pressure ; laser heating ; melting ; uranium
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    Notes: Abstract Two experimental approaches dealing with the determination of melting at high static pressures are described and analyzed. With the sample squeezed inside a diamond anvil cell, high temperatures up to the solid–liquid transition are obtained using Nd:YAG laser heating. Two methods have been investigated. In the first technique, the heating is accomplished with a pulsed laser and the brief radiation variations (t〈10 ms) emitted from the sample are recorded with two high-speed infrared detectors. The melting location is defined by a plateau or changes of slope of the signals, and the temperatures are calculated by assuming a constant value of emissivity factor at the end of the transition over the studied pressure range. The second system employs a continuous laser and a two-dimensional CCD detector to measure temperatures using multispectral pyrometry. Melting is detected from criteria related either to textural change in the sample involving interference contrast under a laser illumination or to the specific variations of temperature and emissivity as a function of laser power. Thermal radiation is fitted to Planck's law with temperature and emissivity as the free parameters. Advantages and drawbacks are presented from results obtained on pure uranium.
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    International journal of thermophysics 19 (1998), S. 161-189 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: excess activation energy of flow ; excess volume ; high pressure ; viscosity
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    Notes: Abstract The dynamic viscosity η and the density ρ of three pure substances (water, 2-propanol, diacetone alcohol) and the three associated binaries were measured versus temperature T (303.15, 323.15, and 343.15 K) and pressure P. For the binary systems the mole fractions x of each component were, successively, 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1. For viscosity the experimental results (P≤100 MPa) represent a total of 540 data points: 54 for the pure substances and 486 for the binary mixtures (x≠0 and x≠1). For density the experimental results (P≤70 MPa) represent 1260 values: 126 for the pure substances and 1134 for the binary mixtures (x≠0 and x≠1). The mixtures with water are highly associative and the curves for the variation of η with composition exhibit a maxima. The variations of the excess activation energy of viscous flow ΔG E are discussed. Moreover, the measurements of ρ are sufficiently accurate to determine the excess volumes V E versus pressure, temperature, and composition.
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    International journal of thermophysics 6 (1985), S. 177-190 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: heat capacity ; high pressure ; sodium bromide (NaBr) ; thermal conductivity ; thermal expansivity
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    Notes: Abstract Using the transient hot-wire method, measurements were made for solid NaBr of both the thermal conductivity and the heat capacity per unit volume. The measurements were performed in the temperature range 100 to 400 K and at pressures up to 2 GPa. An adiabatic compression technique allowed the determination of the thermal expansivity as a function of pressure at room temperature. The heat capacity did not vary with pressure. Analysis of the thermal conductivity data showed that it can be described adequately by the Leibfried-Schlömann formula. For temperatures up to 400 K only acoustic modes needed to be taken into account. A small contribution of optic modes to the heat transport might be apparent at the highest temperatures.
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    International journal of thermophysics 6 (1985), S. 353-365 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; sodium fluoride (NaF) ; thermal conductivity ; transient hot-wire method
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    Notes: Abstract The thermal conductivity (λ) of solid NaF has been measured over the temperature (T) range 100–350 K and at pressures (P) up to 2.5 GPa, using the transient hot-wire method. Results for λ(T,P) could be described to a good approximation by the Leibfried-Schlömann formula. It was found that the isochoric temperature derivative of the thermal resistivity W (= λ−1) increased systematically with the mass ratio for the B1-type phases of the sodium and potassium halides.
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    International journal of thermophysics 6 (1985), S. 411-419 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: chromium ; enthalpy ; heat capacity ; high pressure ; high temperature ; thermodynamic properties
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is intended as a short review of the results of thermodynamic measurements available for pure chromium. The various experimental data are combined and a set of parameters describing the Gibbs energy of each individual phase as a function of temperature and pressure is obtained.
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    International journal of thermophysics 8 (1987), S. 293-304 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: critical region ; ethane ; high pressure ; thermal conductivity
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    Notes: Abstract A coaxial cylinder method was used to measure the thermal conductivity of ethane in the pressure range from 10 up to 280 bar and in the temperature range from 308 up to 365 K.
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    International journal of thermophysics 8 (1987), S. 415-424 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: benzene ; cyclohexane ; eutectic point ; high pressure ; solid-liquid phase equilibrium
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    Notes: Abstract Solid-liquid phase equilibria of the benzene + cyclohexane system have been investigated experimentally at temperatures from 278 to 323 K and pressures up to 500 MPa using a newly designed optical vessel. The uncertainties of the measurements of temperature, pressure, and composition are within ±0.1 K, ±0.5 MPa, and ±0.001 mole fraction, respectively. The solid-liquid equilibrium pressure at a constant composition increases almost linearly with increasin temperature. The eutectic point shifts to a higher temperature and to a benzenerich composition with increasing pressure. This trend is found to agree with the direction predicted by the van Laar equation. The solid-liquid coexistence curves can be expressed by the Wilson equation with a mean deviation of 0.007 and a maximum deviation of 0.029 in mole fraction.
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    International journal of thermophysics 8 (1987), S. 71-79 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: freezing pressure ; high pressure ; isothermal compressibility ; p, V, T data ; self-diffusion ; 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene
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    Notes: Abstract Mesurements are reported for the melting point of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene at pressures up to 345 MPa. Self-diffusion coefficients and p, V, T data have been obtained at 298 and 313 K for pressures up to 280 MPa. Isothermal compressibilities have been calculated from the p, V, T results. The freezing pressures at 0.1 MPa correspond to previously reported values for modification III of trimethylbenzene. Equivalent hard-sphere diameters estimated from the melting point and p, V, T data are used to apply the rough hard-spheres theory to the self-diffusion data; the calculations indicate that there is random packing of the particles.
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    International journal of thermophysics 8 (1987), S. 231-238 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; isothermal compressibility ; n-pentane ; volume ratio
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    Notes: Abstract Volume ratios (V P/V 0.1), and isothermal compressibilities calculated from them, are reported for n-pentane for seven temperatures in the range 278 to 338 K for pressures up to 280 MPa. The isobaric measurements were made with a bellows volumometer for which a novel technique had to be devised to enable measurements to be made above the normal boiling point (309.3 K). The accuracy of the volume ratios is estimated to be ±0.05 to 0.1% up to 303.15 K and ±0.1 to 0.2% from 313.15 to 338.15 K. The volume ratios are in good agreement with those calculated from recent literature data up to the maximum pressure of the latter, viz., 60 MPa.
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    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: benzene ; high pressure ; 2-methyl-2-propanol ; solid-liquid phase equilibrium
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Solid-liquid phase equilibria of the benzene + 2-methyl-2-propanol system have been investigated at temperatures from 278 to 323 K and pressures up to 300 MPa using a high-pressure optical vessel. The uncertainties of the measurements of temperature, pressure and composition are within ±0.1 K, ±0.5 MPa, and ±0.001 mole fraction, respectively. The freezing pressure at a constant composition increases monotonously with pressure. The eutectic point shifts to a higher temperature and benzene-rich composition with increasing pressure. In order to describe the pressure-temperature-composition relation of high-pressure solid-liquid phase equilibria, a new simple equation has been proposed as follows: $$In x_i (P,T) = - \frac{1}{{RT}}\{ C(T)[P - B(T)] + D(T)[P^2 - B(T)^2 ]\} $$ where B, C, and D are the temperature-dependent coefficients and are expressed by the polynomials of reciprocal of temperature. It is found that the solid-liquid coexistence curves of both eutectic systems and solid-solution systems can be correlated satisfactorily by this equation.
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  • 87
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    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 103-116 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: adiabatic compressibility ; equation of state ; density ; high pressure ; isothermal compressibility ; nitrogen ; pVT ; sound velocity ; ultrasonics
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A gas expansion technique has been used to determine the pVT properties of N2 up to 1 GPa at 298.15 K, with an accuracy of 0.08% in density, 1 mK in temperature, and 0.05%+0.2 MPa in pressure. The sound velocity has been measured by a phase-comparison pulse-echo technique between 123 and 298 K at intervals of 25 K and at pressures up to 1 GPa, with an accuracy of better than 0.02% in sound velocity, 10 mK in temperature, and 0.05%+0.2 MPa in pressure. An equation of state is presented that correlates the density data over the wide pressure range of 36–1000 MPa with maximum deviations between the calculated and the experimental densities of less than 0.05%.
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  • 88
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    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 465-479 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: fluorocarbon ; halogenated ethane ; liquid ; high pressure ; refrigerant ; thermal conductivity ; transient hot-wire method
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New experimental data on the thermal conductivity of liquid halogenated ethanes, R112 (CCl2F-CCl2F), R113 (CCl2F-CClF2), R114 (CClF2-CClF2), R114B2 (CBrF2-CBrF2), and R123 (CHCl2-CF3), are presented in the temperature range from 283 to 348 K at pressures up to 200 MPa or the freezing pressures. The measurements were carried out by a transient hot-wire apparatus within an uncertainty of ±1.0%. The thermal conductivity data obtained have been analyzed by means of the corresponding-states principle and other empirical methods. It is found that the corresponding-states correlation λ=f(Tr, Pr) holds well for R112, R113, and R114. The thermal conductivity can also be correlated satisfactorily with temperature, pressure, and molar volume by a similar expression to the Tait equation and the dense hard-sphere model presented by Dymond.
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  • 89
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    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 511-523 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous alcohol solution ; ethanediol ; ethylene glycol ; falling-cylinder viscometer ; free-volume theory ; high pressure ; pressure effect ; propanediol ; propylene glycol ; viscosity ; water
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New experimental data on the viscosity of aqueous solutions of 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol) and 1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol) are presented at 298 and 323 K under pressures up to 120 MPa. The measurements were performed by a falling-cylinder viscometer on a relative basis with an uncertainty of less than ±2%. The viscosity of these aqueous solutions at a constant temperature and pressure increases monotonously with increasing concentrations of diols (glycols) and is slightly lower than the mole fraction average value at each composition. The viscosity also increases almost linearly with pressure at a constant temperature and composition. The pressure coefficient of the viscosity, (∂η/∂P)T,x, increases with decreasing temperature and increasing concentrations of diols. The experimental results are correlated with pressure, density, and composition by several empirical equations.
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  • 90
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    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 547-557 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; density ; high pressure ; isochoric ; mixtures
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Comprehensive isochoric (p, v, T) measurements have been obtained for (0.98 CO2+0.02 CH4) at densities from 1 to 26mol·dm−3. Supplemental isochoric (p, v, T) measurements have been obtained for high-purity CO2 at densities from 12 to 24 mol·dm−3. Measurements of p(T) cover a broad range of temperature, 225 to 400 K, at pressures to 35 MPa. Comparisons have been made with independent sources and with a predictive method based on corresponding states.
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  • 91
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    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 941-951 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; Tait equation
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The “Tait equation,” which is now widely used to fit liquid density data over wide pressure ranges, is a modification of the original equation of Tait, published 100 years ago, to fit his results on the compressibility of fresh water and seawater at different pressures. The range of applicability of these different equations is discussed and it is concluded that their simplicity and accuracy in reproducing high pressure density data for dense gases, liquids, solids, and liquid mixtures will ensure their continued use.
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  • 92
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    International journal of thermophysics 19 (1998), S. 1325-1341 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; excess activation energy of viscous flow ; high pressure ; ternary mixture ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dynamic viscosity η and the density ρ of the associative ternary mixture water+diacetone alcohol+2-propanol have been measured as a function of temperature T (303.15, 323.15, and 343.15 K) and pressure P (≤100 MPa). The experimental results correspond to 698 values of η and ρ. With reference to the 54 values previously published on pure substances and 486 values for three corresponding binaries, the system is globally described by 1188 experimental values for various values of P, T and composition. The results for η are discussed in terms of excess activation energy of viscous flow.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: Alkane mixtures ; Grunberg and Nissan equation ; high pressure ; n-octane ; n-dodecane ; viscometer ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosity coefficients measured with an estimated accuracy of 2% using a new design of self-centering falling body viscometer are reported for n-octane, n-dodecane, and equimolar mixtures of n-octane + n-dodecane and n-hexane + n-dodecane at 25, 50, 75, and 100°C at pressures up to the freezing pressure or 500 MPa. The data for a given composition at different temperatures and pressures are very satisfactorily correlated by a plot of ή, defined as 104ηV2/3/(MT)1/2 in the cgs system of units or, generally, 9.118×107ηV2/3/(MRT)1/2, versus logV′, where V' = V · V 0(T R)/V 0(T) and V 0 represents the close-packed volume at temperature T and reference temperature T R. The experimental results are fitted, generally well within the estimated uncertainty, by the equation $$\ln \eta ' = - 1.0 + \frac{{BV_0 }}{{V - V_0 }}$$ , where B and V 0 are temperature and composition dependent. Values of B and V 0 for the mixtures are simply related to values for the pure liquids. The binary mixing rule of Grunberg and Nissan is investigated. Values of the mixing parameter G are positive, tend to increase with increases in pressure, and also increase with increases in difference in carbon number of the two pure components.
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  • 94
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    International journal of thermophysics 2 (1981), S. 289-300 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: heat capacity ; high pressure ; silver chloride (AgCl) ; thermalconductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using the transient hot-wire method, measurements were made for solid AgCl of both the thermal conductivity, λ, and the heat capacity per unit volume, ρc p, where ρ is the mass density. Measurements were made in the temperature range 100 to 400 K, and at pressures up to 2 GPa. c p(P, T) could be adequately described if the acoustic modes were represented by a Debye model and the optic modes by an Einstein model. Analysis of λ(T) showed that only the acoustic modes needed to be taken into account up to 300 K, but that the optic modes were increasingly effective in carrying heat at higher temperatures. λ(P) was adequately described by the Lawson formula, but not by the Leibfried-Schlömann formula, to which it is formally equivalent. Agreement with experiment could be achieved by two different modifications of the Leibfried-Schlömann formula, although neither has a firm theoretical basis.
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  • 95
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    International journal of thermophysics 2 (1981), S. 301-314 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; KCl ; solutions ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, new precise viscosity data are presented for aqueous solutions of KCl; these data cover the temperature range 25–200°C, the pressure range 0.1–30 MPa, and the concentration range 0–4.6 mol KCl/kg H2O. An empirical correlation which reproduces the data within the experimental precision of ±0.5% is given. The accuracy of the data is estimated to range from ±0.5 to ±1.5%.
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  • 96
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    International journal of thermophysics 2 (1981), S. 331-340 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: heat capacity ; high pressure ; silver bromide (AgBr) ; silver chloride (AgCl) ; thermal conductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal conductivity, λ, and the heat capacity per unit volume, ρc p , have been measured for solid silver bromide (AgBr) using the transient hot-wire method. Measurements were made at temperatures in the range 100–400 K and at pressures up to 2 GPa. ρc p was found to be independent of temperature and pressure over these ranges. λ of AgBr was found to be similar to that of AgCl, which was measured previously. For AgBr, only acoustic phonons needed to be taken into account up to 340 K, but optic phonons probably carried some heat at higher temperatures. The Leibfried-Schlömann (LS) formula could describe the ratio λ(AgCl)/λ(AgBr), but not the ratio λ(1 GPa)/λ(0) for either substance. An empirical modification of the LS formula could describe the latter ratios but not the former. Further theoretical developments are required for understanding of λ(P) for even such relatively simple substances as AgCl and AgBr.
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  • 97
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    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 107-117 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: dielectric constant ; electrical resistivity ; HFC-236ea ; HFC-245fa ; hydrofluorocarbon ; permittivity ; high pressure ; refrigerants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The static relative permittivity (dielectric constant) and the resistivity of HFC-236ea (CF3–CHF–CHF2) and HFC-245fa (CF3–CH2–CHF2) in the liquid phase were studied at temperatures from 293 to 343 K and pressures from 0.1 to 50 MPa. The relative permittivity was measured by a concentric-cylinder-type capacitance cell with an LCR meter with an uncertainty of less than 0.1%. The resistivity was measured by a high resistance meter using plane-parallel platinum electrodes installed in a borosilicate glass syringe. It was found that the relative permittivities and the resistivities of liquid HFC-236ea and HFC-245fa at 303 K and 0.101325 MPa are about 5.13 and 6.54 and 1.5×1010 and 0.2×1010 Ω·cm, respectively. The relative permittivity and the resistivity increase monotonically with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous solutions ; density ; high pressure ; parallel-plate method ; salt ; thermal conductivity ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Accurate high-pressure thermal conductivity measurements have been performed on H2O+SrCl2 and H2O+Sr(NO3)2 mixtures at pressures up to 100 MPa over a temperature range between 293 and 473 K using a parallel-plate apparatus. The concentrations studied were 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mass fraction of the salts. The estimated accuracy of the method is about ±1.6%. The pressure, temperature, and concentration dependences of the thermal conductivity have been studied. Measurements were made on six isobars, namely, 0.1, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 MPa. The thermal conductivity shows a linear dependence on pressure and concentration for all isotherms. Along each isobar, a given concentration shows the thermal-conductivity maximum at a temperature of about 413 K. The measured values of thermal conductivity at atmospheric pressure are compared with the results of other investigators. Literature data at atmospheric pressure reported by Ridel and by Zaitzev and Aseev agree with our thermal conductivity values within the estimated uncertainty.
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  • 99
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    International journal of thermophysics 3 (1982), S. 289-305 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons ; cyclohexane ; free volume expression ; hard-sphere theory ; high pressure ; n-alkanes ; torsionally vibrating crystal method ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New experimental data on the viscosity of 12 organic liquids are presented at temperatures of 25, 30, 50, and 75°C and at pressures up to 110 MPa. The liquids measured are five n-alkanes (C6, C7, C8, C10, C12), cyclohexane, and six aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m-, p-xylenes). The measurements were performed using a torsionally vibrating crystal method on a relative basis with an uncertainty less than 2%. A linear relationship between fluidity and molar volume, which is predicted from the hard-sphere theory, fails at pressures above 50 MPa. The rough hard-sphere model proposed by Chandler provides a reasonable representation of the data for aromatic hydrocarbons, while for n-alkanes the agreement is not satisfactory because of an aspherical shape of molecules. The viscosity data can be correlated well with the molar volume by a free-volume expression and also can be represented as a function of pressure by a similar expression to the Tait equation.
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  • 100
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    International journal of thermophysics 7 (1986), S. 1065-1075 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; high temperature ; velocity of sound ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The velocity of sound in water was measured up to 700°C and 300 MPa. A classical pulse method has been used. The frequency was typically 5 MHz. The mean accuracy of the data is 0.5% of the velocity. The greatest error in velocity is due to the uncertainty in the temperature measurements at high pressures.
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