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  • Articles  (24)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.99. General or miscellaneous
  • carbon sequestration
  • ddc:631.4
  • Springer  (22)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (2)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increasing organic C and N in soil under bromegrass with long-term N fertilization (1997)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 49 (1997), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: carbon sequestration ; grassland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were conducted on bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) on a thin Black Chernozem (Typic Boroll) at Crossfield, Alberta, Canada to determine the long-term effects of N fertilization on changes in concentration and mass of organic C and N in soil. In both experiments, bromegrass was harvested for hay each year. In the experiment where ammonium nitrate (AN) was applied annually at 0 to 336 kg N/ha for 27 consecutive years from 1968 to 1994, the concentration of total C in the 0–5 cm soil layer increased from 50.33 g/kg in the zero-N treatment to 61.64 g/kg with 56 kg N/ha and to 64.15 g/kg with the 112 kg N/ha rate. Total C in soil also increased in the 5–10, 10–15 and 15–30 cm layers but to a lesser extent. The mass of total C in the 0–30 cm soil layer was increased by 18.46 Mg/ha with 56 kg N/ha and by 23.38 Mg/ha with the 112 kg N/ha rate as compared to the zero-N treatment. Total N in soil followed a similar trend as total C. In the experiment which received four N sources [ammonium nitrate (AN), urea, calcium nitrate (CN) and ammonium sulphate (AS)] applied annually at 168 and 336 kg N/ha for 15 years from 1979 to 1993, the total C in soil was greater where N fertilizer was applied, but the increase in total C varied with N source. The concentration of total C in soil in the 0–5 cm layer tended to be greater with AN and AS than with CN, with the smallest increase from urea. The mass of total C in soil (average of four N sources) at the 168 kg N/ha rate was increased by 18.98 Mg/ha in 0–30 cm and by 43.48 Mg/ha in the 0–60 cm layer as compared to the check treatment. The concentration of total C in soil also increased in the deeper layers to a depth of 60 cm, but the increases were much smaller than in the 0–5 cm layer. The changes in total N in soil followed a similar pattern as total C. In conclusion, long-term annual additions of fertilizer N to bromegrass resulted in a marked increase in total C and N in soil and the increases were influenced by both rate and source of N fertilizer. The implications of these results are that grasslands can be managed to lessen the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, while also improving fertility (N-supplying capacity) and tilth of soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009727530325
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Framework for Monitoring and Evaluating Carbon Mitigation by Farm Forestry Projects: Example of a Demonstration Project in Chiapas, Mexico (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 231-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Farm forestry ; carbon sequestration ; monitoring ; evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In Mexico an estimated 4.5 × 106ha are available for farm forestry, while up to 6.1 × 106 ha could be saved from deforestation by making shifting agriculture more productive and sustainable. Various farm forestry systems are technically, socially, and economically viable, including live fences, coffee with shade trees, plantations, tree enrichment of fallows, and taungya, with a C-sequestration potential varying from 17.6 to 176.3 Mg C ha−1. A self-reporting system with on-site spot checks is presented for the monitoring and evaluation (M&E), and will be tested in a farm forestry C-sequestration pilot project, to begin in Chiapas, Mexico, in 1997. The M&E procedure will facilitate the collection of field data at low cost, help ensure that the systems continue to address the needs of farmers, and give farmers an understanding of the value of the service that they are providing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000004479.17784.f8
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A framework for monitoring and evaluating carbon mitigation by farm forestry projects: Example of a demonstration project in Chiapas, Mexico (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 231-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Farm forestry ; carbon sequestration ; monitoring ; evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In Mexico an estimated 4.5×106ha are available for farm forestry, while up to 6.1×106ha could be saved from deforestation by making shifting agriculture more productive and sustainable. Various farm forestry systems are technically, socially, and economically viable, including live fences, coffee with shade trees, plantations, tree enrichment of fallows, and taungya, with a C-sequestration potential varying from 17.6 to 176.3 Mg C ha−1. A self-reporting system with on-site spot checks is presented for the monitoring and evaluation (M&E), and will be tested in a farm forestry C-sequestration pilot project, to begin in Chiapas, Mexico, in 1997. The M&E procedure will facilitate the collection of field data at low cost, help ensure that the systems continue to address the needs of farmers, and give farmers an understanding of the value of the service that they are providing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02437206
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon storage and root penetration in deep soils under small-farmer land-use systems in the Eastern Amazon region, Brazil (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 231-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon sequestration ; charcoal ; deep-rooting ; fallow ; secondary vegetation ; slash-and-burn ; soil organic carbon ; SOM ; soil litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The north-east of Pará state in the Eastern Amazon of Brazil was settled over 100 years ago. Today the region is an agricultural landscape with variously-aged secondary vegetation and fields with annual cultures, plantation crops and pastures. The effect of these different land covers on carbon sequestration as well as on water and nutrient extraction remain subject of debate. Therefore, we assessed the importance of land use on soil carbon stocks by measuring various C fractions and root biomass (0–6 m) in slash-and-burn systems and (semi-) permanent cultures. An extensive root system down to at least 6 m depth was present under various secondary vegetation stands and slashed and burned fields recently taken into cultivation as well as under a primary forest. Shallower rooting patterns were evident under (permanent) oil palm (4.5 m) and (semi-permanent) passion fruit plantations (2.5 m). Carbon storage in soils of traditional slash-and-burn agriculture up to 6 m depth (185 t ha-1) was not significantly lower than under a primary forest (196 t ha-1) but declined significantly under (semi-) permanent cultures (to 146–167 t ha-1). Compared to above-ground C losses, soil C losses due to slash-and-burn agriculture may thus be small. This is an argument for maintaining the secondary vegetation as part of the agricultural land-use system, as the root system of its trees is conserved and thus C is sequestered also at greater depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004772301158
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of soil microbiota of a late successional alpine grassland to long term CO2 enrichment (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 184 (1996), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon sequestration ; elevated CO2 ; metabolic quotient ; microbial biomass ; nutrient limitation ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We investigated microbial responses in a late successional sedge-dominated alpine grassland to four seasons of CO2 enrichment. Part of the plots received fertilizer equivalent to 4.5g N m−2 a−1. Soil basal respiration (R mic ), the metabolic quotient for CO2 (qCO2=R mic /C mic ), microbial C and N (C mic and N mic ) as well as total soil organic C and N showed no response to CO2 enrichment alone. However, when the CO2 treatment was combined with fertilizer addition R mic and qCO2 were statistically significantly higher under elevated CO2 than under ambient conditions (+57% and +71%, respectively). Fertilizer addition increased microbial N pools by 17%, but this was not influenced by elevated CO2. Microbial C was neither affected by elevated CO2 nor fertilizer. The lack of a CO2-effect in unfertilized plots was suprising in the light of our evidence (based on C balance) that enhanced soil C inputs must have occurred under elevated CO2 regardless of fertilizer treatment. Based on these data and other published work we suggest that microbial responses to elevated CO2 in such stable, late-successional ecosystems are limited by the availability of mineral nutrients and that results obtained with fertile or heavily disturbed substrates are unsuitable to predict future microbial responses to elevated CO2 in natural systems. However, when nutrient limitation is removed (e.g. by wet nitrogen deposition) microbes make use of the additional carbon introduced into the soil system. We believe that the response of natural ecosystems to elevated CO2 must be studied in situ in natural, undisturbed systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010451
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pre-industrial particulate emissions and carbon sequestration from biomass burning in North America (1994)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 24 (1994), S. 35-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: biomass burning ; carbon sequestration ; charcoal ; fire emissions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Spatial trends in pre-industrial biomass burning emissions for eastern North America were reconstructed from sediment charcoal data. Petrographic thin sections were prepared from varved lake sediments along a transect of sites extending from NW Minnesota eastward to NE Maine. Results showed an exponential decline in charcoal abundance with distance east from the prairie/forest border. This result quantifies burning along the broad climate/vegetation gradient from xeric woodland to mesic eastern deciduous forest. Post-settlement charcoal accumulation showed no such geographic pattern, varying from site-to-site, likely reflecting local variability in land use and combustion sources. Results suggest the total emissions of large (〉 10 μm diameter) charcoal particles decreased by a factor of three during the twentieth century.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001306
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon dioxide consumption during soil development (1994)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 24 (1994), S. 115-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: carbon sequestration ; landscape geochemistry ; mineral weathering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Carbon is sequestered in soils by accumulation of recalcitrant organic matter and by bicarbonate weathering of silicate minerals. Carbon fixation by ecosystems helps drive weathering processes in soils and that in turn diverts carbon from annual photosynthesis-soil respiration cycling into the long-term geological carbon cycle. To quantify rates of carbon transfer during soil development in moist temperate grassland and desert scrubland ecosystems, we measured organic and inorganic residues derived from the interaction of soil biota and silicate mineral weathering for twenty-two soil profiles in arkosic sediments of differing ages. In moist temperate grasslands, net annual removal of carbon from the atmosphere by organic carbon accumulation and silicate weathering ranges from about 8.5 g m−2 yr−1 for young soils to 0.7 g M−2 yr−1 for old soils. In desert scrublands, net annual carbon removal is about 0.2 g m−2 yr−1 for young soils and 0.01 g m−2 yr−1 for old soils. In soils of both ecosystems, organic carbon accumulation exceeds CO2 removal by weathering, however, as soils age, rates of CO2 consumption by weathering accounts for greater amounts of carbon sequestration, increasing from 2% to 8% in the grassland soils and from 2% to 40% in the scrubland soils. In soils of desert scrublands, carbonate accumulation far outstrips organic carbon accumulation, but about 90% of this mass is derived from aerosolic sources that do not contribute to long-term sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003268
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Management options for reducing CO2 emissions from agricultural soils (2000)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 48 (2000), S. 147-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: carbon sequestration ; crop rotation ; greenhouse gas mitigation ; no-till ; soil organic matter ; soil respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Crop-based agriculture occupies 1.7 billion hectares, globally, with a soil C stock of about 170 Pg. Of the past anthropogenic CO2 additions to the atmosphere, about 50 Pg C came from the loss of soil organic matter (SOM) in cultivated soils. Improved management practices, however, can rebuild C stocks in agricultural soils and help mitigate CO2 emissions. Increasing soil C stocks requires increasing C inputs and/or reducing soil heterotrophic respiration. Management options that contribute to reduced soil respiration include reduced tillage practices (especially no-till) and increased cropping intensity. Physical disturbance associated with intensive soil tillage increases the turnover of soil aggregates and accelerates the decomposition of aggregate-associated SOM. No-till increases aggregate stability and promotes the formation of recalcitrant SOM fractions within stabilized micro- and macroaggregate structures. Experiments using13 C natural abundance show up to a two-fold increase in mean residence time of SOM under no-till vs intensive tillage. Greater cropping intensity, i.e., by reducing the frequency of bare fallow in crop rotations and increasing the use of perennial vegetation, can increase water and nutrient use efficiency by plants, thereby increasing C inputs to soil and reducing organic matter decomposition rates. Management and policies to sequester C in soils need to consider that: soils have a finite capacity to store C, gains in soil C can be reversed if proper management is not maintained, and fossil fuel inputs for different management practices need to be factored into a total agricultural CO2 balance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006271331703
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The economic consequences of substituting carbon payments for crop subsidies in U.S. agriculture (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 7 (1996), S. 15-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Climate change ; carbon sequestration ; farm policy ; afforestation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract There is a growing body of literature on the costs of sequestering carbon. However, no studies have examined the interplay between farm commodity programs and carbon sequestration programs. This study investigates two dimensions of the interaction between farm commodity programs and afforestation programs, using a price-endogenous sector model of agriculture in the United States. First, this study compares the fiscal and welfare costs of achieving specific carbon targets through afforestation, with and without current farm programs. Second, it examines the welfare, fiscal, and carbon consequences of replacing existing farm subsidies, wholly or in part, with payments for carbon. Two approaches, Hicksian and Marshallian, are investigated. In the first, the sector model is used to quantify the carbon consequences and fiscal costs associated with various combinations of farm commodity and carbon sequestration programs that leave consumers and producers in the U.S. agricultural sector no worse off than under existing farm programs. The second approach focuses on the carbon and welfare consequences of various farm commodity and carbon sequestration programs that hold total program fiscal costs constant at current levels. Althouth the methodology and data are applied to the United States, the issues addressed are common in a number of developed nations, particularly within the European Union (EU). Adapting existing sector models in these nations to perform similar analyses would provide policy makers with more precise information about the nature of the trade-offs involved with second-best policies for replacing farm commodity subsidies with tree planting subsidies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420425
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Industrial transformation towards sustainability of the energy system (2000)
    Springer
    Integrated assessment 1 (2000), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1545
    Keywords: industrial transformation ; energy sector ; climate change policies ; carbon dioxide ; energy efficiency ; carbon sequestration ; renewable energy ; incentive structure ; production ; consumption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Human induced climate change is one of the single most significant indicators that human society is not pursuing a sustainable trajectory. Managing the risks requires a major transformation of the way energy needs are met. Such a transformation includes changes in the production and consumption system and the incentive structure that shapes this system. The major driving force for transformation is the public concern about the environmental impact of the present fossil fuel based energy system. We may expect that energy producers, encouraged by governments, NGOs and consumer preferences will be responding to these concerns and expectations sooner or later. In fact a number of major international energy companies are presently adjusting their strategies to the needs and concerns of the public. A mix of measures including energy efficiency, a switch to natural gas, major investments in low carbon and renewable energy technologies and underground storage of carbon are elements of such new strategies. Consumers in a number of OECD countries have expressed their willingness to pay more for energy, provided it is green and clean. NGOs continue to put pressure on governments to deal with the climate problem. The challenge for governments is to develop an institutional framework that helps the producers and consumers to go through a transformation of the energy system. As different groups in society are likely to support different strategies, this paper suggests that a pluralistic policy approach including efficiency standards, renewable energy portfolio standards, carbon taxes, and the introduction of a system of tradable emission permits is the most promising approach for a transformation towards a low carbon energy economy. Research can support a transformation of the energy system by exploring the various transformation scenarios. Such research should take a multi-disciplinary approach, it should focus on the energy system as a whole, including production, consumption and the incentive structure that shapes the interaction between the two and it should be international in scope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019179715324
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