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  • Articles  (54,178)
  • Springer  (42,615)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (11,563)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Technology  (54,178)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment of engineering design constraints in a relational data base (1985)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 1 (1985), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200336
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A natural language interpreter for plate girder design (1986)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 1 (1986), S. 127-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract One of the major problems in developing computeraided design software is the establishment of effective man-machine communication. This paper describes a computer-aided plate girder design software package and its man-machine interface using natural language processing techniques. The natural language interpreter takes advantage of the user's communication and technical skills and accepts commands in the user's native language. The user can verify the correct interpretation of the commands from the responsive graphic display of the design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200114
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer diagnosis system for thermal analysis by BEM aided with simple CAD (1986)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 1 (1986), S. 175-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract With the aid of the supercomputer we have performed three-dimensional simulations in practical cpu time. At the same time, though, huge amounts of output data must be treated automatically by post processors, so that only necessary information will be extracted and changes of models, mesh subdivisions, or boundary conditions will be taken into account. This type of information processing cannot be attained by conventional postprocessors, and a new concept of postprocessing and system must be developed in the sense of computer-aided engineering or computer diagnosis. We present a computer tomographic system COMTOS-BEM based on three-dimensional boundary element analysis; it houses its own geometric modeling and automatic mesh generation. Furthermore, it supports design feedback reactions to change modeling or meshing, make recalculations, and renew boundary conditions. In this paper, we state the basic concept of the proposed computer diagnosis system and present the necessary geometric modeling and processing and boundary element formulations. Some numerical examples illustrate the validity and effectiveness of our system in practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200135
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the symbolic manipulation and code generation for elasto-plastic material matrices (1986)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 1 (1986), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A computerized procedure for symbolic manipulations and FORTRAN code generation of elasto-plastic material matrix for finite element applications is presented. Special emphasis is placed on expression simplifications during intermediate derivations, optimal code generation, and interface with the main program. A systematic procedure is outlined to avoid redundant algebraic manipulations. Symbolic expressions of the derived material stiffness matrix are automatically converted to RATFOR code which is then translated into FORTRAN statements through a preprocessor. To minimize the interface problem with the main program, a template file is prepared so that the translated FORTRAN statements can be merged into the file to form a subroutine (or a submodule). Three constitutive models; namely, von Mises plasticity, the Drucker-Prager model, and a concrete plasticity model, are used as illustrative examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200137
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Information frameworks for conceptual engineering design (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 22-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Conceptual design ; Database ; Frameworks ; Information management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An information modeling approach is used to gain an understanding of the information and decision content of conceptual engineering design. Information frameworks are presented that attempt to represent the key decisions made during conceptual design. Elements of the frameworks are derived from results from design theory and methodology and decision theory. Using a number of products, the frameworks are demonstrated in simulated design situations. The models provide an explicit, generic and consistent perspective for identifying the information content of conceptual designs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206537
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aluminium electrolytic cells: A computer simulator for training and supervision (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 12-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Aluminium electrolysis ; Expert systems ; Modelling ; Simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A workstation-based simulator of an aluminium electrolytic cell has been constructed. A mathematical model of the cell is integrated with a database and a knowledge base, and the simulator serves as a tool for the training of personnel and for research related to cell dynamics and cell control. When used in conjunction with an expert system, it provides a powerful decision-making tool or an efficient supervisory system. The mathematical model, the simulator itself, the user environment, the interactive simulation procedure as well as examples of the use of the simulator are presented in detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206536
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review of automatic dimensioning and tolerancing schemes (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 63-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Dimensioning ; Tolerancing ; Variational geometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Dimensioning and tolerancing are very important issues in product design and manufacture. This paper gives a survey and review of the current state-of-the-art solutions to the problem of finding a meaning for dimensions and tolerances. Dimensioning and tolerancing in current engineering practices and researches in these topics are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200178
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new programming paradigm for engineering design software (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 95-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Engineering design ; Formal ; Functional programming ; Object orientation ; Programming language
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Currently available programming and database systems are insufficient for engineering applications. The authors contend that a logical progression from a formal conceptual model of the engineering domain to a computational model will lead to new programming paradigms capable of directly supporting engineering applications in a rigorous, concise manner. A formal domain model devised by the authors, theHybrid Model (HM) of design information, is briefly introduced. It is an extension of axiomatic set theory and is discussed in detail elsewhere. HM forms the basis ofDesigner, a prototype-based object-oriented programming language supporting a signature-based canonical message-passing mechanism and multiple inheritance. Designer is implemented using the Scheme programming language. Because Designer satisfies a formal conceptual model, and because it is based on a formally specified language, its robustness and logical validity are superior to those of other languages not founded on formal principles. Designer combines concepts of functional and object-oriented programming to provide the formal rigor and flexibility to capture the complex and strongly interrelated information that designers use. Examples demonstrate how Designer represents design information. The results of the authors' research indicate that Designer can capture design information (including aspects of functional requirements and design intent) effectively and efficiently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200180
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rule-based design of a material processing component (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 81-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Design ; Expert system ; Extension ; Material processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The main thrust of this research is in developing aknowledge-based system for the design of components for a material processing system. In particular, this paper concentrates on developing methodologies forinitial design andredesign in a quantitative and qualitative format. A die for plastic extrusion has been selected as the subject material processing component. A design algorithm using best first heuristic search and expert knowledge, both in procedural and declarative form, is the core of the scheme. Apart from this expert, the suggestedselection procedure for candidate design is also seen to accelerate the design scheme. The methodologies presented enableefficient design of the component. Some generality has been accomplished by the implementation of the techniques to dies of different cross-sectional shapes. The software is written inLisp within an object-oriented software package using analysis modules written in C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200179
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 124-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200182
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A tandem architecture for cooperating knowledge-based concurrent engineering systems (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 112-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Agent-based framework ; Architecture ; Concurrent engineering ; Cooperating expert systems ; Tandem integration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a tandem architecture for cooperating heterogeneous expert systems. Two levels of meta and working expert systems are involved. The working-level expert systems (W-ES), which may be implemented in their own computational environments and in private proof languages, are mainly for application computations. The meta-level expert systems (M-ES), using a common argument language, are mainly responsible for cooperation. The prototype AGENTS system is described for constructing M-ES. Interaction among W-ES has been transformed into two forms: communication between M-ES through ordinary AGENTS messages and communication between M-ES and the corresponding W-ES using the Deductive Inference Language (DIL). DIL predicates are provided for defining DIL: messages, actuators and converters for interpreting DIL queries and instantiating variables. By this approach, stand-alone capability of infividual systems is retained at the working-level and cooperation is achieved effectively with minimum embellishment at the meta-level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200181
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A proposed structure for a rule-based description of parametric forms (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Constrains ; Geometric ; Parametric ; Product form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Much work has been carried out on the creation of protocols for the exchange of data between CAD systems, but very little on the transfer of knowledge. The knowledge behind the development of a product is vital if modifications and adaptations are to be made within a concurrent development environment. Current CAD systems only contain a limited level of product knowledge through user-defined parametric structures. It is the underlying relationships in these programs that need to be communicated between systems, rather than the form of their individual programming languages. A generic structure is proposed that is able to handle both the current level of parametric programming and is suited to the resolution of conflict through the use of constraint modelling procedures. The structure of a parametric description is described and decomposed into its fundamental components. These components are then re-formed within a truth maintenance structure to allow a transfer protocol to be created. The derived protocol structure is then demonstrated on a number of simple examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198741
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concurrent iterative design and the integration of finite element analysis results (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 245-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Design methodology ; Iterative design ; Concurrent design ; Features ; Form templates ; Finite element analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract To help foster concurrency in engineering design, methodologies are needed to support the interpretation and abstraction of numerical simulation results for design modification purposes. A methodology is presented in this paper for the integration of continuum-based numerical simulations into a computational system for concurrent design of mechanical components. The technique involves conversion of low-level numerical data, such as that obtained by finite element analysis, into high-level symbolic representations calledform templates. The form templates are based onrudimentary features which carry meaningful qualitative descriptions abstracted from either manufacturing and/or functional numerical simulations. The form templates are superimposed on the design's primary representation in the solid modeler to facilitate the cognitive mapping of concurrent destructive or constructive solid modeling features for design modifications. Examples are presented to demonstrate the methodology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202369
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Curves and surfaces for computer aided design usingC 2 rational cubic splines (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 94-102 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Rational cubic ; Bernstein-Bézier ; Shape control ; Tension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the problem of fitting curves and surfaces, for computer aided design (CAD), via an ordered set of control points, so that the result is satisfactory for the user's needs. Piecewise rational functions with cubic numerator and quadratic denominator are used in the construction of the scheme, in such a way that the descriptions of the parameters control the shape of the picture in the desired area. A general solution is obtained for points inN-space, although the scheme is only meaningful in the cases whereN=2 andN=3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01312203
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Data fusion for adaptive control in manufacturing: Impact on engineering information models (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 145-156 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Database ; Date fusson ; Date model ; Information architecture ; Information model ; Manufacturing ; Sensors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Data fusion is the integration and analysis of data from multiple sensors to develop a more accurate understanding of a situation and determine how to respond to it. Although data fusion can be applied in many situations, this paper focuses on its application to manufacturing and how it changes some of the more traditional, less adaptive information models that support the design and manufacturing functions. The paper consists of four parts. The first section explains what data fusion is and its impact on manufacturing. The second section describes what an information system architecture is and explains the natural language-based information modeling methodology used by this research project. The third section identifies the major design and manufacturing functions, reviews the information models required to support them, and then shows how these models must be extended to support data fusion. The fourth section discusses the future directions of this work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01271280
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling evolving product data for concurrent engineering (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 167-172 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Concurrent engineering ; Configuration management ; Data model ; Design Process ; Engineering data management ; Product data management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In order to make the traditional product structure tree representation amenable to concurrent engineering relationships likeperspective-of anddependent-on have to be added to the essentialpart-of relationship. Complex data can be held in proprietary formats, while simple data will be in a common representation for direct access by diverse disciplines. Coordination among team members in a project can be carried out using such a model. Besides, a virtually unified view of all the data is possible, though they may lie in distributed and heterogeneous data bases. A very necessary characteristic of such a model is that its time evolution should be easy to represent in order to reflect the dynamic nature of product development, where the model itself, and not merely the data values change. Managing versions is also facilitated by the comprehensive structure of the Unified Product Data Model (UPDM).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01271282
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Information management for integrated design environments (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 227-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Conceptual design ; Design process ; Design studies ; Engineering information systems ; Product data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper identifies requirements for an engineering design information management system. Future CAD systems must support a wide range of activities — such as definition, manipulation and analyses of complex product information models. These models represent not only conventional data associated with current CAD applications, but also design information characterizing the correlations between the requirements, functions, behaviors and physical form of the product. Such functionality is important for both the individual designer and the design organization, as the need to manage information as a corporate asset is becoming a critical component of business strategy. This paper explores these needs using two design studies. The first study illustrates some major concepts relative to non-routine design activities, while the second study focuses on the routine design activities relative to organization interactions. These studies were used to elicit high level requirements which serve as the basis for the development of prototype software systems. These prototypes are briefly introduced here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01208816
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An object design framework for structural engineering (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 213-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Communication channel ; Communication path ; Data attribute ; Design object ; Method group ; Object-oriented ; Receiving interface ; Relationship ; Relationship attribute ; Sending method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Object-oriented principles have introduced several useful concepts for developing complex software systems. As a result, several methodologies have been suggested for the overall design of software systems based on these concepts. Methodologies and frameworks for designing objects that are to be part of the software systems are currently lacking. This paper proposes anobject design framework andmethodology, which utilizes the object-oriented concepts, for planning, organizing and designing structural engineering design objects. Design objects in an integrated structural engineering system are complex and often related to each other in various different ways. The paper also identifies several important relationships among structural engineering design objects. These relationships serve as communication channels through wich design objects send messages to and receive responses from each other. Several examples, drawn from reinforced concrete structures, will be presented to demonstrate the object design methodology and to illustrate how the framework is effective in reducing the complexity of design objects in an integrated structural engineering system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01208815
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Verification of an active control system using temporal process algebra (1996)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 12 (1996), S. 46-61 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Active structural control ; Calculus of communicating systems (CCS) ; Concurrency workbench ; Modechart ; Real-time systems ; Simulation ; Temporal CCS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe complementary approaches that can be used to ensure the reliability of real-time systems, such as those used in active structural control systems. These approaches include both model-checking and simulation, and are based on a temporal process algebra. We combine these formal methods with a high-level, graphical modeling technique, Modechart, to specify an active structural control system consisting of several processors. Timing requirements on the system are specified and verified with a combination of process algebraic models and modal logic, and various simulation concepts are described for debugging models and for gaining insight into system behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200261
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptive mesh refinement using piecewise-linear shape functions based on the blending function method (1996)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 12 (1996), S. 84-93 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Adaptive mesh refinement ; Finite element method ; Mesh generation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Use of quadrilateral elements for finite element mesh refinement can lead either to so-called ‘irregular’ meshes or the necessity of adjustments between finer and coarser parts of the mesh necessary. In the case of ‘irregular’ meshes, constraints have to be introduced in order to maintain continuity of the displacements. Introduction of finite elements based on blending function interpolation shape functions using piecewise boundary interpolation avoids these problems. This paper introduces an adaptive refinement procedure for these types of elements. The refinement is anh-method. Error estimation is performed using the Zienkiewicz-Zhu method. The refinement is controlled by a switching function representation. The method is applied to the plane stress problem. Numerical examples are given to show the efficiency of the methodology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01299394
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parallel three-dimensional mesh generation on distributed memory MIMD computers (1996)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 12 (1996), S. 94-106 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the development of an automatic mesh generation technique designed to operate effectively on multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) parallel computers. The meshing approach is hierarchical, that is, model entities are meshed after their boundaries have been meshed. Focus is on the region meshing step. An octree is constructed to serve as a localization tool and for efficiency. The tree is also key to the efficient parallelization of the meshing process since it supports the distribution of load to processors. The parallel mesh generation procedure repartitions the domain to be meshed and applies on processor face removals until all face removals with local data have been performed. The portion of the domain to be meshed remaining is dynamically repartitioned at the octant level using an Inertial Recursive Bisection method and local face removals are reperformed. Migration of a terminal octant involves migration of the octant data and the octant's mesh faces and/or mesh regions. Results show relatively good speed-ups for parallel face removals on small numbers of processors. Once the three-dimensional mesh has been generated, mesh regions may be scattered across processors. Therefore, a final dynamic repartitioning step is applied at the region level to produce a partition ready for finite element analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01299395
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  • 22
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    Adaptive finite element procedures in elasticity and plasticity (1996)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 12 (1996), S. 120-141 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Discontinuous Galerkin ; Error estimation adaptivity ; Postprocessing ; Superconvergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The paper discusses error estimation and h-adaptive finite element procedures for elasticity and plasticity problems. For the spatial discretization error, an enhanced Superconvergent Patch Recovery (SPR) technique which improves the error estimation by including fulfillment of equilibrium and boundary conditions in the smoothing procedure is discussed. It is known that an accurate error estimation on an early stage of analysis results in a more rapid and optimal adaptive process. It is shown that node patches and element patches give similar quality of the postprocessed solution. For dynamic problems, a postprocessed type of error estimate and an adaptive procedure for the semidiscrete finite element method are discussed. It is shown that the procedure is able to update the spatial mesh and the time step size so that both spatial and time discretization errors are controlled within specified tolerances. A time-discontinuous Galerkin method for solving the second-order ordinary differential equations in structural dynamics is also presented. Many advantages of the new approach such as high order accuracy, possibility to filter effects of spurious modes and convenience to apply adaptive analysis are observed. For plasticity problems, some recent work that improved plastic strains and plastic localization is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01299397
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  • 23
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    Two and three-quarter dimensional meshing facilitators (1996)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 12 (1996), S. 144-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Automatic mesh generation ; Mesh control ; Mapped meshing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents generated enhancements for robust ‘two and three-quarter dimensional meshing’, including: (1) automated interval assignment by integer programming for submapped surfaces and volumes, (2) surface submapping, and (3) volume submapping. An introduction to the simplex method, an optimization technique of integer programming, is presented. Simplification of complex geometry is required for the formulation of the integer programming problem. A method of ‘i-j unfolding’ is defined which explains how irregular geometry can be realigned into a simplified form that is suitable for submap interval assignment solutions. Also presented is the processes by which submapping eliminates the decomposition of surface geometry, through a pseudodecomposition process, producing suitable mapped meshes. The process of submapping involves the creation of ‘interpolated virtual edges’, user defined ‘vertex types’ and ‘i-j-k space’ traversals. The creation of ‘interpolated virtual edges’ is the method by which submapping automatically subdivides surface geometry. The ‘interpolated virtual edge’ is formulated according to an interpolation scheme using the node discretization of curves on the surface. User defined ‘vertex types’ allow direct user control of surface decomposition and interval assignment by modifying ‘i-j-k space’ traversals. Volume submapping takes the geometry decomposition to a higher level by using ‘mapped virtual surfaces’ to eliminate decomposition of complex volumes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198730
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    Automatic, parallel and fault tolerant mesh generation from CAD (1996)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 12 (1996), S. 178-185 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract HEXAR, a new software product developed at Cray Research, Inc., automatically generates good quality meshes directly from surface data produced by computeraided design (CAD) packages. The HEXAR automatic mesh generator is based on a proprietary and parallel algorithm that relies on pattern recognition, local mesh refinement and coarsening, and variational mesh smoothing techniques to create all-hexahedral volume meshes. HEXAR generates grids two to three orders of magnitude faster than current manual approaches. Although approximate by design, the resulting meshes have qualities acceptable by many commercial structural and CFD (computational fluid dynamics) software. HEXAR turns mesh generation into an automatic process for most commercial engineering applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198733
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    Progress in grid generation via the advancing front technique (1996)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 12 (1996), S. 186-210 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Finite elements ; Grid generation ; Tetrahedra ; Unstructured grids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe recent extensions and improvements to the advancing front grid generation technique. These improvements target a range of applicability, speed and user friendliness. The range of applicability is enlarged by the ability to produce volumetric grids around thin surfaces (such as shells, membranes, fabrics or surfaces with cusps), the generation of high aspect ratio grids for Navier-Stokes applications, the generation of higher order triangular and tetrahedral elements, and the generation of quadrilateral and hexahedral elements. Speed improvements are the result of reduced search overheads, as well as vectorization and parallelization. User friendliness is enhanced by the ability to grid directly discrete data and simpler ways of specifying the desired element size and shape in space. Numerous examples are included that demonstrate the versatility and maturity that advancing front grid generators have achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198734
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    Development of an information model for composites design data (1997)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 13 (1997), S. 48-64 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Composite materials ; Conceptual modeling ; Database design ; Fiber-reinforced plastics ; information modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Material properties data, particularly those of advanced composite materials such as fiber-reinforced plastics, provides a very complex domain which is difficult to computerize. As a foundational activity supporting the development of material property databases, we have examined and modeled the data contained within this large, diverse, and intricate domain. Our primary objective was to gain a better understanding of the data involved in this system and their transformation and use. We examined the life cycle of a fiber-reinforced composite material, from a raw material to a manufactured product, focusing on the various applications which require and/or supply materials data and the types of materials data which must be included. A high-level information model was created to illustrate the overall picture of composite materials data which emerged from this analysis. This model provides a global view of the data encompassed in the domain of composite materials, and forms the basis of a formal conceptual model from which databases may be developed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201860
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    A data management model for collaborative design in a CAD environment (1997)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 13 (1997), S. 65-86 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Collaborative design ; Version control ; Configuration scheme ; Change management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a data management model to support collaborative design. More specifically, it addresses the storing and managing of changes among designers in a multidisciplinary design project. We propose a three-layered model ofversions, assemblies, andconfigurations. Versions maintain evolving descriptions of primitive entities within a single discipline.Assemblies integrate component instances to describe more complex entities, as well as designs within individual disciplines.Configurations provide a framework to represent an overall project design which is composed of designs from the participating disciplines. We apply a concept ofequivalent operations for developing operators that store, detect and manage changes among versions of a primitive design entity. The close coupling of the version, assembly, and configuration layers enables computed version changes to be recursively combined to characterize changes at the assembly and configuration levels. This applies for both project coordination throughasynchronous communication of changes among designers, and project monitoring through systematic tracking of evolving project descriptions. This paper also presents an implementation of the data management model in a CAD paradigm. We use a simple multidisciplinary facility design example to demonstrate the change management capabilities of the proposed model. This example has been tested on a prototype implementation in an AUTOCAD environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01350751
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    Using objects to handle complexity in finite element software (1997)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 13 (1997), S. 99-111 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Finite elements ; Object oriented methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Engineering software is becoming ever more complex. Finite element programs have sophisticated graphical input and output facilities, and are increasingly required to be linked to other software such as CAD or databases. The paper shows how an object oriented approach to finite element programming can be used to handle this complexity. This requires an approach that is very different from that adopted in more traditional programming. A foundation finite element class system is developed. This represents the essential data structure of the main finite element classes. It is then shown how this system can be used in a graphical model of two dimensional structures. The finite element system imposed no constraints on the development of the graphical model, yet could still be used easily. An important feature is that the nodes and elements are distributed around the graphical model, rather than being held centrally. For instance nodes may belong to points or lines of the graphical model. This means that the data structure used in the program more closely matches the way that the user of the program is likely to think.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01350753
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    Elimination of the adverse effects of small model features by the local modification of automatically generated meshes (1997)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 13 (1997), S. 134-152 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Issues related to the automated identification and elimination of the adverse influence of small geometric model features on the quality of automatically generated meshes, using local mesh modification operators, are addressed. The definition of mesh validity with respect to the geometric model is extended to include multiple mesh entity classifications. Checks based on mesh topology are used to ensure no dimensional reductions in the locally modified mesh. Example geometric models of varied complexity containing small geometric features are used to demonstrate the ability of presented procedures to improve mesh quality in terms of aspect ratio and small angle metrics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01221211
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    Local refinement of three-dimensional finite element meshes (1997)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 13 (1997), S. 165-174 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Mesh refinement ; Mixed element meshes ; Unstructured meshes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Mesh refinement is an important tool for editing finite element meshes in order to increase the accuracy of the solution. Refinement is performed in an iterative procedure in which a solution is found, error estimates are calculated, and elements in regions of high error are refined. This process is repeated until the desired accuracy is obtained. Much research has been done on mesh refinement. Research has been focused on two-dimensional meshes and three-dimensional tetrahedral meshes ([1] Ning et al. (1993) Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 13, 299–318; [2] Rivara, M. (1991) Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 36, 79–89; [3] Kallinderis; Vijayar (1993) AIAA Journal,31, 8, 1440–1447; [4] Finite Element Meshes in Analysis and Design,20, 47–70). Some research has been done on three-dimensional hexahedral meshes ([5] Schneiders; Debye (1995) Proceedings IMA Workshop on Modelling, Mesh Generation and Adaptive Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations). However, little if any research has been conducted on a refinement algorithm that is general enough to be used with a mesh composed of any three-dimensional element (hexahedra, wedges, pyramids, and/or retrahedra) or any combination of three-dimensional elements (for example, a mesh composed of part hexahedra and part wedges). This paper presents an algorithm for refinement of three-dimensional finite element meshes that is general enough to refine a mesh composed of any combination of the standard three-dimensional element types.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01221213
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    A simple genetic algorithm for the design of reinforced concrete beams (1997)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 13 (1997), S. 185-196 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Artificial intelligence ; Design optimization ; Genetic algorithms ; Structural optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present an optimization model for the design of rectangular reinforced concrete beams subject to a specified set of constraints. Our model is more realistic than previously published models because it minimizes the cost of the beam on strength design procedures, while also considering the costs of concrete, steel and shuttering. Thus our method leads to very practical designs. As there is an infinite number of possible beam dimensions and reinforcement ratios that yield the same moment of resistance, an efficient search technique is preferred over the more traditional iterative methods. We employ a simple genetic algorithm as the search engine, and we compare our results with those obtained via geometric programming. Since the adjustment of parameters in a genetic algorithm (e.g., population size, crossover and mutation rates, and maximum number of generations) is a significant problem for any application, we present our own methodology to deal with this problem. A prototype of this system is currently being tested in México, in order to evaluate its potential as a reliable design tool for real world applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200046
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    Object-oriented analysis of spatial multibody systems based on graph theory (1997)
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    Engineering with computers 13 (1997), S. 211-221 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Graph theory ; Joint coordinate method ; Linked lists of objects ; Object oriented hierarchy ; System matrices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the implementation of efficient methods in the analysis of general multibody systems. The main goal is a total general purpose program which is able to handle the analysis of open as well as closed loop systems. The development of a general purpose program necessitates considerations concerning storing of code and data access facilities of the analysis code. Many of the building blocks for the analysis are supposed to solve the same problems although this is obtained in different ways depending on the specific type of block. These considerations lead to the creation of an object oriented structure of the analysis code. The development of the analysis algorithms is based on the kinematics of the system. The implementation of these schemes is based on graph theory and is presented through an example by the end of the paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200048
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    Design of multi-component structural systems for optimal layout topology and joint locations (1997)
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    Engineering with computers 13 (1997), S. 235-243 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Structural connections ; Structural optimization ; Topology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Present day topology optimization techniques for continuum structures consider the design of single structural components, while most real life engineering design problems involve multiple components or structures. It is therefore necessary to have a methodology that can address the design of multi-component systems and generate designs for the optimal layouts of individual structures and locations for interconnections. The interconnections include supports provided by the ground, joints and rigid connections like rivets, bolts and welds between components. While topology optimization of structures has been extensively researched, relatively little work has been done on optimizing the locations of the interconnections. In this research, a method to model and define domains for the interconnections has been developed. The optimization process redistributes material in the component design domains and locates the connections optimally based on an energy criterion. Some practical design examples are used to illustrate the capability of this method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200050
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    Self-intersections of offsets of quadratic surfaces: Part II, implicit surfaces (1998)
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    Engineering with computers 14 (1998), S. 14-22 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: NC machining ; Offset surfaces ; Self-intersections ; Trimmed offset
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The paper investigates self-intersections of offsets of implicit quadratic surfaces. The quadratic surfaces are the simplest curved objects, referred to as quadrics, and are widely used in mechanical design. In an earlier paper, we have investigated the self-intersections of offsets of explicit quadratic surfaces, such as elliptic paraboloid, hyperbolic paraboloid and parabolic cylinder, since not only are they used in mechanical design, but also any regular surface can be locally approximated by such explicit quadratic surfaces. In this paper, we investigate the rest of the quadrics whose offsets may degenerate, i.e. the implicit quadratic-surfaces (ellipsoid, hyperboloid, elliptic cone, elliptic cylinder and hyperbolic cylinder). We found that self-intersection curves of offsets of all the implicit quadratic surfaces are planar implicit conics and their corresponding curve on the progenitor surface can be expressed as the intersection curve between an ellipsoid, whose semi-axes are proportional to the offset distance, and the implicit quadratic surfaces themselves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198971
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    Analysis and verification of the boundary surfaces of solid objects (1998)
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    Engineering with computers 14 (1998), S. 36-47 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Discretised surfaces ; Intersections ; Mesh generation ; Solid objects ; Topology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Triangulation of complex three-dimensional objects is a time-consuming process, and the boundary surfaces of the object have to be checked very carefully to ensure no crror is made. With the increased use of computer graphics in the generation of complicated object shapes, such as aircraft, space vessels, machine parts, physical models, etc., visual inspection alone is not good enough to affirm the validity of the object, and a thorough verification of the output from a CAD system is necessary to ensure that the object is well defined and complies with the input requirements of the mesh generator. This paper describes such a data verification procedure for general curved surfaces and objects defined by the boundary surface modelling technique. The quality of individual elements, the overall topological structures, and geometrical correctness in terms of intersections, close touches and sharp angles will all be studied and verified. Several engineering objects are analysed to illustrate the practical applications of the procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198973
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    Distributed finite element computations using object-oriented techniques (1998)
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    Engineering with computers 14 (1998), S. 59-72 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Distributed computing ; Finite element analysis ; Object-oriented analysis/design ; Parallel processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An object-oriented parallel finite element framework has been developed to facilitate rapid prototyping of a wide variety of parallel finite element computations. Parallel computing and object-oriented technologies are integrated to achieve efficiency in both computation and software development. The paper presents various reusable and extensible components that constitute the parallel finite element architecture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198975
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    Seed specification for displaying a streamline in an irregular volume (1998)
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    Engineering with computers 14 (1998), S. 73-80 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Critical point ; Data interpolation ; Finite element method ; Irregular volume ; Scientific visualisation ; Spatial point location ; Volume visualisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two techniques are presented for specifying seed points, which are the starting points for streamlines, in an irregular volume. One is an interactive seed specification technique, in which efficient data probing is achieved by traversing the adjacency graph of the volume. The other is an automatic seed specification technique. A seed point is placed near a critical point, where the velocity vector is zero. Efficient algorithms are given for finding and classifying the critical point by using a tetrahedral cell. A successful application of these techniques to a problem in a clean room is also described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198976
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    High-level operations dedicated to the integration of mechanical analysis within a design process (1998)
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    Engineering with computers 14 (1998), S. 81-92 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Mechanical analysis ; Design process ; Geometric modelling ; Multi-representations ; Integration ; Object-oriented approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Here we present the high-level operators of the Mechanical Analysis Module, which is a software architecture dedicated to a better integration of the structural analysis phase within an integrated Computer-Aided Design environment. This generic module is independent of the mechanical analysis method used, and takes place in a distributed software architecture of an integrated design environment. The paper shows that the mechanical operators defined are split among geometric and mechanical treatments in order to enforce this distributed architecture. Thus, the interface between the geometric treatments and the mechanical analysis environment shows the adequacy of the boolean operators when used with mechanical analysis treatments. However, this is demonstrated for a restricted domain of the mechanical analysis, and open ended questions still exist as to when the geometry of the models is diversified. Also, requirements for new geometric treatments and extensions of the current geometric representation are listed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198977
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    Finite and boundary element modeling of crack propagation in two and three dimensions (1987)
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    Engineering with computers 2 (1987), S. 167-183 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Computer modeling of mixed-mode crack propagation has rarely been attempted. This is because of the difficulty in updating the geometrical description to represent the changing crack geometry. The development of two interactive, graphical fracture propagation systems is described here. The Finite Element Fracture Analysis Program—Graphical (FEFAP-G) is a two-dimensional fracture propagation system. The BEM3D is a three-dimensional boundary element fracture propagation system. In addition, the implementation of the BEM3D analysis program in a configuration formed by an FPS-264 processor attached to a VAX-11/750 used as host computer is described. The results show that a realistic three-dimensional boundary element analysis of crack propagation is not only feasible with the aid of attached processors, but it can have its total time reduced by factors of the order of hundreds when compared to VAX alone statistics. In an example problem concerning fatigue crack propagation in a stiffened wing skin, both FEFAP-G and the BEM3D are employed to illustrate the utility of the fracture propagation systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201264
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    PLASHTRAN: An expert consultant on two-dimensional finite element modeling techniques (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 2 (1987), S. 199-208 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An expert consultant and teaching aid has been developed to aid users of the MSC/NASTRAN (MacNeal-Schwendler Corp, Los Angeles, CA, USA) finite element code in the modeling process with two-dimensional elements. Written in LISP and LOOPS, an object-oriented programming language, the system, known as PLASHTRAN, allows engineers to work in a natural environment to obtain modeling recommendations. The program performs efficiently, especially when iterations in design require changes in the finite element model. The easily expandable modeling framework allows the knowledge base to incorporate new information.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276412
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    A knowledge-based standards processor for structural component design (1987)
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    Engineering with computers 2 (1987), S. 219-238 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a design strategy in which structural components are designed automatically by applying three types of knowledge: knowledge in a design standard; “textbook” knowledge of structural, material, and geometrical relationships; and knowledge representing designer-dependent design expertise. The design strategy selects from the designer-dependent knowledge source the behavior limitations—limit states of an object in a given stress state—to consider, translates the behavior limitations into a subset of corresponding standard requirements, generates a set of constraints from the requirements and the relations in the knowledge-base of “textbook” relationships, satisfies the constraints, and then checks the satisfaction of all remaining applicable requirements. By using this design strategy, it is possible to construct a knowledge-based design strategy that is standard independent, so that the same design process can be performed regardless of which design standard is explicitly represented. The design strategy described has been implemented in a prototype knowledge-based system, SPEX, which has a blackboard architecture similar to, but much simpler than, that of HEARSAY. The blackboard represents the level of abstraction through which a component design progresses. The knowledge-base in SPEX consists of several knowledge sources that perform portions of the component design task. Control of the design process knowledge sources in SPEX is rule-based.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276414
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    Computer-aided acoustic analysis of reciprocating compressor pipeline systems (1987)
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    Engineering with computers 3 (1987), S. 21-33 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an analytical method for acoustic forced pulsations of reciprocating compressor pipeline systems have a treelike structure that consists of an arbitrary number of branchings with optional elements—pipes, volumes, orifices, and so on. The plane wave acoustic model is used to describe the method, and the solution works by using an extended Schmidt-Kuhlmann-type approach. On the basis of a graph and matrix interpretation of the structure, a generalized algorithm is developed for determining the actual terms that describe the transfer properties of the system and to help calculate the acoustic pressure and velocity pulsations. The algorithm makes it possible to mechanize programming in the case of both natural frequency and forced pulsation calculations. The program package developed here for the personal computer can be directly applied in the design practice with success. It is also applicable to other linear systems with treelike structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198146
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    Damage: An expert system for structural assessment and failure identification following blast and shock loading events (1987)
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    Engineering with computers 3 (1987), S. 69-86 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The development of an expert system for the postevent assessment of reinforced concrete structures subjected to severe loading environments, such as those that correspond to blast and shock effects, is presented and discussed. Initially, the observed behavioral aspects of the structures are presented, then a background discussion of the requirements from an expert system is given, and finally, the specific details for the present approach are examined. Examples of rules and of a typical run are presented, and the results are compared to information obtained from previous studies on the same structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206304
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    Reasoning about nature of contact for planning manipulators tasks (1987)
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    Engineering with computers 3 (1987), S. 87-99 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Extracting information about contact between two convex bodies from the measured force vector is a prerequisite for any fine compliant motion control strategy. Contact information contains the direction and orientation of the contact surface normal and its relative location and orientation with respect to the compliant reference frame system. A method for interpreting the contact force feedback during compliant robot motion control, using kinematic screws, is presented. Domain specific rules combined with partial a priori knowledge of mating parts geometry and interpreted force signals are used to reason and make inferences about the initial contact configuration. The likely contact surfaces are predicted and point(s) or line(s) of contact are fully defined. These surfaces are idealized and represented by quadratic equations or polyhedral surfaces. The geometric properties of surfaces at the contact location are used to select the contact configuration when multiple solutions exist. An algorithm for predicting the Expected Contact Configuration (ECC) has been developed and is illustrated here with examples. Experimental validation of the developed expert system prototype, using a 6R manipulator, a six-axis force sensor, and a host computer is described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206305
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    Computer environments for the design of mechanical assemblies: A research review (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 121-136 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the most relevant literature dealing with the development of computer environments for the conceptual design of mechanical systems and assemblies. Selected literature is reviewed and discussed in relation to meeting the following requirements of such an environment: (1) representing and supporting top-down design, (2) representing and supporting multiple functional viewpoints, (3) representing functional knowledge, (4) representing spatial relationships and geometry, (5) maintaining consistency, and (6) providing analysis and other support. An appendix listing related readings is included.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349624
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    Development of an expert system for preliminary risk assessment of existing concrete dams (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 137-148 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents an expert system to assist in the field inspection of existing concrete dams within the context of a preliminary risk assessment. The paper describes the engineering knowledge and reasoning required to conduct a deterministic field evaluation of the structural stability of the dam. The symptoms and failure modes identified by the expert system along with the required knowledge and procedures are organized in a structured knowledge tree. The instantiation of the frames and firing of the rules for each consultation traces part of the inference tree contained in the structured knowledge tree. Interaction between nearly decomposable problems are executed with metaknowledge procedures, shared rule groups, and active values. Examples are provided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349625
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    Computer graphics aided geometric modeling and mesh generation schemes for preprocessing and finite element analysis (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 157-165 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes automated generation and editing schemes together with the development of computer-aided geometric models for general applications. For the construction of general finite element models of complex shapes, conventional approaches typical of wireframe, surface, or solid modeling cannot be effectively utilized for generating continuum solid models as well as discrete models simultaneously. In view of these facts, features to generate and model two-dimensional as well as threedimensional continuum and discrete models by isoparametric mapping/solid geometrical modeling techniques via a common interactive processor are described. The proposed scheme is demonstrated for modeling structural, thermal, or flow networks that are commonly encountered in engineering applications. In a research environment, the techniques addressed in this paper should prove to be very useful in providing flexibility and thereby significantly reducing the work load of frequent CAD users.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349627
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    An intelligent modeling environment for a large engineering analysis code: Design issues and development experience (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 167-179 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes basic research issues and our experience in the development of an intelligent modeling environment for use with a large engineering analysis code. The intelligent environment, the Athena Aide, is a working prototype system that assists analysts in the preparation of models for the ATHENA thermal-hydraulics code. The paper includes the background and basis for our research and descriptions of the analysis code and the intelligent environment, and discusses research topics addressed during the development including design goals, general and specific design issues, information management and representation issues, and user acceptance issues related to the model construction task. Our research has shown that data management is a fundamental consideration during the model construction task and an intelligent environment is a valuable assistant to the analyst in that regard. Providing modeling advice commensurate with the general nature of the analysis code was found to be extremely difficult. For modeling tasks where specific heuristic knowledge has accumulated, useful modeling advice can be provided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349628
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    Providing data base management for the CAD environment: The AREDAS approach (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 207-223 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the integration of data base management systems (DBMSs) into the CAD environment. The motivation for this interest is discussed and several problems are identified that have to be solved in order to yield a genuine coupling of DBMSs and CAD systems. A solution to these problems is proposed in the form of a new architecture for a CAD-DBMS. Based on this, a preliminary implementation is outlined that follows a rapid prototype approach, and in wh ich an access as well as a transaction manager were realized for a software-based fileserver/workstation topology. Some directions for future work are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202142
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    An evaluation of programming languages and language features for engineering software development (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 183-199 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article addresses the need for engineers to have a working knowledge of the fundamental structures of computer programming languages. In pursuit of this, it briefly looks at the history behind four of the more well-known programming languages. It then attempts to identify, and to look critically at, the attributes of programming languages that significantly affect the production of engineering software. The four “traditional” procedural programming languages chosen for review are those intended for scientific and general purpose programmin—FORTRAN-77, C, Pascal, and Modula-2. These languages are compared and some general observations are made. The emphasis of this article is on the attributes, characteristics, and components of programming languages that are important to software development and maintenance. Consequently, the comparison itself is of secondary importance, with the actual methodology of comparison given prominence in order that professional engineers who need to develop engineering software are able to make rational decisions about the choice of a programming language. Choosing an appropriate language can be a complex task and many factors must be considered. Therefore, in this article the fundamental structures, constructs, and attributes of programming languages are discussed, with very little attention given to the specific syntax of any particular language.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202140
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    Information technology development: A management perspective (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 3-10 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The opportunities of the information age present a real challenge to business management today. To meet this challenge, and to realize the true benefits of information technology, management must get involved and provide leadership in defining the business direction for an enterprise. It is through this involvement that the enterprise can apply technology to make the maximum impact on how business is conducted. Major information system development projects at General Dynamics Fort Worth will impact the way product definition data is managed and provide an example of how information technology can change the way we do business.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201467
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    Data base system considerations in engineering design (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 19-26 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A general structural design procedure, including general development and maintenance steps, is outlined from a data requirements perspective. Within each phase of the design process, certain data is required for the undertaking and completion of each design step. As the various steps in the design process such as component and prototype testing and in-service experience generate new or additional data, that information should be incorporated into the data banks for use in current and future designs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201469
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    The integrated analysis capability (IAC level 2.0) (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 53-63 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The integrated analysis capability (IAC) provides a computational environment that supports the unique needs of engineering analysis groups concerned with interdisciplinary problems. An essential part of IAS is the data management system, which is designed both to maximize computational efficiency and to support a full range of data query and manipulation. This paper described data management issues that we have found to be of critical importance in the IAC development. Because the computational environment of a system such as IAC has a strong influence on the software design trades and decisions, the paper also summarizes the overall system architecture and some of the developments relative to technical modules and data flow requirements. The information presented here is intended to aid potential users in evaluating and selecting an integrated capability, as well as software developers faced with the task of creating or expanding such a capability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201472
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    A study of solution algorithms for shape design sensitivity analysis on a supermini computer with an attached array processor (1987)
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    Engineering with computers 3 (1987), S. 111-119 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a study and comparison of shape design sensitivity analysis algorithms that are based on the continuum adjoint variable method, the continuum direct differentiation method, and the finite difference method, implemented on a supermini computer with an attached array processor. The basic algorithms and their differences in evaluating shape design sensitivity coefficients are outlined. A solution method for solving a system of equations, using a general sparse storage technique, is used for numerical implementation of shape design sensitivity analysis. It is found that computing shape design sensitivity coefficients using the direct differentiation method is significantly more efficient than using the adjoint variable method or the finite difference method. A detailed performance evaluation of the methods, using an attached array processor, is presented. The performance of the attached array processor, compared to a supermini computer is shown to depend strongly on the type of computations to be carried out. When only parts of a program are running on an attached array processor, the CPU time distribution among the different subroutines of the program can change significantly, compared to using the host processor only.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206307
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    Strain measurement of structures with curved surface by means of personal computer-based picture processing (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 149-156 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An optical strain measurement system was developed that includes computer processing of stereoscopic picture data of marks painted on the specimen. This system allows us to measure large strains in specimens with curved surfaces as well as plane surfaces even at elevated temperatures. The results of a verification test performed on a bellows specimen at room temperature have shown that the strain error of this measurement system is allowable considering the limitation of the apparatus.
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    Announcement (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 181-181 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349629
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    The introduction of constraints into a graphics system (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 201-205 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Often a computer-aided design system acts merely as a storehouse for a collection of graphical entities. It has no knowledge of how these interrelate or what the purpose is of the design that they represent. The work described is an initial attempt to enable the user of a system interactively to provide information of this type. This is done in terms of constraints upon the geometric entities that are defined, along with these entities themselves, in a user interface language.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202141
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    Parallel processsing in finite flement structural analysis (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 3 (1988), S. 225-241 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A brief review is made of the fundamental concepts and basic issues of parallel processing. Discussion focuses on mechanisms for parallel processing, construction and implementation of parallel numerical algorithms, performance evaluation of parallel processing machines and numerical algorithms, and parallelism in finite element computations. A novel partitioning strategy is outlined for maximizing the degree of parallelism on computers with a small number of powerful processors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202143
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    Preface (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 1-1 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201466
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    Coping with legacy factors (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 11-17 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Implementers of engineering data base management systems inherit a legacy of existing software and data that must be integrated into the new system with minimum disruption of ongoing activities. Some critical issues addressed here include changes in software engineering practices, impact on user training and procedures, and problems connected with traditional or parochial interests. The material covered describes some experiences in coping with these “legacy factors” during the recent McDonnell Aircraft Company (MCAIR) integrated data base implementation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201468
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    Integrated design support system (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 27-37 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The integrated design support system (IDS) is a concept for capturing the “critical” technical engineering information necessary to perform the functions of maintenance, modification, repair, and reprocurement of Air Force weapon systems. The program will first construct an architecture to define the required information. Next, IDS will construct prototype software to acquire, store, distribute, and perform configuration management on the data. The program will conclude with software simulation of the full-scale IDS system operating in a production environment to determine performance characteristics together with development and operatonal costs for the system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201470
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    An aide for instruction on integrated engineering design and support (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 39-52 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Effective management of engineering information is critically needed for the design of future complex engineering systems. Yet engineers are not trained in engineering data base management concepts. To help address this issue, a prototype integrated design system has been developed for the Air Force to aide research and instruction on key integration concepts, including (1) the use of a shared data base to eliminate redundancies and inconsistencies; (2) the use of a relational data base management system to store, locate, and retrieve data from the shared data base; (3) the development of interfacing programs to act as interpreters between the application programs and the common data base; and (4) the role of executive software to manage the integrated system. Key software used includes a computer-aided design system, a structural analysis program, various graphics packages, and a relational data base management system. To assess system flexibility, additional programs were added to the system. The design of the data base proved to be an important step in this implementation. Several methodologies useful in the design of the data base were investigated and subsequently used to organize the data base for the integrated design system. Results discussed include system development, and applications, as well as the effectiveness of the integrated system's configuration.
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    Sources and standards for computerized materials property data and intelligent knowledge systems (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 75-85 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The explosion of interest in computerized material property data bases and intelligent knowledge systems for flexible manufacturing processes has resulted in two significant developments in the last couple of years: the incorporation of the National Materials Property Data Network, Inc. (MPD Network), and the formation of ASTM Committee E-49 on Computerization of Material Property Data. The MPD Network has the mission of providing engineers and scientists with easy on-line access to worldwide sources of reliable, well-documented material property data. The status of its pilot network and plans for the future are outlined herein. ASTM Committee E-49 has the mission of developing and providing guidelines and standards to aid the builders, maintainers, and suppliers of data bases in meeting the needs of industry and in establishing compatible and consistent sources capable of sharing data. Also reported in this paper is the early progress of the Technical Committee of the MPD Network in establishing guidelines for the evaluation of data, recognizing that there are a number of aspects of data source building and management requiring audit as well as the data itself. It is important that sources of material performance data are well characterized, and that the nature and reliability of the information is conveyed to the user. The further development of guidelines and standard practices in this area will also be dealt with by ASTM Committee E-49. A brief overview of other major material property data base building activities in the United States is also provided.
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    Analyzing technological change: An engineering data base for input-output models of the economy (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 99-105 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the content and logical structure of an engineering data base, to be constructed from direct technical information, for use with input-output (IO) models of the national economy. These models, which until now have relied almost exclusively on accounting information describing past economic transactions, can now be extended to analyze the future prospects for the U.S. economy and its individual sectors in terms of detailed technical decisions taken at the sites of production. The basic IO data base describes each sector's input in terms of its use of given amounts of goods and services produced in all sectors, per unit of its output. The new data base will distinguish the individual activities carried out within a sector, specify the important technical alternatives for each activity, and describe each alternative in terms of inputs of the required goods and services. The structure of the new data base accommodates the quantification of both production and “overhead” activities and their integration, and its implementation in stages is facilitated by the fact that it is a generalization of the structure of existing IO data bases.
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    Offsets of curves on rational B-spline surfaces (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 39-46 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The construction of offset curves is an important problem encountered often in design processes and in interrogation of geometric models. In this paper the problem of construction of offsets of curves lying on the same parametric surface is addressed. A novel algorithm is introduced, whose main feature is the use of geodesic paths to determine points of the offset. The offset is then approximated in the underlying surface parameter space by B-splines interpolating data points obtained by traveling a known distance along the geodesics departing from corresponding points of the progenitor in a direction perpendicular to the latter. A comprehensive error checking scheme has been devised allowing adaptive improvement of the approximation of the offset. The applicability of the algorithm is demonstrated by number of numerical examples.
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    Factors that affect planning in a knowledge-based system for mechanical engineering design optimization with application to the design of mechanical power transmissions (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 47-62 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Intelligent computer-aided design (CAD) emulates the human activity of design so that production planning, decision making, and inventive design can be performed by computers. Based on the history of human experience in engineering design, a formalized and systematic approach to design should include procedures from (1) conceptual design, (2) layout design, and (3) numerical optimization. The highest level within such a system should be responsible for specifying and symbolically optimizing skeleton structures of generic (nonspecific) elements within the design process that are eventually to be specified uniquely (pinned down) and ultimately optimized numerically. Planning plays a key role in such a system. Planning has been utilized as a tool for process organization within the knowledge domains of chemical engineering, electrical engineering, manufacturing, as well as for general problem formulation and solution. State estimation, subtask scheduling, and constraint propagation have been found to be factors of prime importance in this type of problem. Problems associated with the implementation of a planning strategy within a knowledge-based system for mechanical engineering design optimization are discussed. A hypothesis for planning is put forth and examined within the context of a model of the mechanical design optimization process. An example that demonstrates the applicability of this approach to mechanical power transmission design is considered.
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    A LISP-based object-oriented approach to structural analysis (1988)
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    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 197-203 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An approach to structural analysis is presented in which object-oriented data structures make it possible to arrange computational tasks in a unique fashion. A general matrix-free solution algorithm for use with arbitrary assemblages of linearly connected objects is presented, followed by an overview of a prototype structural analysis program built entirely on such an object-oriented data structure. The principal result is due to the flexibility inherent in this type of data structure, which makes it possible to analyze structural models incrementally as they are developed. Although certainly useful in traditional contexts, the parallel nature of the scheme could be particularly powerful in a multiprocessor environment.
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    Object-oriented knowledge frameworks (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 79-89 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces a strategy for the construction of object-oriented knowledge frameworks. Global control programs, which are traditionally used for manipulating structured representations, have been replaced by domain-specific resources. This new approach offers increased efficiency and simplified development of knowledge-based expert systems for problem domains that deal with a variety of complex structured information. A theoretical foundation is laid for the representation of knowledge, starting with the adoption of a simple schema for structuring stereotypical information. Data and method abstraction is achieved by installing knowledge frames into part of an object-oriented class system that supports procedural attachment and object communication. This allows frame specialization using domain-specific resources and subsequent construction of modular systems with these specialist frames. Editors are introduced for the alteration of data primitives used in declarative representation. Algorithms, which operate on these data primitives, are given for frame instantiation, data access, and user-directed inference. Examples from structural engineering are used throughout the paper to illustrate the practical application of object-oriented knowledge frameworks.
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    User interfaces for structural engineering relational data base (1988)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 4 (1988), S. 239-249 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The needs of engineers in their interaction with engineering data bases are very different from those of their counter-parts in the business world. Business data base management system interfaces typically provide only a single mode of textual communication, usually a structured query language. However, in an idealengineering data base interface, an engineer would be able to define constraints, give examples, point at parts of pictures, and (sometimes) use several modes of communication simultaneously. The paper presents an example from an engineering design application to show how a traditional query language can be enhanced to accommodate the engineering needs. The paper further describes a conceptual approach for multimodal engineering data base interface combining multipurpose graphics, an engineering query language, and other interface methodologies in an engineering workstation environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01213985
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    Improved optimum structural design by passive control (1989)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 13-22 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of optimum structural design by passive control is stated in a nonlinear programming form. A solution procedure, based on a successive selection of design and control variables, is presented. Neglecting the implicit analysis equations, the solution becomes independent of the control variables and a lower bound (LB) on the optimum can easily be obtained. The control variables are then selected to satisfy all constraints. If this cannot be achieved, the LB constraints are modified and the control variables are chosen for the revised optimal design. These two steps are repeated until the final optimum is reached. Employing the proposed procedure on various structural systems subjected to static loads showed that the final optimum has been achieved after a very small number of iteration cycles. The numerical examples illustrate a solution with two types of control devices: a linear spring device and a limited displacement device. It has been found that the final optimum is often identical or close to the initial LB solution. Savings of 14 to 63 percent in weight, compared with conventional optima without control, have been demonstrated for some common structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201994
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    An expert system for field inspection of concrete dams: Part 1, engineering knowledge (1989)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 23-38 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper covers in more detail the material that was introduced in Ref. [1] and describes the final engineering reasoning and knowledge used for an expert system to assist during the field inspection of existing concrete dams. The knowledge base of this expert system was created by combining the traditional expert system approach with the reasoning procedures of qualitative physics. The traditional expert system approach was used to identify the shallow knowledge pertaining to the problem, and qualitative physics was used to identify the deep knowledge. The deep knowledge structured and organized the identification and representation of the shallow knowledge. The expert system uses shallow knowledge to combine a qualitative expert reasoning with a quantitative procedural evaluation of the stability of a dam. The present paper concentrates on the description of the engineering knowledge and Ref. [2] will concentrate on the artificial intelligence issues associated with the knowledge acquisition and representation associated with this expert system. The validation process compared results obtained by the expert system with those obtained by independent field inspection experts. Some of the results are presented here.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201995
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    An expert system for setting time steps in dynamic finite element programs (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 205-219 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An expert system, ETUDES—Expert Time integration control Using Deep and Surface Knowledge System, which addresses the determination of the timestep for time integration of linear structural dynamic equations is described. This time-step may also be applicable for a moderately nonlinear simulation of the same structure. The program also determines whether an explicit or implicit method is most efficient for the particular simulation. A production rule programming system written in OPS5 is used for the implementation of this prototype expert system. Issues relating to the expert system architecture for this application, such as knowledge representation and structure, as well as domain knowledge are discussed. The prototype is evaluated by measuring it's performance in various benchmark model problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274213
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    h andh-p version error estimation and adaptive procedures from theory to practice (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 221-234 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we introduce techniques that allow us to define a posteriori error estimators via well-known recovery techniques. These allow us to construct a posteriori error estimators for relatively general problems. Further, we introduce new adaptive procedures that make use of these estimators and, in particular, describe anh-p procedure that is simple to implement and that, as numerical experiments have shown, attains an accelerated rate of convergence expected from theh-p version.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274214
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    Announcement (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 259-259 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274217
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  • 75
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    AnO(N) algorithm to automatically generate geometric triangulations satisfying the Delaunay circumsphere criteria (1989)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 177-193 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an algorithm for the generation of Delaunay triangulations for general nonmanifold geometric models. Octree concepts are used for point placement and providing the linear, with respect to the number of elements, growth rate of the algorithm. Compatibility and classification procedures are used in conjunction with point injection procedures to ensure that the final Delaunay triangulation is a geometric triangulation of the domain of interest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274211
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    Automatic mesh generation for complex three-dimensional regions using a constrained Delaunay triangulation (1989)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 161-175 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a method for generating tetrahedral meshes. The algorithm, based on the Delaunay triangulation, can treat objects of essentially arbitrary complexity. In order to preserve the surface triangulation of solid objects, it is necessary to override the Delaunay property and redefine the triangulation when points are introduced that are close to solid boundaries. Details of this constrained Delaunay algorithm are presented and an efficient implementation of the triangulation method is described. Techniques for controlling the distribution of mesh points and tetrahedron quality are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274210
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    Knowledge-based control for finite element analysis (1989)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 195-204 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows that control logic may be separated from analysis software and that a knowledge-based expert system can use this logic to perform interactive computation. Heuristics that control a simple interactive finite element analysis program are represented using a rule-based format and are used by a goal-driven logic processor to invoke analysis activity. Traditional algorithm-oriented control and the proposed knowledge-based control are compared in a simple displacement computation scenario to identify the advantages/disadvantages of the two approaches. General activities and constraints, practical methods of reasoning and representation, and knowledge-based expert systems are discussed with emphasis on applications to interactive finite element analysis. An analysis control expert system has been developed for use in the numerical analysis of two-dimensional linear problems in solid and structural mechanics. An example problem is used to clarify the methods used to direct activity and to identify the problems associated with conditional task processing for interactive analysis. The main difference between the analysis program described in this paper and conventional analysis programs is related to the control architecture. The general conclusion of this paper is that knowledge-based control is more effective and flexible than algorithm-oriented control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274212
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    Adaptive multiple-levelh-refinement in automated finite element analyses (1989)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 235-247 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses an automatic, adaptive finite element modeling system consisting of mesh generation, finite element analysis, and error estimation. The individual components interact with one another and efficiently reduce the finite element error to within an acceptable value and perform only a minimum number of finite element analyses. One of the necessary components in the automated system is a multiple-level local remeshing algorithm. Givenh-refinement information provided by an a posteriori error estimator, and adjacency information available in the mesh data structures, the local remeshing algorithm grades the refinement toward areas requesting refinement. It is shown that the optimal asymptotic convergence rate is achieved, demonstrating the effectiveness of the intelligent multiple-level localh-refinement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274215
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    Symbolic analysis of linear polyhedra (1990)
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    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 17-29 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper concerns several analytical problems related to linear polyhedra in euclidean three-dimensional-space. Symbolic formulas for line, surface, and volume integration are given, and it is shown that domain integrals are computable in polynomial time. In particular, it is shown that mass, first and second moments, and products of inertia are computable inO(E) time, whereE is the number of edges of the boundary. Simple symbolic expressions for the normal derivatives of domain integrals are also derived. In particular, it is shown that they are closely linked to the topology of the integration domain, as well as that they are expressible as combinations of domain integrals over lower-order domains (faces, edges, and vertices). The symbolic results presented in this paper may lead to an easy incorporation of integral constraints, for example, concerning mass and inertia, in the engineering designing process of solid objects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200201
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    Management of complex structural engineering objects in a relational framework (1990)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 81-92 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract To structure the development of an integrated building design environment, the global representation of the design data may best be organized in terms of hierarchies of objects. In structural engineering design we deal with large sets of independent but interrelated objects. These objects are specified by data. For an engineering design data base the system must be able to model the objects composing the design as well as to manage effectively the design data. The data base management system therefore needs to have some knowledge of the intended use of the data, and must provide an abstraction mechanism to represent and manipulate objects. Much recent research in engineering data bases focuses on object management for specific tasks but gives little attention to the shareability of the underlying information. This paper describes an architecture for the management of complex engineering objects in a sharable, relational framework. Potential application of this approach to object management for structural engineering analysis and design is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200240
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    Toward a unified representation of mechanical assemblies (1990)
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    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 103-112 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Current solid modeling systems are suitable for modeling individual mechanical parts but they do not capture therelationships and/ordependencies among the geometric features of parts in an assembly. Research in the area of “part and assembly modeling” focuses on capturing this missing information. This paper surveys feature-based models for mechanical assemblies and methods for deriving the actual part positions from the part relationships. We have attempted to extract from the literature the essential requirements for a unified feature-based assembly model. Three levels of representation are envisaged—representation of part positions in terms of their spatial coordinates, representation of geometric (feature) relations between individual parts, and representation of the assembly hierarchy. The actual relative positions can be derived from the hierarchical assembly model. Possible areas of application are tolerance analysis and synthesis, automatic generation of assembly sequences, and kinematic analysis and synthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200242
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    Representation of assemblies for automatic tolerance chain generation (1990)
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    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 121-126 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A scheme of representing assemblies and an algorithm for the tolerance chain generation are developed so that tolerance chains of assemblies can be generated automatically to accommodate tolerance analysis at the assembly level. In the hierarchical data structure representing an assembly the connectivity information is carried by the instances of components and subassemblies, and the mating relations between each pair of mating entities are described by mating links, mating paths, mating conditions, and mating features. Mating graphs are derived from the mating links before they are searched for the generation of tolerance chains. The scheme has been implemented in a prototype interactive package that allows the user to model assemblies directly without detailed object modeling. Several examples of various complexity have been tested with success.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200244
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    Distributed concurrent engineering computation on a network of microcomputers (1990)
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    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 145-152 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A programming method that facilitates interworkstation communications on a local area network (LAN) of microcomputers has been developed. Communications are managed using a set of common access status and data files, which are writen to and read from the file server hard disk. Use of this programming method permits the work load associated with large computational problems to be distributed to various workstations connected to a LAN for concurrent processing, and has resulted in substantial solution time savings in problems that have been run. Test problems have been programmed in IBM Compiled BASIC [1] and are continuing with further programs in BASIC and IBM Professional FORTRAN [2]. Applications to actual computational engineering problems are presently being investigated and are briefly discussed. This paper describes the basic principles underlying the distributed processing technique that was developed and presents several example problems that were run to test the technique and develop benchmark results for a particular LAN configuration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200312
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    An intelligent specifications extraction interface for structural design (1990)
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    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 153-165 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Many descriptions of the design process do not include the specifications as part of the process, but rather as an input to the design. Once the specifications are considered to be the input, the assumption is made that they are in a form that is suitable for the design process to proceed. The need for a design always starts with ill-defined objectives. The process by which this information is transformed into well-defined design objectives is called the design specification extraction process. An attempt to expose the underlying structure of the first step in the design process—the design specifications—is presented in this paper. The extraction of specifications is divided into four major tasks—diagnosis or information gathering, interpretation and assessment, classification and decomposition, and information patching. The conceptual framework for the design specification extraction and synthesis is implemented in the expert system program SEISD (specification extraction interface for structural design) developed in the LISP programming language. A few examples are presented to demonstrate the implementation strategies. These examples are drawn from the specific problem of a beam design.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200313
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    A formal approach to automating conceptual structural design, part II: Application to floor framing generation (1991)
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    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 91-107 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The function of the structural system in a building is to transfer gravity as well as lateral loads from their points of origin to the ground. Floor framing generation involves providing a path to transfer the gravity loads to the ground through various structural elements in an architectural plan while meeting the requirements imposed by other entities, such as the architect, the mechanical engineer, and the contractor, involved in the design/construct process. In this paper a formal approach for generating floor framing plans for steel office buildings is presented. We describe the knowledge and the reasoning behind a computer system, FFG (floor framing generator), which generates floor framing schemes for steel office buildings that are rectangular in plan and have a single service core. Constraints arising from structural as well as exogenous considerations are enumerated and their effect on framing schemes is identified. We also elaborate on the evaluation mechanism for ranking alternative schemes, in addition to providing details of the computer implementation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01195563
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    Announcement (1991)
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    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 129-129 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01195566
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    Design of an optimal damper to minimize the vibration of machine tool structures subject to random excitation (1991)
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    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 199-208 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The vibration of machine tools during machining adversely affects machining accuracy and tool life, and therefore must be minimized. The cutting forces for stable turning are generally known to be random, and hence excite all the resonance modes. Of all these modes, those that generate relative motions between a cutting tool and a workpiece are of concern. This paper presents a new approach for designing an optimal damper to minimize the relative vibration between the cutting tool and workpiece during stable machining. An approximate normal mode method is employed to calculate the response of a machine tool system with nonproportional damping subject to random excitation. The major advantage of this method is that it reduces the amount of computation greatly for higher-order systems when responses have to be calculated repeatedly in the process of optimization. An optimal design procedure is presented based on a representative lumped parameter model that can be constructed by using existing experimental or analytical techniques. The two-step optimization procedure based on the modified pattern search and univariate search effectively leads the numerical solution to the global minimun irrespectively of initial values even under the existence of many local minima.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206362
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    Toward the integration of knowledge for engineering modeling and computation (1991)
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    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 209-224 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent developments in computer science, especially in the area of artificial intelligence (AI), have made possible the representation of knowledge in symbolic terms. This, in turn, has made it possible to represent and integrate a broader range of engineering knowledge so as to provide new kinds of computer support for both analysis and design. This paper presents a typology of engineering knowledge to provide a conceptual basis for its computational integration. A review of the roles of numerical, geometric, and symbolic representations is also given within the context of the knowledge typology. Illustrations are provided from the domain of structural engineering.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206363
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    Localization of rational B-spline surfaces (1991)
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    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 237-252 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Localization of curved surfaces is an important problem in the manufacturing and inspection of mechanical elements and in the simulation of manufacturing processes. The objective of this paper is to provide an efficient method for accurate localization of a single free-form surface of the rational B-spline form. Our approach is based on the following components—first, representation of position tolerances in terms of a ball offset tolerance region around the ideal rational spline surface; to facilitate interrogation and data exchange, this is followed by approximation of the bounding surfaces of the tolerance region with rational B-splines; next, optimal positioning of the target surface with respect to the ideal surface by minimizing a distance-based norm; finally, verification of compliance with position tolerance constraints. Examples illustrate our technique.
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    Supporting engineering applications by new data base processing concepts—An experience report (1992)
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    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 31-49 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Data base management systems for nonstandard applications (nonstandard data base systems, NDBS), in particular for engineering applications, nowadays constitute one of the most important challenges in the area of data base research. Some major obstacles are concerned with problems of modeling and processing complex engineering objects. Some new system architectures have been proposed, and appropriate concepts for handling the new types of application objects have been developed over the past few years. Based on PRIMA, an NDBS-kernel prototype implementation, we motivate a workstation-oriented architecture for NDBS application systems. We explain a prototypical application system in the environment of VLSI-chip design, which serves as a practical examples in handling complex objects. Analyzing the weaknesses of this initial approach, we derive general concepts for application linkage, discussing, in particular, key issues for an efficient object processing and language binding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206335
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    Feature-based modeling for automatic mesh generation (1992)
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    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Automatic meshing algorithms for finite element analysis are based on a computer understanding of the geometry of the part to be discretized. Current mesh generators understand the part as either a boundary representation, an octree, or a point set. A higher-level understanding of the part can be achieved by associating engineering significance and engineering data, such as loading and boundary conditions, with generic shapes in the part. This technique, called feature-based modeling, is a popular approach to integrating computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing through the use of machinable shapes in the CAD model. It would seem that feature-based design also could aid in the finite element mesh generation process by making engineering information explicit in the model. This paper describes an approach to feature-based mesh generation. The feature representation of a fully functioning feature-based system that does automatic process planning and inspection was extended to include finite element mesh generation. This approach is based on a single feature representation that can be used for design, finite element analysis, process planning, and inspection of prismatic parts. The paper describes several advantages that features provide to the meshing process, such as improved point sets and a convenient method of simplifying the geometry of the model. Also discussed are possible extensions to features to enhance the finite element meshing process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206333
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    Approaches to AI methodology in reinforced concrete structures: a case study (1992)
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    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 93-100 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A system developed earlier for reinforced concrete halls layout is studied and justified from different aspects. Also, updates of both capabilities and limitations, which were recently incorporated in the system, are emphasized. Some of the original aspects of the system were reviewed and modified, to overcome some of the drawbacks in the earlier presentation. The system's organization remains almost the same. Some suggestions for further improvements to the system are presented as well. Finally the function of the system is illustrated by a sample run of the system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200105
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    Construction of a hybrid sweep-CSG modeler—The sweep-CSG representation (1992)
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    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 101-119 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Applying sweep operations on 2-D closed contours is a well known method for modelling 3-D solid objects. This paper deals with the implementation of a solid modeler with sweep as the basic representational scheme. In the modeler, a solid is defined by sweeping a planar polygon along a linear or curved trajectory. A sculptured solid may also be defined by using a beta-spline curve for the sweep polygon and a cubic B-spline curve for the sweep trajectory. By incorporating Boolean operations, a hybrid sweep-CSG solid modeler is implemented. The current implementation allows translational, rotational, and twisted sweep operations on a planar polygon composited of lines and arcs. In addition, a solid primitive can also be created by sweeping a planar closed beta-spline curve along a cubic B-spline curve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200106
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  • 94
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    An automatic coarse and fine surface mesh generation scheme based on medial axis transform: Part i algorithms (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 121-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present an algorithm for the generation of coarse and fine finite element (FE) meshes on multiply connected surfaces, based on the medial axis transform (MAT). The MAT is employed to automatically decompose a complex shape into topologically simple subdomains, and to extract important shape characteristics and their length scales. Using this technique, we can create a coarse subdivision of a complex surface and select local element size to generate fine triangular meshes within those subregions in an automated manner. Therefore, this approach can lead to integration of fully automatic FE mesh generation functionality into FE preprocessing systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200364
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  • 95
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    The complementary roles of expert systems and database management systems in a design for manufacture environment (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 139-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Effective product design that satisfies functional requirements and can be manufactured easily requires vast amounts of knowledge on the part of the design engineer. This paper focuses on the complementary roles of expert systems and database management systems as they relate to the Intelligent Design System (IDS) in a Design for Manufacture (DFM) environment. Each technology complements the other in its strengths and abilities. The database management system provides during the design process. The expert system provides a reasoning mechanism for identifying manufacturing violations and generating meaningful recommendations. These components work cooperatively with a CAD interface to form a unified, intelligent design environment. An information flow analysis of the Intelligent Design System resulted in the development of three distinct classifications of information within the database: CAD data, a design catalog, and a knowledge base. The CAD data tables employ an, object oriented approach to store specific information about the physical contains cost, weight, and strength characteristics of the standard parts and fasteners used within the system. The knowledge base contains rules and heuristics concerning design and manufacturing methodologies. The placement of the expert system rules in the database represents an innovation. As a result, the expansion and updating of the materials, fasteners, standard parts, or manufacturing processes used by the Intelligent Design System is facilitated without increased due to the efficient management of the knowledge base by the database management system. This allows the designer to modify the knowledge and help the system to learn without the need for a knowledge engineer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200365
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  • 96
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    An axiomatic theory of engineering design information (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 197-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent research in design theory has sought to formalize the engineering design process without particular concern for the paradigm used to model design information. The authors propose that no correct formalization of the design process can be achieved without first formalizing the semantics of the information used in the process. To this end, the authors present a new formal theory of design information. The theory, called the hybrid model (HM), is an extended form of axiomatic set theory, and relies on it for consistency and logical rigor. The theory is stated as a collection of axioms, using a standard logic notation. Design entities are modeled by formal units calledobjects. Generalized functions and relations are used to formalize important ordering schemes and abstraction mechanisms relevant to design, including classification by structure and by function, aggregation, specialization, and generalization. The hybrid model is meant not only to aid in the study of the design process itself, but also to improve communications between designers, assist standardization of design specifications, and develop new, powerful software tools to aid the designer in his work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194322
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  • 97
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    A transaction management framework for collaborative engineering (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 213-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the various novel functionalities of a transaction management system for collaborative engineering applications. These features include grouped and shared transactions, dynamic database partitioning, communicative locking, dependency maintenance, update notification schemes, and version management of data configurations. It also establishes protocols for data consistency maintenance on the basis of application semantics and encapsulation of nonserializable data sharing in local databases rather than by the notion of global database consistency. Finally, it presents strategies for implementing these features using a commercial object oriented database management system (OODBMS) environment (ONTOS).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194323
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  • 98
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    Engineering materials information systems (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Materials properties information systems are poorly understood. Many databases of materials properties and designations have been produced but, except in the most modest of cases, they have been less successful than their creators had hoped Knowledge based systems (KBS) are subject to exactly the same problems as data based materials information systems and it is important to realize what these are before the special character of KBSs can be used to alleviate them. This paper surveys the unusual and difficult aspects of engineering materials information that must be handled by any organizing methodology, whether manual or computerized, data based or knowledge based, handling information which is stored or inferred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194325
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  • 99
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    A KBES for integrated engineering (1993)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 9 (1993), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Blackboard ; Expert systems ; Industrial structures ; Integrated engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The expert process of engineering involves application of knowledge fundamental to the engineering process at one end, and of compiled knowledge in the form of heuristics gained through many years of experience at the other. Developments in Artificial Intelligence have made the process of computer aided engineering richer by enabling the simulation of this human process of engineering, which until now has been difficult to capture. Knowledge Based Expert Systems (KBES) in engineering developed so far have addressed only narrow domains of the entire process of engineering. This paper discusses a KBES shell (IES) that integrates various AI technologies, which makes it possible to implement new problem-solving strategies required for efficient handling of the entire engineering process. Issues in the integrated process of engineering are discussed first, in order to evolve a specification for the shell. The blackboard architecture is shown to be the ideal backbone for such a shell. The details of inference techniques, the knowledge based backtracking mechanism and the DBMS used in the IES are presented. The application of the IES is demonstrated using the domain of integrated engineering of steel industrial structures as an example. This application encompasses the engineering activities of conceptual design, detailed design, documentation and construction planning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198249
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  • 100
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    Lasers in medicine introducing the new journal (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 3-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030730
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