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  • ddc:551.6  (8)
  • ddc:551.9  (6)
  • integrated flood risk management
  • Springer Netherlands  (8)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (4)
  • John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  (4)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Physical Society
  • 1
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    Do tree species affect decadal changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in Danish common garden experiments? (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: Temperate forest soils are often considered as an important sink for atmospheric carbon (C), thereby buffering anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, the effect of tree species composition on the magnitude of this sink is unclear. We resampled a tree species common garden experiment (six sites) a decade after initial sampling to evaluate whether forest floor (FF) and topsoil organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (Nt) stocks changed in dependence of tree species (Norway spruce—Picea abies L., European beech—Fagus sylvatica L., pedunculate oak—Quercus robur L., sycamore maple—Acer pseudoplatanus L., European ash—Fraxinus excelsior L. and small‐leaved lime—Tilia cordata L.). Two groups of species were identified in terms of Corg and Nt distribution: (1) Spruce with high Corg and Nt stocks in the FF developed as a mor humus layer which tended to have smaller Corg and Nt stocks and a wider Corg:Nt ratio in the mineral topsoil, and (2) the broadleaved species, of which ash and maple distinguished most clearly from spruce by very low Corg and Nt stocks in the FF developed as mull humus layer, had greater Corg and Nt stocks, and narrow Corg:Nt ratios in the mineral topsoil. Over 11 years, FF Corg and Nt stocks increased most under spruce, while small decreases in bulk mineral soil (esp. in 0–15 cm and 0–30 cm depth) Corg and Nt stocks dominated irrespective of species. Observed decadal changes were associated with site‐related and tree species‐mediated soil properties in a way that hinted towards short‐term accumulation and mineralisation dynamics of easily available organic substances. We found no indication for Corg stabilisation. However, results indicated increasing Nt stabilisation with increasing biomass of burrowing earthworms, which were highest under ash, lime and maple and lowest under spruce. Highlights We studied if tree species differences in topsoil Corg and Nt stocks substantiate after a decade. The study is unique in its repeated soil sampling in a multisite common garden experiment. Forest floors increased under spruce, but topsoil stocks decreased irrespective of species. Changes were of short‐term nature. Nitrogen was most stable under arbuscular mycorrhizal species.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaff (DFG)
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; ddc:631.41
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Increased petrogenic and biospheric organic carbon burial in sub‐Antarctic fjord sediments in response to recent glacier retreat (2021)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Fjords are recognized as hotspots of organic carbon (OC) burial in the coastal ocean. In fjords with glaciated catchments, glacier discharge carries large amounts of suspended matter. This sedimentary load includes OC from bedrock and terrigenous sources (modern vegetation, peat, soil deposits), which is either buried in the fjord or remineralized during export, acting as a potential source of CO2 to the atmosphere. In sub‐Antarctic South Georgia, fjord‐terminating glaciers have been retreating during the past decades, likely as a response to changing climate conditions. We determine sources of OC in surface sediments of Cumberland Bay, South Georgia, using lipid biomarkers and the bulk 14C isotopic composition, and quantify OC burial at present and for the time period of documented glacier retreat (between 1958 and 2017). Petrogenic OC is the dominant type of OC in proximity to the present‐day calving fronts (60.4 ± 1.4% to 73.8 ± 2.6%) and decreases to 14.0 ± 2.7% outside the fjord, indicating that petrogenic OC is effectively buried in the fjord. Beside of marine OC, terrigenous OC comprises 2.7 ± 0.5% to 7.9 ± 5.9% and is mostly derived from modern plants and Holocene peat and soil deposits that are eroded along the flanks of the fjord, rather than released by the retreating fjord glaciers. We estimate that the retreat of tidewater glaciers between 1958 and 2017 led to an increase in petrogenic carbon accumulation of 22% in Cumberland West Bay and 6.5% in Cumberland East Bay, suggesting that successive glacier retreat does not only release petrogenic OC into the fjord, but also increases the capacity of OC burial.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:552 ; ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    The ‘Flood Resilience Rose’: A management tool to promote transformation towards flood resilience (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-29
    Description: Coping with the growing impacts of flooding in EU countries, a paradigm shift in flood management can be observed, moving from safety‐based towards risk‐based approaches and holistic perspectives. Flood resilience is a common denominator of most of the approaches. In this article, we present the ‘Flood Resilience Rose’ (FRR), a management tool to promote harmonised action towards flood resilience in European regions and beyond. The FRR is a result of a two‐step process. First, based on scientific concepts as well as analysis of relevant policy documents, we identified three ‘levels of operation’. The first level refers to the EU Floods Directive and an extended multi‐layer safety approach, comprising the four different layers of protection, prevention, preparedness and recovery, and related measures to be taken. This level is not independent but depends both on the institutional (second level) and the wider (third level) context. Second, we used surveys, semi‐structured interviews and group discussions during workshops with experts from Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom to validate the definitions and the FRR's practical relevance. The presented FRR is thus the result of rigorous theoretical and practical consideration and provides a tool capable to strengthen flood risk management practice.
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Keywords: 551.48 ; flood defence measures ; governance and institutions ; integrated flood risk management ; resilience
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  • 4
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    Unpacking future climate extremes and their sectoral implications in western Nepal (2021)
    Springer Netherlands
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-12
    Description: Existing climate projections and impact assessments in Nepal only consider a limited number of generic climate indices such as means. Few studies have explored climate extremes and their sectoral implications. This study evaluates future scenarios of extreme climate indices from the list of the Expert Team on Sector-specific Climate Indices (ET-SCI) and their sectoral implications in the Karnali Basin in western Nepal. First, future projections of 26 climate indices relevant to six climate-sensitive sectors in Karnali are made for the near (2021–2045), mid (2046–2070), and far (2071–2095) future for low- and high-emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively) using bias-corrected ensembles of 19 regional climate models from the COordinated Regional Downscaling EXperiment for South Asia (CORDEX-SA). Second, a qualitative analysis based on expert interviews and a literature review on the impact of the projected climate extremes on the climate-sensitive sectors is undertaken. Both the temperature and precipitation patterns are projected to deviate significantly from the historical reference already from the near future with increased occurrences of extreme events. Winter in the highlands is expected to become warmer and dryer. The hot and wet tropical summer in the lowlands will become hotter with longer warm spells and fewer cold days. Low-intensity precipitation events will decline, but the magnitude and frequency of extreme precipitation events will increase. The compounding effects of the increase in extreme temperature and precipitation events will have largely negative implications for the six climate-sensitive sectors considered here.
    Description: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn (1040)
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; Climate extremes ; ET-SCI ; Climate change impacts ; ClimPACT2 ; Karnali ; Nepal
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Beyond one-way determinism: San Frediano’s miracle and climate change in Central and Northern Italy in late antiquity (2021)
    Springer Netherlands
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-12
    Description: Integrating palaeoclimatological proxies and historical records, which is necessary to achieve a more complete understanding of climate impacts on past societies, is a challenging task, often leading to unsatisfactory and even contradictory conclusions. This has until recently been the case for Italy, the heart of the Roman Empire, during the transition between Antiquity and the Middle Ages. In this paper, we present new high-resolution speleothem data from the Apuan Alps (Central Italy). The data document a period of very wet conditions in the sixth c. AD, probably related to synoptic atmospheric conditions similar to a negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. For this century, there also exist a significant number of historical records of extreme hydroclimatic events, previously discarded as anecdotal. We show that this varied evidence reflects the increased frequency of floods and extreme rainfall events in Central and Northern Italy at the time. Moreover, we also show that these unusual hydroclimatic conditions overlapped with the increased presence of “water miracles” in Italian hagiographical accounts and social imagination. The miracles, performed by local Church leaders, strengthened the already growing authority of holy bishops and monks in Italian society during the crucial centuries that followed the “Fall of the Roman Empire”. Thus, the combination of natural and historical data allows us to show the degree to which the impact of climate variability on historical societies is determined not by the nature of the climatic phenomena per se, but by the culture and the structure of the society that experienced it.
    Description: Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Lucca
    Description: European Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; Precipitation ; Roman Empire ; Miracles ; Social feedbacks ; Cultural change
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Measurements meet human observations: integrating distinctive ways of knowing in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan to assess local climate change (2021)
    Springer Netherlands
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    Publication Date: 2023-11-15
    Description: In mountain environments dimensions of climate change are unclear because of limited availability of meteorological stations. However, there is a necessity to assess the scope of local climate change, as the livelihood and food systems of subsistence-based communities are already getting impacted. To provide more clarity about local climate trends in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan, this study integrates measured climate data with community observations in the villages of Savnob and Roshorv. Taking a transdisciplinary approach, both knowledge systems were considered as equally pertinent and mutually informed the research process. Statistical trends of temperature and snow cover were retrieved using downscaled ERA5 temperature data and the snow cover product MOD10A1. Local knowledge was gathered through community workshops and structured interviews and analysed using a consensus index. Results showed, that local communities perceived increasing temperatures in autumn and winter and decreasing amounts of snow and rain. Instrumental data records indicated an increase in summer temperatures and a shortening of the snow season in Savnob. As both knowledge systems entail their own strengths and limitations, an integrative assessment can broaden the understanding of local climate trends by (i) reducing existing uncertainties, (ii) providing new information, and (iii) introducing unforeseen perspectives. The presented study represents a time-efficient and global applicable approach for assessing local dimensions of climate change in data-deficient regions.
    Description: Projekt DEAL
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; Climate change ; Pamir Mountains ; Local knowledge ; Perception ; Climate data ; Statistical downscaling
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    High‐resolution in situ stable isotope measurements reveal contrasting atmospheric vapour dynamics above different urban vegetation (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉We monitored stable water isotopes in liquid precipitation and atmospheric water vapour (δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉) using in situ cavity ring‐down spectroscopy (CRDS) over a 2 month period in an urban green space area in Berlin, Germany. Our aim was to better understand the origins of atmospheric moisture and its link to water partitioning under contrasting urban vegetation. δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 was monitored at multiple heights (0.15, 2 and 10 m) in grassland and forest plots. The isotopic composition of δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 above both land uses was highly dynamic and positively correlated with that of rainfall indicating the changing sources of atmospheric moisture. Further, the isotopic composition of δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 was similar across most heights of the 10 m profiles and between the two plots indicating high aerodynamic mixing. Only at the surface at ~0.15 m height above the grassland δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 showed significant differences, with more enrichment in heavy isotopes indicative of evaporative fractionation especially after rainfall events. Further, disequilibrium between δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 and precipitation composition was evident during and right after rainfall events with more positive values (i.e., values of vapour higher than precipitation) in summer and negative values in winter, which probably results from higher evapotranspiration and more convective precipitation events in summer. Our work showed that it is technically feasible to produce continuous, longer‐term data on δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 isotope composition in urban areas from in situ monitoring using CRDS, providing new insights into water cycling and partitioning across the critical zone of an urban green space in Central Europe. Such data have the potential to better constrain the isotopic interface between the atmosphere and the land surface and to thus, improve ecohydrological models that can resolve evapotranspiration fluxes.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In situ measurements of urban atmospheric water isotopes (δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉) at different heights produce reliable and stable high‐resolution data. Urban atmospheric vapour is influenced by varying drivers depending on the type of green space. δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 above grassland and tree stands was similar at 10 m height, but near‐surface δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 indicated higher evaporation and vapour enrichment over grass. We detected occasional dis‐equilibrium between vapour and precipitation isotopes.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="hyp14989-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:08856087:media:hyp14989:hyp14989-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Einstein Stiftung Berlin http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006188
    Description: Leverhulme Trust http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000275
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Einstein Research Unit
    Description: Einstein Foundation Berlin and Berlin University Alliance
    Description: BiNatur
    Description: BMBF http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Leverhulme Trust through the ISO‐LAND project
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; atmospheric vapour isotopes ; cities ; ecohydrology ; equilibrium assumption ; in situ monitoring ; urban green spaces
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Oxygen Consumption of Resuspended Sediments of the Upper Elbe Estuary: Process Identification and Prognosis (2021)
    Springer Netherlands
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-25
    Description: The resuspension of sediment leads to an increased release of nutrients and organic substances into the overlying water column, which can have a negative effect on the oxygen budget. Especially in the warmer months with a lower oxygen saturation and higher biological activity, the oxygen content can reach critical thresholds in estuaries like the upper Elbe estuary. Many studies have dealt with the nutrient fluxes that occur during a resuspension event. However, the sediment properties that influence the oxygen consumption potential (OCP) and the different biochemical processes have not been examined in detail. To fill this gap, we investigated the biogeochemical composition, texture, and OCP of sediments at 21 locations as well as the temporal variability within one location for a period of 2 years (monthly sampling) in the upper Elbe estuary. The OCP of sediments during a seven-day resuspension event can be described by the processes of sulphate formation, nitrification, and mineralisation. Chlorophyll, total nitrogen (Ntotal), and total organic carbon showed the highest correlations with the OCP. Based on these correlations, we developed a prognosis model to calculate the OCP for the upper Elbe estuary with a single sediment parameter (Ntotal). The model is well suited to calculate the oxygen consumption of resuspended sediments in the Hamburg port area during the relevant warmer months and shows a normalised root mean squared error of 〈 0.11 ± 0.13. Thus, the effect of maintenance measures such as water injection dredging and ship-induced wave on the oxygen budget of the water can be calculated.
    Description: Hamburg Port Authority
    Description: Universität Hamburg (1037)
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; Sediment ; Resuspension ; Oxygen consumption ; Nutrients ; Elbe estuary ; Modelling
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    On the evaluation of climate change impact models (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: In‐depth understanding of the potential implications of climate change is required to guide decision‐ and policy‐makers when developing adaptation strategies and designing infrastructure suitable for future conditions. Impact models that translate potential future climate conditions into variables of interest are needed to create the causal connection between a changing climate and its impact for different sectors. Recent surveys suggest that the primary strategy for validating such models (and hence for justifying their use) heavily relies on assessing the accuracy of model simulations by comparing them against historical observations. We argue that such a comparison is necessary and valuable, but not sufficient to achieve a comprehensive evaluation of climate change impact models. We believe that a complementary, largely observation‐independent, step of model evaluation is needed to ensure more transparency of model behavior and greater robustness of scenario‐based analyses. This step should address the following four questions: (1) Do modeled dominant process controls match our system perception? (2) Is my model's sensitivity to changing forcing as expected? (3) Do modeled decision levers show adequate influence? (4) Can we attribute uncertainty sources throughout the projection horizon? We believe that global sensitivity analysis, with its ability to investigate a model's response to joint variations of multiple inputs in a structured way, offers a coherent approach to address all four questions comprehensively. Such additional model evaluation would strengthen stakeholder confidence in model projections and, therefore, into the adaptation strategies derived with the help of impact models.
    Description: A comprehensive evaluation of climate change impact models combining both observation‐based and response‐based strategies.
    Description: This article is categorized under: Climate Models and Modeling 〉 Knowledge Generation with Models Assessing Impacts of Climate Change 〉 Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266
    Keywords: ddc:551.6
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Inspecting the Reliability of Geochemical Facies Identified for the Waterworks' Capture Zone in Germany (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-27
    Description: Little research attention has been given to validating clusters obtained from the groundwater geochemistry of the waterworks' capture zone with a prevailing lake‐groundwater exchange. To address this knowledge gap, we proposed a new scheme whereby Gaussian finite mixture modeling (GFMM) and Spike‐and‐Slab Bayesian (SSB) algorithms were utilized to cluster the groundwater geochemistry while quantifying the probability of the resulting cluster membership against each other. We applied GFMM and SSB to 13 geochemical parameters collected during different sampling periods at 13 observation points across the Barnim Highlands plateau located in the northeast of Berlin, Germany; this included 10 observation wells, two lakes, and a gallery of drinking production wells. The cluster analysis of GFMM yielded nine clusters, either with a probability ≥0.8, while the SSB produced three hierarchical clusters with a probability of cluster membership varying from 〈0.2 to 〉0.8. The findings demonstrated that the clustering results of GFMM were in good agreement with the classification as per the principal component analysis and Piper diagram. By superimposing the parameter clustering onto the observation clustering, we could identify discrepancies that exist among the parameters of a certain cluster. This enables the identification of different factors that may control the geochemistry of a certain cluster, although parameters of that cluster share a strong similarity. The GFMM results have shown that from 2002, there has been active groundwater inflow from the lakes towards the capture zone. This means that it is necessary to adopt appropriate measures to reverse the inflow towards the lakes.
    Description: Article impact statement: The probability of cluster membership quantified using an algorithm should be validated against another probabilistic‐based classifier.
    Description: Federal Ministry of Education and Research http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; ddc:551.49
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Revisiting climate change effects on winter chill in mountain oases of northern Oman (2020)
    Springer Netherlands
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-14
    Description: For centuries, traditional high-altitude oases in Oman have depended on the cultivation of deciduous fruit trees. This study explores the effects of climate change on winter chill (estimated as Chilling Hours—CH and Chill Portions—CP), a prerequisite to overcoming dormancy and initiating flowering, in three Omani oases. The results are compared with findings from an earlier study which reported a decrease in the numbers of CH in high-elevation oases by an average of 1.2–9.5 CH year−1 between 1983 and 2008. Location-specific weather data were obtained by merging 15 years of in situ recordings with 28 years of observations from an official weather station near the top of the investigated watershed. Between 1991 and 2018, scenarios of the past few decades show chill reductions by 75, 35 and 18% when estimated in CP at the oases of Masayrat ar Ruwajah (1030 m a.s.l.), Qasha’ (1640 m a.s.l.), and Al ‘Ayn (1900 m a.s.l.), respectively. Over the course of the twenty-first century, the lowest-elevation oasis at Masayrat ar Ruwajah is projected to lose virtually all winter chill, whereas, despite significant chill losses, conditions are expected to remain viable for some of the currently grown species in the higher-elevation oases. These projected changes will compromise the cultivation of temperate fruit trees in the near future, affecting the sustainability of Omani oases. Our methods support results from earlier work performed at these locations and provide an updated procedure for assessing climate change effects on temperature-dependent systems.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; Arabia ; Arid environments, ; Chill requirements ; Fruit production ; Global warming ; Warm winters
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Risk of extreme high fatalities due to weather and climate hazards and its connection to large-scale climate variability (2020)
    Springer Netherlands
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-14
    Description: Weather and climate hazards cause too many fatalities each year. These weather and climate hazards are projected to increase in frequency and intensity due to global warming. Here, we use a disaster database to investigate continentally aggregated fatality data for trends. We also examine whether modes of climate variability affect the propensity of fatalities. Furthermore, we quantify fatality risk by computing effective return periods which depend on modes of climate variability. We find statistically significant increasing trends for heat waves and floods for worldwide aggregated data. Significant trends occur in the number of fatalities in Asia where fatalities due to heat waves and floods are increasing, while storm-related fatalities are decreasing. However, when normalized by population size, the trends are no longer significant. Furthermore, the number of fatalities can be well described probabilistically by an extreme value distribution, a generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). Based on the GPD, we evaluate covariates which affect the number of fatalities aggregated over all hazard types. For this purpose, we evaluate combinations of modes of climate variability and socio-economic indicators as covariates. We find no evidence for a significant direct impact from socio-economic indicators; however, we find significant evidence for the impact from modes of climate variability on the number of fatalities. The important modes of climate variability affecting the number of fatalities are tropical cyclone activity, modes of sea surface temperature and atmospheric teleconnection patterns. This offers the potential of predictability of the number of fatalities given that most of these climate modes are predictable on seasonal to inter-annual time scales.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; Weather ; Disaster ; Global warming ; Extreme events
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Will dairy cattle production in West Africa be challenged by heat stress in the future? (2020)
    Springer Netherlands
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-14
    Description: This study focuses on heat stress conditions for dairy cattle production in West Africa under current and future climatic conditions. After testing the accuracy of the dynamically downscaled climate datasets for simulating the historical daily maximum temperature (Tmax) and relative humidity (RH) in West Africa for 50 meteorological stations, we used the dataset for calculating the temperature-humidity index (THI), i.e., an index indicating heat stress for dairy cattle on a daily scale. Calculations were made for the historical period (1981–2010) using the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset, and for two future periods (2021–2050 and 2071–2100) using climate predictions of the GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, and MPI-ESM-MR Global Circulation Models (GCMs) under the RCP4.5 emission scenario. Here, we show that during the period from 1981 to 2010 for 〉 1/5 of the region of West Africa, the frequency of severe/danger heat events per year, i.e., events that result in significant decreases in productive and reproductive performances, increased from 11 to 29–38 days (significant at 95% confidence level). Most obvious changes were observed for the eastern and southeastern parts. Under future climate conditions periods with severe/danger heat stress events will increase further as compared with the historical period by 5–22% depending on the GCM used. Moreover, the average length of periods with severe/danger heat stress is expected to increase from ~ 3 days in the historical period to ~ 4–7 days by 2021–2050 and even to up to 10 days by 2071–2100. Based on the average results of three GCMs, by 2071–2100, around 22% of dairy cattle population currently living in this area is expected to experience around 70 days more of severe/danger heat stress (compare with the historical period), especially in the southern half of West Africa. The result is alarming, as it shows that dairy production systems in West Africa are jeopardized at large scale by climate change and that depending on the GCM used, milk production might decrease by 200–400 kg/year by 2071–2100 in around 1, 7, or 11%. Our study calls for the development of improved dairy cattle production systems with higher adaptive capacity in order to deal with expected future heat stress conditions.
    Description: African Union Commission
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; THI ; Climate change ; Dairy cattle ; West Africa
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Incorporation of Rare Earths and Yttrium in Calcite: A Critical Re-evaluation (2020)
    Springer Netherlands
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-20
    Description: The reported partition coefficients of REE with calcite are reviewed and critically discussed. In some of the reported experimental sets, REE concentrations are found to be supersaturated with respect to individual REE2(CO3)3 but never to REE(OH)3. Although the solutions are unsaturated with respect to individual REY carbonates, REY including Y are incorporated in calcite surfaces, where they are overgrown by calcite. Charge balances may be obtained by building {REY–Na-(CO3)2}n or by exchange of 2Ca2+ against REY3+ + blank space calcite lattice. These surface compounds may either be homogeneously distributed or clustered. Both the size and frequency of clusters increase with [REY]/[Ca] or [ΣREY3+]/[Ca2+] in solution. If these surface precipitates are removed into solutions saturated with respect to ΣREE2(CO3)3, they start growing in the aqueous phase. In this case, the apparent DREY and kREY values decrease with increasing REY concentrations in solution. In previous studies, only the individual distribution coefficients are reported not considering that the entirety of REY determines their behavior in partitioning. Given enough time, these surface clusters equilibrate with the aqueous phase before being overgrown by calcite. In the double logarithmic plots of {REY}/{Ca} versus [REY]/[Ca] or [REY3+]/[Ca2+], two relationships evolve characterizing the REY distribution in marine calcite and experimental calcites grown in Mg2+-free solutions. The double logarithmic plots of partition coefficients of REYi3+ in calcite grown from seawater show a slope exceeding unity, whereas those from fluids without Mg2+ depict slopes less than unity being both in contrast to the Henderson–Kracek rule.
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; Partitioning of rare earths with calcite ; Formation of REY–Na carbonate compounds ; Homogeneous partitioning ; Individual versus entirety of rare earths’ partitioning between calcite and ambient solution
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 15
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    Toward an adequate level of detail in flood risk assessments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Flood risk assessments require different disciplines to understand and model the underlying components hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Many methods and data sets have been refined considerably to cover more details of spatial, temporal, or process information. We compile case studies indicating that refined methods and data have a considerable effect on the overall assessment of flood risk. But are these improvements worth the effort? The adequate level of detail is typically unknown and prioritization of improvements in a specific component is hampered by the lack of an overarching view on flood risk. Consequently, creating the dilemma of potentially being too greedy or too wasteful with the resources available for a risk assessment. A “sweet spot” between those two would use methods and data sets that cover all relevant known processes without using resources inefficiently. We provide three key questions as a qualitative guidance toward this “sweet spot.” For quantitative decision support, more overarching case studies in various contexts are needed to reveal the sensitivity of the overall flood risk to individual components. This could also support the anticipation of unforeseen events like the flood event in Germany and Belgium in 2021 and increase the reliability of flood risk assessments.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: BMBF http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Federal Environment Agency http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010809
    Description: http://howas21.gfz-potsdam.de/howas21/
    Description: https://www.umwelt.niedersachsen.de/startseite/themen/wasser/hochwasser_amp_kustenschutz/hochwasserrisikomanagement_richtlinie/hochwassergefahren_und_hochwasserrisikokarten/hochwasserkarten-121920.html
    Description: https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/germany.html
    Description: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSN024
    Description: https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/id-0054
    Description: https://oasishub.co/dataset/surface-water-flooding-footprinthurricane-harvey-august-2017-jba
    Description: https://www.wasser.sachsen.de/hochwassergefahrenkarte-11915.html
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; decision support ; extreme events ; integrated flood risk management ; risk assessment
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 16
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    Using continuous electrical conductivity measurements to derive major solute concentrations in karst systems (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Hydrochemical data of karst springs provide valuable insights into the internal hydrodynamical functioning of karst systems and support model structure identification. However, the collection of high‐frequency time series of major solute species is limited by analysis costs. In this study, we develop a method to retrieve the individual solute concentration time series and their uncertainty at high temporal resolution for karst springs by using continuous observations of electrical conductivity (EC) and low‐frequency ionic measurements. Due to the large ion content and non‐negligible concentrations of aqueous complexes in karst systems, the concentration of each solute species occurring as free ion and as part of aqueous complexes are computed separately. The concentration of species occurring as free ions are computed considering their contributions to the total EC, whereas the concentration of the species as part of complexes are obtained from speciation calculations. The pivotal role of the complexation processes for the reconstruction of solute concentration time series starting from the EC signal is investigated in two karstic catchments with different geologies and temporal resolution of the available hydrochemical datasets, that is the Kerschbaum dolostone system in Austria and the Baget limestone system in France. The results show that complexation processes are significant and should be considered for the estimation of the total solute concentration in case of SO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉, Ca, Mg and HCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉. The EC signal of a karst spring can be used to interpolate and quantify the dynamics of those solutes characterized by large contribution (approximately >6%) to the total EC and low relative variability, that is HCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉, Ca and Mg. Moreover, the presented method can be used to estimate concentrations of solutes when applied to karst systems with stationary and hydrogeochemical homogeneous contributing area. On the contrary, the method is affected by large uncertainty in case of dynamic systems characterized by varying contributions of water from different geological areas. This study aims to contribute to the problem of hydrogeochemical data availability and to support future works on karst systems conceptualization.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001703
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Description: http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/fb92daaffced415fb7a991747e73adfa
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; electrical conductivity decomposition ; high‐resolution hydrochemical data ; hydrochemical modelling ; karst
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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