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  • Institute of Physics  (1,082,725)
  • Ecological Society of America
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Massive swarms of the red crab Pleuroncodes planipes (Stimpson, 1860), a species of squat lobster, are a dominant functional component of the upwelling ecosystem in the eastern Pacific Ocean (Boyd, 1967; Smith et al., 1975). These swarms can wash ashore on the coast, creating mass depositions of crustacean carcasses, a striking phenomenon that has been long documented in Baja California and California (Aurioles-Gamboa et al., 1994; Boyd, 1967). However, little is known about the fate of crab swarms transported offshore by oceanic currents. In May 2015, using an autonomous deep-sea robot, we discovered an unexpectedly large fall of red crab carcasses (〉1000 carcasses ha−1) at a depth of 4050 m on the abyssal Pacific seafloor (Figure 1), almost 1500 km from their spawning areas off the northwest American coast. Several questions arise from this unexpected finding that may help unveil additional close linkages in nutritional transport between processes at the sea surface and the remote abyssal seafloor.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The ability of corals to detach their polyps (leaving behind a naked skeleton) in times of stress, allows polyps to escape from a local source of hostility (Sammarco 1982). In situ observations of this behavior (referred to as ‘polyp bailout’) were first documented in tropical reef-building corals. Later it was observed in some cold-water corals of Acanthogorgia (Braga-Henriques 2014), and Acanella arbuscula (Rakka et al. 2019) in aquaria.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Pec, G. J., van Diepen, L. T. A., Knorr, M., Grandy, A. S., Melillo, J. M., DeAngelis, K. M., Blanchard, J. L., & Frey, S. D. Fungal community response to long-term soil warming with potential implications for soil carbon dynamics. Ecosphere, 12(5), (2021): e03460, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3460.
    Description: The direction and magnitude of climate warming effects on ecosystem processes such as carbon cycling remain uncertain. Soil fungi are central to these processes due to their roles as decomposers of soil organic matter, as mycorrhizal symbionts, and as determinants of plant diversity. Yet despite their importance to ecosystem functioning, we lack a clear understanding of the long-term response of soil fungal communities to warming. Toward this goal, we characterized soil fungal communities in two replicated soil warming experiments at the Harvard Forest (Petersham, Massachusetts, USA) which had experienced 5°C above ambient soil temperatures for 5 and 20 yr at the time of sampling. We assessed fungal diversity and community composition by sequencing the ITS2 region of rDNA using Illumina technology, along with soil C concentrations and chemistry. Three main findings emerged: (1) long-, but not short-term warming resulted in compositional shifts in the soil fungal community, particularly in the saprotrophic and unknown components of the community; (2) soil C concentrations and the total C stored in the organic horizon declined in response to both short- (5 yr) and long-term (20 yr) warming; and (3) following long-term warming, shifts in fungal guild relative abundances were associated with substantial changes in soil organic matter chemistry, particularly the relative abundance of lignin. Taken together, our results suggest that shifts with warming in the relative abundance of fungal functional groups and dominant fungal taxa are related to observed losses in total soil C.
    Description: NSF Long-term Research in Environmental Biology. Grant Number: DEB 1456528 NSF Long-term Ecological Research. Grant Number: DEB 1237491 Joint Genome Institute as part of a Community Sequencing Program Award. Grant Number: DE-AC02-05CH11231 CSP-1058
    Keywords: Ectomycorrhizal fungi ; Illumina ; Organic matter chemistry ; Saprotrophic fungi ; Soil carbon
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Pold, G., Baillargeon, N., Lepe, A., Rastetter, E. B., & Sistla, S. A. Warming effects on arctic tundra biogeochemistry are limited but habitat-dependent: a meta-analysis. Ecosphere, 12(10), (2021): e03777, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3777.
    Description: Arctic tundra consists of diverse habitats that differ in dominant vegetation, soil moisture regimes, and relative importance of organic vs. inorganic nutrient cycling. The Arctic is also the most rapidly warming global area, with winter warming dominating. This warming is expected to have dramatic effects on tundra carbon and nutrient dynamics. We completed a meta-analysis of 166 experimental warming study papers to evaluate the hypotheses that warming changes tundra biogeochemical cycles in a habitat- and seasonally specific manner and that the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycles will be differentially accelerated, leading to decoupling of elemental cycles. We found that nutrient availability and plant leaf stoichiometry responses to experimental warming were variable and overall weak, but that both gross primary productivity and the plant C pool tended to increase with growing season warming. The effects of winter warming on C fluxes did not extend into the growing season. Overall, although warming led to more consistent increases in C fluxes compared to N or P fluxes, evidence for decoupling of biogeochemical cycles is weak and any effect appears limited to heath habitats. However, data on many habitats are too sparse to be able to generalize how warming might decouple biogeochemical cycles, and too few year-round warming studies exist to ascertain whether the season under which warming occurs alters how ecosystems respond to warming. Coordinated field campaigns are necessary to more robustly document tundra habitat-specific responses to realistic climate warming scenarios in order to better understand the mechanisms driving this heterogeneity and identify the tundra habitats, communities, and soil pools most susceptible to warming.
    Description: Funding for this project was provided by NSF Signals in the Soil grant number 1841610 to SAS and ER. SAS and ER conceived of and acquired funding for the project. NB completed the literature search.
    Keywords: Arctic ; Biogeochemistry ; Climate change ; Experimental warming ; Meta-analysis ; Stoichiometry ; Tundra
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zeigler, S. L., Gutierrez, B. T., Hecht, A., Plant, N. G., & Sturdivant, E. J. Piping plovers demonstrate regional differences in nesting habitat selection patterns along the U. S. Atlantic coast. Ecosphere, 12(3), (2021): e03418, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3418.
    Description: Habitat studies that encompass a large portion of a species’ geographic distribution can explain characteristics that are either consistent or variable, further informing inference from more localized studies and improving management successes throughout the range. We identified landscape characteristics at Piping Plover nests at 21 sites distributed from Massachusetts to North Carolina and compared habitat selection patterns among the three designated U.S. recovery units (New England, New York–New Jersey, and Southern). Geomorphic setting, substrate type, and vegetation type and density were determined in situ at 928 Piping Plover nests (hereafter, used resource units) and 641 random points (available resource units). Elevation, beach width, Euclidean distance to ocean shoreline, and least-cost path distance to low-energy shorelines with moist substrates (commonly used as foraging habitat) were associated with used and available resource units using remotely sensed spatial data. We evaluated multivariate differences in habitat selection patterns by comparing recovery unit-specific Bayesian networks. We then further explored individual variables that drove disparities among Bayesian networks using resource selection ratios for categorical variables and Welch’s unequal variances t-tests for continuous variables. We found that relationships among variables and their connections to habitat selection were similar among recovery units, as seen in commonalities in Bayesian network structures. Furthermore, nesting Piping Plovers consistently selected mixed sand and shell, gravel, or cobble substrates as well as areas with sparse or no vegetation, irrespective of recovery unit. However, we observed significant differences among recovery units in the elevations, distances to ocean, and distances to low-energy shorelines of used resource units. Birds also exhibited increased selectivity for overwash habitats and for areas with access to low-energy shorelines along a latitudinal gradient from north to south. These results have important implications for conservation and management, including assessment of shoreline stabilization and habitat restoration planning as well as forecasting effects of climate change.
    Description: Funding for this work was provided by the North Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service through a U.S. Geological Survey Mendenhall Fellowship to Zeigler. All other funding was through the U.S. Geological Survey (Zeigler, Gutierrez, Plant, and Sturdivant) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Hecht). Zeigler, Plant, and Hecht conceived and designed the study and secured funding.
    Keywords: Barrier islands ; Bayesian network ; Charadrius melodus ; Coastal ecosystems ; Early successional habitat ; Habitat selection ; Piping Plovers
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Rastetter, E. B., Griffin, K. L., Rowe, R. J., Gough, L., McLaren, J. R., & Boelman, N. T. Model responses to CO(2) and warming are underestimated without explicit representation of Arctic small-mammal grazing. Ecological Applications, (2021): e02478, https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2478.
    Description: We use a simple model of coupled carbon and nitrogen cycles in terrestrial ecosystems to examine how “explicitly representing grazers” vs. “having grazer effects implicitly aggregated in with other biogeochemical processes in the model” alters predicted responses to elevated carbon dioxide and warming. The aggregated approach can affect model predictions because grazer-mediated processes can respond differently to changes in climate compared with the processes with which they are typically aggregated. We use small-mammal grazers in a tundra as an example and find that the typical three-to-four-year cycling frequency is too fast for the effects of cycle peaks and troughs to be fully manifested in the ecosystem biogeochemistry. We conclude that implicitly aggregating the effects of small-mammal grazers with other processes results in an underestimation of ecosystem response to climate change, relative to estimations in which the grazer effects are explicitly represented. The magnitude of this underestimation increases with grazer density. We therefore recommend that grazing effects be incorporated explicitly when applying models of ecosystem response to global change.
    Description: This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under NSF grants 1651722, 1637459, 1603560, 1556772, 1841608 to E.B.R.; 1603777 to N.T.B. and K.L.G.; 1603654 to R.J.R.; 1603760 to L.G.; and 1603677 to J.R.M.
    Keywords: Arctic tundra ; Biogeochemistry ; Carbon cycling ; Carbon-nitrogen ecosystem model ; Climate change ; Nitrogen cycling ; Population cycles ; Small-mammal herbivores
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Rastetter, E., Kwiatkowski, B., Kicklighter, D., Plotkin, A., Genet, H., Nippert, J., O’Keefe, K., Perakis, S., Porder, S., Roley, S., Ruess, R., Thompson, J., Wieder, W., Wilcox, K., & Yanai, R. N and P constrain C in ecosystems under climate change: role of nutrient redistribution, accumulation, and stoichiometry. Ecological Applications, (2022): e2684, https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2684.
    Description: We use the Multiple Element Limitation (MEL) model to examine responses of 12 ecosystems to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), warming, and 20% decreases or increases in precipitation. Ecosystems respond synergistically to elevated CO2, warming, and decreased precipitation combined because higher water-use efficiency with elevated CO2 and higher fertility with warming compensate for responses to drought. Response to elevated CO2, warming, and increased precipitation combined is additive. We analyze changes in ecosystem carbon (C) based on four nitrogen (N) and four phosphorus (P) attribution factors: (1) changes in total ecosystem N and P, (2) changes in N and P distribution between vegetation and soil, (3) changes in vegetation C:N and C:P ratios, and (4) changes in soil C:N and C:P ratios. In the combined CO2 and climate change simulations, all ecosystems gain C. The contributions of these four attribution factors to changes in ecosystem C storage varies among ecosystems because of differences in the initial distributions of N and P between vegetation and soil and the openness of the ecosystem N and P cycles. The net transfer of N and P from soil to vegetation dominates the C response of forests. For tundra and grasslands, the C gain is also associated with increased soil C:N and C:P. In ecosystems with symbiotic N fixation, C gains resulted from N accumulation. Because of differences in N versus P cycle openness and the distribution of organic matter between vegetation and soil, changes in the N and P attribution factors do not always parallel one another. Differences among ecosystems in C-nutrient interactions and the amount of woody biomass interact to shape ecosystem C sequestration under simulated global change. We suggest that future studies quantify the openness of the N and P cycles and changes in the distribution of C, N, and P among ecosystem components, which currently limit understanding of nutrient effects on C sequestration and responses to elevated CO2 and climate change.
    Description: This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1651722 as well through the NSF LTER Program 1637459, 2220863 (ARC), 1637686 (NWT), 1832042 (KBS), 2025849 (KNZ), 1636476 (BNZ), 1637685 (HBR), 1832210 (HFR), 2025755 (AND). We also acknowledge NSF grants 1637653 and 1754126 (INCyTE RCN), and DOE grant DESC0019037. We also acknowledge support through the USDA Forest Service Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, North Woodstock, New Hampshie (USDA NIFA 2019-67019-29464) and Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon.
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide fertilization ; Carbon sequestration ; Carbon-nitrogen interactions ; Carbon-phosphorus interactions ; Climate change ; Long-term ecological research (LTER) ; Nitrogen cycle ; Phosphorus cycle ; Terrestrial ecosystem stoichiometry
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: Author Posting. © Ecological Society of America, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of Ecological Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Ecology (2019): e02863, doi:10.1002/ecy.2863.
    Description: In 2014, a DNA‐based phylogenetic study confirming the paraphyly of the grass subtribe Sporobolinae proposed the creation of a large monophyletic genus Sporobolus, including (among others) species previously included in the genera Spartina, Calamovilfa, and Sporobolus. Spartina species have contributed substantially (and continue contributing) to our knowledge in multiple disciplines, including ecology, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, biogeography, experimental ecology, biological invasions, environmental management, restoration ecology, history, economics, and sociology. There is no rationale so compelling to subsume the name Spartina as a subgenus that could rival the striking, global iconic history and use of the name Spartina for over 200 yr. We do not agree with the subjective arguments underlying the proposal to change Spartina to Sporobolus. We understand the importance of both the objective phylogenetic insights and of the subjective formalized nomenclature and hope that by opening this debate we will encourage positive feedback that will strengthen taxonomic decisions with an interdisciplinary perspective. We consider that the strongly distinct, monophyletic clade Spartina should simply and efficiently be treated as the genus Spartina.
    Description: We are grateful to the many colleagues, students and eight anonymous expert taxonomists from Argentina, United States, Spain, UK, and Uruguay for sharing their opinions, perspectives, and ideas, improving our reasoning and encouraging us to initiate this debate. The authors’ positions are personal, and do not necessarily reflect the organizations or networks they represent or with which they are affiliated. We are also deeply grateful to two anonymous reviewers as well as to the Editor‐in‐Chief Don Strong who supplied excellent insight that truly improved our work.
    Keywords: Botanical nomenclature ; Coastal ecology ; Cordgrass ; Integrative analysis ; Interdisciplinary decisions ; Salt marsh
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Blagden, M., Harrison, J. L., Minocha, R., Sanders-DeMott, R., Long, S., & Templer, P. H. Climate change influences foliar nutrition and metabolism of red maple (Acer rubrum) trees in a northern hardwood forest. Ecosphere, 13(2), (2022): e03859. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3859.
    Description: Mean annual air temperatures are projected to increase, while the winter snowpack is expected to shrink in depth and duration for many mid- and high-latitude temperate forest ecosystems over the next several decades. Together, these changes will lead to warmer growing season soil temperatures and an increased frequency of soil freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) in winter. We took advantage of the Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, USA, to determine how these changes in soil temperature affect foliar nitrogen (N) and carbon metabolism of red maple (Acer rubrum) trees in 2015 and 2017. Earlier work from this study revealed a similar increase in foliar N concentrations with growing season soil warming, with or without the occurrence of soil FTCs in winter. However, these changes in soil warming could differentially affect the availability of cellular nutrients, concentrations of primary and secondary metabolites, and the rates of photosynthesis that are all responsive to climate change. We found that foliar concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), N, spermine (a polyamine), amino acids (alanine, histidine, and phenylalanine), chlorophyll, carotenoids, sucrose, and rates of photosynthesis increased with growing season soil warming. Despite similar concentrations of foliar N with soil warming with and without soil FTCs in winter, winter soil FTCs affected other foliar metabolic responses. The combination of growing season soil warming and winter soil FTCs led to increased concentrations of two polyamines (putrescine and spermine) and amino acids (alanine, proline, aspartic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, valine, leucine, and isoleucine). Treatment-specific metabolic changes indicated that while responses to growing season warming were more connected to their role as growth modulators, soil warming + FTC treatment-related effects revealed their dual role in growth and stress tolerance. Together, the results of this study demonstrate that growing season soil warming has multiple positive effects on foliar N and cellular metabolism in trees and that some of these foliar responses are further modified by the addition of stress from winter soil FTCs.
    Description: This research was supported by an NSF Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Grant to Hubbard Brook (NSF 1114804 and 1637685) and an NSF CAREER grant to PHT (NSF DEB1149929). RSD was supported by NSF DGE0947950, a Boston University (BU) Dean's Fellowship, and the BU Program in Biogeoscience. Jamie Harrison was supported by a BU Dean's Fellowship. Megan Blagden was supported by a BU Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program fellowship. This manuscript is a contribution to the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. Hubbard Brook is part of the LTER network, which is supported by the NSF.
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Chlorophyll ; HPLC ; Inorganic nutrients ; Metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Polyamines ; Soil freeze-thaw cycles ; Soil warming ; Stress ; Sugars
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Rastetter, E. B., Ohman, M. D., Elliott, K. J., Rehage, J. S., Rivera-Monroy, V. H., Boucek, R. E., Castaneda-Moya, E., Danielson, T. M., Gough, L., Groffman, P. M., Jackson, C. R., Miniat, C. F., & Shaver, G. R. Time lags: insights from the U.S. Long Term Ecological Research Network. Ecosphere, 12(5), (2021): e03431, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3431.
    Description: Ecosystems across the United States are changing in complex ways that are difficult to predict. Coordinated long-term research and analysis are required to assess how these changes will affect a diverse array of ecosystem services. This paper is part of a series that is a product of a synthesis effort of the U.S. National Science Foundation’s Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) network. This effort revealed that each LTER site had at least one compelling scientific case study about “what their site would look like” in 50 or 100 yr. As the site results were prepared, themes emerged, and the case studies were grouped into separate papers along five themes: state change, connectivity, resilience, time lags, and cascading effects and compiled into this special issue. This paper addresses the time lags theme with five examples from diverse biomes including tundra (Arctic), coastal upwelling (California Current Ecosystem), montane forests (Coweeta), and Everglades freshwater and coastal wetlands (Florida Coastal Everglades) LTER sites. Its objective is to demonstrate the importance of different types of time lags, in different kinds of ecosystems, as drivers of ecosystem structure and function and how these can effectively be addressed with long-term studies. The concept that slow, interactive, compounded changes can have dramatic effects on ecosystem structure, function, services, and future scenarios is apparent in many systems, but they are difficult to quantify and predict. The case studies presented here illustrate the expanding scope of thinking about time lags within the LTER network and beyond. Specifically, they examine what variables are best indicators of lagged changes in arctic tundra, how progressive ocean warming can have profound effects on zooplankton and phytoplankton in waters off the California coast, how a series of species changes over many decades can affect Eastern deciduous forests, and how infrequent, extreme cold spells and storms can have enduring effects on fish populations and wetland vegetation along the Southeast coast and the Gulf of Mexico. The case studies highlight the need for a diverse set of LTER (and other research networks) sites to sort out the multiple components of time lag effects in ecosystems.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation Long Term Ecological Research program grants to the Arctic (Grants DEB-1637459 and 1026843), California Current (Grants OCE-1637632 and 1026607), Coweeta (Grants DEB-1637522, 1440485, 0823293, 9632854, and 0218001), and Florida Coastal Everglades (Grants DEB-9910514 and 1237517 and DBI-0620409) sites. We also acknowledge the sustained efforts of the CalCOFI program, present and previous staff of the SIO Pelagic Invertebrate Collection, and the late Ed Brinton for his pioneering insights in euphausiid ecology. The Coweeta research and synthesis were also supported by the USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. Partial funding to VHRM was provided by the U.S. Department of the Interior South-Central Climate Science Center through Cooperative Agreement # G12AC00002.
    Keywords: Climate change ; Climate change detection ; Climate signal filtering ; Ecosystem response ; Special Feature: Forecasting Earth's Ecosystems with Long-Term Ecological Research
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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