ALBERT

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Introduction ; Part I. Background and Fundamentals: 2. Regional climate ; 3. History of downscaling ; 4. Rationale of downscaling ; 5. User needs ; 6. Mathematical and statistical methods ; 7. Reference observations ; 8. Climate modelling ; 9. Uncertainties ; Part II. Statistical Downscaling Concepts and Methods: 10. Structure of statistical downscaling methods ; 11. Perfect prognosis ; 12. Model output statistics ; 13. Weather generators ; 14. Other approaches ; Part III. Downscaling in Practice and Outlook: 15. Evaluation ; 16. Performance of statistical downscaling ; 17. A regional modelling debate ; 18. Use of downscaling in practice ; 19. Outlook ; Appendix A ; Appendix B

Anmerkung: Gondwana, comprising more than 64% of the present day continental mass, is home to 33% of large igneous provinces (LIPs) and key to understanding the lithosphere–atmosphere system and related tectonics that influenced global climate and sediment production on Earth. Gondwana has many of the largest LIPs, with areas of 200 000 to 2 000 000 km2. Several Gondwana LIPs erupted near active continental margins as well as within continents. The rifting of continents continued even after LIP emplacement or was aborted by a coeval compression and did not open into an ocean. Important contemporary frontiers include understanding significant amounts of synchronous silicic volcanic rocks in mafic LIPs, bringing better stratigraphic constraints supported by precise age dating and volume estimation of LIPs, the possible link between LIP emplacement and biotic crisis, refinement of the existing petrogenetic models and assessing large eruptions and associated societal risk. This volume covers topics on magma emplacements, petrology and geochemistry, source characteristics, flood basalt–carbonatite linkage, tectonics and geochronology of LIPs distributed in Gondwana continents. | Contents: Gondwana Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs): distribution, diversity and significance / Sarajit Sensarma, Bryan C. Storey and Vivek P. Malviya / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 463, 1-16, 27 November 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP463.11 --- Gondwana Large Igneous Provinces: plate reconstructions, volcanic basins and sill volumes / H. H. Svensen, T. H. Torsvik, S. Callegaro, L. Augland, T. H. Heimdal, D. A. Jerram, S. Planke and E. Pereira / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 463, 17-40, 30 August 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP463.7 --- The Ferrar Large Igneous Province: field and geochemical constraints on supra-crustal (high-level) emplacement of the magmatic system / David H. Elliot and Thomas H. Fleming / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 463, 41-58, 10 July 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP463.1 --- The Panjal Traps / J. Gregory Shellnutt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 463, 59-86, 6 July 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP463.4 --- Mantle source heterogeneity in continental mafic Large Igneous Provinces: insights from the Panjal, Rajmahal and Deccan basalts, India / K. Vijaya Kumar, More B. Laxman and K. Nagaraju / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 463, 87-116, 11 July 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP463.5 --- Imprints of modal metasomatism in the post-Deccan subcontinental lithospheric mantle: petrological evidence from an ultramafic xenolith in an Eocene lamprophyre, NW India / Rohit Pandey, N. V. Chalapathi Rao, Dinesh Pandit, Samarendra Sahoo and Prashant Dhote / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 463, 117-136, 5 July 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP463.6 --- Origin of the Amba Dongar carbonatite complex, India and its possible linkage with the Deccan Large Igneous Province / Jyoti Chandra, Debajyoti Paul, Shrinivas G. Viladkar and Sarajit Sensarma / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 463, 137-169, 10 July 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP463.3 --- Mineralogy, geochemistry and geochronology of mafic magmatic enclaves and their significance in evolution of Nongpoh granitoids, Meghalaya, NE India / Mohd. Sadiq, Ravi K. Umrao, B. B. Sharma, S. Chakraborti, S. Bhattacharyya and A. Kundu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 463, 171-198, 6 July 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP463.2 --- Regional volcanism of northern Zealandia: post-Gondwana break-up magmatism on an extended, submerged continent / N. Mortimer, P. B. Gans, S. Meffre, C. E. Martin, M. Seton, S. Williams, R. E. Turnbull, P. G. Quilty, S. Micklethwaite, C. Timm, R. Sutherland, F. Bache, J. Collot, P. Maurizot, P. Rouillard and N. Rollet / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 463, 199-226, 16 August 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP463.9 --- Modelling basalt weathering at elevated CO2 concentrations: implications for terminal to post-magmatic rifting in the Deccan Traps, Kachchh, India / Kaushik Mitra, Souvik Mitra, Saibal Gupta, Satadru Bhattacharya, Prakash Chauhan and Nirmala Jain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 463, 227-241, 17 July 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP463.8 --- Geochemical and Sm–Nd isotopic constraints on the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Proterozoic mafic magmatism of the Gwalior Basin, central India: the influence of Large Igneous Provinces on Proterozoic crustal evolution / Jwellys D. Samom, Talat Ahmad and A. K. Choudhary / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 463, 243-268, 10 July 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP463.10

Anmerkung: Contents: 1 Our Approach ; 2 The Evolution and Governance Architecture of the United Nations Climate Change Regime ; 3 International Relations Theories and Climate Change Politics ; 4 Cooperation on Climate Change: Insights from Game Theory ; 5 Computational Models, Global Climate Change, and Policy ; 6 Environmental Protection, Differentiated Responsibility, and World Trade: Making Room for Climate Action ; 7 Major Countries ; 8 Nonstate Actors in International Policy Making: The Kyoto Protocol and Beyond ; 9 Business ; 10 Equity and Development: Developing Countries in the International Climate Negotiations ; 11 Implementation, Compliance, and Effectiveness of Policies and Institutions ; 12 Our Conclusions

Anmerkung: Contents: Vorwort ; 2. Populisten vs. Elite, Elite vs. Populisten ; 3. Der Populismus und die Politische Ökonomie der Globalisierung ; 4. Der Aufstieg der Rechtspopulisten in Deutschland ; 5. Die europäische Geografie des Populismus ; 6. Die Europäisierung des Populismus

Anmerkung: Text englisch mit deutscher und englischer Zusammenfassung

Anmerkung: Contents: Introduction ; Part 1: European Cities in Global Competition ; 1 Dynamic Competition in Space: Theoretical Models, Empirical Evidence, Political Challenges ; 2 Increasing the Innovative Capacity of European Cities: Making Use of Proven Concepts from the National Level ; Part 2: City Management and Direct Democracy ; 3 Open Government: Exploring Patterns of Mobile Interaction Between Citizens and Local Government ; 4 Building the Smart City: Leipzig ; 5 Location Communication in Leipzig and Thoughts About Destination Management ; Part 3: Success Factors in Global Competition Among Cities ; 6 Key Factors for Successful City Marketing: An Example from Münster ; 7 Strategies for Cities in Global Competition: An Essay on Spatial Economics and Management Science ; Part 4: Complementarity Between Region and City ; 8 The Significance of the Region for Urban Growth: The Example of Bonn and the Rhein-Sieg District ; 9 The Digital City: Using the Example of “Mönchengladbach on eBay” ; Part 5: Cost Efficiency in City Management ; 10 A Mechanism Design Approach to Planning Problems in Intermodal Transport Logistics of Large City Sea Ports and Megahubs

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Indian diversity and global migrations ; 2. The great Indian migration wave ; 3. Merchants and capital ; 4. Diasporas and Dreams ; 5. Partitions and displacments ; 6. Migration and development

Anmerkung: Contents: Vom Ursprung der Sozialpolitik ; Die soziale Frage in der Marktwirtschaft ; Von der Verteilung der Ressourcen ; Von Reichtum, Verantwortung und Umverteilung ; Fazit und Zusammenfassung

Anmerkung: Environment and conflict -- Context matters : Ogoni and place making -- Locale : political and cultural context of mobilisation -- Landscape, capital and violence -- Why the Ogoni mobilised -- From grievances to micro-mobilisation : how the Ogoni mobilised -- Cultural basis of mobilisation -- Mobilisation : a place for moral motivation? -- Place and limit of mobilisation -- Conclusion.

Anmerkung: Contents: Introduction: The Future is in Our Hands ; PART I SOURCES OF WORRY, REASONS FOR HOPE ; 1 Global Successes and Looming Catastrophes ; 2 Globalization and Technology: Choices and Contingencies ; 3 The Expanding Circle of Respect and Dignity ; 4 The Big Challenge ; PART II ACTING FOR SOCIAL PROGRESS ; 5 In Search of a New “Third Way” , 6 Reforming Capitalism , 7 From the Welfare State to the Emancipating State , 8 From Polaritics to Politics , Conclusion: Mobilizing Change- Makers

Anmerkung: Inhalt: Grußwort - Antje Boetius. - Vorwort - Michaela Grein. - Die Welt teilhaben lassen - Luc Jacquet über die Sonderausstellung „Antarctica". - Die Geschichte der Antarktisforschung. - Die Entdeckung und Erforschung der Antarktis / Diedrich Fritzsche. - Die Gründung des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts für Polarforschung / Gotthilf Hempel. - Frauen in der Antarktis / Gotthilf Hempel. - Geologie und Klima. - Der geologische Bau der Antarktis / Andreas Läufer. - Einfluss des Ozeans auf das Schmelzen der Eisschelfe / Sunke Schmidtko. - Aurora australis - Polarlichter in der Antarktis / Michaela Grein. - Lebensräume und Organismengruppen. - Antarktische Makroalgen / Katharina Zacher & Christian Wiencke. - Leben am Meeresboden und Wiederbesiedlungsdynamik / Julian Gutt. - Die Schwämme des antarktischen Meeres / Dorte Janussen. - Schuppenwürmer in der Antarktis / Michael Stiller. - Meiofauna: Kleine Tiere - große Wirkung / Gritta Veit-Köhler & Friederike Säring. - Der antarktische Krill, Euphausia superba, im Nahrungsnetz des Südpolarmeers / Bettina Meyer. - Der Kaiserpinguin - Bedrohte Tierart und Stellvertreter für den Südozean / Daniel P. Zitterbart. - Fliegende Vögel der Antarktis / Hans-Ulrich Peter. - Antarktische Robben / Horst Bornemann & Joachim Plötz. - Pioniere und Überlebenskünstler: Die Flechten / Ludger Kappen. - Die Evolution der Wälder in Antarktika / Laura Jane Tilley. - Pflanzen in Antarktika / Michaela Grein. - Nutzung und Schutz der Antarktis. - Umweltschutz in der Antarktis / Heike Herata. - Meeresschutz in der Antarktis / Bob Zuur. - Tourismus in der Antarktis / Heinz Klöser. - Die Autorinnen und Autoren.

Anmerkung: Ungezählte Beil. ab 2010: Special , Ersch. jährl. 4x

Anmerkung: Why economic geography is good for you -- What is economic geography? -- Inventing economic geography : histories of a discipline -- Economic geography and its border country -- Theory and theories in economic geography -- Method and methodology in economic geography -- Unboxing economic geography -- Globalization and uneven development -- Money and finance -- Cities and urbanization -- Nature and the environment -- Industrial and technological change.

Anmerkung: Jacobin legacy: the origins of social justice -- National welfare and the universal declaration -- FDR's second bill -- Globalizing welfare after empire -- Basic needs and human rights -- Global ethics from equality to subsistence -- Human rights in the neoliberal maelstrom -- Conclusion: Croesus's world.

Anmerkung: Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction ; Part I The Bases for the Analyses ; Chapter 2. The unknown influence of democratic qualities on climate performance ; Chapter 3. The concept and the operationalization of democratic efficacy ; Part II. An Empirical Analysis of the Democracy-Climate Nexus ; Chapter 4. Analysis I: more leads to more –positive statistical trends ; Chapter 5. Analysis II: Canada’s Kyoto Protocol process, 1995-2012 - a case study perspective ; Chapter 6. 1995-1997: Chrétien makes use of the prerogative ; Chapter 7. 1998-2002: futile consultations ; Chapter 8. 2003-2005: undemocratic unpredictability ; Chapter 9. 2006-2012: democratic weakening and climate change as a shield issue ; Chapter 10. Discussion analysis II: linkages between democratic quality and climate performance ; Part III. Synergy ; Chapter 11. Overall discussion ; Chapter 12. Conclusion

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface - The strongman economy? ; 1 - Putin's economic inheritance ; 2 - Reforging the Russian state ; 3 - Rise of the energy giants ; 4 - Stabilizing Russia's finances ; 5 - Restructuring Russian industry ; 6 - Wages and welfare ; 7 From crisis to crisis ; 8 - Putinomics under pressure ; Postscript - Can Putinomics survive?

Anmerkung: In norwegischer Sprache

Anmerkung: Contents Part I Setting the Scene The Anthropocene—What Does It Entail for Science? / Gesche Krause The Role of Knowledge Exchange in Earth System Science—The Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP) / Gesche Krause, Ute Münch, Jana Kandarr, Oliver Jorzik and Pia Klinghammer The AWI Approach at the Science-Stakeholder Interface / Gesche Krause, Klaus Grosfeld and Wolfgang Hiller Part II Dialogue Approaches of ESKP Contributions to AWI Knowledge Transfer Regional Awareness on Sea Level Rise Effects—What Do We Know About the South-Eastern North Sea Coast? / Nina Eschweiler, Tobias Dolch and Christian Buschbaum Climate Change and Biodiversity—Implications for the Local Fisheries Sector / Christina Hörterer, Maximilian Schupp, Andreas Benkens and Bela H. Buck Linking Biodiversity Research Communities / Sonja Knapp, Alexandra Kraberg, Stephan Frickenhaus, Stefan Klotz, Oliver Schweiger and Gesche Krause Engaging Forecast Users During the Year of Polar Prediction / Winfried Hoke, Kirstin Werner, Helge Goessling and Thomas Jung Governance of Resources for Arctic Sustainable Policy and Practice (GRASP)—Stakeholder Mapping / Sebastian Knecht, Andreas Herber and Kathrin Stephen Building Bridges at the Arctic Science-Policy Interface / Volker Rachold Part III Data-Products of ESKP Contributions to AWI Knowledge Transfer The Web Portal ‘meereisportal.de’ in Context of ESKP / Klaus Grosfeld, Renate Treffeisen, Jölund Asseng and Georg Heygster Knowledge Transfer by the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) / Boris K. Biskaborn and Hugues Lantuit A Web-Based Information System for Macrobenthic Biodiversity in the German North Sea / Jan M. Holstein Tackling Marine Litter—LITTERBASE / Melanie Bergmann, Mine B. Tekman, Andreas Walter and Lars Gutow Part IV Modelling Approaches of ESKP Contributions to AWI Knowledge Transfer Arctic Sea Ice Change, Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Extreme Climate and Weather in Europe / Ralf Jaiser and Dörthe Handorf Extending and Visualizing the TsunAWI Simulation Database of the Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTEWS) / Antonia Immerz, Sven Harig and Natalja Rakowsky Streamflow Forecasting and Biodiversity / Monica Ionita, Madlene Pfeiffer and Stephan Frickenhaus Part V Pathways to Formalizing Knowledge Transfer Accompanying ESKP Projects—Development of a Process Assessment Strategy Within ESKP@AWI / Gesche Krause and Maximilian Felix Schupp Science and Society—The Time to Interact / Gesche Krause, Klaus Grosfeld and Annette Breckwoldt Erratum to: A Web-Based Information System for Macrobenthic Biodiversity in the German North Sea / Jan M. Holstein

Anmerkung: Contents: Part I: An Introduction to Fortran 90 and Numerical Methods ; 1: Fortran 90: A Simple Programming Language ; 2: Numerical Solution Methods ; Part II: Computational Economics for Beginners ; 3: The Static General Equilibrium Model ; 4: Topics in Finance and Risk Management ; 5: The Life Cycle Model and Intertemporal Choics ; 6: The Overlapping Generations Model ; 7: Extending the OLG Model ; Part III: Advanced Computational Economics ; 8: Introduction to Dynamic Programming ; 9: Dynamic Macro I: Infinite Horizon Models ; 10: Life-Cycle Choices and Risk ; 11: Dynamic Macro II: The Stochastic OLG Model

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis: - The First Geometric POD of LEO Satellites - a Piece of History - Reference Frame From the Combination of a LEO Satellite with GPS Constellation and Ground Network of GPS Stations - Geometrical Model of the Earth’s Geo center Based on Temporal Gravity Field Maps - First Phase Clocks and Frequency Transfer - First Geometric POD of GPS and Galileo Satellites - Kinematics of IGS Stations - Reduced-Kinematic POD - First GPS Baseline in Space - the GRACE Mission - Geometrical Modeling of the Ionosphere and the Troposphere with LEO Orbit - Aerodynamics in Low LEO: A Novel Approach to Modeling Air Density Based on IGS TEC Maps - GPS Single-Frequency: From First cm-POD to Single Frequency GNSS-RO/R - Absolute Code Biases Based on the Ambiguity-Free Linear Combination - DCBs without TEC - LEO Near-Field Multipath and Antenna Effects - Probing the Flyby Anomaly Using Kinematic POD - Exotic Applications of Kinematic POD - Galileo-2: A Highly Accurate Dynamical GEO Reference Frame to Complement the TRF - Geometrical Representation of Gravity Field Determination

Anmerkung: Table of contents Preface About the authors Acknowledgements Dedication List of figures List of tables List of symbols Part I Introduction and characteristics of permafrost I Definition and description 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Additional terms originating in Russia 1.3 History of permafrost research 1.4 Measurement of ground temperature 1.5 Conduction, convection and advection 1.6 Therm al regimes in regions based on heat conduction 1.7 Continentality index 1.8 Moisture movement in the active layer during freezing and thawing 1.9 Moisture conditions in permafrost ground 1.10 Results of freezing moisture 1.11 Strength of ice 1.12 Cryosols, gelisols, and leptosols 1.13 Fragipans 1.14 Salinity in permafrost regions 1.15 Organic matter 1.16 Micro-organisms in permafrost 1.16.1 Antarctic permafrost 1.16.2 High-latitude permafrost 1.16.3 High altitude permafrost in China 1.16.4 Phenotypic traits 1.16.5 Relation to climate change on the Tibetan plateau 1.17 Gas and gas hydrates 1.18 Thermokarst areas 1.19 Offshore permafrost 2 Cryogenic processes where temperatures dip below 0°C 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The nature of ice and water 2.3 Effects of oil pollution on freezing 2.4 Freezing and thawing of the active layer in permafrost in equilibrium with a stable climate 2.5 Relation of clay mineralogy to the average position of the permafrost table 2.6 Ground temperature envelopes in profiles affected by changes in mean annual ground surface temperature (MASGT) 2.7 Needle ice 2.8 Frost heaving 2.9 Densification and thaw settlement 2.10 Cryostratigraphy, cryostructures, cryotextures and cryofacies 2.11 Ground cracking 2.12 Dilation cracking 2.13 Frost susceptibility 2.14 Cryoturbation, gravity processes and injection structures 2.14.1 Cryoturbation 2.14.2 Upward injection of sediments from below 2.14.3 Load-casting 2.15 Upheaving of objects 2.16 Upturning of objects 2.17 Sorting 2.18 Weathering and frost comminution 2.19 Karst in areas with permafrost 2.20 Seawater density and salinity 3 Factors affecting permafrost distribution 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Climatic factors 3.2.1 Heat balance on the surface of the Earth and its effect on the climate 3.2.2 Relationship between air and ground temperatures 3.2.3 Thermal offset 3.2.4 Relation to air masses 3.2.5 Precipitation 3.2.6 Latitude and longitude 3.2.7 Topography and altitude 3.2.8 Cold air drainage 3.2.9 Buffering of temperatures against change in mountain ranges 3.3 Terrain factors 3.3.1 Vegetation 3.3.2 Hydrology 3.3.3 Lakes and water bodies 3.3.4 Nature of the soil and rock 3.3.5 Fire 3.3.6 Glaciers 3.3.7 The effects of Man 4 Permafrost distribution 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Zonation of permafrost 4.3 Permafrost mapping 4.4 Examples of mapping units used 4.5 Modeling permafrost distribution 4.6 Advances in geophysical methods 4.7 Causes of variability reducing the reliability of small-scale maps 4.8 Maps of permafrost-related properties based on field observations 4.8.1 Permafrost thickness 4.8.2 Maps of ice content 4.8.3 Water resources locked up in perennially frozen ground 4.8.4 Total carbon content 4.9 Use of remote sensing and airborne platforms in monitoring environmental conditions and disturbances 4.10 Sensitivity to climate change: Hazard zonation 4.11 Classification of permafrost stability based on mean annual ground temperature Part II Permafrost landforms II. 1 Introduction 5 Frost cracking, ice-wedges, sand, loess and rock tessellons 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Primary and secondary wedges 5.2.1 Primary wedges 5.2.1.1 Ice-wedges 5.2.1.2 Sand tessellons 5.2.1.3 Loess tessellons 5.2.1.4 Rock tessellons 5.2.2 Secondary wedges 5.2.2.1 Ice-wedge casts 5.2.2.2 Soil wedges 6 Massive ground ice in lowlands 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Distribution of massive icy beds in surface sediments 6.3 Sources of the sediments 6.4 Deglaciation of the Laurentide ice sheet 6.5 Methods used to determine the origin of the massive icy beds 6.6 Massive icy beds interpreted as being formed by cryosuction 6.7 Massive icy beds that may represent stagnant glacial ice 6.8 Other origins of massive icy beds 6.9 Ice complexes including yedoma deposits 6.10 Conditions for growth of thick ice-wedges 6.11 The mechanical condition of the growth of ice-wedges and its connection to the properties of the surrounding sediments 6.12 Buoyancy of ice-wedges 6.13 Summary of the ideas explaining yedoma evolution 6.14 Aufeis 6.15 Perennial ice caves 6.16 Types of ice found in perennial ice caves 6.17 Processes involved in the formation of perennial ice caves 6.18 Cycles of perennial cave evolution 6.18.1 Perennial ice caves in deep hollows 6.18.2 Sloping caves with two entrances 6.18.3 Perennial ice caves with only one main entrance but air entering through cracks and joints in the bedrock walls 6.18.4 Perennial ice caves with only one main entrance and no other sources of cooling 6.19 Ice caves in subtropical climates 6.20 Massive blocks of ice in bedrock or soil 7 Permafrost mounds 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Mounds over 2.5 m diameter 7.2.1 Mounds formed predominantly of injection ice 7.2.1.1 Pingo mounds 7.2.1.2 Hydrostatic or closed system pingos 7.2.1.3 Hydraulic or open system pingos 7.2.1.4 Pingo plateaus 7.2.1.5 Seasonal frost mounds 7.2.1.6 Icing blisters 7.2.1.7 Perennial mounds of uncertain origin 7.2.1.8 Similar mounds that can be confused with injection phenomena 7.2.2 Mounds formed dominantly by cryosuction 7.2.2.1 Paisas 7.2.2.1.1 Paisas in maritime climates 7.2.2.1.2 Paisas in cold, continental climates 7.2.2.1.3 Lithalsas 7.2.2.1.4 Palsa/Lithalsa look-alikes 7.2.3 Mounds formed by the accumulation of ice in the thawing fringe: Peat plateaus 7.3 Cryogenic mounds less than 2.5 m in diameter 7.3.1 Oscillating hummocks 7.3.2 Thufurs 7.3.3 Silt-cycling hummocks 7.3.4 Niveo-aeolian hummocks 7.3.5 Similar-looking mounds of uncertain origin 7.3.6 String bogs 7.3.7 Pounus 8 Mass wasting of fine-grained materials in cold climates 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Classification of mass wasting 8.3 Slow flows 8.3.1 Cryogenic creep 8.3.1.1 Needle ice creep 8.3.1.2 Frost heave and frost creep 8.3.1.3 Gelifluction 8.3.1.4 Other creep-type contributions to downslope movement of soil 8.3.2 Landforms produced by cryogenic slow flows in humid areas 8.3.3 Landforms developed by cryogenic flows in more arid regions 8.4 Cryogenic fast flows 8.4.1 Cryogenic debris flows 8.4.2 Cryogenic slides and slumps 8.4.3 Cryogenic composite slope failures 8.4.3.1 Active-layer detachment slides 8.4.3.2 Retrogressive thaw failures 8.4.3.3 Snow avalanches and slushflows 8.4.3.3.1 Snow avalanches 8.4.3.3.2 Slush avalanches 8.5 Relative effect in moving debris downslope in the mountains 9 Landforms consisting of blocky materials in cold climates 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Source of the blocks 9.3 Influence of rock type 9.4 Weathering products 9.5 Biogenic weathering 9.6 Fate of the soluble salts produced by chemical and biogenic weathering 9.7 Rate of cliff retreat 9.8 Landforms resulting from the accumulation of predominantly blocky materials in cryogenic climates 9.8.1 Cryogenic block fields 9.8.1.1 Measurement of rates of release of blocks on slopes 9.8.2 Cryogenic block slopes and fans 9.8.3 Classification of cryogenic talus slopes 9.8.3.1 Coarse blocky talus slopes 9.8.4 Protection of infrastructure from falling rock 9.9 Talus containing significant amounts of finer material 9.9.1 Rock glaciers 9.9.1.1 Sedimentary composition and structure of active rock glaciers 9.9.1.2 Origin of the ice in active rock glaciers 9.9.1.3 Relationship to vegetation 9.9.2 Movement of active rock glaciers 9.9.2.1 Horizontal movement 9.9.2.2 Movement of the front 9.9.3 Distribution of active rock glaciers 9.9.4 Inactive and fossil rock glaciers 9.9.5 Streams flowing from under rock glaciers 9.10 Cryogenic block streams 9.10.1 Characteristics 9.10.2 Classification 9.10.2.1

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 1.1 The Periglacial Concept: Definitions and Scope 1.2 The Periglacial Realm 1.3 The Development of Periglacial Geomorphology 1.4 Periglacial Geomorphology: The Quaternary Context 1.5 The Aims and Organization of this Book 2 Periglacial Environments 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Periglacial Climates 2.3 Soils in Periglacial Environments 2.4 Vegetation Cover in Periglacial Environments 2.5 Synthesis 3 Ground Freezing and Thawing 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Ground Heating and Cooling 3.3 Soil Freezing 3.4 Ice Segregation in Freezing Soils 3.5 Thaw Consolidation 3.6 Synthesis 4 Permafrost 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Permafrost Thermal Regime 4.3 Classification of Permafrost 4.4 Detection, Mapping and Modelling of Permafrost 4.5 Permafrost Distribution 4.6 Permafrost-glacier Interactions 4.7 The Geomorphic Importance of Permafrost 5 Ground Ice and Cryostratigraphy 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Genetic Classification of Ground Ice 5.3 Description of Ground Ice 5.4 Ice Contacts 5.5 Cryostratigraphy 5.6 The Transition Zone 5.7 Massive Ground Ice 5.8 Yedoma 6 Thermal Contraction Cracking: Ice Wedges and Related Landforms 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Thermal Contraction Cracking and Polygon Evolution 6.3 Ice Veins and Ice Wedges 6.4 Ice-wedge Polygons 6.5 Sand Veins and Sand Wedges 6.6 Composite Veins and Composite Wedges 6.7 Sand-wedge Polygons 6.8 Frost Cracking of Seasonally Frozen Ground 6.9 Thaw Modification of Frost Wedges 6.10 Frost-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Frost Polygons in Areas of Past Permafrost 7 Pingos, Palsas and other Frost Mounds 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Characteristics of Pingos 7.3 Hydrostatic Pingos 7.4 Hydraulic Pingos 7.5 Pingo Problems and Problem Pingos 7.6 Segregation Ice Mounds: Palsas, Lithalsas and Related Landforms 7.7 Palsas 7.8 Peat Plateaus 7.9 Lithalsas 7.10 Permafrost Plateaus 7.11 Other Permafrost Mounds 7.12 Ephemeral Frost Mounds 7.13 Relict Permafrost Mounds 8 Thermokarst 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Thermokarst Lakes and Drained Lake Basins 8.3 Thermokarst Pits, Bogs and Fens 8.4 Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 8.5 Small-scale Thermokarst Features: Beaded Streams, Sinkholes and Thermokarst Gullies 8.6 Sediment Structures associated with Thermokarst 8.7 Relict Thermokarst Phenomena 9 Seasonally Frozen Ground Phenomena 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Upfreezing of Clasts 9.3 Frost Heave of Bedrock 9.4 Patterned Ground: The Embroidery on the Landscape 9.5 Patterned Ground Processes 9.6 Sorted Patterned Ground 9.7 Nonsorted Patterned Ground 9.8 Cryoturbations 9.9 Pedogenic Effects of Freezing and Thawing 9.10 Fragipans 9.11 Synthesis 10 Rock Weathering and Associated Landforms 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Physical Weathering Processes 10.3 Chemical Weathering Processes 10.4 Biotic Weathering Processes 10.5 Weathering Processes in Periglacial Environments 10.6Cold-climate Karst 10.7 Tors 10.8 Blockfields and Related Periglacial Regolith Covers 10.9 Brecciated Bedrocks 11 Periglacial Mass Movement and Hillslope Evolution 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Solifluction Processes 11.3 Solifluction Landforms 11.4 Pleistocene Solifluction Landforms and Slope Deposits 11.5 Active-layer Failures 11.6 Permafrost Creep 11.7 Nivation 11.8 Cryoplanation 11.9 Slope Form and Slope Evolution 12 Talus Slopes and Related Landforms 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Rockfall Talus 12.3 The Geomorphic Role of Snow Avalanches 12.4 Debris-flow Activity 12.5 Rock Glaciers 12.6 Pronival (Protalus) Ramparts 12.7 Synthesis 13 Fluvial Processes and Landforms 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Periglacial Hydrology 13.3 Slopewash 13.4 Slushflows 13.5 Sediment Transport in Periglacial Rivers 13.6 Bank and Channel Erosion 13.7 River Channels 13.8 Alluvial Landforms in Periglacial Environments 13.9 Valley Form 13.10 Pleistocene Periglacial Rivers 13.11 Synthesis 14 Wind Action 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Aeolian Processes 14.3 Wind Erosion in Present Periglacial Environments 14.4 Aeolian Deposits in Present Periglacial Environments 14.5 Quaternary Aeolian Deposits 14.6 Synthesis 15 Periglacial Coasts 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Nature of Periglacial Coasts 15.3 The Role of Ice in Shoreline Evolution 15.4 Ice-rich Permafrost Coasts 15.5 Thermokarst Coasts 15.6 Barrier Coasts 15.7 Salt Marshes and Tidal Flats 15.8 Rock Coasts 15.9 Raised and Inherited Shorelines 15.10 Lake Shorelines 15.11 Synthesis 16 Past Periglacial Environments 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction Based on Periglacial Features 16.3 Past Periglacial Environments of the British Isles 16.4 Pre-Late Devensian Periglacial Features in the British Isles 16.5 The Dimlington Stade in the British Isles 16.6 The Younger Dryas (Loch Lomond) Stade in the British Isles 16.7 Past Periglacial Environments of the British Isles: Commentary 16.8 Late Weichselian Periglacial Environments in Continental Europe 16.9 Late Wisconsinan Periglacial Environments in North America 16.10 Permafrost Extent in the Northern Hemisphere During the Last Glacial Stage 16.11 Concluding Comments 17 Climate Change and Periglacial Environments 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Permafrost Degradation 17.3 Geomorphological Implications of Climate Change in the Circumpolar North 17.4Geomorphological Implications of Climate Change in High Mountain Environments 17.5 Climate Change ,Permafrost Degradation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 17.6 Conclusion Appendix: Text Abbreviations, Units and Symbols Employed in Equations References Index

Anmerkung: Contents: Einleitung ; Rechtsformauswahl ; Gründungsprozess und erste Projekte ; Ressourcen und Geschäftsfelder in den Regionen ; Vorteile der Technologien für die Region ; Finanzierung und Versicherung der Vorhaben ; Gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen und Rentabilität der Vorhaben ; Projektmanagement von Energiegenossenschaften ; Unternehmensführung, Controlling, Kostenrechnung ; Die Generalversammlung, Ausschüttungspolitik ; Beispiele für erfolgreiche Genossenschaften ; Zukunftsszenarien der dezentralen Energieversorgung, Ausblick: Auf dem Weg zur Postwachstumsökonomie ; Anhang

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1Wissenschaftliche Zielsetzung 2 Grundlagen 2.1 Grundgleichungen 2.2 Potentielle Vorticity 2.3 Planetare Wellen 2.4 Atmosphärische Instabilität 2.5 Grenzschicht 2.6 Kopplung von Tropo- und Stratosphäre 3 Daten und Methoden 3.1 N-ICE2015 3.1.1 Expeditionsbeschreibung 3.1.2 Ziele der Expedition 3.2 Daten 3.2.1 Beobachtungsdaten 3.2.2 ERA-Interim Reanalyse 3.2.3 Das HIRHAM5 Modell 3.3 Analysemethoden 3.3.1 Temperaturinversionen 3.3.2 Vertikale Stabilität 3.3.3 Grenzschichthöhe 3.3.4 Eady Growth Rate 3.3.5 2d-Skalenfilterung und -Pattern-Korrelation 3.3.6 Nudging Experiment 4 Analyse der N-ICE2015 Radiosonden 4.1 Blick auf die Troposphäre 4.2 Fallstudie zum M2-Sturm: A 4.3 Zyklonencharakteristika 4.4 Temperaturinversionen und Stabilität 4.5 Vergleich mit ERA-Interim, SHEBA und Ny-Ålesund 4.6 Résumé der Expeditionsdaten 5 Nudging Studien mit HIRHAM5 5.1 Vergleich mit ERA-Interim 5.2 Vergleich der Simulationen 5.3 Fallstudie zum M2-Sturm: B 5.3.1 Synoptische Aktivität 5.4 Statistischer Vergleich 6 Einfluss der Stratosphäre 6.1 Stratosphäre im Winter 2014/2015 6.2 Fallstudie zum M2-Sturm: C 6.3 PV als Ladung 6.4 Résumé der Beobachtungen 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A Zusätztliche Abbildungen B Literaturverzeichnis

Anmerkung: Contents Part I Natural Mangrove Systems 1 Australian Mangroves: Their Distribution and Protection / I. D. Cresswell and V. Semeniuk 2 The Dynamics of Expanding Mangroves in New Zealand / Erik M. Horstman, Carolyn J. Lundquist, Karin R. Bryan, Richard H. Bulmer, Julia C. Mullarney, and Debra J. Stokes 3 Mangrove Forests of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman / Alireza Salehipour Milani 4 Current Status of Mangrove Wetlands in Sinaloa: A Biological Corridor Along the Eastern Margin of the Gulf of California, México / Marlenne Manzano-Sarabia, Olivia Millán-Aguilar, Francisco Flores-Cárdenas, Lidia Rodríguez-Arredondo, Mayra I. Grano-Maldonado, and Mario Nieves-Soto 5 Geospatial Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Changes in Mangrove Vegetation of Pichavaram Region, Tamil Nadu, India / M. Vani and P. Rama Chandra Prasad Part II Threats, Vulnerability, and Impacts 6 Natural Threats and Impacts to Mangroves Within the Coastal Fringing Forests of India / Ashis Kr. Paul, Amrit Kamila, and Ratnadip Ray 7 An Assessment of Vulnerability and Adaptation of Coastal Mangroves of West Africa in the Face of Climate Change / Isaac Boateng 8 Historical Losses of Mangrove Systems in South America from Human-Induced and Natural Impacts / Daniel Gorman 9 Australian Mangroves: Anthropogenic Impacts by Industry, Agriculture, Ports, and Urbanisation / V. Semeniuk and I. D. Cresswell 10 Determining the Influence of Urbanization on Mangrove Zones of Northeastern Brazil: Characterization of Ceará State Coastal Zone Organic Matter Inputs / Stéphane Jean Louis Mounier, Rozane Valente Marins, and Luiz Drude de Lacerda 11 Vulnerability of Mangrove Forests and Wetland Ecosystems in the Sundarbans Natural World Heritage Site (Bangladesh) / Shafi Noor Islam, Sandra Reinstädtler, and Albrecht Gnauck Part III Pollution and Contamination by Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals 12 The Impact of Oil and Gas Exploration: Invasive Nypa Palm Species and Urbanization on Mangroves in the Niger River Delta, Nigeria / Aroloye O. Numbere 13 Oil-Related Mangrove Loss East of Bonny River, Nigeria / Erich R. Gundlach 14 Sediment Hydrocarbons in Former Mangrove Areas, Southern Ogoniland, Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria / David I. Little, Kay Holtzmann, Erich R. Gundlach, and Yakov Galperin 15 Heavy Metal Distribution and Accumulation from Natural and Anthropogenic Sources in Tropical Mangroves of India and Bangladesh / Prabhat Ranjan, Karuna Rao, Alok Kumar, and A. L. Ramanathan Part IV Assessment Techniques, Ecosystem Design, and Management Strategies 16 Ecosystem Design: When Mangrove Ecology Meets Human Needs / Martin Zimmer 17 Towards Sustainability and Protection of Threatened Coastal Ecosystems: Management Strategies for a Rare Stone Mangrove in Gorda Beach, Armação dos Búzios, Brazil / Marcelo Obraczka, Kátia Leite Mansur, and Gerson Cardoso da Silva, Jr. 18 Assessment and Management Strategies of Mangrove Forests Alongside the Mangsalut River Basin (Brunei Darussalam, on the Island of Borneo) / Shafi Noor Islam, Nurin Hidayati Hj Abd Rahman, Sandra Reinstädtler, and Mohd Nur Azri Bin Aladin 19 Mangrove Establishment in an Artificially Constructed Estuarine Channel, Sungei Api-Api, Singapore / Suzanna Ramos and Patrick A. Hesp 20 Interaction of Mangroves, Coastal Hydrodynamics, and Morphodynamics Along the Coastal Fringes of the Guianas / Erik A. Toorman, Edward Anthony, Pieter G. E. F. Augustinus, Antoine Gardel, Nicolas Gratiot, Oudho Homenauth, Nicolas Huybrechts, Jaak Monbaliu, Kene Moseley, and Sieuwnath Naipal 21 The Beneficial Effects of Mangrove Forest to Sea Defence Structures / Henk Jan Verhagen 22 Remote Sensing of Mangrove Forests: Current Techniques and Existing Databases / Stuart E. Hamilton, Gustavo A. Castellanos-Galindo, Marco Millones-Mayer, and Mara Chen 23 Urban Mangrove Biology and Ecology: Emergent Patterns and Management Implications / Benjamin Branoff 24 High-Throughput Techniques As Support for Knowledge-Based Spatial Conservation Prioritization in Mangrove Ecosystems / Véronique Helfer and Martin Zimmer Part V Conservation, Rehabilitation, and Governance 25 Mangrove Concessions: An Innovative Strategy for Community Mangrove Conservation in Ecuador / Fausto Vinicio López Rodríguez 26 Conserving Mangroves for Their Blue Carbon: Insights and Prospects for Community-Based Mangrove Management in Southeast Asia / Dixon T. Gevaña, Leni D. Camacho, and Juan M. Pulhin 27 Mangrove Habitats in São Tomé and Príncipe (Gulf of Guinea, Africa): Conservation and Management Status / R. Haroun, A. Herrero Barrencua, and A. D. Abreu 28 The Success of Hydrological Rehabilitation in Mangrove Wetlands Using Box Culverts Across Coastal Roads in Northern Yucatán (SE, México) / Claudia Teutli-Hernández and Jorge A. Herrera-Silveira 29 Mangroves on the Brazilian Amazon Coast: Uses and Rehabilitation / Marcus E. B. Fernandes, Francisco Pereira Oliveira, and Indira A. L. Eyzaguirre 30 Mangrove Restoration and Mitigation After Oil Spills and Development Projects in East Africa and the Middle East / David I. Little 31 Environmental Governance As a Framework for Mangrove Sustainability on the Brazilian Amazon Coast / Indira A. L. Eyzaguirre and Marcus E. B. Fernandes Erratum Index

Anmerkung: Contents Sub-Basin Scale Heterogeneity in the Polymeric Composition of Floating Microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea / Giuseppe Suaria, Carlo Giacomo Avio, Francesco Regoli and Stefano Aliani Floating Microplastics in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea: Temporal and Spatial Heterogeneities / Mel Constant, Philippe Kerherve, Jennifer Sola, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, Miquel Canals and Serge Heussner Microplastic Abundance and Polymer Types in a Mediterranean Environment / Nikoletta Digka, Catherine Tsangaris, Helen Kaberi, Argyro Adamopoulou and Christina Zeri TARA Mediterranean Expedition: Assessing the Impact of Microplastics on Mediterranean Ecosystem / Maria Luiza Pedrotti, Maria Grazia Mazzocchi, Fabien Lombard, François Galgani, Marie Emmanuelle Kerros, Maryvonne Henry, Amanda Elineau, Stéphanie Petit, María Luz Fernandez-de-Puelles, Stéphane Gasparini, Valentina Tirelli, Jean-Louis Jamet and Gabriel Gorsky Statistical Methodology for Identifying Microplastic Samples Collected During TARA Mediterranean Campaign / Mathilde Falcou-Préfol, Mikaël Kedzierski, Jonathan Villain, Marie Emmanuelle Kerros, Amanda Elineau, Maria Luiza Pedrotti and Stéphane Bruzaud Toward 3D Modeling the Plastic Marine Debris in the Mediterranean / Giovanni Coppini, Svitlana Liubartseva, Rita Lecci, Sergio Cretì, Giorgia Verri, Emanuela Clementi and Nadia Pinardi Assessment of Microplastics Marine Pollution from an Environmental NGO’s Point of View: The First Study About the Widespread Presence of Plastic Pellets Along the Italian Coast / Stefania Di Vito, Giorgio Zampetti, Maria Sighicelli, Serena Carpentieri and Loris Pietrelli Microplastics from Wastewater Treatment Plants—Preliminary Data / Ricardo Gouveia, Joana Antunes, Paula Sobral and Leonor Amaral Challenging the Microplastic Extraction from Sandy Sediments / Mikaël Kedzierski, Véronique Le Tilly, Patrick Bourseau, Hervé Bellegou, Guy César, Olivier Sire and Stéphane Bruzaud Are Our Synthetic Fabrics Released into the Marine Environment? Evidences on Microplastics Pollution in Wastewater Coming from Our Laundry / Raquel Villalba, Àngels Rovira and Laura Gelabert Analytical Approach for the Detection of Micro-sized Fibers from Textile Laundry / Jasmin Haap and Edith Classen Study on Microplastics Release from Fishing Nets / Alessio Montarsolo, Raffaella Mossotti, Alessia Patrucco, Marina Zoccola, Rosalinda Caringella, Pier Davide Pozzo and Claudio Tonin A Research on Microplastic Presence in Outdoor Air / Meral Yurtsever, Ahmet Tunahan Kaya and Senem Çiftçi Bayraktar Commonly Used Disposable Plastic Bags as a Source of Microplastic in Environment / Meral Yurtsever and Ulaş Yurtsever From Coral Triangle to Trash Triangle—How the Hot spot of Global Marine Biodiversity Is Threatened by Plastic Waste / Markus T. Lasut, Miriam Weber, Fransisco Pangalila, Natalie D. C. Rumampuk, Joice R. T. S. L. Rimper, Veibe Warouw, Stella T. Kaunang and Christian Lott Preliminary Assessment of Microplastic Accumulation in Wild Mediterranean Species / Manuela Piccardo, Serena Felline and Antonio Terlizzi Zooplankton and Plastic Additives—Insights into the Chemical Pollution of the Low-Trophic Level of the Mediterranean Marine Food Web / Natascha Schmidt, Javier Castro-Jiménez, Vincent Fauvelle and Richard Sempéré Microplastics in Juvenile Commercial Fish from an Estuarine Environment / Filipa Bessa, Pablo Barría, João M. Neto, João P. G. L. Frias, Vanessa Otero, Paula Sobral and João Carlos Marques Plastic Soles: Microplastic Litter in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Solea solea from the Adriatic Sea / Giulio Pellini, Alessio Gomiero, Tomaso Fortibuoni, Gianna Fabi, Fabio Grati, Anna Nora Tassetti, Piero Polidori, Carmen Ferra Vega and Giuseppe Scarcella Size-Selective Feeding by Mesopelagic Fish Can Impact Ocean Surface Abundance of Small Plastic Particles / John van den Hoff, Cecilia Eriksson, Harry Burton and Martin Schultz Dynamics in Microplastic Ingestion During the Past Six Decades in Herbivorous Fish on the Mediterranean Israeli Coast / Noam van der Hal, Erez Yeruham and Dror L. Angel Nanoplastic Impact on Human Health—A 3D Intestinal Model to Study the Interaction with Nanoplastic Particles / Roman Lehner, Alke Petri-Fink and Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser Imitating the Weathering of Microplastics in the Marine Environment / Kathrin Oelschlägel, Jenny Pfeiffer and Annegret Potthoff Microbial Degradation of HDPE Secondary Microplastics: Preliminary Results / Panagiota Tsiota, Katerina Karkanorachaki, Evdokia Syranidou, Martina Franchini and Nicolas Kalogerakis Assessing Marine Biodegradability of Plastic—Towards an Environmentally Relevant International Standard Test Scheme / Miriam Weber, Dorothée Makarow, Boris Unger, Nike Mortier, Bruno De Wilde, Miriam van Eekert, Els Schuman, Maurizio Tosin, Michele Pognani, Francesco Degli Innocenti, Demetres Briassolis, Antonis Mistriotis, Maarten van der Zee and Christian Lott Marine Fate of Biodegradable Plastic—Substitution Potential and Ecological Impacts / Christian Lott, Andreas Eich, Nora-Charlotte Pauli, Tobias Mildenberger, Christian Laforsch, Jana S. Petermann, Markus T. Lasut and Miriam Weber Biodegradable Poly(Butylene Succinate)-Based Composites for Food Packaging / Salvatore Mallardo, Valentina De Vito, Mario Malinconico, Maria Grazia Volpe, Gabriella Santagata and Maria Laura Di Lorenzo Degradation of Biodegradable Plastic Buried in Sand / Mariacristina Cocca, Francesca De Falco, Gennaro Gentile, Roberto Avolio, Maria Emanuela Errico, Emilia Di Pace and Maurizio Avella Non-conventional Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Alginates from Sargassum Seaweed: From Coastal Waste to a Novel Polysaccharide Source / Gabriella Santagata, Giorgio Grillo, Barbara Immirzi, Silvia Tabasso, Giancarlo Cravotto and Mario Malinconico Eco-Sustainable Finishing Treatment of Polyamide Fabrics to Reduce the Release of Microplastics During Washing Processes / Francesca De Falco, Maria Pia Gullo, Gennaro Gentile, Roberto Avolio, Maria Emanuela Errico, Emilia Di Pace, Veronica Ambrogi, Maurizio Avella and Mariacristina Cocca Mitigation of the Impact Caused by Microfibers Released During Washings by Implementing New Chitosan Finishing Treatments / Raffaella Mossotti, Alessio Montarsolo, Alessia Patrucco, Marina Zoccola, Rosalinda Caringella, Pier Davide Pozzo and Claudio Tonin MWCNT/Polyaniline Nanocomposites Used for pH Nanosensors of Marine Waters / Anita Grozdanov, Aleksandar Petrovski, Perica Paunovik, Aleksandar T. Dimitrov and Maurizio Avella Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater Using Bio- and Nanosorbents / Anita Grozdanov, Katerina Atkovska, Kiril Lisickov, Gordana Ruseska and Aleksandar T. Dimitrov Banning Microplastics in Cosmetic Products in Europe: Legal Challenges / Esther Kentin

Anmerkung: Contents 1 Introduction: Limits to Adaptation / Johanna Nalau and Walter Leal Filho Part I Limits to Climate Change Adaptation in Asia 2 Strategies and Barriers to Adaptation of Hazard-Prone Rural Households in Bangladesh / G. M. Monirul Alam, Khorshed Alam, Shahbaz Mushtaq, Most Nilufa Khatun and Walter Leal Filho 3 Governance Limits to Adaptation in Cambodia’s Health Sector / Daniel Gilfillan 4 Land-Based Strategic Model by Integrating Diverse Policies for Climate Change Adaptation in Nepal / Adish Khezri, Arbind Man Tuladhar and Jaap Zevenbergen 5 Climate Change and Migration in Bangladesh: Empirically Derived Lessons and Opportunities for Policy Makers and Practitioners / Johannes Luetz Part II Limits to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa 6 Limits to Climate Change Adaptation in Zimbabwe: Insights, Experiences and Lessons / Nelson Chanza 7 Pastoralists Shifting Strategies and Perceptions of Risk: Post-crisis Recovery in Damergou, Niger / Karen Marie Greenough 8 Political Limits to Climate Change Adaptation Practices: Insights from the Johannesburg Case / Karen Hetz 9 Constraints and Limits to Climate Change Adaptation Efforts in Nigeria / Idowu O. Ologeh, Joshua B. Akarakiri and Francis A. Adesina 10 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Suitability of Banana Crop Production to Future Climate Change Over Uganda / Geoffrey Sabiiti, Joseph Mwalichi Ininda, Laban Ayieko Ogallo, Jully Ouma, Guleid Artan, Charles Basalirwa, Franklin Opijah, Alex Nimusiima, Saul Daniel Ddumba, Jasper Batureine Mwesigwa, George Otieno and Jamiat Nanteza 11 Local Adaptation to Climate Extremes in Domboshawa: Opportunities and Limitations / Vincent Itai Tanyanyiwa and Rejoice Madobi Part III Limits to Climate Change Adaptation in Australia, North-America and Europe 12 The Limits of Imagination / Liese Coulter 13 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal East Arctic Ecosystems: Complexity and Challenges of Monitoring and Evaluation / Moktar Lamari, Line Poulin-Larivière and Johann L. Jacob 14 Limits to Adaptation on Climate Change in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Insights and Experiences / Goran Trbic, Davorin Bajic, Vladimir Djurdjevic, Vladan Ducic, Raduska Cupac, Đorđe Markez, Goran Vukmir, Radoslav Dekić and Tatjana Popov Part IV Limits to Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific Region 15 Climate Change Adaptation Limits in Small Island Developing States / Stacy-ann Robinson 16 Limits to Coastal Adaptation in Samoa: Insights and Experiences / Richard Crichton and Miguel Esteban 17 Limits to Capital Works Adaptation in the Coastal Zones and Islands: Lessons for the Pacific / Brendan Mackey and Daniel Ware 18 A ‘Cost Barrier’ Perspective to Adaptation on a Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) and Mangrove Rehabilitation Projects (MRP) in Solomon Islands / Michael Otoara Ha’apio, Walter Leal Filho and Morgan Wairiu 19 Customary Land and Climate Change Induced Relocation: A Case Study of Vunidogoloa Village, Vanua Levu, Fiji / Dhrishna Charan, Manpreet Kaur and Priyatma Singh 20 Limits to Adapting to Climate Change Through Relocations in Papua-New Guinea and Fiji / Dalila Gharbaoui and Julia Blocher 21 Atoll Habitability Thresholds / Mark H. N. Stege 22 Conclusions: Overcoming the Limits to Adaptation / Walter Leal Filho and Johanna Nalau

Anmerkung: Contents 1 General Chemical Concepts Introduction Periodic Table and Element Groups Chemical Bonding Chemical Reactions, Stoichiometry, and Kinetics Equilibrium, Steady-State, and Residence Time General Concepts of Organic Chemistry Aqueous Solubility and Polarity Diffusion and Osmotic Potential Freezing Exclusion and Concentration of Solutes Defining Dissolved and Particulate Phases SI Units and Concentrations Ionic Charge Balance Stable Isotope Chemistry 2 Soil Biogeochemistry Introduction Soil Formation and Pedogenesis Soil Classification Soil Texture and Coarse Fragments Soil Moisture Mineralogy Physical-Chemical Features of Clays and Other Soil Colloids Clay Colloids Humic Colloids Chemical Processes in Soils Ion Exchange and Adsorption in Soils Soil Ion Exchange Chemistry and Base Saturation Acidification Complexation Leaching Dissolution and Precipitation Reactions Comparative Analysis of Soil Chemical Properties Soil Exchange Chemistry Soil Distributions of Aluminum Vertical Distributions of Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in Soils Forms of Organic Nitrogen in Soils Patterns of Soil Solution Chemistry Integrated Processes of Nutrient Supply and Storage in Soils 3 Microbial Biogeochemistry Introduction Redox Conditions Microbial Nitrogen Transformations Nitrogen Fixation Mineralization or Ammonification Nitrogen Immobilization Nitrification Denitrification Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium (DNRA) Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction Microbial Sulfur Transformations Mineralization of Organic Sulfur Anaerobic Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction Microbial Carbon Transformations Fermentation Methane Production Organic Acid Synthesis by Microbes Microbial Processes that Contribute to Bioremediation or Metal Transformations 4 Plant Biogeochemistry Introduction General Plant Chemistry Plant Functional Morphology and Growth Allocation Aboveground Structure and Function Belowground Structure and Function of the Root System Growth Allocation and Root:Shoot Relationships Carbon Fixation, Metabolism, and Plant Production Photosynthesis and Nutrients Photosynthesis and Water Respiration and Metabolism Exchange of Carbon Dioxide in a Forest Ecosystem Energy Budgets and Primary Production Whole-Plant Carbon Cycling and Allocation Metabolic Allocation to Plant Defense Plant Nutrient Cycling Plant Nutrient Absorption Implications of Nutrient Uptake for Acid-Base Chemistry Plant Transport or Translocation of Nutrients Plant Nutrient Resorption Detrital Cycling of Plant Nutrients Plant Canopy Processes Affecting Element Cycling NUE as an Index of Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Cycling Nutrient Limitation Effects of Chemical Stress on Plants Effects of Acidic Deposition on Plant Membrane-Bound Calcium Aluminum Antagonism and Toxicity Stress Plant Responses to Ozone Stress 5 Cycling of Organic Matter Introduction Ecosystem Perspective Storage of Organic Matter in Forest Soils, Biomass, and Woody Debris Soil Organic Matter and Soil Carbon Storage Forest Floor Storage Turnover Rates and Age of Soil Organic Matter Reservoirs Influence of Land Management and Disturbance on SOM Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Coarse Woody Debris Transfers of Organic Matter in Detritus and Solution Aboveground Litterfall Belowground Detrital Inputs From Root Mortality and Turnover Solution Transfers of DOM Decomposition of Organic Matter General Processes of Decomposition Wood Decay Processes Decomposition Rates and Decay Constants Element Cycling Patterns in Decaying Organic Matter Substrate Controls on Decomposition Environmental Controls on Decomposition Biological Influences on Decomposition Transfers of CO2 in the Organic Matter Budget of a Forest Ecosystem 6 Atmospheric Deposition Introduction Atmospheric Chemistry Deposition Processes and Patterns Atmospheric Emissions and Deposition of Sulfur and Nitrogen Measurement and Analysis of Atmospheric Deposition Wet Deposition Dry Deposition Analysis of Precipitation Chemistry Environmental Patterns of Precipitation Chemistry and Atmospheric Deposition Daily Patterns Monthly Patterns Multi-year Trends in Precipitation Chemistry Long-Term Historical Trends in Atmospheric Deposition of Mercury Spatial Patterns: Deposition in North America Spatial Patterns: Influence of Vegetation and Canopy Structure on Atmospheric Deposition Spatial Patterns: Comparison of Atmospheric Deposition at Different Forest Sites Modeling Atmospheric Deposition Patterns A Case Study of Deposition Inputs to a Forest Ecosystem 7 Mineral Weathering Introduction Ecosystem Context Mineral Weathering Processes Heterogeneous Mineral Weathering at Different Scales Controls on Mineral Weathering Rates Mineralogical Controls Influence of Acidity and Complexing Ligands on Weathering Rates Experimental Effects of Acidity on Weathering Rates Physical Influences on Weathering Rates Biotic Influences on Mineral Weathering Rates Influence of Mineral Dissolution on the Solution Chemistry of Natural Waters Genesis and Weathering of Clays Methods of Estimating Weathering Contributions to Ecosystem Element Budgets Mass Balance Estimation Element Tracers as Indicators of Weathering Rates Weathering Estimation with Mineral Depletion Techniques Comparison of Weathering Estimates Comparison of Weathering in Different Ecosystems 8 Watershed Hydrology Ecosystem and Landscape Perspectives Influence of Geology and Soils on Storage and Movement of Water Soil Hydrologic Properties Water Movement and Streamflow Generation in a Watershed Inferring Stream Hydrology from Stream Chemistry in Small Watersheds Water Balance of a Watershed Ecosystem Measurement Techniques for Ecosystem Water Budgets Components of a Water Budget: Precipitation Inputs Components of a Water Budget: Evapotranspiration (ET) Components of a Water Budget: Hydrologic Storage Components of a Water Budget: Stream Runoff Integrated Analysis of a Water Budget 9 Aqueous Chemistry Introduction An Example of Soil Solution Chemistry: Analysis and Interpretation General Concepts of Aqueous Chemistry Sample Collection and Analysis Selection of Analytical Parameters Alkalinity or Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) Acidity and pH Conductivity Ionic Strength and Ion Activity Influence of Temperature on Solution Equilibria Hydrolysis and Chemical Speciation as a Function of pH Rate-Limited Versus Equilibrium Conditions Differential Anion Mobility Effects of Ecosystem Processes on Solution Chemistry Case Studies: Analysis and Interpretation of Aqueous Chemistry in Natural Waters Controls on the Chemistry of Forest Floor Leachates Comparison of Stream Chemistry Along a Hydrologic Flow Gradient Changes in Solution Chemistry and ANC Generation Along a Watershed Drainage Gradient Effects of Land Use on Watershed Exports of Nutrients in Stream Runoff 10 Integrated Element Cycling Introduction General Concepts of Element Cycling Terminology Comparison of Element Cycles in Terrestrial Ecosystems Nitrogen Cycle Calcium Cycle Aluminum Cycle Nutrient Cycling in Relation to Ecosystem Succession Chemical Input-Output Budgets for Watershed Ecosystems Element Cycling at the Landscape Scale: Exports of N and P from Large Watersheds Element Cycling at the Global Scale Global Nitrogen Cycle Global Carbon Cycle 11 Biogeochemical Models Introduction Considerations in the Development of a Biogeochemical Model Steps in Building a Biogeochemical Model An Introductory Model of Watershed Nitrogen Cycling Applications of Biogeochemical Models TREGRO: A Model to Simulate Plant Responses to Interacting Stresses TEM: A Global Model of Net Primary Productivity The CENTURY Soil Organic Matter Model PnET-BGC: An Integrated Biogeochemical Model Watershed Acidification Models Nutrient Cycling Models Models in Watershed Hydrology 12 Ecosystem Disturbance and Stress Introduction Disturbance and Recovery in the Context of Ecological Succession Effects of Forest Harvesting on Watershed Ecosystems Twenty Years of Recovery Following H

Anmerkung: Contents Part I Introduction to the Central Nervous System 1 Introduction to the Central Nervous System 1.1 The Neuron 1.2 The Nervous System 1.2.1 Peripheral Nervous System (Fig. 1.3) 1.2.2 Central Nervous System Bibliography 2 Neurocytology: Cells of the CNS 2.1 The Neuron 2.1.1 Dendrites 2.1.2 Soma 2.1.3 Golgi Type I and II Neurons 2.1.4 Dendritic Spines (Fig. 2.2) 2.1.5 Nucleus 2.1.6 Neuronal Cytoskeleton 2.1.7 Microtubules and Axoplasmic Flow 2.1.8 Neurofibrillary Tangles 2.2 Synapse 2.2.1 Synaptic Structure 2.2.2 Synaptic Types 2.2.3 Synaptic Transmission 2.2.4 Neurotransmitters (Table 2.3) 2.2.5 Modulators of Neurotransmission 2.2.6 Synaptic Vesicles (Fig. 2.16) (Table 2.4) 2.2.7 Effectors and Receptors 2.3 Supporting Cells of the Central Nervous System 2.3.1 Astrocytes (Figs. 2.6 and 2.14; Table 2.7) 2.3.2 Oligodendrocytes (Fig. 2.9) 2.3.3 Endothelial Cells 2.3.4 Mononuclear Cells: Monocytes and Microglia 2.3.5 Ependymal Cells (Fig. 2.20) 2.3.6 Supporting Cells in the Peripheral Nervous System 2.4 Response of the Nervous System to Injury 2.4.1 Degeneration 2.5 Regeneration 2.5.1 Peripheral Nerve Regeneration 2.5.2 Regeneration in the Central Nervous System 2.5.3 Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain Stem 2.5.4 Nerve Growth Factors (NGF) 2.5.5 Glial Response to Injury 2.6 Blood–Brain Barrier 2.6.1 Blood–Brain Barrier (Fig. 2.24) 2.6.2 Extracellular Space Specific References 3 Neuroembryology and Congenital Malformations 3.1 Formation of the Central Nervous System 3.2 Histogenesis 3.2.1 Repair of Damaged Nervous System 3.2.2 Growth Cone Guidance 3.2.3 Programmed Cell Death (PCD): Apoptosis 3.2.4 Neuronal Death 3.2.5 Development of Blood Vessels in the Brain 3.2.6 Ventricular System 3.2.7 Formation of Peripheral Nervous System 3.2.8 Spinal Cord Differentiation 3.3 Brain Differentiation 3.3.1 Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain) 〉 Pons, Medulla, and Cerebellum 3.3.2 Mesencephalon 〉 Adult Midbrain 3.3.3 Prosencephalon 〉 Cerebral Hemispheres and Diencephalon 3.3.4 Diencephalon 3.3.5 Cranial Nerves 3.3.6 Telencephalon 3.3.7 Primary Sulci 3.3.8 Development of the Cerebral Cortex 3.4 Prenatal Development of the Cerebral Cortex 3.5 Changes in the Cortical Architecture as a Function of Postnatal Age 3.6 Abnormal Development 3.6.1 Malformations Resulting from Abnormalities in Growth and Migration with Incomplete Development of the Brain 3.6.2 Genetically Linked Migration Disorders 3.6.3 Environmentally Induced Migration Disorder: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 3.6.4 Malformations Resulting from Chromosomal Trisomy and Translocation 3.6.5 Malformations Resulting from Defective Fusion of Dorsal Structures 3.6.6 Malformations Characterized by Excessive Growth of Ectodermal and Mesodermal Tissue Affecting the Skin, Nervous System, and Other Tissues 3.6.7 Cutaneous Angiomatosis with Associated Malformations of the Central Nervous System 3.6.8 Malformations Resulting from Abnormalities in the Ventricular System Bibliography 4 Spinal Cord 4.1 Gross Anatomy 4.1.1 Spinal Cord: Structure and Function 4.1.2 Nerve Roots 4.1.3 Gray Matter 4.2 Interneurons 4.3 Central Pattern Generators 4.4 Segmental Function 4.4.1 Motor/Ventral Horn Cells 4.4.2 Sensory Receptors 4.4.3 Stretch Receptors 4.5 Nociception and Pain 4.5.1 Modulation of Pain Transmission 4.6 White Matter Tracts 4.6.1 Descending Tracts in the Spinal Cord 4.6.2 Ascending Tracts in the Spinal Cord 4.6.3 The Anterolateral Pathway 4.7 Upper and Lower Motor Neurons Lesions 4.7.1 Upper Motor Neuron Lesion (UMN) 4.7.2 Lower Motor Neuron Lesion 4.8 Illustrative Spinal Cord Case Histories 4.9 Illustrative Non-spinal Cord Cases with Involvement of Specific Peripheral Nerves: Case Histories 4.8–4.10 4.10 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Bibliography 5 Brain Stem: Gross Anatomy 5.1 Gross Anatomical Divisions 5.1.1 Sites of Transition 5.2 Relationship of Regions in the Brain to the Ventricular System: Fig. 5.2 5.3 Gross Anatomy of Brain Stem and Diencephalon 5.3.1 Anterior Surface of Gross Brain Stem: Fig. 5.3 5.3.2 Posterior Surface of Brain Stem and Diencephalon: Fig. 5.4 5.4 Arterial Blood Supply to the Brain Stem and Diencephalon (Fig. 5.5) 5.4.1 Medulla 5.4.2 Pons 5.4.3 Midbrain 5.4.4 Diencephalon Bibliography 6 Brain Stem Functional Localization 6.1 Introduction to the Brain Stem 6.2 Differences Between the Spinal Cord and Brain Stem 6.3 Functional Localization in Brain Stem Coronal Sections and an Atlas of the Brain Stem 6.3.1 Medulla 6.3.2 Pons-Blood Supply: Basilar Artery and Its Branches 6.3.3 Midbrain Blood Supply: Basila Arrteraynd Posterio Crerebral Arteries 6.4 Midbrain Tectum 6.5 Midbrain Tegmentum 6.6 Superior Colliculus 6.6.1 Midbrain Tegmentum 6.6.2 Blood Supply: Posterior Cerebral Arteries 6.7 Superior Colliculus Tectum 6.8 Superior Colliculus Tegmentum 6.8.1 Superior ColliculusVentricular Zone 6.9 Functional Centers in the Brain Stem 6.9.1 Reticular Formation 6.9.2 Respiration Centers 6.9.3 Cardiovascular Centers 6.9.4 Deglutition 6.9.5 Vomiting 6.9.6 Emetic Center 6.9.7 Coughing 6.9.8 Taste 6.10 Localiozation of Dysfunction in the Cranial Nerves Associated with the Eye (Table 6.8) 6.11 Localization of Disease Processes in the Brain Stem 6.11.1 Exercise to Identify the Tracts and Nuclei in the Brain Stem (Figs. 6.10–6.14) Bibliography 7 The Cranial Nerves 7.1 How the Cranial Nerves Got Their Numbers 7.2 Functional Organization of Cranial Nerves 7.3 The Individual Cranial Nerves 7.3.1 Cranial Nerve I, Olfactory (Fig. 7.4), Special Sensory/Special Visceral Afferent 7.3.2 Cranial Nerve II, Optic (Fig. 7.5), Special Somatic Sensory 7.3.3 Cranial Nerve III, Oculomotor (Fig. 7.6), Pure Motor (Somatic and Parasympathetic, Only III) 7.3.4 Cranial Nerve IV, Trochlear (Fig. 7.6), Pure Motor 7.3.5 Cranial Nerve VI, Abducens (Fig. 7.6), Pure Motor 7.3.6 Cranial Nerve V, Trigeminal (Fig. 7.7), Mixed Nerve (Sensory and Motor but No Parasympathetic) 7.3.7 Cranial Nerve VII, Facial (Fig. 7.8), Mixed Nerve (Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic) 7.3.8 Cranial Nerve VIII, Vestibulocochlear (Fig. 7.9), Pure Special Somatic Sensory 7.4 Auditory Pathway 7.4.1 Cranial Nerve IX, Glossopharyngeal (Fig. 7.13), Mixed (Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic): Nerve to Third Pharyngeal Arch 7.4.2 Cranial Nerve X, Vagus (Fig. 7.14), Mixed (Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic), and Longest Cranial Nerve 7.4.3 Cranial Nerve XI, Spinal Accessory (Fig. 7.15), Pure Motor: Somatic and Visceral 7.4.4 Cranial Nerve XII, Hypoglossal (Fig. 7.16): Pure Motor Nerve 7.5 Cranial Nerve Dysfunction 7.6 Cranial Nerve Case Histories Bibliography 8 Diencephalon 8.1 Overview 8.2 Functional Organization of Thalamic Nuclei (Table 8.1) 8.2.1 Sensory and Motor Relay Nuclei: The Ventrobasal Complex and Lateral Nucleus 8.2.2 Limbic Nuclei: The Anterior, Medial, Lateral Dorsal, Midline, and Intralaminar Nuclei (Fig. 8.4) 8.2.3 Specific Associational: Polymodal/Somatic Nuclei, the Pulvinar Nuclei (Fig. 8.5) 8.2.4 Special Somatic Sensory Nuclei: Vision and Audition, the Lateral Geniculate and Medial Geniculate Nuclei of the Metathalamus (Fig. 8.5): The Special Somatic Sensory Cranial Nerves Are Cranial Nerves II and VIII 8.2.5 Nonspecific Associational 8.3 White Matter of the Diencephalon 8.4 Relationship Between the Thalamus and the Cerebral Cortex (Figs. 8.7 and 8.8) 8.5 Subthalamus (Fig. 8.3) 8.6 Thalamic Atlas Figs. 8.10, 8.11, and 8.12 8.7 Level: Midbrain, Diencephalic Junction (Fig. 8.10) 8.8 Level: Midthalamus (Fig. 8.11) 8.9 Level: Anterior Tubercle of Thalamus (Fig. 8.12) Bibliography 9 Hypothalamus, Neuroendocrine System, and Autonomic Nervous System 9.1 Hypothalamus 9.1.1 Hypothalamic Nuclei 9.1.2 Afferent Pathways 9.1.3 Efferent Pathways (Fig. 9.6) 9.1.4 Functional Stability 9.2 Neuroendocrine System, the Hypothalamus, and Its Relation to the Hypophysis 9.2.1 Hypophysis Cerebri 9.2.2 Hypothalamic–Hypophyseal Portal System 9.2.3 Hypophysiotrophic Area 9.2.4 Hormones Produced by Hypothalamus 9.2.5 Hormones Produced in Adenohypophysis (Fig. 9.12) 9.2.6 Case 9.1 9.2.7 Hypothalamus and the Autono

Anmerkung: Contents 1 Introduction 2 In the beginning….and somewhat later 3 How to make a habitable planet 4 Prebiotic chemical synthesis 5 The Origin of Life 6 Interlude 7 Photosynthesis: The Game Changer 8 The Rise of Oxygen and the origin of the Eukaryotic Cell 9 Earliest plants and animals 10 The Cambrian Explosion and emergence of “modern” body plans 11 The end of the Ordovician and the colonization of the land 12 The Permian extinction and rise of the dinosaurs 13 End of Cretaceous extinction: The end of the dinosaurs 14 The rise of mammals, the Genus Homo, and the ongoing extinction event 15 Conclusion Appendix 1. Analysis of tRNA sequences, searching for matches to modern protein amino acid sequences Appendix 2. Calculating the probability of the formation of the first protocell Index

Anmerkung: Inhalt Vorwort Ein Blick zurück - für den Blick nach vorn / Günter Miehlich, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer Böden im Klimasystem Energie- und Stoffflüsse zwischen Böden und der Atmosphäre in Feuchtgebieten verschiedener Klimazonen / Lars Kutzbach, David Holl, Norman Rößger, Norman Rüggen, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer Kohlenstofffreisetzung aus Permafrostböden - eine Gefahr für unser Klima? / Christian Knoblauch, Sebastian Zubrzycki, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer Kleinräumige Varianz von Stickstoff-Umsatz und Stickstoff-Limitierung in Permafrostböden / Claudia Fiencke, Tina Sanders, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer Moorböden - die gefährdeten Kohlenstoffspeicher unserer Erde / David Holl, Lars Kutzbach, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer Boden-Dauerbeobachtung als Werkzeug zur Bewertung des ökologischen Zustandes und von Klimafolgen / Claudia Fiencke, Peter Woloszczyk, Birgit Grabellus, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer HUSCO: Wie beeinflussen Stadtböden das lokale Klima? / Annette Eschenbach, Sarah Wiesner, Alexander Gröngröft, Felix Ament Klimaretter Wald? Wie Bäume die Kohlenstofffestlegung im Waldboden beeinflussen / Christina Steffens Böden und nachhaltige Landnutzung Die fragile Ressource Boden in der kleinbäuerlichen Landwirtschaft im Südlichen Afrika / Jona Luther-Mosebach, Marleen de Blecourt, Stephan Baumann, Alexander Gröngröft, Annette Eschenbach Über die Bedeutung des Bodenwassershaushalts für eine nachhaltige Landnutzung im südlichen Afrika / Lars Landschreiber, Alexander Gröngröft, Annette Eschenbach Einsatz von Biokohle im Reisanbau / Christian Knoblauch, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer; Stefan Häfele Ökosystemleistungen von Böden urbaner Überschwemmungsgebiete / Kira Kalinski, Alexander Gröngröft, Annette Eschenbach Böden und Umweltforschung Erfassung flächenhafter Schadstoffbelastung in Auen / Katja Oing, Alexander Gröngröft, Timo Labitzky, Annette Eschenbach Bodenfunktionsbewertung / Alexander Gröngröft, Boris Hochfeld, Horst Wiechmann (+), Günter Miehlich Wie Bakterien im Boden helfen, die Freisetzung des Treibhausgases Methan aus Deponien zu vermindern / Julia Gebert, Ingke Rachor, Inga Röwer, Christoph Geck, Alexander Gröngröft, Jan-Streese-Kleeberg, Sonja Bohn, Stefan Melchior, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer Biofilter und Biowäscher zur Minderung der Methanemission / Claudia Fiencke, Fang Liu, Cindy Wienke, Wilfried Gläseker, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer Das HELP-Modell zur Simulation des Wasserhaushalts von Abdichtungssystemen für Deponien und Altlasten / Klaus Berger Nachhaltigkeitsforschung für Hamburg Bodenhydrologische und bodentechnologische Forschung zur Oberflächenabdichtung von Deponien und Altlasten - Forschungsansatz und Beitrag zur Entwicklung des Standes der Technik / Stefan Melchior, Günter Miehlich Bodenhydrologische und bodentechnologische Forschung zur Oberflächenabdichtung von Deponien und Altlasten - Messergebnisse zu den untersuchten Systemen / Stefan Melchior, Klaus Berger, Beate Vielhaber, Bernd Steinert, Katrin Tresselt, Alexander Gröngröft, Günter Miehlich Umweltprobleme schadstoffbelasteten Baggerguts / Alexander Gröngröft, Günter Miehlich Einsatz von Baggergut im Deichbau / Katja Oing, Alexander Gröngröft, Annette Eschenbach Welches Sauerstoffzehrungspotential haben die Sedimente der Elbe im Hamburger Hafen? / Mathias Spieckermann, Alexander Gröngröft, Annette Eschenbach Stadtböden, die Lebensgrundlage von Stadtbäumen / Selina Schaaf-Titel, Simon Thomsen, Alexander Gröngröft, Annette Eschenbach Ausbildung und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit Bodenkundliche Lehre an der Universität Hamburg / Lars Kutzbach, Annette Eschenbach, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer Die Doktorandenausbildung im Institut für Bodenkunde / Annette Eschenbach, Lars Kutzbach, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer Mein Student und ich - eine Bodenprobe berichtet aus dem Laboralltag / Birgit Grabellus, Deborah Harms, Sumita Rui, Monika Voß Feldlabor „Himmelmoor" / Lars Kutzbach, David Holl, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer Öffentlichkeitsarbeit am Institut für Bodenkunde / Günter Miehlich, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer Absolventinnen und Absolventen - Was ist aus ihnen geworden? Dr. Jörg Freytag (Geschäftsführender Gesellschafter eines Labors) Dr. habil. Julia Gebert (Professur, TU Delft, Niederlande) Andreas Hadenfeldt (Landwirt) Dr. Maja Karrasch (Hamburg Port Authority) PD Dr. habil. Stefan Melchior (Gesellschafter eines Ingenieurbüros) Dr. Andreas Petersen (Universität Hamburg, Wissenschaftsmanagement) Dr. Ingke Rachor (Behörde für Umwelt und Energie Hamburg, Altlastensanierung) Dr. Tina Sanders (Postdoc, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht) Ronja Tigges (Ingenieurbüro) Dr. Beate Vielhaber (Stadtreinigung Berlin) Dr. Sarah Wiesner (Postdoc, Meteorologisches Institut der Universität Hamburg) Florian Zander (Doktorand, TU Delft/UHH) Mitarbeiter und Mitarbeiterinnen Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter auf Planstellen

Anmerkung: Contents Part I Application of Microbial Technology in Food 1 Recent Food Preservation Techniques Employed in the Food Industry / Shiny Shajil, Andrea Mary, and C. Elizabeth Rani Juneius 2 Metagenomic Insights into Environmental Microbiome and Their Application in Food/Pharmaceutical Industry / Ramya Sree Boddu and K. Divakar 3 RETRACTED CHAPTER: Changing Paradigm of Probiotics from Functional Foods to Biotherapeutic Agents / Eldin M. Johnson, Yong-Gyun Jung, Ying-Yu Jin, Seung Hwan Yang, R. Jayabalan, and Joo Won Suh 4 Microbial Valorization of Chitinous Bioresources for Chitin Extraction and Production of Chito-Oligomers and N-Acetylglucosamine: Trends, Perspectives and Prospects / Suman Kumar Halder and Keshab Chandra Mondal 5 Seaweed Liquid Fertilizers: A Novel Strategy for the Biofortification of VegeTables and Crops / C. Elizabeth Rani Juneius, M. Sundari, R. Eswaralakshmi, and S. Elumalai 6 Green Algae Biomass Cultivation, Harvesting and Genetic Modifications for Enhanced Cellular Lipids / Parveen Kumar, Devendra Kumar, Priyanka Nehra, and P. K. Sharma 7 Probiotics: The Ultimate Nutritional Supplement / Rout George Kerry, Pratima Pradhan, Dibyaranjan Samal, Sushanto Gouda, Gitishree Das, Han-Seung Shin, and Jayanta Kumar Patra 8 An Insight into the Prevalence and Enzymatic Abatement of Urethane in Fermented Beverages / Bidyut R. Mohapatra 9 Sea Water as a Reaction Medium for Bioethanol Production / Dash Indira, Baskar Das, P. Balasubramanian, and R. Jayabalan 10 Bacterial Mediated Plant Protection: Induced Systemic Resistance in Soybean / Shekhar Jain, Devendra Kumar Choudhary, Kanti Prakash Sharma, and Rashmi Aggarwal 11 Mycotoxins and Pesticides: Toxicity and Applications in Food and Feed / Manoj Kumar, Ramesh Chand, and Kavita Shah 12 Microbes and Their Role in Drought Tolerance of Agricultural Food Crops / Rout George Kerry, Sushmita Patra, Sushanto Gouda, Jayanta Kumar Patra, and Gitishree Das 13 Microbial Remediation of Persistent Agro- chemicals by Soil Bacteria: An Overview / Suraja Kumar Nayak, Byomkesh Dash, and Bighneswar Baliyarsingh Part II Application of Microbial Technology in Pharmacology 14 Insectivorous Plants of India: Sources of Bioactive Compounds to Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance / Sanjeet Kumar, Sunil S. Thorat, Rajendra K. Labala, and Jayanta Kumar Patra 15 Exploring the Multifaceted Role of Microbes in Pharmacology / Mitali Mishra, Kanchan Vishwakarma, Jaspreet Singh, Shruti Jain, Vivek Kumar, Durgesh Kumar Tripathi, and Shivesh Sharma 16 Pharmacological Applications of Metabolites of Mangrove Endophytes: A Review / Swagat Kumar Das, Dibyajyoti Samantray, and Hrudayanath N. Thatoi 17 Application of Oncolytic Virus as a Therapy of Cancer / Sushil Kumar Sahu and Mukesh Kumar 18 Microbes in the Treatment of Diabetes and Its Complications / Suneeta Narumanchi, Yashavanthi Mysore, and Nidhina Haridas Pachakkil Antharaparambath 19 Microbe-Based Metallic Nanoparticles Synthesis and Biomedical Applications: An Update / Mallappa Kumara Swamy, Gudepalya Renukaiah Rudramurthy, Jayanta Kumar Patra, and Uma Rani Sinniah 20 Role of Silver Nanoparticles in Treatment of Plant Diseases / Jyotsna Sharma, Vivek K. Singh, Anil Kumar, Raju Shankarayan, and Sharada Mallubhotla 21 Endophytic Fungi and Bioactive Metabolites Production: An Update / Ramesha Alurappa, Srinivas Chowdappa, Radhakrishnan Narayanaswamy, Uma Rani Sinniah, Sudipta Kumar Mohanty, and Mallappa Kumara Swamy 22 Fungal Endophytes from Seaweeds: An Overview / Vipin Kumar Singh, Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy, Akanksha Singh, Simran Asawa, Awanindra Dwivedi, and Nawal Kishore Dubey 23 Probiotic Biosurfactants: A Potential Therapeutic Exercises in Biomedical Sciences / Priyanka Saha, Deepa Nath, Manabendra Dutta Choudhury, and Anupam Das Talukdar 24 Recent Antibiotics Used in Dental Disease Management / Jerusha Santa Packyanathan, C. Elizabeth Rani Juneius, and M. Vinoth Index

Anmerkung: Contents Part I Introduction to Harmful Algal Blooms and the GEOHAB Programme 1 Introduction to the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) Synthesis / Patricia M. Glibert, Elisa Berdalet, Michele A. Burford, Grant C. Pitcher, and Mingjiang Zhou 2 Harmful Algal Blooms and the Importance of Understanding Their Ecology and Oceanography / Patricia M. Glibert, Elisa Berdalet, Michele A. Burford, Grant C. Pitcher, and Mingjiang Zhou 3 Establishment, Goals, and Legacy of the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) Programme / Raphael M. Kudela, Robin Raine, Grant C. Pitcher, Patrick Gentien, Elisa Berdalet, Henrik Enevoldsen, and Ed Urban Part II Global Changes and Harmful Algal Blooms 4 Changing Land-, Sea-, and Airscapes: Sources of Nutrient Pollution Affecting Habitat Suitability for Harmful Algae / Patricia M. Glibert, Arthur H.W. Beusen, John A. Harrison, Hans H. Dürr, Alexander F. Bouwman, and Goulven G. Laruelle 5 Harmful Algal Blooms in a Changing Ocean / Mark L. Wells and Bengt Karlson Part III Adaptive Strategies and Harmful Algal Blooms 6 Nutrients and Harmful Algal Blooms: Dynamic Kinetics and Flexible Nutrition / Patricia M. Glibert, Cynthia A. Heil, Frances P. Wilkerson, and Richard C. Dugdale 7 Mixotrophy in Harmful Algal Blooms: By Whom, on Whom, When, Why, and What Next / Kevin J. Flynn, Aditee Mitra, Patricia M. Glibert, and JoAnn M. Burkholder 8 The Role of Life Cycle Characteristics in Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics / Rhodora V. Azanza, Michael L. Brosnahan, Donald M. Anderson, Inga Hense, and Marina Montresor Part IV Harmful Algal Blooms in Specific Habitats and Biomes 9 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Stratified Systems / Robin Raine, Elisa Berdalet, Hidekatsu Yamazaki, Ian Jenkinson, and Beatriz Reguera 10 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Fjords and Coastal Embayments / Suzanne Roy, Marina Montresor, and Allan Cembella 11 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems / Grant C. Pitcher, Francisco G. Figueiras, Raphael M. Kudela, Teresa Moita, Beatriz Reguera, and Manuel Ruiz-Villareal 12 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Relation to Nutrients and Eutrophication / Patricia M. Glibert, Adnan Al-Azri, J. Icarus Allen, Alexander F. Bouwman, Arthur H.W. Beusen, Michele A. Burford, Paul J. Harrison, and Mingjiang Zhou 13 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Benthic Systems / Elisa Berdalet and Patricia A. Tester Part V Spotlight on Harmful Algal Blooms in Asia 14 Overview of Harmful Algal Blooms in Asia / Ken Furuya, Mitsunori Iwataki, Po Teen Lim, Songhui Lu, Chui-Pin Leaw, Rhodora V. Azanza, Hak-Gyoon Kim, and Yasuwo Fukuyo 15 Harmful Algal Blooms in the Coastal Waters of China / Ren-Cheng Yu, Song-Hui Lü, and Yu-Bo Liang 16 Green Tides of the Yellow Sea: Massive Free-Floating Blooms of Ulva prolifera / Dongyan Liu and Mingjiang Zhou 17 Ecological Drivers of Green Noctiluca Blooms in Two Monsoonal-Driven Ecosystems / Joaquim I. Goes, Helga do R. Gomes, Khalid Al-Hashimi, and Anukul Buranapratheprat Part VI Observing and Predicting Harmful Algal Blooms: Tools and Predictive Approaches 18 Advancements and Continuing Challenges of Emerging Technologies and Tools for Detecting Harmful Algal Blooms, Their Antecedent Conditions and Toxins, and Applications in Predictive Models / Patricia M. Glibert, Grant C. Pitcher, Stewart Bernard, and Ming Li 19 Recent Advances in Modelling of Harmful Algal Blooms / Peter J.S. Franks Part VII Moving Forward: Emerging Issues and a New Global Programme 20 Emerging HAB Research Issues in Freshwater Environments / Michele A. Burford, David P. Hamilton, and Susanna A. Wood 21 Mitigation and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms / Zhiming Yu, Xiuxian Song, Xihua Cao, and Yang Liu 22 GlobalHAB: Fostering International Coordination on Harmful Algal Bloom Research in Aquatic Systems / Elisa Berdalet, Raphael M. Kudela, Neil S. Banas, Eileen Bresnan, Michele A. Burford, Keith Davidson, Christopher J. Gobler, Bengt Karlson, Po Teen Lim, Lincoln Mackenzie, Marina Montresor, Vera L. Trainer, Gires Usup, Kedong Yin, Henrik Enevoldsen, and Ed Urban Index

Anmerkung: Contents Geoinformatics and Atmospheric Science: Introduction / Tomasz Niedzielski and Krzysztof Migała Biweekly Sea Surface Temperature over the South China Sea and its association with the Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon / B. H. Vaid North Equatorial Indian Ocean Convection and Indian Summer Monsoon June Progression: a Case Study of 2013 and 2014 / Ramesh Kumar Yadav and Bhupendra Bahadur Singh Sensitivity Study of Cloud Cover and Ozone Modeling to Microphysics Parameterization / Kinga Wałaszek, Maciej Kryza, Mariusz Szymanowski, Małgorzata Werner and Hanna Ojrzyńska High-Resolution Dynamical Downscaling of ERA-Interim Using the WRF Regional Climate Model for the Area of Poland Part 1: Model Configuration and Statistical Evaluation for the 1981–2010 Period / Maciej Kryza, Kinga Wałaszek, Hanna Ojrzyńska, Mariusz Szymanowski, Małgorzata Werner and Anthony J. Dore High-Resolution Dynamical Downscaling of ERA-Interim Using the WRF Regional Climate Model for the Area of Poland Part 2: Model Performance with Respect to Automatically Derived Circulation Types / Hanna Ojrzyńska, Maciej Kryza, Kinga Wałaszek, Małgorzata Werner, Małgorzata Werner and Anthony J. Dore Aerosol-Radiation Feedback and PM10 Air Concentrations Over Poland / Małgorzata Werner, Maciej Kryza, Carsten Ambelas Skjøth, Kinga wałaszek, Anthony J. Dore, Hanna Ojrzyńska and Jan Kapłon 2 The Relevance of Surface Roughness Data Qualities in Diagnostic Modeling of Wind Velocity in Complex Terrain: A Case Study from the Śnieżnik Massif (SW Poland) / Kacper Jancewicz and Mariusz Szymanowski The Role of Auxiliary Variables in Deterministic and Deterministic-Stochastic Spatial Models of Air Temperature in Poland / Mariusz Szymanowski and Maciej Kryza Spatial Interpolation of Ewert’s Index of Continentality in Poland / Mariusz Szymanowski, Piotr Bednarczyk, Maciej Kryza and Marek Nowosad Geospatial Predictive Modelling for Climate Mapping of Selected Severe Weather Phenomena Over Poland: A Methodological Approach / Ewelina Walawender, Jakub P. Walawender and Zbigniew Ustrnul Geocomputation and Spatial Modelling for Geographical Drought Risk Assessment: A Case Study of the Hustopeče Area, Czech Republic / Aleš Ruda, Jaromír Kolejka and Kateřina Batelková The Use of Geospatial Technologies in Flood Hazard Mapping and Assessment: Case Study from River Evros / Angeliki Mentzafou, Vasiliki Markogianni and Elias Dimitriou Regional L-Moment-Based Flood Frequency Analysis in the Upper Vistula River Basin, Poland / A. Rutkowska, M. Żelazny, S. Kohnová, M. Łyp and K. Banasik GNSS Vertical Coordinate Time Series Analysis Using Single-Channel Independent Component Analysis Method / Wei Peng, Wujiao Dai, Rock Santerre, Changsheng Cai and Cuilin Kuang

Anmerkung: Contents Weather Forecasting Using Local Traditional Knowledge (LTK) in the Midst of Climate Change in Domboshawa, Zimbabwe / Vincent Itai Tanyanyiwa Climate Change Communication in Nepal / Anup K. C. Short Stories and Climate Change: An Application of Kolb’s Experiential Learning Model / Evangelos Manolas Role of the Media in Climate Change Communication in the Northwest Region of Cameroon / Suiven John Paul Tume, Mbilam Samson Jumbam, Ndze Albert Nsoseka, Ngoran Divine Nyarka, Lawong Judith Yenla and Njodzeka Gilbert Njodzeka Rural Indonesian Insight on Mass Media Role in Reducing Climate Change Risk / Syarifah Aini Dalimunthe Mapping Issues, Stakeholders and Actions on Youth Climate Change Communication in Indonesia for the Period 2008–2015 / Emilia Bassar, Impron and Paramitha Yanindraputri The Klimablog www.cambioclimatico-bolivia.org: Personal Reflections After 5 Years of Blogging on Climate Change from, for and About Bolivia / Dirk Hoffmann Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation in the Agriculture Sector of Sri Lanka: What We Learnt and Way Forward / Rasu Eeswaran What’s the Worst Thing that Can Happen?—A Simple Exercise to Communicating and Reasoning About Climate Change / Markus Will and Joost Platje The Challenges of Climate Change Communication for Lagos Coastal Communities / Peter Elias Seven Strategies of Climate Change Science Communication for Policy Change: Combining Academic Theory with Practical Evidence from Science–Policy Partnerships in Canada / Garrett Ward Richards and Rebecca Carruthers Den Hoed Climate Change Communication: Community Knowledge and Preparedness / Sri Hartini Rachmad University Student’s Perceptions About Climate Change: The Case of Interior Design and Architecture Students of a Brazilian University / Fátima Alves, Leonor Bacelar Nicolau, Dula Lima, Ulisses M. Azeiteiro and Paula Bacelar Nicolau The Grounding for a Fossil Fuel Free World: Integrating Climate Change Education into Secondary Schools / Gina Lovett, Claire Lambert, Eric Chu and Joyeeta Gupta Climate Change and Renewable Energy: Opinions and Emotions of Elementary School Pupils in the Prefecture of Evros / Sideri Lefkeli, Georgios Tsantopoulos and Evangelos Manolas Incorporation of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) into Biodiversity Management and Climate Change Variability Scenarios for Threatened Fish Species and Fishing Communities—Communication Patterns Among BioResources Users as a Prerequisite for Co-management: A Case Study of Berlenga MNR, Portugal and Resex-Mar of Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil / Heitor de Oliveira Braga, Miguel Ângelo Pardal and Ulisses M. Azeiteiro Delivering Solutions: Engaging Farmers and Land Holders in the Climate Change Debate / Becky Willson and Stephen Roderick The Role of Risk Perceptions in Climate Change Communication: A Media Analysis on the UK Winter Floods 2015/2016 / Viktoria Cologna, Rosalind H. Bark and Jouni Paavola The Feeling of Red and Blue—A Constructive Critique of Color Mapping in Visual Climate Change Communication / Birgit Schneider and Thomas Nocke Using Heritage to Engage Antarctic Tourists with Climate Change / Camilla Nichol Calm Before the Storm: Assessing Climate Change and Sustainability in Saudi Arabian Universities / Naif Alghamdi ‘Committees’, a Promising Institution in Climate Change Communication and Adaptation? / Sabine Tröger The SHAPE of Effective Climate Change Communication: Taking a RoundView / Joanne Tippett and Fraser How Communication Strategies for Building Climate-Smart Farming Communities / Jemima M. Mandapati Engagement in Action: Communicating Climate Change Research to Non-specialist Audiences / Julie Biddlecombe-Brown, Adam Holden and Melissa Swartz Communicating Climate Change in the Greater Manchester Region: A Whole Systems Approach to Change / Judith Emanuel and Carolyn Kagan Erratum to: Climate Change Communication in Nepal / Anup K. C.