ALBERT

Notes: Résumé Cette revue fait le point de connaissances concernant les propriétés biologiques des différentes substances lipidiques isolées des ouvrières et des reines d'abeilles. On insiste plus particulièrement sur la phérormone I inhibitrice de la construction des cellules royales, et sur le complexe phérormone I + phérormone II, attractif pour les jeunes abeilles ouvrières, et inhibiteur de leur oveogénèse.

Notes: Riassunto Si è studiato l'apparato genitale maschile di alcune caste e stadi diReticulitermes lucifugus e degli alati diPsammotermes assuanensis, Coptotermes sjöstedti, Schedorhinotermes javanicus, prestando particolare attenzione alla forma delle vescicole seminali, al loro contenuto, e all'attività del testicolo.

Notes: Conclusion De ces considérations générales sur les odeurs, il faut surtout relenir: - D'une part, quel'odeur résulte de l'excitation d'un organe récepteur spécifique. Sa mise en évidence est donc liéa à l'état réactionnel de l'appareil sensoriel — ou mieux de l'organisme — soumis à une stimulation. Elle dépend alors de l'intensité du stimulus et de l'intégraté des structures organiques. - D'autre part, quela sensibilité olfactive est en relation avec l'état physiologique de l'individu. Son étude devra donc tenir compte de la situation de carence ou de réplétion du suject, de son cycle biologique, de son état de maturation et de son sexe. Il est donc indispensable de bien connaitre le matériel qui doit servir à une expérimentation portant sur la perception olfactive.

Notes: Summary 1 The egg sequence at 20° C after hibernation of a queenMyrmica rubra L. has the following peculiarities: a) rate of production rises during the first 3 weeks to a maximum that is held for 3–4 weeks and then declines gradually to zero after 16 weeks; b) egg size declines during the period of increasing rate but then stays at a steady minimum value; c) worker-biased eggs are amongst those laid when rate is approaching its maximum and size its minimum. Other eggs, both the large first ones and the normal later ones enter diapause under the same culture conditions. 2 Queens may either yield a lot of worker-biased eggs or very few. Both types of queen may occur in the same colony or colonies may have a single type, and intermediates may be rare. The difference appears to be due to age for young queens lay a very high proportion of worker-biased eggs. Moreover such queens have a negligible social influence on brood-rearing compared with old queens.

Notes: Summary At first, the nests, belonging to differentBellicositermes, show a quite total identity. The large morphological likeness of the dwelling places limited by an idiotheca and surrounded by a «paraecie» is particularly significant. This likeness vanishes as the nests are growing bigger and bigger. To the development of the top height ofBellicositermes natalensis nests, is opposed the lateral developpement of theBellicositermes bellicosus nests. This lateral development is marked by the progressive desappearance of the «paraecie» as well as the idiotheca and the basement chamber. The dwelling place loses its individuality and divides into units more or less distinguisable.

Notes: Summary The following is a study of resistance of worker honey bees (Apis mellifica L. var.ligustica) to high temperatures and of the effect of nutrition upon it. Survival of honey bees of spring generation was studied at 45, 50, 55 and 60°C during 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes exposures. The survival rate was established at the end of their exposure, and 24 hours later. Lethal effects of heat were evident immediately after a 30 minute exposure to 50° C. These effects could be noticed in the survivers 24 hours following exposure. Effect of nutrition on heat resistance at 32° C and at 50° C was studied on one group of bees supplied with a 30 % honey solution; on another- with water only, and on a third group which served as a control (no food). Their survival at 32° C after 12 hours exposure was 100%, 81% and 48%, respectively. However, an exposure duration of 45 minutes at 50°C resulted in a survival of 22% of control bees as compared to a total survival of those fed on honey solution.

Notes: Summary Ancistrotermes guineensis (Silv.) colonies were reared in observation nests The timetable of development of the young colony is given. The construction of fungus comb from the faeces of the worker caste was observed; chewed wood was not used is constructing the comb. The fungus comb remained sterile until the correct species ofTermitomyces was introduced. The symbiosis between termite and fungus would appear to be specific. It seems that the alates do not carry an inoculum of viable spores of the fungus from the parent colony, but that workers introduce basidiospores in early foraging. This may be an important factor controlling the abundance of the termites. The phylogeny of the Macrotermitinæ is reviewed in the light of the new evidence.

Notes: Summary 1. Histological, nutritional, and biochemical studies relating to female caste differentiation inApis mellifera, L. are reviewed. Development of the worker larva evidently comprises two distinct phases, delimited by the addition of honey to the diet by nurse bees around the third or fourth day of the larval stadium. Comparisons between workers and queens may conveniently be related to these phases. 2. The dichotomy between castes appears to be initiated during the first phase and consummated in the second. There can be little doubt that nutrition is the major extrinsic factor in caste establishment. The identity of the dietary factor initiating the series of events culminating in female dimorphism has not been established. The results of many rearing experiments strongly suggest the involvement of a substance which is either volatile or unstable. 3. The mode of action of the dietary factor likewise is unknown. It is suggested that a difference in hormonal balance between castes is established in early larval life and is the intermediary factor linking nutrition to dimorphism. Caste differences in the endocrine system are known to exist by the fourth or fifth day of larval life; the earlier instars should now be examined for a relationship between nutritional and hormonal factors.

Notes: Summary A method is described for locating the nests of carpenter ants by use of a radioactive isotope and suitable detector. The method eliminates much of the tedious and often unsuccessful searching normally required. Location of the nest facilitates the application of effective control measures and reveals possible structural damage. The method would also be useful in making certain ecological studies.

Notes: Résumé On peut rendre horizontaux les rayons d'une ruche et verticaux ceux d'un nid de guêpes sans perturbations visibles pour l'élevage ou le comportement des ouvrières. Les abeilles réparent très facilement et immédiatement les trous creusés dans les cellules d'ouvrières ou de reines, elles posent sans difficulté un fond aux cellules d'ouvrières si on l'a enlevé. Elles tordent une lame de cire perpendiculaire aux rayons pour la mettre en position parallèle. Les abeilles peuvent déposer leur miel dans les trous d'une plaque de bois, dans des rayons de métal ou de plastique; elles peuvent élever leur couvain dans des rayons de plastique et leurs reines dans des cellules de verre ou de plastique. Les guêpes peuvent operculer avec du carton les rayons des abeilles. Les guêpes souterraines dont on vient de déterrer le nid le couvrent de terre et l'enterrent en creusant au-dessous. Si une plaque de métal glissée au-dessous s'y oppose, elles le reconstruisent peu à peu de manière à l'amener sur le bord de la plaque et à l'enterrer à nouveau.

Notes: Summary The bee genusAllodape Lepeletier and its allies occupy an interesting position in the social evolution. The present paper deals with; 1. Enumeration of ethological characters common to the Allodape-Complex, 2. Tentative distinction of certain ethological groups within the Complex, 3. Assumptions on the evolutional trends within the Complex, and, 4. Discussions as to some ethological features, which are remarkable and require further studies.

Notes: Summary Some number of expérimental samples and observations on for species ofCremastogaster: Cr. auberti; Cr. scutellaris (of France);Cr. vandeli, Cr. skounensis (of Cambodia) brings to formule hypothesis on biological cycle of some species ofCremastogaster. There is alternance between two generations, the one without sexual types, which reproduces by parthenogenesis, the other with sexual types. The sexual generation comports winged males and winged females for dispersion of species (in beginning) which profit of ecological favourable conditions (wing of swarming). The normal descendance of females is constitued by workers (however by males it can existe accidental arrhenotocal parthenogenesis of Hymenopteral type). The without sexuals generation comports only wingless females (workers) and it is destined to conserve the species during seasons under unfavourable ecological conditions. These workers are not to much prolific and certainly during a short time of their life. The asexual generation gives again sexual generation by deuterotocal parthenogenesis (Deuterotoquia is under the influence of trophic and, from this fact, ecological factors).

Notes: Résumé Des nymphes (dernier et avant-dernier stades) deCalotermes flavicollis ont pu être maintenues en élevages solitaires pendant plus d'un an. Les solitaires muent rarement et subissent surtout des mues régressives. La survie des individus solitaires venant de muer ne s'obtient qu'en leur fournissant de l'aliment proctodéal contenant les indispensables Flagellés symbiotiques. Dans quelques cas, les nymphes du dernier stade ont subi la mue imaginale dans des délais normaux. La transformation en sexué néoténique est possible et les femelles peuvent même pondra des œufs viables. L'élevage deCalotermes solitaires met en valeur l'effet de groupe sur le développement individuel, en fonction du stade atteint par le sujet considéré. Il est vraisemblable que d'autres facteurs (cycle saisonnier, par ex.) interviennent dans le destin individuel.

Notes: Résumé Nous avons essayé de faire élever des larves d'Anergates atratulus par des ouvrières deSolenopsis fugax (III) et des larves deLeptothorax nylanderi par des ouvrières deTetramorium caespitum (IV). III. Certaines des ouvrières deSolenopsis ont nourri une larve d'Anergates qui a grossi; les autres détruisirent toutes les larves d'Anergates qui leur furent confiées. D'autre part, une nymphe femelle d'Anergates introduite dans un nid deSolenopsis est parvenue au stade adulte. IV. 90 larves deLeptothorax ont été confiées à des ouvrières deTetramorium. 2 de ces larves ont atteint le stade adulte. Les 2 ouvrières deLeptothorax ainsi formées ont pondu des œufs, dont l'un se développa grâce aux soins d'une ouvrière deTetramorium.

Notes: Résumé Ces observations ont montré comment l'Abeille réagit en face de différents problèmes: - Deux rangées de parois parallèles et perpendiculaires à la plaque de cire, plus ou moins espacées, sont toujours réunies par des cloisons transversales; - Les cellules construites dans les angles sont régulières si ceux-ci sont de 60° ou 120° et irrégulières dans les autres cas; - Les cellules isolées sont toujours réunies par des cloisons lorsqu'elles sont espacées de 8 mm ou moins; dans le cas contraire, les Abeilles réagissent comme s'il n'y avait qu'une seule cellule et ne posent que des contreforts aux angles comme elles font pour une seule rangée de parois de cellules; - La longueur dont les cellules sont raccourcies varie avec leur nombre et leur longueur respective; - La partie libre (au-dessus de la plaque de cire) des rangées de cellules est toujours détruite.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden in Ungarn beobachtete Daten des Hochzeitsfluges für folgende Arten mitgeteilt: 10 Messor structor Latr. 20 Solenopsis fugax Latr. 30 Prenolepis imparis Say. varnitens Mayr. 40 Lasius niger L. 50 Lasius emerginatus Oliv. 60 Lasius alienus L. 70 Lasius umbratus bezw.mixtus Nyl. 80 Lasius fuliginosus Latr. Für die genannten Arten wird auch über die geglückte Koloniegründung im Formicarversuch berichtet. Es werden biologische Fragen diskutiert.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung der insektiziden Wirkung der verschiedenen Bestandteile des Giftes vonFormica polyctena Först. Dabei wurde zur reproduzierbaren Prüfung der Wirkung der in diesem vorhandenen Ameisensäure das Gift zunächst in der Gasphase ausgetestet. Wenngleich die Ergebnisse im einzelnen stark streuen, zeigen sich doch Abhängigkeiten des insektiziden Effektes von der Dosis, der Expositionszeit und der Kutikulardicke der verwendeten Testtiere. Die zarthäutigen Aphiden und Termitenlarven sind dabei wesentlich anfälliger als Kornkäfer-Imagines. Vergleichsversuche mit 50%iger reiner HCOOH führten zu ähnlichen Ergebnissen. Unter Verweis auf die Untersuchungen vonStumper sowie eines der Verfasser über die Komponenten im Trockenrückstand des Ameisengiftes wird experimentell festgestellt, daß diesem allein keine insektizide Wirkung zukommt. Somit muß die Ameisensäure als wichtigste, auf Insekten toxisch wirksame Substanz im Gift der Kleinen Roten Waldameise angesehen werden. Bei Atmungsmessungen ergab sich eine Herabsetzung des O2-Verbrauchs nach Begiftung in der Dampfphase.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Der vertkkale Temperaturgradient hat bei ausgewahlten Stationen einen jährlichen Gang, der nicht durch den täglichen Temperaturgang erklärbar ist. Die jährliche Temperaturschwankung in Abhängigkeit von der Höhe zeigt ein gegenläufiges Verhalten zwischen den unteren und den mittleren Schichten der Troposphäre. Beide Erscheinungen weisen darauthin, dass man die Troposphäre nicht als eine Schicht von einheitlichem Aufbau ansehen kann. Die interdiurnen Anderungen von Druck und Temperatur in den einzelnen Höhenschichten und ihr gegenläufiges Verhalten zwingen dazu eine untere Schicht in der Troposphäre auszusondern, die scho gelegentlich früher beobachtet und dann als Störungsschicht bezeichnet wurde. Diese Beobachtungen sind aber einer Verallgemeinerung fähig, indem diese untere Schicht als planetarische Erscheinung aufzufassen und als Grundschicht der Atmosphäre zu kennzeichnen ist.

Notes: Summary According to our observations and experiments there are no special individuals (named scouts by Forel) whose task it would be to find the object of the attack. In the nest there exists a small number of individuals, who are rambling in the ground before noon. It those individuals are removed from the ground, this has no effect on the raids of the amazons. However the raid will not take place if we withdraw most of the individuals, which are called by us the activators. They come out of the nest about an hour before the beginning of the raid and by their excitation they provoke the others amazons to get in mass out of the nest. This mass immediately goes forward for the attack in that direction, where the most of activators are actually. Afterwards the column is progressing without the guidance of anybody. Removing of the head of the column has no influence on the course of the raid. Besides, specimen composition of the head of the column is constantly varying.

Notes: Summary In the present paper, the nest structure ofHalictus duplex Dalla Torre was described in detail, from both static and dynamic aspects, together with descriptions of immature stages. This comb-making species shows the highest degree of architectural development, nevertheless its social differentiation is not so high as inH. malachurus Kirby andH. marginatus Brullé, nests of which remain still in a less developed stage.

Notes: Résumé En l'absence de son propre couvain,Solenopsis fugax a élevé des larves deLeptothorax nylanderi, à la température de 22°C. Les ouvrières deSolenopsis détruisirent une partie de ces larves mais nourrirent celles qu'elles épargnèrent; ces dernières grossirent lentement pendant cinq à six mois, sans atteindre le stade prénymphe. Lorsque les ouvrières deS. fugax et les larves deL. nylanderi furent soumises ensemble à un hivernage préalable, elles donnèrent les mêmes résultats que sans hivernage. La présence d'une jeune reine deSolenopsis fut défavorable aux larves deLeptothorax. Inversement,L. nylanderi fut capable d'élever, à la température de 22°C, des larves deS. fugax et de les amener jusqu'au stade adulte. En présence de leurs propres larves, les ouvrières deL. nylanderi détruisirent tapidement toutes les larves deS. fugax introduites dans leur nid. D'autre part, un jeune couvain deLeptothorax remplaçait plus ou moins rapidement les larves deLeptothorax enlevées au préalable; sa présence était alors défavorable au développement des larves deSolenopsis. Un hivernage en début d'expérience fut plutôt favorable auxS. fugax, de même que la présence d'une reine féconde deLeptothorax. LesSolenopsis ainsi obtenus n'ont pas vécu plus de sept semaines. Ils étaient tous de caste ouvrière et de taille très petite.

Notes: Résumé Nous avons fait élever des larves d'Anergates atratulus par des ouvrières deMyrmica laevinodis à 22°C. Pour y parvenir, il n'est pas utile de faire hivernerensemble les larves d'Anergates et les ouvrières deMyrmica. La présence de larves autochtones n'empêche pas lesMyrmica d'élever des larves d'Anergates. Dans toutes les expériences lesMyrmica ont été soumises au fridavant de recevoir des larves d'Anergates. Aucune reine deMyrmica n'a été utilisée dans ces expériences. Sur les 64 larves d'Anergates que nous avons utilisées, 38 se sont transformées en imagos. C'est au début de l'adoption et au moment des métamorphoses que périrent la plupart des 26Anergates perdus. Les femelles vécurent en général 2 ou 3 jours et cherchèrent très tôt à quitter le nid natal. Les mâles vécurent 2 à 3 semaines.

Notes: Résumé Une fondatrice deHalictus malachurus a utilisé un nid creusé et partiellement approvisionné en pollen par une fondatrice deHalictus marginatus, jouant, vis-à-vis de cette dernière, le rôle deparasite. Les nids des deux espèces diffèrent, cependant, par leur forme. Ce phénomène relève d'une tendance usurpatrice qui sévit normalement entre fondatrices de même espèce.

Notes: Summary It is possible to observe directly building bees into a glass hive included into an incubator; under these conditions, the bee chains are much less crowded and it is easy to see the behavior and position of each bee in the chain. It is very likely that many bees are used only to maintain the temperature during comb building. The observation of bee chains render the prevision of the future comb shape possible. Drawing on the glass of the hive the shape of the chains, we saw next day close correlation with the comb built during the night. It seems that bee chains are used only to provide the workers with a «thermic information» on the place and shape of the comb to be built in. Of course, that is only an hypothesis that will be studied in full detail in following paper.

Notes: Summary 1. The reproductive organs fixed in picro-alcohol, according to the formula of the author, have yielded equally good results as with picro-formol. 2. Each ovary of the queen bee consists of 73 polytrophic ovarioles. The ovary of the newly emerged queen bee is small in size and does not show mature stages of the oocyte. The old ovary is found exhausted with nurse cells, showing black granules. The ovary of the worker bee has 1–12 ovarioles. 3. The calyx of the reproductive organs of the worker bee, is anteriorly a solid structure with opening lined with an irregular intima. Bordering its epithelium is a circular muscle layer. 4. An irregular egg-laying behaviour of the worker bees, has been attributed to the synchronous ovulation of the ovaries. 5. The glandular epithelium of the spermathecal gland contains two types of nuclei—the large and endothelial. Each cell has a ductule terminating into the lumen of the gland. 6. The evolutionary trends and affinities between the two domesticated species ofApis have been discussed.

Notes: Résumé Les conditions thermiques exceptionelles de l'hiver 1946–47 et de l'été 1947 sont discutées en déduisant que cela ne signifie pas un changement de climat pour l'Europe occidentale: en effet, il s'agit seulement d'une coincidence avec une période d'intense activité solaire, y ayant en général une correspondance entre les époques de grande (ou petite) variabilité du climat et les périodes de forte (ou faible) activité solaire.

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1) Die Versuche fanden in den Gruben Hannovers, des Werragebietes und des Südharzes statt. 2) Die Untersuchungen erstreckten sich über das ganze praktisch in Betracht kommende Wellenband, angefangen von den Meterwellen bis in den 1000 Meter-Bereich. 3) Im Zuge der Untersuchungen konnten die bisher grössten, unter Tag überhaupt erzielten Reichweiten erreicht werden. Die grösste Reichweite wurde zwischen zwei Hannoverischen Gruben erzielt und betrug bei 14 Kilometer. 4) Frequenz und geologische Faktoren sind stets von Einfluss. 5) Die Versuche zeigen, dass unter Kalilagerstätten Funkmutungsverfahren nach dem Reflexions- und Refraktionsprinzip für grössere Aufschlussteufen möglich sind. 6) Die Versuche haben alle Voraussetzungen des Grubenfunks so weit geklärt, dass dessen praktischer Einführung nichts im Wege steht.

Notes: Summary The microseisms recorded at Uppsala have been studied for the time 1907–1947 with regard to long period variations. There is clear evidence of an 11 year variation and slight indications of a 28 month variation. The 11 year variation is from 1923 negatively correlated to the sunspot frequency and is explained by corresponding meridional displacements of the dominant cyclonic tracks.

Notes: Résumé On a déjà souvent signalé que le champ magné ique terrestre s'est trouvé modifié de façon durable à la suile de mouvements séismiques. L'auteur rappelle plusieurs exemples récents d'anomalies magnétiques mesurées au Japon à la suite d'importants séismes (Kato). L'anomalie magnélique duBassin de Paris se déforme dans le temps en liaison possible avec des déplacements magmatiques et une activité séismique avortée. Le séisme du 11 juin 1938 en Belgique montre d'intéressants rapports avec l'anomalie magnétique belge. Les cartes isoporiques mondiales présentent des relations avec les cartes de séismicité (Omer). L'auteur pense que séismes et déformations du champ magnétique terrestre sont plus ou moins étroitement liés et que peut être une réaction atomiqueen chaine peut expliquer les séismes orogéniques et leurs répliques.

Notes: Zusammenfassung In Fortführung früherer analoger Untersuchungen über die USA behandelt die vorstehende Arbeit unter Benutzung der seither hinzugekommenen Beobachtungen (namentlich von Radiosonden-Aufstiegen) die durchschnittlichen raum-zeitlichen Temperaturverhältnisse über dem nordamerikanischen Erdteil bis über 20 km Höhe. Die Einflüsse der drei geographischen Koordinaten: Breite, Länge, Höhe und des Zeitfaktors werden schrittweise herausgearbeitet, die sich daraus ergebenden Folgen für die mittleren Druck- und Bewegungsbedingungen abgeleitet und interpretiert. Auf diese Weise lassen sich insbesondere auch die Wirkungen der Temperaturverteilung auf die planetarische, die monsunale und die relativ noch wenig erforschte Komponente der interhemisphärischen Zirkulation in Tropo- und Stratosphäre, sowie die raum-zeitlichen Änderungen ihrer Trennungsfläche, der Tropopause, nachweisen. Die Arbeit ist im ganzen gedacht als ein weiterer Beitrag zur systematischen Entwicklung einer weltweiten Klimatologie des freien Luftmeeres, die das notwendige empirische Fundament für alle theoretischen Eröterungen des allgemeinen atmosphärischen Kreislaufs nach der dritten Dimension ausbauen soll.

Notes: Riassunto Vengono esposti e discussi i risultati di alcune misure della suscetività magnetica di minerali magnetitiferi italiani. Fra l'altro si dimostra l'impossibilità di una legge generale di interdipendenza fra i valori della suscettività ed il carattere genetico dei giacimenti, indicando nuovi orientamenti per approfondire con successo simili indagini.

Notes: Riassunto Si descrive un procedimento di livellazione mareografica mediante il quale è possibile determinare la misura di un movimento verticale costiero in senso assoluto, cioè indipendentemente dai moti relativi della costa e del livello medio marino. Esso si basa sulla determinazione delle velocità dell'aumento (aumento in un dato intervallo di tempo) del livello medio marino di tutti i mari e di quella contemporanea della stazione in esame. Queste determinazioni rendono possibile di stabilire un piano fondamentale invariabile nel tempo e nello spazio. Si mette inoltre in evidenza come il procedimento possa dare una precisione che arriva sino al mm su zone costiere lunghe centinaia di km. Si confronta la livellazione mareografica con quella geometrica di precisione. Sono dati infine i risultati di una applicazione al caso delle coste italiane.

Notes: Riassunto L'A. riferisce sulla livellazione di precisione da lui eseguita per determinare le quote assolute dei caposaldi esterni ed interni dell'Istituto Geofisico e Geodetico dell'Università di Genova, con collegamento allo zero mareografico locale.

Notes: Summary The Torsion Balance is to be used only in case if more information than presented by the Gravimeter is required. Being so, it is advisable then to make most of the fineness obtainable by the Torsion Balance. Therefore, a survey must be done carefully and reliably. One of its accessories is a proper calculus of the cartographic effects, specially for the curvature data which in their crude state — over a hilly topography — are of not much use. The cartographic method of Eötvös is right, for it works with a prism resting over a circle parcel which best fits the contourlines. The method itself is good, but Eötvös's approximate formulae — simple as they are — are accurate only within 2/10s of topographic elevation or depression. Generally speaking this limit is sufficient for the curvature data as beyond it they are rarely reliable. In order to speed up their evaluations from the map the author drew up a scale. On the other hand, for the gradient-effects a table was computed; it contains the effects of prisms of different heights at different distances. This table is handy in use; the basis used for it is the exact formula of gradient-effect. Same has to be done for curvature data beyond the two-tenth elevation. Suitably constructed tables for both effects may also be used for masses of three dimensions.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Seismische Wellen aller Art zeigen mit zunehmender Entfernung vom Quellpunkt eine Verlängerung ihrer Perioden. Zugleich findet eine Abnahme der Amplituden und ein Ausglätten der Bodenbewegung statt, die schliesslich, wie immer sie beschaffen gewesen sein mag, sinusartigen Charakter annimmt. Dieser Erscheinungskomplex wird durch die Theorie nicht wiedergegeben. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, wo der Grund für diese Nichtübereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Erfahrung liegen könnte. Er könnte einerseits in der Art und Weise zu suchen sein, wie die Diffgn. der Elastizitätstheorie integriert werden (die Dichte wird als konstant vorausgesetzt), er könnte aber auch darin liegen, dass die Erde kein vollelastisches, sondern ein visko-elastisches Medium ist. In jedem der beiden Fälle müsste, wenn sie berücksichtigt werden, der fragliche Erscheinungskomplex durch die Theorie wiedergegeben werden. Wahrscheinlich aber hat man beide Umstände zusammen zu berücksichtigen.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Zusammenhänge zwischen der Globalstrahlung, der relativen Sonnenscheindauer und der Bewölkung diskutiert. Das Verhältnis der Globalstrahlung bei völlig bedecktem Himmel zur Globalstrahlung bei völliger Wolkenlosigkeit ist eine klar definierte geophysikalische Grösse, die offenbar über grössere Räume hinweg konstant ist. Sie zeigt einen schwachen verständlichen Jahresgang und hat eine physikalische Bedeutung, indem sie die Struktur der Bewölkung charakterisiert. Die Konstante «a» derÅngströmschem GleichungI M =I 0[1+(1−a)M] ist demgegenüber in hohem Masse von der Art der Berechnung abhängig. Sie hat nur die Bedeutung einer Konstanten in einer Interpolationsformel. Dabei ist die Voraussetzung des linearen Zusammenhanges zwischen Globalstrahlung und Bewölkung oder relativer Sonnenscheindauer in Bochum nur in bescheidenem Masse erfüllt. Es werden eine Reihe von Zahlenwerten füra und das Verhältnis der Globalstrahlung bei bedecktem und wolkenfreiem Himmel mitgeteilt.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Anwendung der synoptischen Grundlagen über das Wettergeschehen in der regionalen Klimakunde ist im Einklang mit der Definition des Klimas als der Gesamtheit der Witterung. Die Grundlagen werden aus der Analyse entnommen, welche die Bestimmung der Luftmassen (oder Luftkörper), Fronten und Grosswetterlagen zulässt. Die Erläuterung führt zu dem Versuch einer absoluten Luftmassengliederung. Verbesserte technische Voraussetzungen lassen die Darstellung von Einzelfeldern, die Feinanalyse von Luftmassen und Fronten sowie die Bestimmung der Grosswetterlage zu. Die statistische Auswertung sowie die Betrachtung des Zusammenhangs der meteorologischen Verhältnisse mit den geographischen Gegebenheiten führen zur modernen Klimakunde. Dieses Arbeitsgebiet gehört zur Grundlagenforschung. Die Nutzanwendung liegt in der Heimatklimakunde und in der regionalen Wettervorhersage.

Notes: Riassunto Riferiti i risultati delle osservazioni dei Cirri, vengono illustrate le caratteristiche delle correnti dell'alta troposfera su Mogadiscio in base ai lanci di palloni piloti eseguiti durante l'Anno Polare 1932–33, ponendo in luce, specialmente per il periodo dal 24–10 al 5-12-1932, il comportamento dettagliato delle correnti orientali ed occidentali, indicando come le deviazioni verso N e verso S di queste (per deformazione deifronti di contatto e successivo abbassamento delle masse d'aria) siano fattori determinanti delle condizioni del tempo in grande nelle regioni tropicali in grado d'influenzare anche quello delle latitudini medie e di giustificare quindi le relative singolarità. Le poche osservazioni stratosferiche hanno accertato una corrente all'incirca di eguale intensità, ma contraria di quella di Krakatoa: però in stagione diversa da quella dell'eruzione e delle osservazioni raccolte a Batavia.

Notes: Summary The conservation-theorem derived here can be expressed thus: Let $$\vec v$$ be the absolute velocity and $$\vec \xi = curl\vec v$$ the absolute vorticity, further σ=σ(p) the specific volume of a barotropic fluid and ΔW the gradient of the actionW (=Hamilton's principal-function), then $$\frac{D}{{Dt}}\left\{ {\sigma {\text{ }}\vec \xi (\vec v - \nabla W)} \right\} = 0,$$ where $$\frac{D}{{Dt}}$$ denotes differentiation following the motion of the fluid.

Notes: Riassunto Vengono documentate ed illustrate alcune correlazioni fra le alterazioni del moto di rotazione terrestre iniziatesi nel 1923 con gli eventi meteorologici; in particolare si discutono e si spiegano in tal modo le forti anomalie della pressione osservate a Genova nel periodo 1924–32.

Notes: Riassunto Si espongono i risultati delle osservazioni sulle correnti telluriche eseguite a Mogadiscio nel 1933 con misure delle due componenti NS ed EW, traendone alcune deduzioni che permettono di precisarne le caratteristiche, specie nei confronti del relativo andamento diurno.

Notes: Riassunto Porto Lignano si trova fra Trieste e Venezia. Il mareografo riduce nel rapporto 1∶10 e ha uno scorrimento di 72 mm per giorno. Le costanti armoniche sono dedotte col metodo delDoodson da una serie di tre mesi. Le maree sono di tipo prevalentemente semidiurno, in vicinanza alle quadrature diventano diurne. Dalle costanti armoniche si deducono quelle non armoniche. I valori trovati si confrontano con quelli di Trieste e Venezia.

Notes: Summary The gravimetric effect of a two dimensional parallelepipedon measurable by Torsion Balance in the vertical plane is examined. It is found that the places of the equal gradients and curvatures of a rectangle stretching into the infinity are orthogonal circles. The gradients and curvatures of a parallelogramm (stretching into the infinity) which has the finite side in common with the rectangle are expressed by those of the latter, their extreme values lie along isosceles hyperbolas.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Gebiet um die Ostsee ist als erdmagnetisch stark gestört bekannt. Die Karte zeigt die Verteilung der intensiven Anomalien, wo ΔZ 2000 γ and 5000 γ überschreitet. Der Gruppierung dieser Anomalien kann man eine ung.N Richtung zuschreiben.

Notes: Résumé Des intervalles de grande variabilité dans les températures des hivers en Europe occidentale coincident avec une période de l'activité solaire d'environ 80 ou 90 années. Le coefficient de corrélation pour la serie 1831–1937 est +0.74 à Prague, +0.82 à De Bilt.

Notes: Zusammenfassung So wie für das Himmelsbild in einer einheitlichen Luftmasse der vertikale Temperaturgradient die wichtigste Rolle spielt, so erweist sich für den Wetterablauf beim Kaltfrontdurchgang die vertikale Temperaturschichtung im Frontbereich von entscheidender Bedeutung. In den Registrierungen der meteorologischen Elemente zeigt sich meist deutlich der Unterschied zwischen «stabilen» und «labilen» Kaltfronten.

Notes: Summary By means of charts of distribution of amplitude and phase of the first term of harmonic series of the annual pressure variation in the Alps it is shown that it represents a wave which by increasing her amplitude progresses from the outside to the central part of the mountains. Essentially it illustrates the annual process of heating. In renewing earlier studies byConrad about the average change of the annual pressure variation with height illustrated by harmonic dial the altitude of reversing of the sign of this variation is found surprisingly smaller in the Alps than in other regions of the earth probably on account of the maritime influence.

Notes: Summary From 1945–47 measurements of direct ultra-violet radiation from the sun have been carried out with a cadmium cell at Locarno-Monti. Besides seasonal and diurnal variations, researches were made concerning the influence of airclearness, of airmasses and of pervailing weather conditions upon UV-radiation (continental and marittime airmasses, northfoehn, divergences of the wind, fronts, etc.). Very important differences in the amount of UV-radiation were observed.

Notes: Summary By dynamical climatology is understood here the branch of mathematical meteorology which aims at a deduction of the mean properties of the atmospheric perturbations that are compatible with a given mean field of temperature, wind and pressure. First of all, the fundamental equations of the author's theory of perturbations are recalled and a general equation for the pressure variations at sea level is deduced. From this equation the different elements of dynamical climatology are then derived, for instance the stability of the mean field, the mean trajectories of the perturbations, the frequencies with which they are visited, the regions of deepening and filling or of birth and death of the perturbations, etc. These results explain many observational facts and empirical rules about the mean behaviour of the atmospheric disturbances at sea level throughout the year.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Dichteformel wurden einige allgemeine Betrachtungen und ein Vergleich zwischen den täglichen Gängen der Lufttemperatur und der Luftdichte angestellt. Auf Grund der gesetzmässigen Abnahme der Luftdichte mit der Höhe erfolgte die Berechnung des vertikalen Dichtegradienten für 60 Grad Breite. Der mittlere Dichtegang in der freien Atmosphäre für Januar und Juli zeigt, dass eine mittlere jährliche Isopyknie entgegen früheren Annahmen nicht in 8, sondern erst in 10 km Höhe auftritt.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Mittels der Differentialgleichungen für den Rotor und die Divergenz horizontaler turbulenter Luftbewegung und der Kontinuitätsgleichung wird näherungsweise die Vertikalbewegung in Abhängigkeit von den Druckänderungen bestimmt, deren zeitliche Variation als vertikal abnehmende periodische Schwankung (unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Frequenzen ω) angenommen wird. In allen durchgerechneten Fällen hängt die Vertikalgeschwindigkeit der Troposphäre in hohem (mit ω variierendem) Masse von der Reibung ab. Bei vielen, insbesondere den kleineren Frequenzen ω vorkommender Grösse besteht die Vertikalbewegung der unteren Troposphäre überwiegend aus dem Teil, der ohne Turbulenzreibung nicht entstehen würde. Auf diesem Wege kann die Bodenreibung die Vertikalbewegung und mittels dieser die Luftströmungen und Druckänderungen in allen Höhen massgeblich beeinflussen.

Notes: Summary The backside picture of the Moon has revealed the surprising fact, that the northern part of the frontside only contains a large complex of «mare», while nearly the whole surface else seems to be «continent». This anisotropy which is widely conform with that of the earth's sialic cover, contradicts to a birth of the Moon from the earth and demands a new discussion about the origin of the Pacific basin. Such a parallelism of Earth and Moon might be compatible with the known theories of an Earth pear (G. Darwin, Pickering, Poincaré), the rupture of which would have made each of the two fragment-bodies retain a hole in its sialic cover. Unfortunately the energy balance given byJeffreys has completely refuted the possibility of such a disjunction. An ejection of the Moon's material, caused by a large meteorite, only remained discussable since. But the expulsed matter, after being disturbed into the room, would not have gathered to a body with a single large hole at its cover. A theory therefore is needed which explains the Moon's mare-complex as well as the Pacific basin. The theory, proposed byJeffreys andVening Meinesz, of a primary convection current which passed the centre of the Earth and in spreading around the globe produced the original distribution of the Earth's sialic cover, is worth increased attention.

Notes: Summary The methods of computation of the gravity difference between two stations depend on the assumed behaviour of the zero drift. When this drift is taken as following a quadratic law with respect to time, then the various methods give virtually the same value for the gravity difference and the estimated errors in it are also the same. In adjusting a network of gravity connections it is proposed that, to form a system of weighting, the estimated errors in the connections should be used in the place of the probable errors, which are unobtainable as the number of independent observations is too small. The estimated errors have been based on the standard deviation of an observation which is probably a characteristic of one gravimeter and one observer. The standard deviation of a single observation with a Worden gravimeter was found to be ±0.014 mgal as a result of a special set of experiments under field conditions. Large random errors have been observed in a Worden gravimeter and the cause is attributed to changes in the filament of the bulb which produces the reading index line.

Notes: Summary On Alpine glaciers the annual ablation may exceed 15 meters in some points. In order to determine the ablation of one whole glacier by direct measuring numerous measuring poles are required to be inserted into drill hole so that the amount of the melted ice may be deserved. — A light and efficient thermic drill instrument has been devised for the installation of the measuring spots. Its hot point penetrates into the ice by the melting process. Heat is supplied from a stove which heats the water. A pump drives the water in a closed circuit through an insulated drilling tube down to the hot point and back to the stove. In the present paper there is a description of construction, mode of operation and manipulation of the drill which has been tested out since 1950 on numerous glaciers of the Alps and during the last two years in connection with the International Greenland Expedition (EGIG) in Western Greenland. The article then points out the limits of the application possibilities.

Notes: Summary The propagation of Rayleigh waves in three dimensions in alluvial soils which do not behave like ordinary isotropic elastic solids have been discussed in this paper. The frequency equation has been solved for different soil constants.

Notes: Summary The fluctuation of the acceleration are analysed for several satellites. For the density variations three predominant influences can be distinguished: 1) The varying solar short ultra-violet radiation; 2) The day-night-effect; 3) An annual variation. The latter suggests a significant interaction of the terrestrial upper atmosphere with the interplanetary matter. The annual variation gives some evidence for an interstellar wind due to the solar motion in the local stellar system.

Notes: Summary The value of the electrical conductivity of the free atmosphere is inversely related to the concentration of nuclei. Measurements made with an airborne conductivity meter illustrates this effect. It was found that for these particular meteorological conditions a change of 47 nuclei/cm3 could be detected. It was also found that in one case nuclei from a smoke source were carried down wind for a distance of 400 miles. The concentration of nuclei varied from 14.6×103 nuclei/cm3 near the source to 1·3×103 at the distant location.

Notes: Summary By the term red-shift is here meant a transfer of spectral energy from smaller disturbances to larger ones in particular regions of the spectrum. An instance of such action is cited in the behavior of certain wind systems of the atmosphere. It is suggested that this process is given a unique average direction through the agency of friction which prevents too large an accumulation of energy in the graver modes of motion. A second probable similar circumstance is cited in the case of the Gulf Stream, for which proper, data have recently been obtained for the first time. The possibility of the existence of a third instance of this type of red-shift is considered for the propagation of surface waves for long distances over deep water. The subject is treated from the standpoint of a nonlinear theory for wave propagation, investigated previously by the writer. An indication is obtained that a red-shift effect should be observed especially in the forward portion of a wave group which has travelled a large distance into new water.

Notes: Summary The basic concept of synoptic statistical methods for construction of prognostic charts was outlined by the author in a previous paper. As a result of these investigations it was found that a high correlation exists between time and space means of contourheights of an isobaric surface (850 mb surface). As it has been shown later byPichler this result may be interpreted by assuming that the geopotential fields obeys a numerical solution of the second order homogenous differential equation for wave propagation (hyperbolic equation) provided the phase velocity is given by $$c = \Delta s/\Delta t\sqrt 2 $$ . SinceReuter has used for Δs=666 km and for Δt=24 hours the conclusion may be drawn that the phase velocity of the wave propagation has an order of magnitude of 5 m/sec. Actually for long waves in the westerlies such a value can be found on an average. The same method can be used for extended forecast procedures if the wave equation is set down for 5 days mean values. Theoretical considerations lead then to a prognostic formula for a 5 days mean chart (8a). This formula can be applied for a sufficient number of grid points in order to construct prognostic charts. The underlying assumption, namely that the mean geopotential field satisfies also a solution of the wave equation turns out to be quite accurate even if only average values of the phase velocity were used for the computation. The usefullness of the method is illustrated for two cases.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird im ersten Teil ein weiteres einfaches Verfahren zur ebenen Bestimmung der Epizentren von nahen Erdbeben angegeben [Gleichungen (6)–(7)]. Für Entfernungen, oder Genauigkeiten, bei denen die Erdkrümmung schon zu berücksichtigen ist, werden im zweiten und dritten Teil Korrektionsglieder entwickelt: Gleichung (6a). Bei noch grösseren Entfernungen, bzw. Genauigkeitsforderungen geht man vorteilhaft aus sphärischen Beziehungen aus [Vierter Teil: Gleichungen (lc)], aus deren Reihenentwicklung noch weitere Glieder berücksichtigt werden können. Für die Ausgleichung wird es aber meist vorteilhafter sein, die geographischen Koordinaten des Epizentrums zu berechnen [Fünfter Teil: Gleichungen (18–24)].

Notes: Summary The principle of the sampling method of submicron aerosols with the Aerosol Spectrometer is briefly described and the analytic procedures for deriving the frequency-size distributionC d (d) from photo-micrographic particle counts and microphotometric light scattering measurementsS d (d) of identical areas of the particle deposit. After initial analysis the deposits were exposed to elevated temperature (80° C) for several hours and re-analyzed. Four representative aerosol types, originating from the high sea, the shore, vegetation, and metropolitan smog are analyzed in this manner for the range (0.2 μ≤d≤1.3 μ). All show a very marked decrease, even disappearance of the smaller particles (d〈0.5 μ) and shrinkage of the larger particles (d〈1 μ). By far the largest effect is observed for the smog aerosols. This volatility appears to be caused by either evaporation of the particle substace or by the gradual oxidation of its organic components into more volatile products (CO2, H2O).

Notes: Summary A description is presented of 49 research flights executed in Northern Bohemia and High Tatra during which concentrations of giant chloride and sulfate condensation nuclei were measured up to a height of 3 Km above the earth surface. Chloride and sulfate aerosol particles were determined by traces left by them in a sensitive sheet of gelatine. During the year the average concentration of the giant chloride nuclei was not greater than 15 nuclei and the average concentration of sulfate nuclei surpassed not 6 nuclei in 1 liter air. The highest concentrations occurred at a height of several hundred meters above the earth. It was found that the general form of the deduced spectral function is the same for the chloride and sulfate particles.

Notes: Abstract An automatic condensation nuclei counter was developed for the concentration range of about 1 to 400 particles per cubic centimeter. After expansion, the water droplets are photographed when they are still suspended in the air so that the counter can be considered an absolute one. The volume in which the droplets are counted is determined by the size of the picture of the droplets as a function of their distance from the focal plane. To eliminate any effect of decreasing pressure with altitude, the cloud chamber is filled with clean air prior to expansion to about half an atmosphere above ambient pressure. This counter was used to obtain vertical profiles of condensation nuclei up to altitudes of 27 km with high altitude balloons. A total of seven profiles was obtained over a period of about one year at 47° N over the United States. Because of the restrictions in the range of the meter no data could be obtained below 5 km. The profiles show the following main features: 1. Although there are pronounced fluctuations in the individual flights the average nuclei concentration of 200 to 300/cm3 remains fairly constant from 5 km to the tropopause. 2. Above the tropopause, which is on the average of 12 km, the nuclei concentration decreases rapidly by a factor of ten at 15 km and by a factor of hundred at 19 km. Above 20 km, the lower limit of the counter range of l/cm3 is reached. 3. These general features are fairly constant over the year. Data for the lower stratosphere byWigand (1919) andWeickmann (1955) indicate a sharp decrease from concentrations of 2000 to 3000/cm3 at ground to about 100/cm3 at 5 km. If it is assumed that the discrepancy of a factor of 2 to 3 at 5 km is due to the different time, location, and methods used in these observations, all data can be combined into a complete average profile from the ground to 27 km. This composite profile shows then the following three characteristic layers: 1. Pronounced decrease of the nuclei concentration by about 2 orders of magnitude from 0 to 5 km. 2. Almost constant concentration from 5 to 12 km. 3. Pronounced decrease of the concentration by about 2 orders of magnitude from 12 to 20 km. It is shown in the discussion that the decrease in layer 1 is primarily due to washout, supported by coagulation. The small decrease in concentration in the upper troposphere, layer 2, indicates that both washout and coagulation must be fairly inefficient at these altitudes. The decrease in layer 3 forces to the conclusion that the nuclei in the stratosphere are of tropospheric origin. In the stratosphere, coagulation and sedimentation become important because of long stratospheric residence times of about 1/2 to 1 year. Calculations show, that coagulation is predominantly responsible for the decrease with altitude. The concentrations in the stratosphere are also compared with data deduced from observations of mother of pearl clouds and the electrical conductivity in the stratosphere.

Notes: Abstract No final theory on the activity of Aitken nuclei has been established yet. In particular the supersaturation is not known for the Aitken nuclei to grow into droplets, f.e. according toF. Volz only nuclei of radius 〉0.1 μ can cause condensation under atmospheric conditions. On the other hand according toH. G. Müller condensation over the continents has to occur at the Aitken nuclei since precipitation washes out the other nuclei. This uncertainty becomes obvious in the interpretation of the experimental results.Chr. Junge found that the necessary activation supersaturation of a continental Aitken aerosol and of artificial aerosols of the same size of nuclei lies between 2 and 20%, 10% being sufficient for the main fraction of nuclei to grow. In contrastW. Wieland was able to activate in a mixing cloud chamber a big portion, if not all, of the nuclei of a continental aerosol at supersaturations below 1.5%. Some of our own results, obtained with the same technic, agree with this. At supersaturations below 0.8% at least half of the Aitken nuclei present are activated. To obtain the same result with benzene and acetone we found, that benzene required a slightly smaller, and acetone a somewhat bigger supersaturation. However later experiments revealed a considerable effect of the geometry of the mixing cloud chamber upon the results. Since the physics of the chamber has not been fully explored the method was abandoned. Instead the principle of cooling by adiabatic expansion was used. An expansion apparatus based on the principle of a fotoelectric nucleus counter was developed allowing us to measure with two cathode ray oscillographs the pressure and simultaneously the change of intensity of a lightbeam due to the scattering on the forming cloud as a function of time. The length of the lightbeam could be chosen between 60 and 200 cm. The overpressure before the expansion was always 180 mm of mercury. The ratio of expansion rates was 1∶2.5∶30∶60 at the beginning of the expansion. The slowest rate was about 6 seconds, corresponding to a rate of ascent of 210 m/s at the beginning of the expansion. Smaller rates could not be obtained because of heat transfer at the chamber walls.

Notes: Summary The atmospheres of the earth, the sun and other bodies are surrounded by gas that is nearly uniform in number densityn and kinetic temperatureT, over spaces much greater than those occupied by the atmospheres. This gas may be called theambium of the atmosphere. In total it is much more massive than the atmosphere it encloses. The conditions in the ambium must powerfully affect the state of the outer atmosphere. In particular, there must be a continuous transition of the values ofn andT between the ambium and the atmosphere. In the case of the earth, the sun and other hot stars, both the ambium and the outermost part of the atmosphere will consist of atomic hydrogen. The temperature of the ambium will determine whether this hydrogen and that of the outermost atmosphere are mainly ionized or neutral. The nature of the terrestrial ambium depends on the extension of the sun's atmosphere. This atmosphere is hot and highly ionized in its inner parts. At some radius not yet known, the solar atmospheric gas must become cool and neutral. The state of the earth's outermost atmosphere depends greatly on whether the earth lies in the ionized or the neutral part of the sun's atmosphere, or in the solar ambium. Evidence will be presented favoring the view that the earth's ambium consists of ionized solar atmospheric hydrogen. If this be so, the outermost part of the earth's atmosphere is likewise hot and ionized. It must enclose an extensive layer of mainly neutral atomic hydrogen.

Notes: Summary The behaviour of the ionosphere over Genova during the solar eclipse of February 15, 1961 is investigated. For theE-layer the effect was very marked, but the value obtained for the recombination coefficient α is above normal. The effect of the eclipse was also observed on theF2 layer; however, the behaviour here appears affected by the simultaneous occurrence of an ionospheric perturbation. Finally, the maximum reduction of the ionospheric absorption on 2 and 3 Mc/s during the eclipse was found to be of the order of about 12 db.

Notes: Summary Speeded-up magnetic tape recordings of earthquake signals can be analyzed by means of an electronic sound spectrograph. The time-dependent spectrum of body waves obtained through transient analysis provides some insight into the physical properties of the earth's interior. In the short-period arrivals traveling through the outer core and inner core dispersion has been observed. A group velocity maximum has been found forP′ at periods between 1 and 2 seconds. The direct rayP′and the surface reflected phasePP convey more energy than the arrivalsP′ 2 andPcPP′ which, firstly, enter the outer core at incidence far from vertical, and secondly spend more time in the outer part of the fluid core.

Notes: Summary Measurements of the number of condensation nuclei have been carried out with the photo-electric automatic nucleus counter of F. Verzár at Locarno-Monti on the Southern slope of the Alps. The records of one year have been elaborated with respect to the so called sunrise effect. There is a very strong significance for this phenomenon. It seems that a sunset effect does not exist.

Notes: Summary In this paper a general and exact expression of the gravitational attraction of a right vertical circular cylinder at points external to it is developed. This expression is derived in terms of complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind and the Neumann's Lambda function. Since the solution involves only tabulated functions, it is well suited for rapid desk calculations with any degree of accuracy at any points, including the points in the plane of the cylinder (outcroping cylinder). For this case, the corresponding master curve is given. Finally, a relation between the abscissa of the inflexion point of the Δg curve and the depth of the cylinder is established.

Notes: Summary The process of radon diffusion in space and time through rocks is treated in detail from the point of view of radiometric prospecting for oil. Taking into account the depth and diffusivity conditions encountered in nature it is stated that vertical radon diffusion reaching from the oil deposits up to the surface cannot be expected. Time intervals as required for setting in of a stationary concentration state and decay conditions of the radon lead to the conclusion that the penetration of emanometric measurements seldom exceeds the depth of 5–10 m.

Notes: Summary Ionospheric disturbances recorded at Genova are studied in relation to the corresponding geomagnetic disturbances. Storm time and disturbance daily variation are derived, as well as some characteristic features of ionospheric perturbations. Generally these perturbations are dealyed with respect to the corresponding geomagnetic disturbances: the mean time-lag referred to the whole day is of the order of 1h30m, but if thessc occurs in the morning or near noon the mean time-lag is nearly of 4h.

Notes: Summary The meteorological analysis of weather situations during which radioactive samples were collected, is described. It appears that precipitation washes out a significant part of the radioactive particles in the air. Successive samples from weather systems revealed that when precipitation was produced in the warm air mass only, the radioactivity concentration in the precipitation decreased with time and was independent of location. In order to explain this, a new weather system model is proposed, in which the main part of the precipitation is produced by uniform lifting of a warm air tongue.