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  • Earth model, also for more shallow analyses !
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • AERODYNAMICS
  • Animals
  • 1965-1969  (1,926)
  • 1925-1929  (195)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strontium-calcium transport across the gill of rainbow trout, (Salmo gairdnerii)Based on work performed on Contract, no. AT (45-1)-1350 for the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study was performed using radioactive isotopes of calcium and strontium as tracers in a perfused gill preparation. There were two levels in the uptake rates for strontium and calcium: a passive rate of 0.5 × 10-7 cm/sec, and 1.8 × 10-7 cm/sec, respectively, and a tenfold higher energy dependent rate of 5.1 × 10-7 cm/sec for strontium and 17 × 10-7 cm/sec for calcium. There was no evidence of discriminatory interaction between calcium and strontium at the passive levels of transport. Strontium was found to substitute for calcium at the active transport levels only if the calcium concentration of the environmental water was below approximately 0.1 mM Ca++/1.The rate of calcium and strontium loss from the gill was estimated as about 20 times faster than the influx rates. This caused the postulation that the net transfer of calcium ions across the gill could change, dependent upon the degree of saturation of the calcium-binding sites within the fish.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650102
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative studies on colony-forming units in isogenic radiation chimerasThis study was supported through funds provided by the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, U. S. Navy Department. One of us (JHLP) wishes to thank the Wellcome Trust for a Travel Grant from London. The opinions and assertions contained herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Navy Department. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 7-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lethally irradiated LAF1 mice were protected by various numbers of isogenic bone marrow cells. At intervals, cells from femoral bone marrow and spleen were assayed for their content of colony forming units (CFU) by retransplantation into other lethally irradiated mice and counting of spleen nodules at eight days. CFU numbers in femoral marrow were restored to preirradiation levels by about eight weeks. In the spleen, restoration was earlier and more rapid and for several weeks the CFU content exceeded the normal level. Prior splenectomy did not alter the pattern of CFU restoration in the femoral marrow postirradiation. However, splenectomy did appear to slightly improve survival of irradiated marrow-protected mice. It is argued that the CFU may not be the essential protective cell, and the existence of a precursor “stem” cell in normal marrow is postulated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650103
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SH-SS relationships in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells exposed to edathamil (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 57-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By means of an amperometric titration method, the acid soluble sulfhydryl, protein sulfhydryl, and disulfide content of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were determined before and after exposure to edathamil. No statistically significant differences were found between exposed and control groups. The addition of edathamil did not alter oxygen utilization. Changes in the viscosity of cell cytoplasm were determined by observation of the movement of lipoid granules with a phase contrast microscope following high speed centrifugation. The decrease in viscosity observed with edathamil could be prevented by the addition of glutathione simultaneously or 30 minutes later. A shift from intermolecular SS to intramolecular SS during sol-gel transformation is suggested by the increased viscosity following the addition of glutathione.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650108
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen metabolism during synchronous growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. I. Protein amino acid distribution (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 63-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Total cellular-N, acid soluble-N, lipid plus chlorophyll-N, and the levels of the individual amino acids were measured during synchronous growth of a high temperature strain, 7-11-05, of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Total cellular-N increased exponentially except for a small but reproducible deviation from log-linearity which occurred at approximately the middle of the 14 hour synchronous growth cycle. Although the level of acid soluble-N (as % of total cellular-N) exhibited definite periodism during synchronous growth, the amount of nitrogen in this pool was small (approximately 4-8%). Lipid- plus chlorophyll-N showed only slight fluctuations during cellular development; however, the trend followed that previously observed for phospholipid-P. The levels of the protein amino acids were expressed on a mole-percentage basis of the total protein amino acids. The level of most of the protein amino acids remained essentially constant during the course of synchronous growth. The levels of the basic and acidic amino acids as well as alanine exhibited more significant periodism than the other protein amino acids. The total protein amino acid-N level comprised approximately 63% of the total cellular-N throughout cellular development.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650109
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Karyology of permanent human cell line, W-18VA2, originated by SV40 TransformationThis work was supported, in part, by Public Health Service Contract PH 43-62-157, Career Development Award 5-K3-CA-18,372-03 and Grant CA 04534 from the National Cancer Institute.This article is dedicated to Professor Sajiro Makino on the occasion of his 60th birthday. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The karyology of a permanent human cell line, which retains a viral induced complement-fixing antigen as a result of its original transformation with simian virus 40, is described. This line, W-18VA2, is primarily subdiploid after more than two and one-half years of cultivation in vitro and exhibits high variability of chromosome number and form in the parental line as well as in various clones and sublines.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650111
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Taste papillae of the blowflyThis work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB-1472. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each interpseudotracheal papilla on the oral surface of the labellum of the blowfly contains four bipolar neurons. An electrophysiological analysis has shown that one of these cells is a receptor which responds specifically to carbohydrates. The response consists of a rapid initial discharge which typically adapts to one-half maximum frequency in 300-400 msec. The response remains normal even in the presence of choline chloride (1.5-2.0 M), NaCl (0.01-2.0 M), and CaCl2 (0.01-1.0 M). The various sugars tested showed the following order of increasing effectiveness: sorbitol 〈 sorbose 〈 inositol 〈 fucose 〈 arabinose 〈 glucose 〈 sucrose 〈 fructose. Mannose, a nutritive sugar, is non-stimulating. D-arabinose, an acceptable sugar, is more stimulating than L-arabinose, an unacceptable sugar. L-arabinose, in contrast to D-, also stimulates other neurons in the papilla.Another cell responds when the electrode contains salt or certain carbohydrates such as L-arabinose. It is believed that its activity initiates behavioral rejection of compounds. It does not exhibit a high initial discharge or adaptation but waxes and wanes randomly. Its response to monovalent and divalent cations is similar although the latter produces volleys of high frequency.Mechanical deformation causes an increase in frequency of a third spike. Mechanosensitive units may be classified by their responses into three classes: push, pull, or push-pull.No evidence for a water receptor was found.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650112
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Osmoregulation in the amphibian egg the influence of calcium (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Determinations of the permeability coefficient for water show that the osmotic behavior of amphibian eggs (ovarian and coelomic eggs from Rana temporaria) cannot be accounted for by this factor alone. Comparison of the cortical stiffness of coelomic eggs with vitelline membrane in iso- and hypotonic solutions indicate that a mechanical tension develops under hypotonic conditions, strong enough to resist osmotic swelling.In Ca++-free media preservation of this tension is interfered with, but the effect is observed only after exposure for some hours.Ca++ does not change the diffusion coefficient for water in the egg cytoplasm, nor the permeability coefficient for water through the cell membrane. Neither is the Young's modulus for the vitelline membrane influenced. A slight effect of Ca++ on the cortical stiffness of naked coelomic eggs was observed. In hypotonic Ca++-free media no resistance to swelling develops in these eggs, and they disintegrate after a rather short time.To determine the permeability to water the rate of D2O  -  H2O exchange was measured with the Cartesian diver balance. The stiffness was determined with a cell elastimeter described by Mitchison and Swann, and the osmotic swelling was determined by measuring the egg diameter with an eyepiece screw micrometer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650113
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of ethanol on electrolyte transport and electrogenesis in animal tissuesThis work was supported by the Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario, Toronto, Canada. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ethanol 0.087 M (400 mg/100 ml) did not affect the initial loss of K+ from guinea-pig brain cortex slices at the start of incubation, but significantly inhibited the subsequent reaccumulation of K+. Ethanol 0.098 M (450 mg/100 ml) also significantly inhibited the active reaccumulation of K+ by pre-cooled rabbit kidney cortex slices.In vivo experiments with an electric eel indicated that ethanol in concentrations of 100 to 700 mg/100 ml (22 to 152 mM) significantly diminished the frequency of spontaneous low-voltage electrogenesis.These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that ethanol inhibits the active transport of cations by many types of cell, at concentrations relevant to non-lethal intoxication.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650115
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium uptake in glycerol-extracted rabbit psoas muscle fibers. I. Biochemical properties and conditions for uptake (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Rabbit psoas muscle fibers, extracted in 50% (w/v) glycerol for 20 hours, concentrate up to 300 μmol calcium per gm protein when placed in a suitable electrolyte environment at pH 6.5 containing ATP and 47Ca in the form of a Ca/EGTA metal buffer system. This property is retained at [Ca++] down to 2 × 10-8 M, the lowest studied. The kinetics of Ca pickup are consistent with a mathematical model based on diffusion of Ca as the rate-limiting factor. The pickup is dependent upon ATP and is increased by inclusion of CP or PEP. It is promoted by oxalate, fluoride, phosphate and pyrophosphate, which share the property of forming relatively insoluble calcium salts. Ability to concentrate calcium disappears on prolonged extraction in glycerol and after preincubation with desoxycholate.These properties are similar to those previously described for a granular fraction of muscle homogenates, and it is concluded that both are probably attributable to functional remnants of sarcoplasmic reticulum.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650202
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Amphibian acoustico-lateralis efferentsThis work was supported by Career Development Award NB-K3-9513 and Grant NB-1330-07 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness and Grant G23837 from the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Efferent spikes were recorded from the nerves supplying the papilla amphibiorum, ampullae, and lateral-line neuromasts of the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus). Increased efferent activity was associated with rotatory, vibratory, and tactile stimulation and gill movements. In a single experiment it was possible to record efferents from the nerve to the papilla basilaris of a leopard frog (Rana pipiens). The function of acoustico-lateralis efferents is not restricted to or closely associated with a single habit, habitat, phylogenetic group, or acoustico lateralis receptor. It seems likely that all acoustico-lateralis receptors in all vertebrates receive efferent input.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650204
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  • 11
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    The activity of selected soluble enzymes in the avian nasal salt glandThis work has been made possible through USPHS research grants GM-08538 (Dr. L. Z. McFarland) and AM-04732 (Dr. R. A. Freedland). (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ten adult western gulls (Larus occidentalis) ranging in weight from 761-1,004 gm were studied. The gulls were fed 3% NaCl in their drinking water. They were killed by decapitation, and the salt glands, weighing 0.51-0.78 gm were cooled, homogenized in 0.14 M KCl, centrifuged at 0-4°C at 20,000 × G for 30 minutes and the supernatant used for all enzymes assays. All assays were conducted at 25°C by observing the changes in absorbancy with time using a Gilford Multiple Absorbance Recorder. The enzymes were assayed by measuring either the appearance or disappearance of NADH or NADPH at 340 mμ. The average units of enzyme activity (the amount of enzyme required to form 1 μM of substrate per minute ) per gram of salt gland were as follows: phosphoglucomutase, 0.62; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 1.40; aldolase, 2.86; lactic dehydrogenase, 90.1; isocitric dehydrogenase, 5.08; malic enzyme, 0.92; glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, 100.5; and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, 0.50. The protein content of the salt glands varied from 62.5-87.6 mg protein/gm. On the basis of an adjusted calculation of energy yields from the glycolytic scheme and the Krebs cycle, it would appear that only one-third of the energy derived from these pathways would be necessary to maintain the maximum rate of salt secretion, leaving the other two-thirds for other cellular processes. Glutamate metabolism may also be important as an energy source in the salt gland.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650210
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Discontinuous decay of the action potential of the rat gastrocnemius as recorded from an intracellular locationThis work was aided by a grant from the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America and the George Harrington Fund of Boston. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fractionation of intracellular action potential has been observed, with (1) an initial graded decline of amplitude and appearance of a notch; (2) a progressive delay and eventual disappearance of a component, with a stepwise decrease in area, and (3) the occasional sequential disappearance of as many as three components of the same order of magnitude in area and amplitude.The possibilities of block, movement, or extracellularly recorded responses as cause for these physiological “quanta” have been reviewed. One possible hypothesis is the existence of “patches” of membrane with independent characteristics of excitability and responsivity, which become manifest as a result of damage inflected by the electrode.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650213
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  • 13
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    Limiting factors involved in CO2 production by starved and X-irradiated starved yeast cells (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Studies of reduced CO2 production by starved yeast cells were carried out to localize the site limiting this process and responsible for a greater production by irradiated cells. Cell-free extracts prepared before and after starvation of cells, and from irradiated and unirradiated cells, showed similar hexokinase activity and produced similar amounts of CO2. These results demonstrated that rate limiting glycolytic enzymes did not decay during starvation, were not induced during a lag period in CO2 production which could be overcome by glucose incubation, and were not responsible for differences in CO2 production between irradiated and unirradiated cells. Possible limiting factors involved in these differences include glucose transport as a consequence of differential decay during starvation, restricted cofactor synthesis and an enzymic binding or compartmentalization.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650215
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  • 14
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    Metabolic adaptation and the regulation of metabolism of a flagellate protozoanThis research was supported in part by a U.S.P.H.S. predoctoral fellowship (GM-7504) to M. H. Cantor and by a National Science Foundation grant (GB 1643) to T. W. James. Portions of the data are taken from a thesis submitted to the Graduate Division of U.C.L.A. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree by M. H. Cantor. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Evidence is presented indicating metabolic adaptation for the utilization of propionate and butyrate by the flagellate, Polytomella agilis. The existence of a lag phase prior to exponential growth, and the inability of acetate-grown cells to readily oxidze these substrates support ths concluson.Two aspects of metabolic regulation are discussed. The inhibitory effect of azide on the growth and on oxidation of propionate and butyrate implicates the importance of ATP availability in the control mechanism.Oxidative metabolism is regulated to maintain a constant extent of substrate oxidation regardless of growth conditions. The Qo2 is related to the carbon source for growth, and not on the substrate to be oxidized. The rate of substrate utilization by adapted cells is less than that of unadapted cells.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650217
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  • 15
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    Possible carriers in erythrocytesAcknowledgment is made to the Rockefeller Foundation and to the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, for the support of this work. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 299-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using a densimeter technique, the effect of tannic acid and n-butanol on the permeability to non-electrolytes of erythrocytes of various species was studied. If both tannic acid and butanol decrease the permeability it is suggested that a carrier mechanism is involved. If tannic acid has little or no effect and butanol increases the permeability it is suggested that the penetration of such a molecule depends only on diffusion. According to this theory carriers are involved in the following systems: Urea  -  mouse, sheep, pig, ox and man; Ethylene glycol  -  man and possibly mouse; Glycerol  -  man, mouse, rabbit; Erythritol  -  mouse and possibly man; Ribose  -  mouse, man; Mannose, glucose, sorbose  -  man. No carriors are involved in the following systems: Urea  -  chicken; Ethylene glycol  -  pig, chicken, ox, sheep; Thiourea  -  rabbit, chicken, sheep, man, pig, ox; Glycerol  -  chicken, pig, sheep, ox; Erythritol  -  rabbit; Ribose  -  rabbit.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650303
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  • 16
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    The effects of hibernation on the in vitro synthesis of DNA by hamster lymphoid tissueSupported by U. S. Public Health Service Grants, AM 04219, GM 05611, and FR 5018. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 319-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: DNA synthesis was studied in vitro in lymphoid tissue taken from hibernating, cold adapted and active golden hamsters in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of suppressed DNA synthesis during hibernation. The rates of DNA synthesis at temperatures varying from 4 to 37°C were greatest in cells from active animals, less from cold adapted and least from hibernating animals. The depression in cells from cold adapted animals was 70% reversible by returning the animals to a warm environment 40 minutes before they were sacrificed but the hibernating animals had to be aroused for more than 12 hours before their rates recovered, suggesting a different mechanism responsible for depression in these two instances.Radioautographic and biochemical measurements of DNA synthesis in cells taken from hibernating animals indicated that the depressed synthesis seen during hibernation is the result of a reduction in the percentage of cells engaged in DNA synthesis. This implies that the low body temperatures of hibernation produce a block in the cell cycle of lymphoid cells not unlike that observed when other mammalian cells are exposed to cold in vitro.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650305
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  • 17
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    Circus reexcitation as a cause of repetitive activity in crayfish lateral giant axonsThe work was supported in part by grants from the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America, by Public Health Service Research Grants NB 3728-02, NB 3270-03, 5TI NB 5328-02 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness; from the National Science Foundation (G-19969). (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 325-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Unpolarized electrotonic connections between the two lateral giant axons of crayfish nerve cord have been demonstrated. Presumably they are also the sites of the tightly coupled unpolarized ephaptic junctions by which activity from one axon may be transmitted to the other. Commissures between the segmental branches of the two axons are probably the sites of the junctions. If septal transmission is blocked in one axon, the inactive segment can be excited by the activity of the other axon. The segmentally arrayed ladder of ephaptic junctions forms a series of delay lines and circus activity can occur in the loops between the two axons. Two segments form a loop with a delay line of 4 msec. The frequency of repetition is about 250/second. Each additional segment introduces another delay of about 4 msec. For a three-segment loop the repetition rate is about 125/second. The delays at ephaptic junctions between neurons in vertebrate nervous systems are probably too brief to cause repetitive activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650306
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  • 18
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    Systemic effects of epinephrine in the frogSupported by NIH Grants no. RG 3545; 5-K6-GM-16, 687-02; AM-06481-01A1; 5-F2 GM-18,664-02. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 337-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The intact frog (R. pipiens) is both very sensitive to i.v. injection of l-epinephrine (E) in small amounts (a few micrograms), and very tolerant to large doses (several milligrams) of the hormone. A small dose increased the P.D. and the short circuit current (Is) in skin, and strongly increased the strength of auricular contraction of the heart in vivo; ventricular contractions decreased, and heart rate remained normal. Large doses of E depressed P.D. and Is after, occasionally, elevating both for a brief period following treatment. The mucous glands of the skin emptied their content shortly after E, then began to fill again with secretory materials in spite of uninterrupted E infusions. Ventricular and auricular contractions were remarkably little altered and there were no significant changes in heart rate. Changes were seen, however, in the ECG, e.g.: inversion of the P and T waves. No alteration in the QRS complex or in the rhythm was ever noted. Serum glucose remained within normal limits. A transient calorigenic effect, lasting for 10-20 minutes occurred, in which the O2 consumption rose from a normal of 6 to 7 ml/100 g/hr to several times this value. Unanesthetized frogs tolerated without great harm 10 mg of E given s.c. within one hour. Signs of prostration and a moderate increase in respiration were noted for some time following treatment. Great tolerance of frogs to hormones which do play a physiological role is also known for thyroxine and insulin, but is especially notable for epinephrine which is least tolerated by warmblooded animals treated with large doses of E. The reasons for these species differences are unknown.
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    The sodium and potassium activated ATPase of intestinal epithelium. I. Location of enzymatic activity in the cellThis study is based on work performed under contract with the United States Atomic Energy Commission at The University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project, Rochester, New York. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 361-372 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The location of sodium and potassium activated Mg-ATPase (Na-K ATPase) was studied in columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine of rats. Cell components were segregated in centrifuge fractions by a mild procedure (sucrose medium), which preserved mitochondria and vesicular inclusions, and by a drastic procedure, designed to preserve the striated borders selectively. The contents of fractions were characterized by phase contrast and electron microscopy and by the assay of alkaline phosphatase (E.C.3.1.3.1), cytochome oxidase (E.C.1.9.3.1), invertase (E.C.3.2.1.26) and Mg-ATPase (E.C.3.6.1.4).Na-K ATPase was found to be most concentrated in fractions containing mitochondria on one hand, and striated borders on the other. Its distribution differed from the distributions of the other four enzymes. The physiological implications of finding the “sodium pump” enzyme in the membrane at the apical pole of the epithelial cell were discussed.
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    Modification of cardiac and respiratory rhythms in crayfish following carbohydrate chemoreceptionThis investigation was supported by Public Health Service Research Grant NB 05423-01 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 373-379 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Reflex inhibitions of cardiac and ventilation rates of the crayfish, Procambarus simulans, have been used as indices of chemical sensitivity in an assay of configurational specificity among 30 carbohydrates and related compounds. Cardiac activity was determined from electrocardiograms and the bilateral ventilation frequencies were recorded with low-level pressure transducers. The responses were followed simultaneously on a commercial polygraph. Test solutions were introduced into the region of the branchial chamber with the ventilation stream. Positive responses consisted of inhibition or cessation of activity in both systems.Analysis of results from sugars with various configurations involving carbons 2, 4, and 5 of the pyranose ring indicated these positions were not critical in evoking the responses. Sugars lacking carbon 6, e.g., D-xylose and D-arabinose, were also effective stimuli. Blocking of the -OH at the C1, as found in glycosides, converts a stimulating configuration into a non-stimulating one, except where the substituent contains a free -OH group at the terminal carbon, e.g., maltose or cellobiose. Stimulating disaccharides were all 1-4 glycosides and possessed a free -OH at C1. The disaccharides with linkages other than 1-4 were non-stimulatory, e.g., gentiobiose, trehalose, and melibiose, as were the trisaccharides, raffinose and melizitose. Linear and cyclic polyhydroxy alcohols, e.g., erythritol and inositol, and short chain aldoses, e.g., erythrose, were also ineffective.Stimulation of the receptors seems to require the pyranose ring and access to a free hydroxyl group on C1. Isolation of the receptor and measurement of single unit activity are required before incontrovertible statements of specificity can be made. A basis for such investigations has been made.
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    Oxygen consumption, thermal conductance, and torpor in the California pocket mouse Perognathus californicusI am grateful to Professor G. A. Bartholomew for his aid throughout this study, and for his partial support of it [through a grant to him from the Office of Naval Research, Nonr 233 (61)]. National Science Foundation Cooperative Fellowships also contributed support to this study. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 393-403 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Non-torpid P. californicus have body temperatures which increase slightly as ambient temperature increases from 5° to 35°C. Their minimum oxygen consumption fits Newton's law of cooling, since minimum thermal conductance below thermal neutrality is virtually constant at 0.19 ml O2 (gm hr °C)-1. There is a thermal neutral point at 32.5° rather than a thermal neutral zone. Oxygen consumption at the thermal neutral point is 0.97 ml O2 (gm hr)-1. Maximum thermal conductance, measured at 35°, is 0.37 ml O2 (gm hr °C)-1. Evaporative water loss accounts for 5 and 15% of the value of minimum and maximum thermal conductance, respectively.Minimum oxygen consumption of mice in torpor is continuously dependent on body temperature from thermal neutrality to deep torpor. Q10 values are between 1.6 and 3.2. The thermal conductance of torpid mice at ambient temperature below 30° is 0.19 ml O2 (gm hr °C)-1 which is identical to the minimum thermal conductance of non-torpid mice. Torpid mice at an ambient temperature of 30° have thermal conductance values between 0.23 and 0.40 ml O2 (gm hr °C)-1 depending on their posture.Maximum oxygen consumption is linearly related to body temperature. At a normal body temperature of 38°, it is 11.6 ml O2 (gm hr)-1 which is no greater than that of similar sized mammals which do not enter torpor.Although P. californicus consistently enters into and arouses from torpor at ambient temperatures of 15° to 30°, the torpor cycle is severely disturbed at temperatures between 10° and 12°. At these temperatures mice show irregular temporal patterns of torpor, do not enter torpor completely, and cannot arouse from torpor if body temperature falls below 15°.Observations on the behavior of torpid and non-torpid P. californicus at various ambient temperatures are included in this report.
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    The relation between the torpor cycle and heat exchange in the California pocket mouse Perognathus californicusI am grateful to Professor G. A. Bartholomew for his aid throughout this study, and for his partial support of it [through a grant to him from the Office of Naval Research, Nonr 233 (61)]. National Science Foundation Cooperative Fellowships also contributed support to this study. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 405-414 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The changes in body temperature (TB) associated with the torpor cycle of P. californicus are described by the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm dT}_{\rm B} }}{{{\rm dt}}} = \frac{{{\rm heat production - heat loss}}}{{\rm K}} $\end{document} where t is time, and K is the heat capacity of body tissue. This equation can be solved after substituting appropriate expressions for maximum and minimum aerobic heat production and heat loss to give theoretical maximum rates of entry into and arousal from torpor.The measured time course of body temperature and oxygen consumption during entry into torpor compare favorably with theoretical curves calculated under conditions of minimum heat production and maximum heat loss. Thus P. californicus appears able to “switch off its thermostat” so that oxygen consumption during entry into torpor falls almost to the minimum level for a given body temperature. Heat loss during entry into torpor appears to be facilitated by an increase in thermal conductance.During arousal from torpor, body temperature increases faster than can be accounted for assuming maximum heat production and minimum heat loss. This could be explained by anaerobic heat production and by a decreased thermal conductance resulting from the posterior vasoconstriction typical of arousing hibernators.Torpor periods of short duration are feasible for P. californicus, for it can enter torpor and arouse immediately thereafter at an ambient temperature of 15° with an expenditure of energy only 55% of that required to maintain a high body temperature over the same period of time. Arousal from torpor at an ambient temperature of 15° requires about 75% of the total energy expended during a ten hour torpor cycle; entry into torpor and torpor itself account for only 9 and 16% of the total energy expenditure, respectively.The quantitative relations between heat production and heat loss presented in this paper suggest further investigations of the effects of body size on heat production and loss, and of physiological phenomena which alter heat exchange.
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    Photodynamic and fluorochromic properties of the antibiotic actinomycin D (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 433-434 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Actinomycin D was studied as a photodynamic agent and fluorochrome. With Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus propagated in chick fibroblasts, it was shown that actinomycin D induces both direct and indirect photoactivation of the virus. Some capacity of antibiotic-treated and irradiated virus to produce plaques larger than usual was not retained with passage of virus isolated from large plaques. Cells stained with actinomycin D exhibited a weak brownish fluorescence of nuclear structure.
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    Binding of Ca and Mg by lipoprotein and nucleoprotein subfractions of rat liver cell microsomesThis investigation was supported by grant GM-11048 from the U. S. Public Health Service. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 57-64 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Rat liver cell microsomes were subfractionated in D2O-sucrose solutions of various densities into three subfractions with densities 〉 1.23, 1.18-1.23 and 1.12-1.18. There was an inverse correlation between the nucleic acid and lipid contents of these subfractions; the highest density subfraction had a relatively high nucleic acid (20.9%) and low lipid (15.1%) content and the lowest density subfraction had a low nucleic acid (3.4%) and a high lipid (45.2%) content. Whole microsomes were determined to be composed of 55.0% protein, 8.6% nucleic acid and 36.4% lipid. This composition of microsomes was calculated to reflect a nucleoprotein and lipoprotein content of 28% and 72%, respectively. Investigation of Ca and Mg binding by the three microsome subfractions and by the whole microsome fraction after equilibration for 12 hours in a medium of pH 6.7 containing 8-9 meq Ca or Mg/liter indicated that all fractions retained considerable amounts of the divalent cations (1.5-2.6 meq/g N). The nucleoprotein fraction was calculated to bind 0.35-0.40 meq Ca or Mg/g dry weight of nucleoprotein and the lipoprotein fraction 0.12 meq Ca or Mg/g dry weight of lipoprotein. Nevertheless, the lipoprotein fraction of microsomes is responsible for 45% of the total binding of Ca or Mg by the whole microsome fraction. These observations support the contention that cellular membrane structures, composed essentially of lipoprotein, can bind considerable quantities of the divalent cations.
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    Oxidation of cholesterol by rat liver mitochondria: Effect of thyroidectomySupported, in part, by grant (HE-03299) and a Research Career Award (HE-K6-734) from the National Heart Institute, NIH, USPHS. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 91-94 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Normal and thyroidectomized rats were maintained on normal diets and on diets containing 0.3% N-propylthiouracil. The normal rats on normal diets had significantly lower serum cholesterol levels than did any of the other groups. Liver cholesterol levels were elevated only in the thyroidectomized rats fed normal diet. The hypercholesteremic effect of N-propylthiouracil observed in the thyroidectomized rats appears to be due to release of liver cholesterol.Liver mitochondrial preparations from all four groups of rats oxidized cholesterol-26-14C and sodium octanoate-1-14C to 14CO2 to the same extent. The data further support the hypothesis that the effect of thyroid on cholesterol degradation is mediated at the level of nuclear hydroxylation.
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    On the role of acetylcholine in regulating the rate of the early chick embryo heartSupported by National Science Foundation grants G-15853 and GB-1064. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 267-272 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study has been made of the effect of acetylcholine upon the heart rate of the early chick embryo, and it has been noted that under certain experimental conditions acetylcholine stimulates the heart rate during the period of vagal innervation, while depressing the heart rate after the nerve supply is established. Isolated chick embryo hearts freely suspended in a phosphate-buffered (bicarbonate-free) medium beat at only about one-third their in ovo rates, and acetylcholine produces biphasic effects of stimulation and inhibition of the heart rate depending upon the concentration of the drug and the age of the hearts, the maximal stimulation occurring at five days. When suspended in Krebs bicarbonate medium the hearts beat at rates of about 72 to 74% their in ovo rates, and acetylcholine produces only slowing of the heart rate. This effect of acetylcholine can be diminished or reversed when an inhibitor of endogenous acetylcholine, hemicholinium-3 is added. We have postulated that both inhibitory and stimulatory receptors for acetylcholine exist in the early chick embryo heart and that the response to added acetylcholine depends in part on levels of endogenous acetylcholine already present in the heart. The role of endogenous acetylcholine in regulating heart rate is discussed.
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    The metabolism of homogenates of the mouse epididymis (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 281-292 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study has attempted an evaluation of the in vitro metabolic characteristics of the epididymis of the mouse and a definition of areas for further research pursuant to the elucidation of the role of this organ in the process of sperm maturation and storage.Optimal conditions were ascertained for the manometric measurement of total respiration and for the estimation of glycolytic activity by assay of lactate accumulation and phosphate esterification in fluoride poisoned homogenates. Homogenates of mouse kidney were utilized in all experiments for comparative purposes.The in vitro data presented indicate the epididymis to be predominantly oriented to a glycolytic metabolism. It is suggested that this metabolic orientation when considered with the results of other investigators is compatible with a hypothesis for the secretion of lactic acid by the epididymal epithelium into the lumen of the epididymal canal for spermatozoan utilization.
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    Permeability to water and sodium of the crocodilian, Caiman scleropsThis work was supported by grant HE-02228 from the National Institutes of Health. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 303-309 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In freshwater the caiman gains water at the rate of 3.5 ml/kg hr or 1.1 μl/cm2 hr. Of this 70% is the result of uptake through the skin, the rest being due to drinking. This gain in water is excreted by the kidneys as a hypotonic urine. Urine sodium losses are reduced by active sodium uptake from the urine during storage for 3 to 4 hours in the cloaca. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that the skin is somewhat permeable to sodium, which moves along concentration gradients.In air the caiman loses water by evaporation (1.2 μl/cm2 hr). About 75% of this takes place from the skin.In 3.3% NaCl solution caimans show elevated serum sodium concentrations and 20% of them die within 24 hours. The sodium accumulation is mostly due to drinking (4.4% of the body weight/day), and only to a minor extent to osmotic water loss through the skin (2.5% of the body weight/day or 0.6 μl/cm2 hr). The permeability of the caiman is compared to that of fishes, Amphibia and other reptiles.
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    The initiation of cell division in a contact-inhibited mammalian cell line (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 325-333 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cells of an established mouse fibroblast line, 3T3, have a high plating efficiency and grow rapidly in sparse culture, but stop growing at a very low saturation density in comparison with other lines, because 3T3 is extremely sensitive to contact inhibition of cell division. After each medium change, however, there occurs in a small fraction of the cells in a saturation density culture a series of changes that results in a single rather synchronized division 30 hours later. This is due to a macromolecular substance in the serum which appears to act by reducing the sensitivity of the cells to contact inhibition. The first recognizable event following the addition of serum to a stationary phase culture is a ten fold increase in the rate of RNA synthesis, occurring within 30 minutes. An increase in the rate of protein synthesis follows several hours later. DNA synthesis does not begin before 12 hours, but by two hours after medium change an appreciable fraction of the cells become committed to eventual DNA synthesis and cell division. The sequence of event suggests that regulation of RNA synthesis is the means by which contact inhibition controls cell division.
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    The effect of peritoneal fluid on glucose-U-C14 oxidation by rat peritoneal leukocytesThe investigation reported upon in this paper was supported by U. S. Public Health Service Research grant CA-06848 from the National Cancer Institute. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 335-342 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rate of C14O2 evolution from uniformly labeled glucose by washed white cells from peritoneal exudates increased several times after prolonged soaking of the cells in protein-free medium and was repressed again upon incubation of the cells in peritoneal fluid of higher concentrations, whereas incubation in lower concentrations had a stimulatory effect, as compared to this rate by the cells incubated in protein-free medium alone. Similarity of this effect of peritoneal fluid to the protective action of blood serum on the cells in tissue culture and the possible mechanism of action of both were discussed.It is suggested that the metabolism of the cells in multicellular organism is repressed by humoral macromolecular substances, and that the increase of glucose-U-C14 oxidation by the cells after prolonged soaking in protein-free medium is related to the first step in the processes by which the cells move from a dormant state in vivo into that of active growth and cell divisions in vitro.
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    Rhabdom structure and receptor potentials in single crayfish retinular cells (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 411-429 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effects of continuous darkness and abnormal ionic ratios (excess Ca+ +, Mg+ +, K+, and absence of Na+) on the fine structure of the rhabdoms and on the intracellular retinal receptor potentials were studied in crayfish compound eyes. The normal rhabdom has its constituent microvilli regularly arranged in a characteristic cross-banded pattern. The normal retinular cell response consists of an initial transient peak and a sustained plateau. After the crayfish were kept for three months in the dark, the regular arrangement of rhabdom microvilli was markedly upset, and receptor potentials of retinular cells in the eye consisted only of the slow phase. The initial phase of the intracellular retinal receptor potential is more labile than the sustained phase (plateau) and was easily abolished if the rhabdom was so strongly affected by continuous darkness, excess Ca+ +, and excess K+ that the fine structural arrangements of microtubules were destroyed. Since receptor potentials were recorded from compound eyes in which rhabdoms were deranged and almost all their microvilli torn off from the retinular cells, transmission of visual excitation from rhabdom to retinular cell soma must be possible without direct membranous connection between them.
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    Transformation of hamster embryo cells in vitro by polyoma virus: Morphological, karyological, immunological and transplantation characteristicsSupported, in part, by U.S.P.H.S. Research grant CA 04534 from the National Cancer Institute, U.S.P.H.S. Training grant 5 TI GM 142 from the Institute of General Medical Sciences, and grant E 89 from the American Cancer Society. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 351-409 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The transformation process induced by polyoma virus in mass cultures of hamster embryo cells has been analyzed chronologically for several parameters: morphology, karyology, antigenicity and transplantability. Morphological changes, as manifested by the altered growth pattern of the culture, were the first indication of transformation. The expression of morphological transformation differed among colonies from a single culture and among the various cell lines; its pattern could change with prolonged growth of the cultures. Established lines originating from each transformed culture eventually produced tumors in syngeneic and allogeneic animals. Tumorigenicity was low (MTD ± 106) soon after morphological transformation, but increased progressively as the cells were carried in vitro (MTD 〈 103). Polyoma virus disappeared in eight lines, but persisted in one. The non-virus releaser lines were resistant to superinfection with polyoma virus. The polyoma-induced transplantation antigen (PV-ITA) was found in four of six lines; it was not demonstrable in later passages of some lines that were initially positive and was not detected in the virus carrier culture. The polyoma-induced CF antigen (PV-ICFA), however, was present in all the cultures exposed to polyoma virus even at passage levels where the PV-ITA was not demonstrable. Some chromosomal changes in type and in ploidy were present at, or shortly after, the time of morphological transformation. Although very low at first, frequency of chromosome changes increased with time in a random pattern. Three of four lines remained near-diploid, the fourth line became subtetraploid soon after morphological transformation. The incidence of chromosomal damage (chromatid breaks, dicentrics and fragments) was low in all four lines analyzed, even in the virus carrier culture. There was a parallel increase in frequency of abnormal metaphases and of transplantability.It is concluded that after an initial and yet obscure polyoma virus cell interaction, cells evolve toward malignancy in a pattern that does not show specificity for the inducing virus. The viral genome, if present in the transformed cells, does not appear to direct or regulate the evolution of the cells in vitro.
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    Masthead (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965) 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660401
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    Effect of hormones and environmental factors on lactic dehydrogenases (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are two types (M and H) of lactic dehydrogenase that are found in most animals. The M-type is found largely in the more anaerobic tissues, such as voluntary skeletal muscles; the H-type is found in aerobic tissues, such as cardiac muscle. In the immature uterus, the level of M units is considerably less than that found in the mature uterus. Injection of estradiol leads to a marked increase in M units in the immature uterus, but there is no significant change in the concentration of the H form. Testosterone and progesterone, in contrast, promote a proportional increase in the two lactic dehydrogenases in the immature uterus. Testosterone, however, induces a selective synthesis of M units in the seminal vessels of the immature rat. Hypophysectomy leads to a decrease in M units of skeletal muscle. The effects of various hormones on the composition of lactic dehydrogenase of the rat and chicken will be summarized.
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    Insulin-dependent synthesis of glucokinase (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 23-38 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Glucokinase synthesis and degradation in rat liver have been studied in vivo and in slices incubated in vitro. Glucokinase induction in fasted rats can be obtained by administration of either glucose or insulin, although the amount of enzyme that accumulates in the latter case is small. There is an apparent lag of about 2 hours from administration of external inducer to detectable increase of glucokinase in liver. The results of delayed administration of actinomycin and puromycin indicate that formation of messenger RNA starts within 1 hour, and that completion of active enzyme rapidly follows polypeptide synthesis. An incubation system for liver slices has been developed with which glucokinase can be studied in situ for several hours. Glucose, but not insulin, stabilizes the enzyme. Net synthesis of glucokinase has been obtained in slices of liver taken from the animal shortly after the apparent induction lag. Messenger RNA for glucokinase seems to be fairly stable; its half-life appears to be greater than 8 hours. Actinomycin has a paradoxical effect on the disappearance of glucokinase by fasting; during the first day it prevents the normal decrease and even increases glucokinase in liver. A model of regulation of the level of glucokinase in liver is proposed in which insulin induces enzyme synthesis, high glucose concentration favors accumulation by slowing down its degradation, and glucagon prevents enzyme accumulation at a still undefined level. The rapid decrease of liver hexokinase activity in actinomycin-treated animals is also reported.
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    Studies on kidney tubulogenesis VI. Survival and nucleic acid metabolism of differentiating mouse metanephrogenic mesenchyme in vitroThis research was supported by grants from National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service (CA 05347), from the Damon Runyon Memorial Fund (DRG 780), and from the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Helsinki. The excellent technical assistance of Mrs. Anja Tuomi and Miss Ann-Kristin Thors is highly appreciated. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 311-317 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Results obtained from analysis of the early development of embryonic cells under tissue culture conditions apparently reflect both true developmental events and artificial changes consequent upon the isolation and transplantation of the tissues. The magnitude and mechanisms of such changes were examined in a model system, the differentiating metanephrogenic mesenchyme of mouse embryos, which we have used for several analytical studies in developmental biology. The results indicate that isolating and transplanting this tissue to organ culture conditions causes a marked decrease in nucleic acid metabolism, as measured in incorporation experiments. This lag period extends through the first 20 to 30 hours of in vitro cultivation, after which normal metabolism is restored. The change does not seem to be related to cell loss, since viability counts reveal only a small percentage of cells to be dying during this period. Adding Zn++ ions to the culture medium had a favorable effect on the incorporation of nucleic acid precursors during the lag period, suggesting that the enzyme treatment employed during isolation might have removed bivalent cations from this tissue.
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    Voltage clamp studies of veratrinized frog nodes (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 91-98 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    A kinetic model of the conductance changes in nerve membrane (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 111-117 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Electrically excitable artificial membranes (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 147-154 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    The spatial distribution of dividing and DNA-synthesizing cells in mouse epitheliumResearch sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the Union Carbide Corporation. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 431-435 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Cells of the germinal layer of mouse esophageal epithelium were used for quantitative assessment of the spatial distribution of proliferating cells. In tritiated thymidine autoradiographs the nonsynthesizing cells between synthesizing (or dividing) cells were counted, rather than counting the dividing cells in pre-established grid units. Dividing and DNA-synthesizing cells are almost random in spatial distribution, but there is an excess of labeled or dividing cells immediately adjacent to one another over what would be expected if the spatial distribution were random. Two possible explanations for the excess of adjacent proliferating cells are suggested: (a) direct cellular interaction or local humoral influences, and (b) phasing of adjacent cells which have a common line of descent.
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    Hormonal control of enzymes participating in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 39-53 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Enzymes of the gluconeogenic pathway in animals adapt so as to exhibit increased activity during fasting, in diabetes, and following the administration of glucocorticoids. Many investigators have shown that these changes result from the synthesis of new enzyme protein rather than activation of latent forms of these enzymes. Glucocorticoids appear to induce the formation of several gluconeogenic enzymes, but the available evidence indicates this is a secondary rather than a primary response. Insulin appears to suppress formation of these enzymes, but experimental evidence indicates that insulin per se is not a repressor, nor is liver glycogen level. It is more likely that suppression of liver gluconeogenic enzymes by insulin is mediated by the latter's effect on availability of glucose to peripheral tissue. In liver and adipose tissue, enzymes that participate in lipogenesis (for example, citrate cleavage enzyme and malic enzyme) increase in activity following insulin administration. These enzymes are induced by available carbohydrate, and the induction is suppressed by fat.
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    Biochemical studies of ecdysone control of chromosomal activity (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 69-75 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ecdysone is the molting hormone of insects. It is a steroid; its chemistry and physiology are briefly reviewed. One of its most interesting physiological actions is the production of “puffs” in the salivary gland chromosomes of the midge Chironomus. Since puffs are generally believed to represent activity structures of genes, the implications of gene activation have been investigated. In the blowfly Calliphora, the synthesis of messenger RNA has been demonstrated; this messenger carries the information for the enzyme dopa decarboxylase. This enzyme is induced in vivo by ecdysone; this induction can be inhibited by actinomycin, puromycin, and other inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. Dopa decarboxylase is one of the key enzymes in the process of sclerotization, in which tyrosine metabolites are incorporated into the cuticle, resulting in tanning. Thus, all steps from gene activation through RNA and protein synthesis to the final physiological response have been demonstrated experimentally.
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    Estrogen control of the synthesis of RNA and protein in the uterus (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 91-109 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Estrogen action in the rat uterus can be arbitrarily considered as occurring in three steps. The first step is the interaction of the estrogen with the target tissue. This appears to be of stereospecific interaction with a receptor that is sensitive to proteinases and extremes of pH and insensitive to ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease. The second step involves a change in the biological activity of this receptor protein due to the interaction with estrogen, a mechanism about which we have no definitive information at present. Eventually, this primary function does bring about an increase in glucose metabolism and an increase in lipid and RNA synthesis, as well as a number of other responses. The fact that these responses are all blocked by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis at a time when no effect on overall protein synthesis is noted suggests that the synthesis of specific enzymes may be involved. Certain complications in this interpretation are discussed. The events of the third, or amplification, step of estrogen action arise as a consequence of the first two events, and appear to include a number of metabolic changes which contribute to the increase in overall protein synthesis occurring between 2 and 4 hours after estrogen administration.
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    Masthead (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965) 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660501
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    Kenneth S. Cole (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 1-3 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660504
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    Impedance of the squid axon membrane (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 21-25 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Electrical properties of cardiac muscle attributable to inward going (anomalous) rectification (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 127-135 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    A macromolecular approach to the excitable membrane (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 137-145 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Discussion sodium influx and non-electrolyte penetration in stimulated squid axons (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 155-157 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Properties of ATP-ase activities of membrane fractions from the sheath of squid giant axons (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 165-167 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    SV40-induced transformation of human diploid cells: Crisis and recoveryThis work was supported by USPHS Research Grant CA-04534 and Contract no. PH-43-62-157 from the National Cancer Institute. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 69-83 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Nineteen cultures of human embryonic or adult-tissue cells were exposed to SV40 as primary cultures or developed cell strains in Phase II of cultural life; 12 cultures were exposed to virus in Phase III, at the end of in vitro life. After the expected proliferative response, infected cultures exhibited morphological change, accelerated growth, and prolongation of propagability. After an average of 22.6 weeks for cultures infected as primary explants or in Phase II, the proliferative stage of transformation ended in a stage of “crisis.” Crisis was characterized by progressive decline in vigor of culture proliferation, increasingly abnormal cell division, and limitation in propagability of cells eventually resulting in diminution in cell number. Cytological features of crisis included detachment of cells and appearance of multinucleated and giant cells. Temporally and cytologically, crisis was similar for transformed cells whether of adult or embryonic origin, whether derived from skin, buccal mucosa or lung, whether in Phase II or III of culture life at the time of infection (the “older” cultures entering crisis sooner than the “younger”), and whether propagated continuously or with intervening periods of growth arrest or proliferation in vivo. After a variable time “recovery” of cultures from crisis occurred by repopulation from small groups of surviving but seemingly dormant cells. The new populations, always obtained with care of cultures in crisis, formed continuously propagable cell lines. Control uninfected cultures have always exhibited the finite life terminating in Phase III which is characteristic of human diploid cell strains. Passage of transformed cultures through crisis and recovery was accompanied by loss of capacity to release infectious SV40 and enhancement of production of SV40-induced complement-fixing antigen.
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    The band forming rhythm of Neurospora mutants (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 183-193 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The growth rhythm in several strains of “clock” mutants of Neurospora crassa has been observed to have several unusual non-circadian characteristics. The period may range between 18 and 110 hours, depending upon strain and environmental condition. The phase of the rhythm, even when its period is 24 hours, is not related to a specific time of day, nor is it “set” or phased by light-dark cycles. Instead, the phase can be set by transfer to fresh medium; moreover, its specific chemical composition influences the length of the period. The period is significantly influenced by temperature; the growth rate is a different function of temperature. All the strains show striking similarities in the functional dependence of period and growth rate on temperature, even though the absolute magnitudes differ widely.
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    The pathogenicity to mice of three variants of Mengo encephalomyelitis virusThese investigations were supported by research grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S.P.H.S. (E-4728), the Medical Research Council of Canada (MT-1191), and the United States Atomic Energy Commission (contract AT(30-1)2967). (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 229-235 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: The distribution of infectious virus particles in various tissues of the mouse was determined following the intraperitoneal injection of three plaque variants of Mengo encephalomyelitis virus. When lethal doses were administered, virus appeared first in the spleen and lymph nodes (suggesting that these are the primary target organs for the agents), followed by its appearance in spinal cord and brain, in which tissues the infectious titers increased progressively until the death of the animals. Low levels of virus were sometimes found in lung, heart and kidney at 24-48 hours post-challenge, but disappeared from these tissues at later times. Virus was never detected in blood or liver, suggesting that the virus moves throughout the animal by way of the lymphatic system. When sub-lethal doses of virus were injected, it was detectable only in spleen and lymph nodes, and disappeared from these tissues by 8-9 days post-challenge.The LD50's for the three variants when injected by both the intraperitoneal and intracerebral routes were determined. The I.P.-LD50's for the L (large plaque former), M (medium plaque former) and S (minute plaque former) variants in 14-16 gm mice were found to be 1, 1-5 × 104 and 2-10 × 104 p.f.u.'s, respectively. The I.C.-LD50's were essentially the same (1-5 p.f.u.'s) for all three variants. The possibility that the differences in the I.P.-LD50's may be due to differences in the abilities of the variants to stimulate interferon production or in their sensitivities to its antiviral action is discussed.
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    A study of the crustacean axon repetitive response: II. The effect of cations, sodium, calcium (magnesium), potassium and hydrogen (pH) in the external mediumThis research program supported by National Science Foundation Grant NSF-G-24013. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 211-228 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The effects of sodium, calcium, potassium (magnesium), potassium, and hydrogen (pH) ion concentration in the external medium on the repetitive response and the transmembrane electrical parameters of the crustacean axon have been investigated. (1) The action potential is reduced with decrease in sodium ion concentration, the relationship is linear if the spike voltage is plotted against the log (Na0). The action potential amplitude does not increase significantly, above 135 mv, attained at Na0 = 452 mM, if Na0 is increased. (2) The repetitive response and oscillatory activity in general disappears as the sodium concentration is reduced to less than 150 mM. (3) The critical firing level increases with decrease in sodium, the relationship linear with respect to log (Nao). (4) The positive after potential amplitude is not affected by the sodium concentration. (5) The membrane resistance is not affected by sodium concentration. (6) Calcium lack results in decreased critical firing level and spontaneous firing, followed by a total and irreversible loss of excitability. The membrane resistance is markedly decreased. Polarizing current, if applied early after the onset of the calcium lack effect, may restore, at least partially, the excitability phenomenon. (7) Calcium excess increases membrane resistance, depresses excitability. Calcium concentration of 150 mM abolishes the repetitive response. (8) There is a 3.3+: 1 ratio Na:Ca for threshold level of repetitive response. Lower ratio figures, by reducing Na or increasing Ca or both, eliminates repetition. Increasing the ratio figure by increasing sodium or decreasing calcium or both augments oscillatory activity. This ratio is constant between the limits 400 mM Na:125, Ca to 90 mM Na:25 mM Ca. (9) Magnesium may substitute for calcium, the Na:Mg ratio for repetitive response threshold is 3.3:2. (10) Repetitive firing may be elicited over a wide range of pH values 4.2-10.5; membrane potential and resistance values decline invariably at pH values above 9.5 and below 4.5. (11) Repetitive firing is enhanced by increasing pH values, depressed by reducing pH values. (12) Effect of excess potassium produces depolarization, reduced membrane resistance, inactivation and abolition of repetitive firing, may be relieved by applied hyperpolarization. (13) Potassium lack results in membrane potential and resistance irreversible decline, permanent inactivation, total loss of excitability. Partial restoration by strong hyperpolarization if applied before effect is complete. Potassium replacement in solution only slows or temporarily arrests the overall membrane deterioration. (14) Conclusions - sodium controls spike, potassium controls after potential, calcium (magnesium) controls membrane permeability, pH controls amount of available ionized calcium. Repetitive firing requires proper ratio 3.3/1 of (Nao)/(Ca0), pH above 7.6 and potassium at 15 mM in solution.
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    Absorption of fat in the alimentary canal of Tilapia mossambica (Peters) (Teleostei) (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 249-253 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Studies on the absorption of fat in Tilapia mossambica point out the existence of a differential absorptive behavior in the different limbs of intestine. It appears that the relative increase in fat absorption in the anterior limb of the intestine is dependent on its functional status. It has also been pointed out that the sudanophilic lipid in its particulate form is transferred from the lumen of the intestine to the absorptive cell through the spindle shaped canals.
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    A study of rose bengal and sulfhydryl reagents on stromal fragments of rabbit and human erythrocytesThis work was supported by USPHS GM 11093. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 313-318 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Stromal fragments of human and rabbit erythrocytes, prepared by osmotic hemolysis, were used as sources of ATPase in a study of the action of the fluorescein dye, rose bengal, and of sulfhydryl reagents on this membrane component. Only the Na-K independent ATPase was systematically studied but the dye was observed, at concentrations of 10-3 M, to completely inhibit the Na-K dependent activity. Over a concentration range of 1.6 × 10-7 to 10-3 M the dye had a graded inhibitory effect on the Na-K independent ATPase in Tris buffer with little difference in the sensitivity of the enzyme from the stroma of the two species. The activity of the cation independent enzyme was not changed by darkness or anaerobic conditions in the presence of the dye and its action could not be attributed to photosensitization. Repeated washing to remove the dye failed to reduce its effect on rabbit stroma and only partially succeeded with human stromal fragments. The dye was shown not to be a competitive inhibitor of ATP for the stromal ATPase of either species. Attempts to reduce the rose bengal effect by use of the sulfhydryl agents, glutathione or cysteine were unsuccessful although glutathione did protect ATPase against the common sulfhydryl inhibitors. It is concluded that the dye is affecting an essential group on or near the enzyme either by direct bonding or irreversibly changing essential bonds.
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    Properties of contractile protein from bovine carotid artery (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 355-360 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A contractile protein was isolated from the cow carotid artery by extracting with a medium containing 0.6 M KCL. The Enzymatic activity of the artery contractile protein resulted in the splitting of the terminal phosphate of ATP.Abbreviations: ATP for adenosine triphosphate; ATP-ase for adenosine-triphosphatase; R.F. for relaxing factor; AM for actomyosin; EDTA for ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid; TCA for tiechoroacetic acid; ηrel for relative viscosity; ηrel ATP for relative viscosity after addition of ATP. The divalent metals Ca and Mg activated the enzyme with Ca showing the more pronounced activation. In addition to the studies on the ATP-ase activity other properties were investigated, such as viscosity, solubility in KCL solutions, ATP-induced synersis and sensitivity to relaxing factor. The properties of the contractile protein were those of actomyosin. The protein resembles uterine actomyosin with respect to its low ATP-ase activity and its viscosity values of Zη and ATP sensitivity.
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    Renal transport of glucose by the aglomerular fish Lophius americanusThis investigation was supported by U. S. Public Health Grant A-3885 and by Nonr-1224(26). (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 381-384 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The renal excretion of glucose by the aglomerular fish Lophius americanus was studied. It was found that glucose is a normal constituent of Lophius urine. U/P ratios were approximately 0.02. However, after elevation of plasma glucose level or injection of phlorizin the U/P ratio for glucose was increased as much as ten fold. This increase in U/P ratio was observed even if urine was collected directly from the ureter rather than from the bladder. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that glucose is able to diffuse across the renal tubular epithelium, which also has the ability to reabsorb glucose which diffuses into the urine.
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    The effect of potassium concentration on Ca45 uptake in frog sartorius muscleSupported by United States Public Health Service grant NB-03321-03. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 385-392 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Radiocalcium uptake by frog sartorius muscle is increased as the potassium concentration of the bathing Ringer is increased from 1.6 mM to 32.0 mM; at higher concentrations of K+ no further increase in radiocalcium uptake occurs. Substitution of the chloride of Ringer solution by nitrate increases the amount of radiocalcium uptake at potassium concentrations between 1.6 and 32.0 mM but not at higher concentrations. The nitrate anion enhances both the maximum tension and the area of the contracture curves that occur between 16 and 80 mM K+. Comparison of paired muscle preparations in nitrate Ringer at 32 mM K+ and 80 mM K+ shows no difference in total radiocalcium uptake and no difference in the area under the contracture curves. When a three minute prequilibration period in Ca45 is omitted, the radiocalcium uptake by the sartorius muscle in 80 mM K+, Ca45 Ringer nitrate is reduced by 50% as compared to its mated muscle soaked in 32 mM K+, Ca45 Ringer nitrate. Within the limitations of the experimental techniques employed, it appears that calcium uptake is more prolonged at lower levels of potassium (32.0 mM) but the total amount taken up is the same as at higher levels of potassium (80 mM).
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    Red Cell and plasma sodium and potassium changes in the San Diego pocket mouse during hibernationSupported in part by grant no. 2G-945 from N.I.H. to Pomona College and by the Research Fund of the Claremont Graduate School and University Center. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 415-418 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: As compared to that of active animals, blood from P. fallax torpid at an ambient temperature (TA) of 15°C (hibernation) shows a decrease in red cell K and increases in cell Na and plasma K, and analyses of blood from animals hypothermic at TA = 25°C (aestivation) suggest increases in cell Na and plasma K. Blood electrolyte metabolism of this hibernating rodent shows no special resistance to hypothermia.
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    Comparative carbohydrate catabolism and methemoglobin reduction in pig and human erythrocytesThis investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Research grants AM-05984 and AM-08131 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, and by Medical Student Research Training Grants and the Helen M. Russell Fund of the University of Washington School of Medicine. Part of this work was submitted as a Medical Thesis to the University of Washington School of Medicine in 1964 (S.E.R.). (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 49-56 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Pig red cells were characterized structurally and chemically, the rates of certain of their carbohydrate metabolic pathways were determined, the capacity to utilize these pathways for methemoglobin reduction was measured, and the results were compared with similar studies in human erythrocytes. Pig cells are smaller, contain less hemoglobin but are similar to human cells in mean cellular hemoglobin concentration. Unlike most other mammalian red cells, including human erythrocytes, pig cells are glucose “free” or nearly so; plasma concentrations of glucose are similar in both species. On a per cell basis, the content of adenosine triphosphate and reduced glutathione is similar in both species. Pig red cells catabolize glucose at about one-tenth the human rate; for each mole of glucose consumed, two moles of lactate are formed. In both species, a similar proportion (5 to 10%) of the total glucose catabolized passes via the phosphogluconate oxidative pathway. Both species form lactate from inosine at similar rates; the pathways involved appear similar. Pig hemolysates prepared in water form lactate from glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, or inosine; freeze-thawing destroys this potential. Methemoglobin reduction rates of red cells suspended in plasma are similar in both species. With human cells the plasma glucose concentration accounts for the rate; with pig cells, the lactate level appears responsible. Cells of both species apparently link methemoglobin reduction to reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide generated via Embden-Meyerhof glycolysis but can couple reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide, generated via the phosphogluconate oxidative pathway, to methemoglobin reduction as well.
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    The effect of triton X-100 on the permeability of erythrocytes to non-electrolytesAcknowledgment is made to the Rockefeller Foundation and to the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, for the support of this research. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Studies of the effect of triton X-100 on the fragility of rabbit erythrocytes and on shape and volume changes of rabbit and sheep erythrocytes suspended in an isotonic salt solution suggest that this subtance alters the erythrocytes of other species in a manner similar to that reported previously for human red cells. Using a densimeter technique it was found that the permeability of relatively slowly moving non-electrolyte-carrier-complexes is decreased by triton X-100 but more rapidly penetrating systems are not affected by this substance. The permeability of some molecules which cross the membrane by diffusion is increased by triton X-100. It is suggested that triton X-100 affects both the aqueous channels and the portion of the membrane across which carriers move. Its action is less than that of tannic acid or butanol.
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    The attachment of glycolytic enzymes to muscle ultrastructureThis work was supported by research grant AM-02492 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 71-90 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The glycolytic enzymes, lactic dehydrogenase and aldolase, usually thought to be freely dissolved in the sarcoplasmic matrix, are in good part attached to the muscle ultrastructure. This attachment becomes manifest when the enzyme activities and specific activities of the press juices of whole skeletal muscles (rabbit) are compared with those of minced muscles, all obtained by ultracentrifugation of the tissues at 40,000 xpm for 16 to 20 hours. Mincing causes a great increase in the activities, associated with a rise in the volume and protein concentration of the press juices. We interpret these increases to be due to the solution in the matrix of enzymes previously attached to the ultrastructure.The same conclusion is reached by a different method, which we call “washing the ultrastructure.” It consists in multiple centrifugations of whole skeletal muscles, and removal of press juices, alternating with periods of imbibition of a buffer (0.1 M phosphate at pH 7.5) too dilute to dissolve out the fibrous proteins. During the imbibitions enzymes diffuse out into the buffer not imbibed, which becomes an extract. After four centrifugation-imbibition sequences in as many days nearly all of the fluid matrix has been replaced by buffer. Enzyme activities fall steeply in press juices and extracts until nearly all freely dissolved enzymes have been washed away. Homogenates of the pressed muscles then show activities which are about half of those found in the homogenates of unpressed control muscles. We conclude that the enzymes found in the homogenates of the pressed muscles have previously been attached to the ultrastructure.Similar experiments with heart muscle indicate that nearly all of these enzymes are normally attached to the ultrastructure. Press juices contain only traces of activity, even after the heart has been minced. A fraction of the enzymes is slowly detached during the centrifugation-imbibition sequences, appearing mainly in the extracts.
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    The influence of rat and frog liver enzymes on the hydrolysis of ortho and pyrophosphoric esters of thiamineThis paper is part of a Ph.D. thesis submitted by Mrs. Rina Singer to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 105-108 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Homogenates of rat and frog liver were incubated with ThDP and ThMP at different pHs.The products of hydrolysis were identified by paper chromatography.In experiments carried out at pH 9 with ThDP as substrate in the presence of rat liver, the spot corresponding to Th did not appear on the chromatogram. This was in contrast with parallel experiments with frog liver. ThMP from commercial source behaved differently toward enzymatic decomposition than ThMP originating from hydrolysis of ThDP. Attempts have been made to explain these differences.
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    Carbohydrate content during development of the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideumSupported in part by a grant from the Society of Sigma Xi. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 135-140 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Water soluble carbohydrates were studied at various developmental stages in the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. The only water soluble sugars found were, the non-reducing disaccharide, trehalose and glucose. The level of trehalose varied very dramatically during the life cycle. Throughout the vegetative and migration stages the level of trehalose was less than 0.5% of the dry weight, but it quickly rose during culmination. During the later part of culmination trehalose reached a 1.5% level. In mature spores trehalose makes up more than 5% of the dry weight. The glucose level fluctuated very little during development. It reaches its highest level during the later part of culmination. In addition water insoluble sugars were extracted with 2.2% HCl. Their level remained constant throughout development and only increased in the complete fruiting body. The anthrone method was used for both water soluble and water insoluble carbohydrates. Trehalose was identified by IR spectroscopy.
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    The mechanism of calcium and magnesium uptake from sea water by a marine bacteriumContribution no. 631 from The Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. Supported in part by Atomic Energy Commission Grant AT 40-1-2855. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 109-118 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Previously, the precipitation of calcium carbonate by marine bacteria had been described in which bacteria occupy the nucleus of micro-aragonite crystals. The mechanism of the process of calcium-binding by the cells is the subject of this study.Sea-water cultures of Pseudomonas piscicida (Bein) Buck et al. (A.T.C.C. 15057) were grown under standardized conditions (1% peptone-artificial sea water, 25°C). Cells of various ages were collected and analyzed for calcium and magnesium content under various conditions. Material composing cell walls was fractionated and analyzed for low molecular weight components.Cells up to a week old (1% peptone-artificial sea water) increase their content of calcium from 0 to 55% of the dry weight. Furthermore the Ca/Mg ratio in young, actively growing cells (up to 24 hours old) is one-fifth (approximately that of sea water). By 72 hours, the ratio is 1/2.5. At one week, it is 1/1, and by two weeks calcium content exceeds that of magnesium.Concentration of the alkaline-earth elements is primarily by the cell envelope, particularly by the muco-polysaccharide fraction. This fraction constitutes 20-25% of the dry weight of cells during rapid growth but increases to 47-52% of dry weight after one week. Binding of alkaline earths to active sites of muco-polysaccharide is probably by hydrogen bonds and London interaction forces, as removal of the elements by washing is readily accomplished. In addition, a ready source of calciumactive ligands is available in the ammonia produced in quantity by the bacteria. The complex formation by ammonia and Ca, coupled with the increase in pH, favors binding of calcium over that of magnesium by the cells.
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    The effect of carcinogenic hydrocarbons on rodent and primate cells in vitroThis work was supported, in part, by USPHS Research Grant CA 04534 from the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society Grant E89. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 183-197 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of polycyclic hydrocarbons on rodent and primate cells in vitro was studied using dimethyl sulfoxide as the initial solvent for the hydrocarbons prior to their addition to the cell cultures. Because the dimethyl sulfoxide was not toxic to the cells at a final concentration in which relatively high concentrations of the hydrocarbons remained in solution in the medium, the effects of the compounds could be measured quantitatively.The carcinogenic hydrocarbons, benzpyrene and methylcholanthrene, but not the non-carcinogenic hydrocarbon, pyrene, inhibited the multiplication of normal embryonic cells from several rodent species. However, concentrations of the carcinogens as high as 10 μg/ml did not affect the growth of virus-transformed or malignant cells from these species.In contrast to the differential cytotoxic response of normal and malignant rodent cells to the carcinogenic hydrocarbons, the multiplication of normal, as well as transformed, monkey and human cells was not inhibited by benzpyrene or methylcholanthrene at concentrations of 10 to 20 μg/ml. Organ cultures of human embryonic skin initiated and maintained for ten weeks in medium containing 5 μg benzpyrene/ml showed no abnormalities in the growth rate or morphology of the fibroblasts that grew out of the explants.
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    Studies on synchronously dividing cultures of Euglena gracilis Klebs (strain Z). II. Patterns of biosynthesis during the cell cycleThe material in this paper is condensed from a dissertation submitted to the Department of Biology of Princeton University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.Supported in part by USPHS fellowship (No. 1-F1-GM-20, 195-01), General Medical Sciences Institute, USPHS; and in part by a grant to Dr. C. S. Pittendrigh of Princeton University from the Fannie E. Ripple Foundation. I thank Dr. C. S. Pittendrigh of this department and Dr. R. F. Jones of the Department of Biological Sciences of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Long Island for encouragement and criticism. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 159-181 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dry weight, total protein, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, soluble protein, RNA, DNA, and total phosphorus were determined at intervals of two hours during synchronous growth of Euglena at a cell concentration of 5-10 × 104 cells/ml maintained by periodic dilution. Detailed analyses of the soluble proteins (DEAE-cellulose fractionation) and of the intracellular distribution of phosphorus were made also. In general, a linear doubling of each of these major components occurred during the light period; there was no net synthesis during the dark. Since cell number doubled during the dark period, a halving of the amounts of the parameters in each cell occurred. The most notable exception was the stepwise synthesis of DNA during the light period: DNA replicated during the last 6 hr only of the light period, commencing at 8 hr after the onset of light. Although DNA replication was a necessary condition for cell division to occur, it was not necessarily a sufficient one. It was found that different absolute rates of synthesis exist for the different compounds, with a doubling of a given parameter sometimes being completed before the end of the light period.
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    The accumulation of sodium and calcium in a specific layer of frog skin (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: 22Na-autoradiography was carried out in frog skin, using the freeze-drying method. Sodium was found to have accumulated between the papillary and reticular layer in the corium. This region was slightly stained with hematoxylin and metachromatically stained with both toluidine blue and azur-A, suggesting the presence of mucopolysaccharide. Furthermore the 45Ca-autoradiogram revealed that calcium was strongly absorbed in this layer. The chemical nature of the substance which retained Na+ and Ca++ in this layer has not yet been identified and awaits further analyses. It can not also be decided whether or not this layer is responsible for the active sodium transport. But from the results obtained in this study, it was suggested that the mucous substance is anyhow related to and plays a role in the ion transport across the frog skin.
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    Electrotonic spread of current in cultured chick heart cellsSupported by grants from the Cleveland Area Heart Society and from the U.S. Public Health Service (H-5087). Dr. Sperelakis is an Established Investigator of the American Heart Association. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 119-133 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Following trypsin dispersion, isolated single cells reassembled into monolayer communities categorized as strands and sheets. Two microelectrodes were mounted in bridge circuits so that current pulses could be passed through one electrode while simultaneously recording membrane potentials at both electrodes. The electrotonic spread of current was measured as a change in membrane potential (usually at electrode 2) at various distances from the site of current injection (usually at electrode 1). Most cells were driven by transmission of excitation from contiguous cells. Criteria which helped to determine when both electrodes impaled the same cell included: (a) a sharp diminution of the resting potential recorded by the first electrode to a common intermediate level following insertion of the second electrode and (b) simultaneous and congruous subthreshold changes in membrane potential. The voltage/current relationship measured at electrode 1 was linear and had a mean slope of about 7 MΩ that for electrode 2 was also linear and, in some cases at short distances, had a slope as large as that for 1, i.e., the degree of electrotonic interaction was nearly 100%. However, in other impalements at short distances, interaction was nearly zero. Therefore, the degree of electrotonic spread was not dependent upon interelectrode distance per se, but appeared to depend on whether both electrodes impaled the same cell.
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    Combined effects of chronic audio-visual stress and thiouracil administration on the cholesterol-fed ratThis research was supported by the South Dakota Heart Association and USPHS Institutional grant 1-SO1-FR-05421-01. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 141-145 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats fed a standard laboratory diet containing 2% cholesterol and 1% sodium cholate, when exposed to audio-visual stress for a three-week period, were found to have significantly heavier thyroids, lighter livers, higher serum cholesterol and increased adrenal ascorbic acid levels than similarly treated control animals. The addition of thiouracil to the ration (0.25% and 0.50%) produced the expected increases in liver and thyroid weight and serum cholesterol. Thiouracil administration also caused a marked depression in adrenal weight and adrenal ascorbic acid levels. A significant stress X diet interaction was noted on thyroid weight, suggesting that stress and diet were not independent of each other in their influence on the thyroid. The combined effects of chronic audio-visual stress and thiouracil administration had essentially no effect on total hepatic or adrenal cholesterol levels.
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    Studies on synchronously dividing cultures of Euglena gracilis Klebs (strain Z). I. Attainment and characterization of rhythmic cell divisionThe material presented in this paper is condensed from a dissertation submitted to the Department of Biology of Princeton University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.Supported in part by USPHS fellowship (No. 1-F1-GM-20, 195-01), General Medical Science Institute USPHS; and in part by grant to Dr. C. S. Pittendrigh of Princeton University from the Fannie E. Ripple Foundation. In thank Dr. C. S. Pittendrigh of this department and Dr. R. F. Jones of the Department Biological Sciences of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Long Island for encouragement and criticism. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 147-158 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Euglena gracilis Klebs (strain Z) was grown synchronously on an aerated, inorganic salt medium at 25°C under a LD: 16, 8 or LD: 14, 10 light-dark cycle (light intensity of 3,500 lux). In either cycle balanced growth occurred with a doubling of cell number every 24 hr. until limiting conditions of light intensity were reached, due to mutual shading, at about 1.0 - 1.5 × 105 cells/ml. An increase of light intensity to 7,000 lux permitted balanced growth to occur to higher cell concentrations, but with no significant change in generation time. With both photofractions, the fission burst during any given cycle began 13-14 hr after the onset of the light period and continued for about 9-11 hour. Synchrony was slightly greater in the LD: 14, 10 cycle with division confined almost entirely to the dark period; this regime was later adopted for metabolic studies. Synchronous cell division was lost in continuous bright light (3,500 or 7,000 lux), continuous darkness, and in some continuous dim light regimes. The addition of certain organic substrates to the medium resulted in a breakdown of synchrony also, and logarithmic growth ensued. The generation time of cells in either continuous bright light, or with ethanol (0.006 M) and a LD cycle was 11-12 hr.
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    Destruction of mouse and rat embryo cells in tissue culture by lymph node cells from unsensitized ratsSupported by a grant from the Leukemia Society Inc., New York, New York. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 199-219 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A specific destruction of embryo monolayers was obtained in tissue culture, by growing suspensions of lymph node cells from unsensitized adult random bred rats, on mouse and on randomly bred rat monolayers. Mouse monolayers were lysed partially or completely in all the experiments. When two different batches of rat monolayers were used, the first batch was destroyed in three out of six experiments and the second in one out of five. The earliest destructive effect with unsensitized cells was observed on the sixth day. Destruction of monolayers followed the appearance of large numbers of large lymphoid cells with pyroninophilic cytoplasm. Cultures of unaffected rat monolayers were different, in that there was a prolonged survival of small lymphoctyes with the formation of lymphocyte aggregates in which large lymphoid cells appeared.When large lymphoid cells from destroyed monolayers were transferred to new monolayers of the same type, a complete destruction of the monolayers occurred as early as 16 hours after cell transfer, but when transferred to an unrelated type, (from mouse to rat or fom an unaffected batch of rat to the other batch or to mouse), the monolayers were not destroyed. The destructive effect was transferrable by washed large lymphoid cells, but not by cell-free medium. There was no monolayer destruction with adult rat thymus cells. Tests for a possible viral injection as a contributing cause to the monolayer destruction were negative.The results indicate that a heterograft and a homograft response have been initiated in tissue culture by lymph node cells from unsensitized rats.
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    Penetration of non-electrolytes through animal integumentsThis investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Research grant GM07804 from the National Institutes of Health. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 227-233 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rates of penetration were studied of three non-electrolytes (DDT, Famphur, dimethoate) through the integuments of six animals (Tenebrio molitor, the meal worm adult; Gryllus domesticus, the house cricket; Periplaneta americana, the cockroach; Bufo woodhousei, the garden toad; Anolis carolinensis, the Carolina chameleon; and Phrynsoma cornutum, the Mexican horned toad). The non-electrolytes were selected with the intention of varying the polarity widely. The olive oil-water partition coefficients of the above compounds were 199, 19.2 and 0.593. The compounds were applied in 1 μl drops of acetone. In all cases, an initial very brief period of extremely rapid penetration was followed by a long period of much slower penetration. Penetration during the period of rapid penetration was too fast to be resolved by the method used. Penetration during the slower period always followed first order kinetics. During the second slower period, the greater the polarity of a compound, the more rapidly it penetrated into every animal studied but Gryllus domesticus.
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    Masthead (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660301
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    Gibberellic acid-controlled synthesis of α-amylase in barley endosperm (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 55-67 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Addition of gibberellic acid to barley endosperm evokes the formation of α-amylase and of other hydrolases. Protein synthesis inhibitors-notably cycloheximide-inhibit the production of the hydrolases and the incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins. Isolation, purification, and “fingerprinting” of the gibberellic acid-induced α-amylase indicate that it is formed by de novo synthesis. RNA synthesis inhibitors-notably actinomycin D-also inhibit the production of α - amylase and of the other hydrolases. Gibberellic acid enhances the incorporation of labeled RNA precursors into RNA. These data are consistent with the idea that gibberellic acid controls the level of α-amylase and of other enzymes by controlling the synthesis of specific RNA's which in turn control the synthesis of specific enzymes.
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    The template activity of chromatin (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 77-90 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The isolated interphase chromosomes or chromatin of higher plants and animals can act as template for the conduct of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis catalyzed by RNA polymerase. Such polymerase may be either the endogenous enzyme present in the chromatin or added exogenous enzyme purified from a different organism, as E. coli. Only a portion of the DNA of chromatin is available for transcription by RNA polymerase, the remainder being inert, repressed. The physical agents of repression are proteins of the class known as histones. Removal of histone from chromosomal DNA causes derepression of genetic material previously repressed. Analysis of a particular gene, that which supervises the synthesis of pea seed globulin, shows that the state of repression characteristic of the chromatin in life is preserved in the isolated material. That hormones which bring about increases in rate of RNA and protein synthesis in life do so by causing derepression of previously repressed genes is indicated by the fact that the template activity for RNA synthesis of chromatin isolated from organs after appropriate hormone treatment is greater than is the case without such treatment.
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    Hydrocortisone stimulation of RNA synthesis in induction of hepatic enzymes (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 125-136 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Increased synthesis of hepatic enzymes due to hydrocortisone is preceded by an increase in the rate of synthesis of nuclear RNA. Pulse-labeled RNA from liver nuclei was fractionated by a differential thermal phenol procedure, and the labeled RNA of each fraction was characterized by sucrose gradient centrifugation and base composition analysis. Hormone treatment increases the rate of synthesis of three types of RNA: (1) the nuclear precursor to ribosomal RNA, (2) a rapid turnover component with base composition similar to the tissue DNA, and (3) transfer RNA. Much of the total isotope incorporation into transfer RNA can be traced to turnover of the terminal adenylate residue, but this type of labeling is insensitive to the hormone. The steroid also stimulates isotope incorporation into tissue precursor pools. This effect is abolished by actinomycin and thus is secondary to the hormonal stimulation of RNA synthesis. Growth hormone stimulates RNA synthesis in both intact and adrenalectomized rats, but induces the rapid turnover enzymes (tyrosine transaminase and tryptophan pyrrolase) only in the presence of functional adrenals. It therefore seems that glucocorticoids initiate both a generalized increase in synthesis of RNA and a selective induction of specific enzymes.
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    The effect of efferentiectomy and orchidectomy on the metabolism of the epididymis of the mouse (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 293-301 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of the study is a comparison of respiratory metabolic rates and anaerobic glycolytic activity (lactate accumulation) in homogenates of epididymides from normal, orchidectomized and testosterone replaced-orchidectomized mice. Animals subjected to vasa efferentiectomy were used to furnish sperm free homogenates as controls for the homogenates from orchidectomized animals, and to furnish estimates of the contribution of the spermatozoa to these metabolic parameters in homogenates of normal epididymides.Efferentiectomized mice yield homogenates with a significantly lowered rate of respiratory activity (30%). Experiments with fractions of these homogenates showed this reduction in activity to be equivalent to the contribution of the spermatozoa in homogenates from normal mice. No significant difference in the rate of respiratory metabolism was observed among homogenates obtained from efferentiectomized, orchidectomized, testosterone replaced-orchidectomized, or testosterone injected-efferentiectomized mice.Efferentiectomy also resulted in a lowered rate of anaerobic glycolytic activity in vitro. No further reduction or elevation of this activity was observed in homogenates from orchidectomized or testosterone injected animals. Further study indicated this loss following efferentiectomy to be due to a reduced glycolytic activity in the epididymal epithelium rather than to the absence of spermatozoan contribution to the metabolism.The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that the presence of some component of the spermatozoa or the fluids in which they reside controls the activation or inhibition of a segment of the lactic dehydrogenase activity which is responsible for the secretion of lactic acid into the epididymal canal for spermatozoan utilization.
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    The cloning of normal “Mast” cells in tissue cultureSupported by Research grant CA-05266 from the National Cancer Institute, United States Public Health Service. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 319-324 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A method is described for the cloning of normal mouse “mast” cells in tissue culture in a soft agar medium. The colonies contain cells in different stages of differentiation. It was shown that a colony can be initiated by a single colony forming unit, and that colonies are formed as a result of cell multiplication.Cell suspensions from adult spleen gave about 3 colonies per 105 cells seeded. A re-cloning of these colonies gave about 3 colonies per 103 cells seeded.The frequency of colonies from SWR mice was higher with adult spleen than with adult thymus. No such colonies were obtained with adult lymph node cells.The formation of colonies was shown to require the presence of an embryo cell feeder layer. Since the feeder layers were seeded underneath the agar, the results indicate that the substance(s) required for the growth and differentiation of “mast” cells can pass through agar.
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    Biological impedance determinations (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 5-11 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660505
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    Non-linear membrane currents with ohmic channels (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 119-126 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660519
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    An approach to the molecular basis of nerve activityThis work was supported in part by U.S.P.H.S. grant NB 03695. I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Mrs. Platthy-Lang and Mr. H. R. Munson, Jr. with the experimental aspects of this work. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 159-164 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660524
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    The development of the scales of Acipenser ruthenus (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 42 (1926), S. 523-560 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The different kinds of scales characteristic of the adult sturgeon are described and the facts of ontogenesis which throw light on the history of these structures are presented.The scales of Acipenser are exclusively mesenchymatous and therefore are not morphologically comparable with the placoid scales of elasmobranchs. Salensky ('80) drew erroneous conclusions as a result of failure to study the earlier stages of ontogenesis. Goodrich ('03) has correctly described the ontogenesis of the lepidotrichia.The original form of ganoid scale was that of an elongated rhomb with a longitudinal crest on its external surface. The various forms of scales of the adult sturgeon have been produced by the differentiation of such a scale by change in size, shape, and the fusion of the different elements.The conclusions are extended to the entire family of Acipenseridae.
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    Studies in mammalian spermatogenesis VI. The chromosomes of the rabbitContribution no. 201 from the Department of Zoölogy, University of Texas. The writer was aided in this study by a grant from The Committee for Research on Sex Problems of the National Research Council. (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1926), S. 1-43 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The study is divided into three parts. Part I deals with the chromosome number and morphology in the amniotic cells of rabbit embryos. The number of chromosomes has been found essentially constant in amniotic cells of young, but more variable in older embryos. The somatic number is 44. Part II deals with the chromosomes of race crosses (Flemmish Giant X Polish) in which the homologous chromosomes were found to be alike. Part III deals with spermatogenesis. There are forty-four chromosomes in spermatogonia, and twenty-two in primary spermatocytes. The sex chromosomes are of the usual X-Y type.
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    The chromosomes of the house mouse (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1926), S. 45-54 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermatogenesis of the domestic mouse has been studied. There are forty chromosomes in spermatogonia and twenty in primary spermatocytes. The sex chromosomes are of the usual X-Y type. Especial attention has been devoted to the study of chromosome morphology, both in spermatogonia and in primary spermatocytes.
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    The structure and division of paramecium trichium stokes (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1926), S. 81-103 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Paramecium trichium varies from 50 μ to 105 μ long with most individuals between 80 μ and 90 μ. The width varies from one-third to one-half the length. It is somewhat depressed dorsoventrally. The broad buccal groove extends from the anterior left border diagonally across the ventral surface to the mouth, which is usually slightly anterior to the middle and to the right side of the median line. The mouth leads into a relatively long cytopharynx containing an undulating membrane. The cytopyge is subterminal and the small caudal tuft of longer cilia is subapical. The plastic ectosarc contains numerous trichocysts. A contractile vacuole apparatus occurs near either end. Each is deeply located and stains more intensely than surrounding protoplasm. In life there appear to be two alternately contracting vacuoles with smaller ones adjacent. Contractions are from fifteen to twenty-five per minute. The macronucleus is medium in size and the single micronucleus is of the ‘caudatum’ type.Binary fission appears to be initiated by a metaphase-like condition of the micronucleus. This is followed by great enlargement and the eventual separation of the chromatin threads into two anaphase groups. The metaphase thus appears to precede the changes which correspond to a prophase in other cases. During division of the body, the two old contractile vacuoles persist as the posterior ones for the daughters, new anterior ones being developed.
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    Studies of hyperthyroidism IV. The behavior of the epidermal mitochondria and the pigment in frog tadpoles under conditions of thyroid-accelerated metamorphosis and of regeneration following wound infliction (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1926), S. 57-79 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the epidermal cells of green-frog tadpoles (Rana clamitans) there are present coarse, conspicuous mitochondrial threads. In the dorsal body regions, epidermal cells of the middle layers also contain pigment granules, grouped in crescentic masses in the distal portions of the cells.Administration of thyroid extract results in permanent disappearance of the mitochondrial threads and disappearance to a large extent of the epidermal pigment granules. Processes of cellular dedifferentiation and proliferation occur rapidly over widespread areas, the mitochondria undergoing intracellular resorption. A new type of epidermis is developed containing many cutaneous glands, adapted for the approaching terrestrial life.Wound infliction induces similar processes of cellular dedifferentiation and proliferation in the epidermis in the immediate vicinity of the wound. Cells in this region lose their mitochondrial threads by intracellular resorption, and there is also some disappearance of pigment granules. The new epidermal cells in the early stages of regeneration produce neither mitochondrial threads nor pigment. This condition is not permanent, however, and in the later stages the larval characteristics appear again, both mitochondrial threads and pigment being redifferentiated.In the hyperthyroid animals there is also a significant mobilization of mesenchymal chromatophores, correlated to some extent with the loss of epidermal pigment.The significance of epidermal changes is discussed with reference to cutaneous abnormalities associated with hyperthyroid and hypothyroid conditions.
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    Reversal of ciliary action in paramecium caudatumContribution from the Zoological Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University and the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole. (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1926), S. 105-117 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: 1Monovalent cation salts induce reversal in the direction of the stroke of the cilia; bivalent and trivalent cation salts with a few exceptions do not. Some acids induce reversal, others do not.2The duration of reversed action varies with the kind of salt and with the concentration. As the concentration increases, the duration of reversed action increases to a maximum and then decreases to zero.3Bivalent and trivalent cation salts neutralize the effect of monovalent cation salts. The relative amount required varies with the kind of salt used and with the concentration.4The amount of a given salt required to neutralize another salt is not proportional to the concentration of the salt neutralized. Weber's law does not hold.5The results seem to indicate that ciliary reversal is associated with differential adsorption and consequent changes in electric potential, but that there are also other factors involved.
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    Sex and the chromosomes in the domestic fowl (gallus Domesticus) (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1926), S. 119-145 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The chromosome number in the domestic fowl is approximately thirty-five or thirty-six. It is difficult to determine the exact number, owing to the smallness of the shortest chromosomes of the complex and also to the tendency of the chromomeres to occasionally appear as discrete chromosomes rather than as parts of a whole.Difficulty experienced in fixing adult testes has prevented a satisfactory demonstration of all stages of spermatogenesis. However, satisfactorily preserved prophases of first spermatocytes have been observed which, together with the large amount of embryonic material available, have made it possible to work out the behavior of the sex-associated chromosomes with reasonable certainty. Measurements of the chromosomes indicate that the longest chromosome in the cell is single in the female and paired in the male. Two classes of eggs are therefore possible - one with and one without this long chromosome, while all the spermatozoa produced are alike in possessing the long chromatic element. The female is therefore heterozygous and the male homozygous in regard to this chromosome which affords a cytological parallel for the genetic evidence of the heterozygosity of the female.
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    Masthead (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050430201
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    Evolution of man's erect posture (preliminary report) (1926)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1926), S. 147-179 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Animal posture cannot be regarded as an actual inheritance, for it constitutes a current physiological interaction between gravity and an organism, according to the structure and physical powers of the latter. Hence, ‘inherited posture’ merely implies that in a given species physical qualifications are congenitally transmitted, which facilitate a certain characteristic position of the body. Evolution of posture, therefore, has inevitably been associated with corresponding evolutionary changes in organic structures.Evidence furnished by the application of biomechanics to studies of ancient and modern primate structures indicates that man's erectly supported body posture could only have originated from a vertically suspended posture (arboreal).The fact that the prehuman stem passed through an earlier arboreal and brachiating period is attested to by the grasping character of his hands, the ratio of arm-body length, the extreme mobility of the shoulder-joints, as well as the extension of his legs on the body.The semierect posture of the great apes is not an advance toward human bipedism, but a modern reversion toward quadrupedism.Postural evidence conforms with the many other lines of testimony which maintain the close relationship of the human and anthropoid stems, and signifies that man has been an erect terrestrial biped since the time of his physical origin.
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    Cell division and ciliogenesis in the ciliated epithelium of the pharynx and esophagus of the tadpole of the green frog, Rana clamitans (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 267-297 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: All phases of mitosis have been observed in the ciliated cells of the pharynx and esophagus of the tadpole of the green frog, Rana clamitans. Centrosomes have been observed in ciliated cells. These data contravene the hypothesis of Lenhossék and Henneguy to the effect that ciliated cells cannot divide by mitosis because they have lost their centrosomes in the formation of the basal corpuscles to which the cilia are connected, and the corollary to this hypothesis (Jordan, '13), that in consequence ciliated cells must divide by amitosis. From counts of cells with cilia, those without cilia but with basal corpuscles, and those without either cilia or basal corpuscles in different phases of mitosis, it is inferred that the cilia are lost during mitosis.Cilia sprout from basal corpuscles, and not from mitochondria in cells undergoing ciliogenesis. From the presence of diplosomes in the distal region of cells in which basal corpuscles are developing, it is assumed that the basal corpuscles arise by partition of the centrosome of the preciliated cell. The centrosome, however, does not become completely lost by reason of this process, but retains enough vitality to insure mitosis. Amitosis, which occurs in some of the ciliated cells, results, according to these data, from degree of differentiation, not from structural deficiency.
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    Some cytoplasmic structures in the male germ cells of gelastocoris oculatus (Toad bug) (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 299-345 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The chondriosomes are first recognizable as two clusters in contact with the nuclear wall. Beneath each cluster lies a chromosome. This relationship is constant and indicates that these two chromosomes play a part in the growth and development of the chondriosomes. The two masses fuse and the single mass grows considerably during the early growth period. Later it breaks up into a number of threads which become rings in the late growth period. The rings fuse into the large nebenkern which plays the usual rôle in the formation of the tail.The Golgi material is first seen outside of the chondriosomal cap. Early in the growth period, it breaks up into Golgi bodies which remain distributed in the cytoplasm during the growth period and spermatocyte divisions. About the midgrowth period a large number of spheres suddenly arise. Since they later fuse to form the idiosome, they are called the proidiosomal spheres. These spheres, which may originate in the Golgi bodies, remain scattered in the cytoplasm during the growth period and spermatocyte divisions. In the spermatid the Golgi bodies collect about the idiosome to form the acroblast. The Golgi remnants pass into the cytoplasm of the tail, while the acrosome elongates into a tail-like structure at the anterior end.The centriole was followed with unbroken continuity from the midgrowth period into the middle-piece of the sperm.
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    The development of the thigh musculature of the chick twelve figures (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 43 (1927), S. 347-385 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the thigh musculature in a series of chick embryos is described and figured. In the earliest the muscular tissue is in the form of two distinct masses lying on opposite surfaces of the limb. Later, both divide into proximal and distal portions at the knee. The proximal portions, by a series of divisions, gradually attain the condition found in the adult thigh.The embryological findings tend to support the theory of the derivation of tetrapod limb musculature from the two opposed (dorsal and ventral) muscle masses of the paired fins of bony fish.The reptilian homologies of the ilio-trochanterici cannot be definitely ascertained from embryological evidence.The ischio-femoralis (= ischio-trochantericus), Previously regarded as dorsal, and the coccygeo-femorales, previously classed as incertae sedis, are in reality members of the ventral group.The distinction between ‘intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’ muscles inserting on the free limb appears to have no embryological or phylogenetic basis in fact.Double innervation (motor) is a primitive condition in tetrapods.Rotation of the avian pubis is correlated with an improved functioning of the obturator in the rotated position coupled with a lack of interference with the other musculature concerned.
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    Masthead (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050440101
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    Ant-mounds as to temperature and sunshine (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 1-20 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ant Formica exsectoides F. builds mounds with some reference to sunlight, and measurements of internal temperatures have shown them higher in upper parts of the mound, but different in different faces of the mound - all higher than the earth outside the mound.Inside temperatures are not constant; they are due to the sunshine. The mound is so fabricated that the internal temperatures are conserved during the night. The ants make use of the differential internal temperatures for rearing broods.Some mounds show bilateral symmetry dependent upon sun exposure.Measurements of rate of running of these ants show a falling off with lower temperatures, and possibly this is one factor in the smaller development of northerly aspects of these mounds.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050440102
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    The relation between hydrogen-ion concentration and encystment in Didinium nasutum (1927)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 44 (1927), S. 21-28 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Experiments designed to ascertain the effect of hydrogen-ion concentration on encystment in Didinium were carried out by depriving didinia of food in mixtures of spring water and buffer solutions whose hydrogen-ion concentrations varied from pH 5.0 to pH 9.6, and by counting the number of didinia which encysted and the number which remained active and ultimately died of starvation.The maximum percentage of encystment was attained between pH 6.4 and 8.4, the range in hydrogen-ion concentration which is also most favorable for the growth of didinia; within this range the encystment rate was practically constant and was about 52 per cent. The solutions having hydrogen-ion concentrations between pH 6.4 and 5.0, the acid death limit of the race of Didinium used in the experiments, and between pH 8.4 and 9.6, the alkaline death limit, inhibited encystment, the more injurious solutions producing the greater decrease in encystment rate.The results indicate that the limits of hydrogen-ion concentration within which Didinium can live are practically the same as those found by Crane for Paramecium (approximately pH 5.0 to pH 9.6). They indicate further that concentrations of hydrogen ions which are unfavorable for the growth of didinia do not facilitate encystment and, in general, that changes in hydrogen-ion concentration are of little importance in inducing encystment in Didinium.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050440103
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    The ovarian chromosome cycle in a mixed rat strainAided by grants from the Committee for Research in Problems of Sex of the National Research Council, administered by Prof. Herbert M. Evans, to whom the author is greatly indebted. (1929)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 445-473 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the ovary of the rat the ova arise by proliferations from the germinal epithelium, all cells of which are potential ova. This proliferation begins with the differentiation of the gonad, and may last as long as 369 days postpartum. The embryonic ovary is filled with ova which pass through the typical maturation phases. This continues until five days after parturition. These ova degenerate, none being found in the ovary of the twenty-day rat. After the fifth day postpartum, nuclear development in the ova changes until, by the twentieth day, no typical maturation phases are present. With the degeneration of the embryonic ova the ovary takes on the adult structure.The ovary of the adult female rat shows a modified type of meiosis in the germ cells, while that of the embryo shows the typical phases, indicating that this is the primitive type, with the modified form an acquired characteristic.Ova in a single rat may show both twenty-one and thirty-one chromosomes.Follicle cells are formed from the cells of the germinal epithelium and, like the sex cells, may have both forty-two and sixty-two chromosomes in a single follicle. The lutein cells also show both forty-two and sixty-two chromosomes in a single corpus luteum. The chromosomes of the lutein cells enlarge with the expansion of the cell to a size greatly in excess of the chromosomes of the somatic cells. The theca interna is derived from the tunica albuginea.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050480207
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  • 100
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    A histological study of the colic caeca in the bantam fowl (1929)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 585-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The caeca of fourteen bantam fowls have been studied. These fowls ranged in age from six days' incubation to three years after hatching. Between the fifth and sixth days of incubation rectal caeca arise as evaginations from the intestine at the junction of the ileum with the colon. The develoing caeca closely resemble histologically the intestine to which they are attached.The caeca are essentially devoid of content until about the nineteenth day of incubation, but during the remaining days of incubation are gorged with a bluish-gray material similar to that found in the colon. Thus, an early defecatory function is indicated.In general, the proximal third of the caeca remains histologically similar to the intestine, but the distal two-thirds undergoes regression. The latter involves the atrophy of the epithelium and glands, accompanied by the appearance of lymphoid tissue. Much of the lymphoid tissue eventually disappears, to a large extent by atrophy and dissolution of the leukocytes. However, to some extent, lymphocytes develop into granulocytes which escape with other leukocytes into the lumina of the caeca and there disintegrate.Lymph nodules begin to appear in the caeca about one week after the chick hatches. The leukocytes, at least in part, arise in situ from the reticular stroma. Eosinophils arise in certain areas of the tunica propria, and in the earlier stages of their development resemble large lymphocytes, in the cytoplasm of which basophilic, amphophilic, and acidophilic granules are intermingled.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050480212
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