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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,658)
  • Witterung
  • Weizen
  • 1975-1979  (1,498)
  • 1925-1929  (215)
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  • 1
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    Beziehung zwischen dem Bodenfeuchtegehalt und den Erträgen wichtiger landwirtschaftlicher Fruchtarten auf zwei unterschiedlichen Schwarzerdestandorten (1979)
    In:  Arch. Acker- und Pflanzenbau und Bodenkunde 23 (7):429-439
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Description: Versuche mit Kartoffeln, Weidelgras, Zuckerrüben und Winterweizen zur Bodenfeuchtestaffelung sowie Ableitung von günstigen Bodenfeuchtespannen aus den Ergebnissen; Auswertung von Versuchen mit Kartoffeln, Weidelgras, Zuckerrüben und Winterweizen zeigen Zusammenhang zwischen Bodenfeuchte und Ertragsrückgang KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Bodenfeuchte auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Bodenfeuchte (Löß-Braunschwarzerde 0-50 cm) = 50 - 70 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Zuckerrüben zur Fütterung) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Löß-Braunschwarzerde 0-50 cm) = 50 - 60/65 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Zuckerrüben zur zuckergewinnung) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Löß-Braunschwarzerde 0-50 cm) = 40 - 55/60 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Kartoffeln - einschl. Stärke) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Löß-Braunschwarzerde 0-50 cm) = 55/60 - 75/80 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Welsches Weidelgras bis Mitte August) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Löß-Braunschwarzerde 0-50 cm) = 50 - 70 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Welsches Weidelgras nach Mitte August) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Löß-Braunschwarzerde 0-50 cm) = 50 - 65/70 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Winterweizen) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Ton-Schwarzerde 0-40 cm) = 45/50 - 60/65 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Zuckerrüben) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Ton-Schwarzerde 0-40 cm) = 50 - 70 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Welsches Weidelgras) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Ton-Schwarzerde 0-40 cm) = 50 - 70/75 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Kartoffeln - einschl. Stärke) +;
    Keywords: Thüringen ; 1968-1972 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Trockenheit ; Verdunstung ; Wassermangel ; Weizen ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on fish scale formation and resorption. I. Fine structure and calcification of the scales in Fundulus heteroclitus (Atheriniformes: Cyprinodontidae)Contribution No. 220, Belle W. Baruch Institute of Marine Biology and Coastal Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 49-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fine structure of the scales of Fundulus heteroclitus was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The concentric ridges of the scale surface were characterized by the presence of minute, highly calcified, denticles or tooth-like processes. Needle-shaped crystals of hydrox-yapatite were precipitated not only in the osseous layer but in the intimate lamellae of the fibrillary plate except in portions just below the grooves. The calcification of the osseous layer was observed to proceed by filling the matrix with patches of crystals. The fibrillary plate appeared to calcify by invasion of crystals from the upper calcified zone into spaces between collagen fibers.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051590105
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  • 3
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    Ultrastructural features of the retina and optic nerve of Strombus luhuanus, a marine gastropod (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 89-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The retina and optic nerve of Strombus luhuanus were examined by transmission electron microscopy in order to provide an ultrastructural basis for their electrophysiological responses, described elsewhere. The retina exhibits a distinct rhabdomeric layer and layers of cell nuclei and neuropile. These layers are comprised predominantly of three cell types that can be readily distinguished on the basis of their shape, their nuclei and cytoplasmic inclusions such as vesicles and filaments. One type of cell, apparently a photoreceptor that depolarizes in response to photic stimulation, possesses a long distal segment with microvilli; such distal segments comprise the bulk of the rhabdomeric layer. A second cell type, which appears to be supportive in function, contains a bundle of tightly packed tonofilaments that extend across the retina from the capsule to the vitreous body; this cell is quite narrow except in the region near the rhabdomeric layer, where it is expanded and wraps around the other cell types. A third type of cell possesses many short microvilli that project from its apical end into the rhabdomeric layer; it may be a second type of photoreceptor or another type of neuron. The retina also contains bundles of cilia that appear to project from a possible fourth type of cell. The layer of neuropile contains numerous processes that exhibit a variety of vesicle types and structures generally associated with synapses; these appear to play a role in mediating inhibitory and excitatory interactions between the retinal neurons. The optic nerve exhibits two populations of fiber distinguishable on the basis of mean diameter. Fibers in these two populations apparently yield “on” and “off” discharges in response to photic stimulation of the eye.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051590108
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  • 4
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    Mandibular function in Galago crassicaudatus and Macaca fascicularis: An in vivo approach to Stress Analysis of the mandibleThis investigation was supported by the following: NIH Research Career Development Award (DE 00027), NIH Research Grant (DE 4531) and a NSF Research Grant (BNS 76-11924). (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 253-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Single-element and/or rosette strain gages were bonded to mandibular cortical bone in Galago crassicaudatus and Macaca fascicularis. Five galago and eleven macaque bone strain experiments were performed and analyzed. In vivo bone strain was recorded from the lateral surface of the mandibular corpus below the postcanine tooth row during transducer biting and during mastication and ingestion of food objects.In macaques and galagos, the mandibular corpus on the balancing side is primarily bent in the sagittal plane during mastication and is both twisted about its long axis and bent in the sagittal plane during transducer biting. On the working side, it is primarily twisted about its long axis and directly sheared perpendicular to its long axis, and portions of it are bent in the sagittal plane during mastication and molar transducer biting. In macaques, the mandibular corpus on each side is primarily bent in the sagittal plane and twisted during incisal transducer biting and ingestion of food objects, and it is transversely bent and slightly twisted during jaw opening. Since galagos usually refused to bite the transducer or food objects with their incisors, an adequate characterization of mandibular stress patterns during these behaviors was not possible. In galagos the mandibular corpus experiences very little transverse bending stress during jaw opening, perhaps in part due to its unfused mandibular symphysis.Marked differences in the patterns of mandibular bone strain were present between galagos and macaques during the masticatory power stroke and during transducer biting. Galagos consistently had much more strain on the working side of the mandibular corpus than on the balancing side. These experiments support the hypothesis that galagos, in contrast to macaques, employ a larger amount of working-side muscle force relative to the balancing-side muscle force during unilateral biting and mastication, and that the fused mandibular symphysis is an adaption to use a maximal amount of balancing-side muscle force during unilateral biting and mastication.These experiments also demonstrate the effects that rosette position, bite force magnitudes, and types of food eaten have on recorded mandibular strain patterns.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051590208
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  • 5
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    Ultrastructure of the accessory glands of the Mediterranean flour mothAnagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).Supported in part by U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration Contract P7603214. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 355-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Five regions are recognized in the accessory glands of the Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller), on the basis of cellular morphology and aggregates of secretory material in the lumen. Some variation is found in each of the posterior four regions, especially the third one. In the most anterior region (region 1) the epithelium is composed of a single type of cell, while in each of the other regions there are two classes of cells. The cells of region 1 and one class in each of the other four regions are fairly typical exocrine cells with extensive rough endoplasmic reticula. Secretion is primarily via Golgi-derived vesicles. Apocrine secretion in the form of sloughing off of the apical cytoplasm probably also occurs in all regions but is most prominent in the posterior two regions. One class of cells is very similar in morphology in each of the posterior four regions though their secretory products form characteristic aggregates in the lumen. The second class of cells (foliate cells) occurring in the posterior four segments is most notably characterized by elongate apical projections that extend out into the lumen. The apical projections contain large quantities of glycogen, some microtubules, and, in some cases, many minute mitochondria. The membrane content of the projections is also very high. In the anterior regions, the membranes are mostly fused in pairs and typically form multilayered whorls. Fusion and whorl formation decrease in the posterior regions. The cytoplasm of the foliate cells has a high organelle content including many lysosomes and mitochondria. The latter exhibit considerable polymorphism, with particular forms occurring in the different regions of the glands. The apical projections of the foliate cells are detached during copulation, presumably as the result of nervous stimulation, and become a part of the ejaculate. Replenishment of all secretory material, including the apical projections, occurs after copulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051590306
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  • 6
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    Partial regeneration of the above-elbow amputated rat forelimb. II. Electrical and mechanical facilitationSupported by the Veterans Administration Medical Research Program Project Number 7004-04 and a Medical Investigatorship Award to P.P. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 439-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation was undertaken to examine the observations of Becker ('72) pertaining to the electrical facilitation of partial limb regenerative responses by means of Ag-Pt wire couples applied to the limb stumps of young, forelimb-amputated white rats. Additionally, in order to examine the possible role of mechanical effects of such device implantations, we have employed uncoupled devices delivering no current or potential difference. In the present experiments, in response to coupled device implantation, cartilage and bone were actively formed in the vicinity of the Pt electrode tip. These tissues contributed to the lengthwise extension of the limb and to the partial restoration of the distal humeral extremity. In limbs bearing the uncoupled electrical devices, qualitatively similar responses were noted, but osteogenesis was diminished in extent compared to that seen in limbs bearing the active or coupled devices. It is therefore necessary to consider the role of mechanical factors in the elicitation of the observed regenerative responses. Myogenesis was enhanced in electrically stimulated limbs, but not in those rats bearing uncoupled devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051590309
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  • 7
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    Avian scale development. VI. Ultrastructure of the keratinizing cells of reticulate scales (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 111-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Reticulate scales develop as radial symmetrical anlagen, in contrast to scuttate scales which appear initially as “epidermal placodes.” Unlike scuttate scales whose outer and inner epidermal surfaces elaborate β-and α-type keratins, respectively, reticulate scales elaborate only one type of epidermal surface which has been reported to give an α-type, X-ray diffraction pattern. We find that, histologically and ultrastructurally, this surface differs from either epidermal surface of scuttate scales. The keratinizing cells become filled with long interweaving bundles of α-filaments which aggregate into rather homogeneous α-fibrils. Keratohyalin granules, which have been shown to be associated with other keratinizing regions in the bird, do not form during the keratinization of reticulate scale epidermis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051610107
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  • 8
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    Ultrastructure of the parathyroid gland of the japanese lizard in the spring and summer season (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 145-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the parathyroid glands of adult Japanese lizards (Takydromus tachydromoides) in the spring and summer season was examined. The parenchyma of the gland consists of chief cells arranged in cords or solid masses. Many chief cells contain numerous free ribosomes and mitochondria, well-developed Golgi complexes, a few lysosome-like bodies, some multivesicular bodies and relatively numerous lipid droplets. The endoplasmic reticulum is mainly smooth-surfaced. Cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are distributed randomly in the cytoplasm. Small coated vesicles of 700-800 Å in diameter are found occasionally in the cytoplasm, especially in the Golgi region. The chief cells contain occasional secretory granules of 150-300 nm in diameter that are distributed randomly in the cytoplasm and lie close to the plasma membrane. Electron dense material similar to the contents of the secretory granules is observed in the enlarged intercellular space. These findings suggest that the secretory granules may be discharged into the intercellular space by an eruptocrine type of secretion. Coated vesicles (invaginations) connected to the plasma membrane and smooth vesicles arranged in a row near the plasma membrane are observed. It is suggested that such coated vesicles may take up extracellular proteins. The accumulation of microfilaments is sometimes recognized. Morphological evidence of synthetic and secretory activities in the chief cells suggests active parathyroid function in the Japanese lizard during the spring and summer season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051610203
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  • 9
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    Intrinsic organization of snake dorsomedial cortex: An electron microscopic and golgi study (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 185-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cellular populations present in dorsomedial cortex in the snakes Constrictor constrictor, Natrix sipendon and Thamnophis sirtalis are described at the light microscopic level using Nissl and Golgi preparations as well as at the ultrastructural level. This area plays a central role in cortical organization in snakes by participating in major commissural and association projections.Systematic analyses of Golgi preparations indicate that five populations of neurons are present in dorsomedial area and have a preferential laminar distribution. Layer 1 stellate cells have somata positioned in the center of the outermost cortical layer, layer 1. Their dendrites are confined to this layer. Double pyramidal cells have their somata loosely packed in layer 2. Their dendrites bear a moderate population of spines, ascending through layer 1 to the pial surface and descending partially through layer 3. Some double pyramidal cells have somata displaced downwards into the upper third of layer 3. These neurons closely resemble the layer 2 double pryamidal cells. Layer 3 stellate cells have somata positioned in the middle third of layer 3. Their dendrites extend in all directions throughout layer 3 and through layer 2 into layer 1. Finally, horizontal cells have their somata positioned deep in layer 3, near the ventricle, and dendrites aligned concentric with the ventricle.Comparison of the organization of the known afferents to dorsomedial area with the distribution of the five cell types suggests that the laminations of both afferent fibers and dorsomedial neurons places specific neuronal populations in synaptic contact with specific sets of afferents.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051610207
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  • 10
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    The extensor assembly in two species of opossum, Philander opossum and Didelphis marsupialis (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 337-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In considering primate and hominoid phylogeny, the fundamental position assigned to opossums is explained partially by the characteristic morphology of their hands and feet. One of the main functional features of the human hand is the ability to make a stabilized arch of the finger. Because the extensor assembly plays a key role in establishing an arched finger, the extensor systems of the digits of both the hands and feet were studied in two species of opossum, Philander opossum and Didelphis marsupialis.In the foot, two extensor tendons join in each toe to form one tendinous plate, which inserts onto the base of the second phalanx. Lumbricals join this plate along the tibial side, and interosseus insertions are found, although a true interosseus wing is lacking. At the proximal interphalangeal level, a terminal tendon takes its origin from this tendinous plate. This terminal tendon is oval in cross-section and contains elastic structures. Oblique bands arise from this terminal tendon and run proximally along the proximal interphalangeal joint inserting onto the base of the first phalanx. There are elastic structures in the flexor tendon on the dorsal side near its site of insertion.In the hand, the main extensor tendons are arranged differently and the interossei contribute substantially to the extensor assembly. Otherwise, the extensor assembly of the hands and feet are quite similar. The function of the so-called paratendinous intravaginal flexors is discussed as are evolutionary aspects of the extensor assembly.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051610307
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  • 11
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051620201
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  • 12
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    Comprehensive schemata on the histology of the liver with consequences in terminology (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 211-219 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: New schemata of the liver are presented to discuss the combination of the three kinds of liver lobules known until today in a chalk-talk-manner. Terminology is also discussed. Further investigations are needed involving the construction and the vascular pattern of compound lobules of the three individial lobules of the liver in different species.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051620204
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  • 13
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    A comparative study of the differentiation and involution of the mullerian duct and wolffian duct in the male and female fetal mouse (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 175-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present investigation has examined the ultrastructural differentiation of the genital ducts of both sexes of fetal mice. The emphasis of observations was placed on the phenomenon of morphogenetic cytolysis, particularly during the critical periods of Wolffian duct stabilization and Mullerian duct involution.Both developing and regressing genital ducts evidence extensive cytolysis. Autophagy appears to be the mechanism of morphogenetic change in the developing male Wolffian duct. Autophagy, heterophagy, and degeneration in situ are all prominent cytolytic activities in female Wolffian duct involution. The developing female Mullerian duct undergoes extensive morphogenetic remodeling by the mechanisms of autophagy, heterophagy, and degeneration in situ. In the male Mullerian duct, autophagy, heterophagy, and degeneration in situ are also prominent. In addition, whole degenerated epithelial cells are extruded from the duct early in regression which may be related to the transformation of periductal mesenchymal cells into an “epithelioid cell cuff” which does not form around the regressing Wolffian duct. The formation of this mesenchymal condensation surrounding the duct is also accompanied by the protrusion of Mullerian epithelial cell cytoplasm into the mesenchymal cells. These observations may evidence a complex epithelial-mesenchymal interaction occurring during male Mullerian duct involution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051620203
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  • 14
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    Editorial (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 311-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051620302
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  • 15
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    Structure and carbohydrate histochemistry of the intestine in ten teleostean species (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 343-359 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology and carbohydrate histochemistry of ten teleostean intestines are compared. Although there is an absence of regional differentiation seen in higher vertebrates, specializations in some species occur in the form of intestinal swellings, pyloric ceca and recta, the latter separated by a valve. The intestinal lumen is lined by a simple columnar epithelium interspersed with goblet cells; multicellular intestinal glands are absent. Thick basement membranes seen in centrarchids and Perca flavescens closely resemble the stratum compactum found in the lamina propria of esocids. Granular cells, which vary in number from species to species, are often seen in the mucosa and submucosa but less frequently in the muscularis. In species with intestino-rectal valves, a rectum is easily defined by the abrupt appearance of lower mucosal folds, more goblet cells and a thicker muscularis. In the remaining species the above features appear gradually in the distal intestine. Goblet cells show species variations in localization of epithelial mucosubstances, which in broad terms are recognized as sulfomucins, sialomucins and neutral mucosubstances. In both proximal and distal intestines the majority of goblet cells contain sialomucin although small amounts of sulfomucin are also often present. In species without intestino-rectal valves, no changes in carbohydrates occur between proximal and distal intestines. The possible significance of the heterogeneous character of digestive tract mucosubstances is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051620305
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  • 16
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    The morphology of the sex pheromone gland in Drosophila grimshawi (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 177-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of a sex pheromone-producing gland found in the abdomen of Drosophila grimshawi males was studied by light and electron microscopy. This gland, consisting of two intra-anal lobes, contains cells that resemble those of other insect pheromone glands. However, in contrast to many other insect pheromone glands that release pheromone through the cuticle, cells of the intra-anal lobes secrete into a canaliculi-duct system that empties into the anal region. The liquid secretory product flows along the surface of the intra-anal lobes and is brushed onto the substrate by fingerlike projections on the lobes' surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051610206
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  • 17
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    Ultrastructure of the sacculus and lagena in a moray eel (Gymnothorax sp.) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 241-256 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the sacculus and lagena of a moray eel, Gymnothorax sp., was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Particular emphasis was placed on the orientation of the sensory hair cells and on the ultrastructure of the sensory cells. The ciliary bundles on the sensory hair cells are of several types, each having a different size relationship between the kinocilium and stereocilia. The cell bodies of the sensory cells are similar to the mammalian type II sensory cell. There were no apparent differences in the cell bodies between sensory cells with different ciliary bundles.Hair cell orientation patterns on the saccular and lagenar maculae differ from patterns found in other fishes. The posterior side of the saccular macula in Gymnothorax has cells oriented dorsally and ventrally, as is typical in other non-ostariophysan species. The anterior end of the saccular macula has alternating groups of anteriorly and posteriorly oriented cells, a situation that differs from the more typical pattern in which anteriorly oriented cells are found on the ventral side of the macula while posteriorly oriented cells cover the dorsal side of the macula. The orientation of cells on the lagena includes ventral cells that are located above a group of dorsally oriented cells. In many other non-ostariophysans, ventrally oriented cells are generally posterior to the dorsally oriented cells.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051610302
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  • 18
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051620101
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  • 19
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    The blood supply of muscle spindles in some mammals and the pigeon (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 323-335 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The blood supply of muscle spindles was studied in serial cross sections in macaque, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse and pigeon muscles which had been incubated in a medium containing 3,3′ diaminobenzidine. Lumina of blood vessels were recognized by the reaction product that was localized within erythrocytes. The outer capsule was well vascularized, but few or no capillaries were seen in the periaxial space. The inner spindle capsule, which closely invests the axial bundle, was rarely contacted by periaxial capillaries at the equator and juxtequator. Capillaries occurred more frequently adjacent to intrafusal fibers at the polar region and beyond the end of the outer capsule. Shorter diffusion distances and, usually, higher capillary densities were found at the polar region than at the spindle midsection. This suggests that transcapillary exchange at the polar segment is nearer to conditions prevalent in extrafusal muscle than elsewhere in the spindle, provided the inner and outer capsules are not less permeable at the poles than at the midsection. Differences in blood supply among mammalian species appear to be related to receptor size.
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    Origin and fate of germ cells in male and female embryos of Haplothrips verbasci (Osborn) (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 323-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Comparison of germ cells in male and female embryos of the arrhenotokous thrips, Haplothrips verbasci, yields the following observations: A mean of 11 cleavage energids enter the posterior pole plasm of the egg after the sixth cleavage division and apparently become pole cells when they take up polar granules in their cytoplasm. The cells proliferate asynchronously prior to and during anatrepsis to yield a mean of 36 germ cells in male embryos and 31 in females. Visible sexual differentiation of germ cells begins during germ band elongation and is completed shortly after the appearance of appendages. Female germ cells are larger than those of the males and may contain two nucleoli. The germ cells separate into two groups just before katatrepsis and mesodermal cells collect about these to form the primary epithelial sheaths of the gonads and the primordia of the gonoducts shortly after revolution is completed. Each gonad contains a mean of 13 germ cells in male embryos and 7 in females - a number that persists until mitosis resumes after hatching. During ketatrepsis, a mean of 11 germ cells in male embryos and 2.6 in females fail to be enclosed within the gonads, become dispersed in the yolk and perhaps transform into vitellophages.Germ cell development in H. verbasci embryos resembles similar events taking place in psocid embryos, providing additional evidence for a close phylogenetic relationship between Thysanoptera and Psocoptera.
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    Presence and development of a sensory formation in the eyestalk of the crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Nordmann, 1842), during its embryonic, larval and adult lifeThis study was partially sponsored by C.N.R.S. (France) under grànt A.T.P. International 1976-2602. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 39-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A sensory papilla is described in the eyestalk of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus during the last embryonic stages and during larval stages by light microscopy. This region was also investigated with the scanning electron microscopy, which showed sensory hairs in the postmolt adult; they disappear during intermolt and premolt. Simultaneous cyclic changes in hair papillae are observed in the hypodermis. The possibility of a chemoreceptive function is discussed.
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    Membrane production and yolk degradation in the early fly embryo (Calliphora erythrocephala meig.): An ultrastructural analysis (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 53-77 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Formation of nuclear envelopes during the last cleavage mitosis and the formation of the cell membranes during the cellularization of the blastoderm have been studied ultrastructurally in the blowfly egg. Dense bodies arising from yolk granules by budding could contain membrane material destined to be incorporated into the new membranes of the blastoderm. The presence of transitional structures indicates that these bodies can be converted into dark multivesicular bodies. Large amounts of endoplasmic reticulum are found around the mitotic nuclei. Clusters or branched chains of vesicles associated with this are interpreted as evidence for the formation of endoplasmic reticulum by the breakdown of dark multivesicular bodies. Nuclear envelopes of mitotic daughter nuclei probably originate from endoplasmic reticulum. The egg contains both intranuclear and extranuclear annulate lamellae.The main events of cytokinesis are furrow initiation and cell membrane growth during the slow first phase, but probably only cytokinetic movement during the rapid second phase. On the assumption that cell membrane growth occurs by incorporation of complete membrane pieces, the addition of coated vesicles and/or light multivesicular bodies is definitely most probable. Some intermediate profiles indicate that light and dark multivesicular bodies are related. The membrane needed for second phase cytokinesis could well be provided by the unfolding of surface microvilli and protuberances of the furrow canal.
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    Countercurrent blood vessel arrangement in beaver (Castor canadensis) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 169-175 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The vascular anatomy of five beavers (Castor canadensis) was studied by dissection and injection of arteries and veins with vinyl acetate. There is extensive countercurrent arrangement of arteries and veins distal to and including the common iliac artery and veins. Two types of countercurrent vessels occur (1) a venae comitantes type in which two or three veins surround a central artery, and (2) a modified rete type. The retia are located proximal to the large flat tail and the webbed hind feet. Two bypass veins are described for the feet and tail and the significance of these structures in temperature regulation is stressed.
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051610301
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    Ultrastructure of the type “B” cells in the rectal pad epithelium of Locusta migratoria (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 221-232 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The electron microscopical structure of the type “B” cells in the rectal pad epithelium of Locusta is described. The type “B” cells occur singly in the distal region of the rectal pad epithelium. They are characteristically goblet shaped and join with contiguous type “A” or rectal pad cells, near the apical surface by means of a restricted region of septate desmosomes. Type “B” cells possess a microvillate apical membrane, with the villi arranged as a rosette overlying the apical inaginations of adjacent type “A” cells.Large numbers of microtubules and vacuoles of various sizes containing an assortment of inclusions are present in the apical region of the type “B” cells. Many of the microtubules insert distally on hemidesmosomes located in the apical plasma membrane. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are also present but neither are abundant. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
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    The development of amphids and amphidial glands in adult Syngamus trachea (Nematoda: Syngamidae) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 299-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nematode amphids are a pair of lateral cephalic sense organs, each comprising a group of sensory endings terminating in a cuticle-lined pit. In Syngamus trachea, a parasite of birds, each amphid is surrounded by two non-nervous supporting elements, a large gland cell basally and a smaller supporting cell anteriorly. The amphidial glands display high levels of secretory activity from five to six days postinfection. Secretory material is discharged through the lumen of the sense organ onto host tissue. The ultrastructure of amphids and amphidial glands has been investigated in newly moulted, immature and mature adults to trace the development of glandular activity and its effect on amphid-amphidial gland relationships. In newly moulted adults, the glands have very low levels of secretory activity and appear to act only as supporting cells to the amphids. As secretory activity increases, the gland cell membrane surrounding the sensory endings is elaborated into a reticulum which probably forms the secretory surface. In mature adults the amphid pit is swollen and filled with secretion; the sensory endings are relegated to the periphery of the lumen. It is suggested that amphidial glands develop from typical supporting cells, but acquire a new role possibly associated with parasite attachment.
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    Histochemical and ultrastructural features of the aorta of the slug (Limax maximus) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 1-21 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As a part of a continuing study of unusual molluscan tissues, the “chondroid” tissue (Hyman, '67) associated with the anterior and posterior aortae of the slug (Limax maximus) was examined by light and electron microscopy. Unlike the odontophoral tissue of this species (Curtis and Cowden, '77), the “chondroid” tissue comprising the adventitial layer of the aorta consists of large, glycogen-filled cells with characteristic arrays of pores in their plasma membranes resembling those of the “globular” cells (Rogers, '69; Fernandez, '71); “fibrocytes” (Nicaise et al., '66; Baleydier et al., '69; Nicaise, '73); “Blasenzellen” or “Leydig” cells (Wondrak, '69; Stang-Voss, '70; Buchholz et al., '71; Stang-Voss and Staubesand, '71; Wolburg-Buchholz, '72); or “pore” cells (Sminia, '72; Beltz, '77) of other mollusks. The anterior and posterior aortae are very similar in organization, except that the anterior aorta is larger in diameter; its wall is thinner; and it lacks calcification. Both the anterior and posterior aortae possess a loosely organized (incomplete) endothelial layer surrounded by two layers of innervated smooth muscle. The smooth muscle cells possess fibrous surface specializations resembling hemidesmosomes as well as large numbers of tubular or rounded vesicles in association with their plasma membranes. Blood cells (amoebocytes) containing large glycogen deposits and distinctive membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic inclusions can be found occasionally in the walls of the vessels.
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    The hind limb musculature of the brown kiwi, Apteryx australis mantelli (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 33-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The most complete account of the hind leg muscles of the kiwi was published a century ago by Sir Richard Owen, in his seventy-fifth year. This extensively-cited work has several omissions and errors, and while certain of these were corrected by subsequent authors, sufficient uncertainty remains to warrant a reinvestigation. In the present study a detailed description of the hind leg musculature is given, based upon dissections of two frozen specimens. An indication of the possible function of each muscle is given by assessing its size, action, and fiber-arrangement, together with tentative data on the relative abundance of twitch and tonus fibers.The correlation between surface features of bones and muscle attachments is investigated with a view to interpreting palaeontological material. Although the limb and pelvic bones are marked by numerous features which suggest muscle attachments, relatively few can be positively identified with specific muscles. Only 23% of the muscle origins and insertions can be identified, and, with three possible exceptions, no indication of relative size is given by the scars. The possibility of being able to reconstruct the musculature of the kiwi from its skeletal anatomy, much less that of its extinct relatives, is remote.
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    A model to explain the posterior limit of the bite point in reptiles (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 165-168 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A biomechanical model of the jaw mechanism in some reptiles is presented. Symmetrical muscle activity that produces equal forces on both sides of the head is assumed. The model predicts the position of the most posterior bite point and offers a functional explanation for this prediction. Turtles are used to illustrate the idea.
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051600201
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    Organization of nucleus rotundus, a tectofugal thalamic nucleus in turtles. I. Nissl and Golgi analyses (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 121-141 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study consists of a detailed cytoarchitectonic and Golgi analysis of a major tectofugal thalamic nucleus in the red-eared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. Neurons in nucleus rotundus have a unimodal soma size distribution and a common dendritic branching pattern. They have long dendrites which undergo sparse, dichotomous branchings and contribute to dendritic fields that cover a third to half the dimensions of the nucleus. Spicules, 1-2 μ long, and complex appendages, 5-20 μ long, are found with low density on many dendrites in Golgi-Kopsch material. A few cells have beaded dendritic processes. Three cytoarchitectural regions can be differentiated in nucleus rotundus: a shell, a cell-poor region and a core. The shell is a monolayer of somata forming the peripheral boundary of most of the nucleus. The cell-poor region forms a thin zone concentric with and internal to the shell. Shell cells send some of their dendrites concentrically within this zone and others radially into the core region. Core neurons are dispersed within the neuropil of the nucleus and usually have spherical dendritic fields. However, peripheral core neurons have asymmetrical fields, so their dendrites do not extend beyond the shell. Caudomedial and central subregions of the core can be defined on the basis of neuronal density and cytology. Somata in the caudomedial area of the core are densely packed and have slightly darker staining cytoplasm than those in the central subregion. However, their dendrites are similar to those of the central core neurons. There is extensive dendritic overlap between the two subregions.
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051610101
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    Glycogen metabolism in the prelaid chick embryo (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 23-38 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Glycogen metabolism has been studied during the development of the early chick embryo, at the cytochemical and ultrastructural levels. Two waves of glycogen synthesis and breakdown have been found. In the first, free clusters of glycogen particles are synthesized at late oogenesis. These clusters are found later in invaginations of the membrane of vesicles containing a floc-cular material (FLOV). The glycogen clusters are degraded there during ovulation and the first hours in the oviduct. The second wave of glycogen synthesis begins before cleavage, reaching a maximum at mid-uterine age. This second wave occurs in another type of vesicle (GLYV), which eventually disintegrates releasing free clusters of glycogen granules. This glycogen is degraded in membranous structures containing a floccular material, as in the first wave of degradation. The degradation ends at the late uterine stages, and at the same time numerous ribosomes are formed. This period corresponds to area pellucida formation, which probably depends on the energy liberated during the second wave of glycogen degradation.
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    Studies on the tardigrades. IV. Fine structure of the hindgut of Milnesium tardigradum doyère (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 79-109 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hindgut of the semi-terrestrial tardigrade, Milnesium tardigradum was examined with light and electron microscopy. The hindgut consists of a cloaca and an anterior hindgut. It is delineated anteriorly by the pylorus into which four Malpighian tubules empty and posteriorly, by a broad cloacal slit. A single oviduct enters the hindgut at the junction between the cloaca and the anterior hindgut. Two pairs of muscles insert on the cloaca and anterior hindgut respectively. Electron microscopic observations demonstrate that the anterior hindgut is a specialized transporting epithelium. The luminal surface is covered by a thin layer of cuticle which penetrates into channel-like invaginations. Numerous mitochondria are concentrated apically. The basal and lateral surfaces are also folded. The cells are joined apically by deep tight junctions and a simple basal lamina lines the entire hindgut. The cloaca which receives the contents of the gut and Malpighian tubules as well as gametes of the reproductive tract is a transitional organ that exhibits several characteristics of the hypodermis and anterior hindgut. The cuticle of the cloaca changes sequentially from the complex structure of the integument to a simple layer of the anterior hindgut. The function of the hindgut is discussed with emphasis on the possible response of the anterior hindgut to a hypoosmotic habitat, evaporative water loss during the induction of anhydrobiosis and low oxygen tension.
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    The fine structure of blood follicles in the earthworm genera Amynthas and Lumbricus (Annelida: Oligochaeta) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 123-143 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Blood follicles of the earthworm Amynthas are hemoglobin-containing, sac-like dilatations of blood vessels which connect to the general circulation. Grape-like clusters of follicles are found posterior to the pharynx, among tufts of micronephridia, and single follicles are located among cells of the pharyngeal gland. In Lumbricus, follicles take the form of simple swellings and irregular-shaped diverticula of nephridial capillaries.The fundamental structure of the wall of follicles and of vessels in both genera is the same and consists of two layers: an extracellular vascular lamina and an outer (coelomic) covering of smooth muscle-like myoperithelial cells. Hemocytes may be free and circulating or they may facultatively attach to the vascular lamina as littoral cells, constituting an incomplete endothelium-like surface. Hemocytes that appear to be in the process of attaching or detaching are rounded, while adherent cells are flattened and elongate. Free and littoral hemocytes actively endocytose packets of circulating extracellular hemoglobin.Hemocytes within follicles possess radiating cell processes which also endocytose hemoglobin. Although these cells were presumed to secrete hemoglobin, staining with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine confirms the presence of hemoglobin only within pinosomes and not within protein-synthesizing or packaging organelles. The presence of hemosiderin-like bodies suggests that follicular hemocytes catabolize hemoglobin.Blood follicles apparently provide a means of significantly increasing cell-surface area for hemoglobin processing, without substantially increasing the volume and pumping load of the circulatory system.
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051610201
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    The mouthparts of female Corethrella brakeleyi and C. wirthi (Diptera: Chaoboridae) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 157-167 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mouthparts of female Corethrella brakeleyi and C. wirthi were studied using light and electron microscopy. Mandibles, hypopharynx and labium are highly sclerotized and are modified for obtaining blood meals. All structures were larger in C. brakeleyi than in C. wirthi except mandibular and hypopharyngeal teeth; these were smaller and more numerous in C. brakeleyi. The labium of both species terminates in peg-like structures which are similar to those reported from several genera of mosquitoes. Sensillae on the second segment of the maxillary palps appear to be identical to those described in both biting and nonbiting male and female blackflies.
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    The structure of the canary's incubation patch (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 425-451 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross morphology, histology and ultrastructure of the canary's incubation patch and the ventral apterium from which it arises are described. The apterium is vascularized by pectoral, external mammary, incubation, and prepubic arteries. It is innervated by cutaneous branches of spinal nerves. It has a surface area of 6 cm2.Its epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium with basal, intermediate, transitional and cornified layers. Cells in the stratum germinativum contain a normal array of organelles, but are characterized by tonofilaments, desmosomes and interdigitating surfaces. Cellular organelles disappear in the stratum transitivum and are replaced by large vacuoles and keratohyalin bands. Nonmyelinated nerve fibers are abundant in the stratum germinativum.The dermis consists of (1) an avascular layer of dense collagen subjacent to the epidermis and containing many nonmyelinated nerves, and (2) an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue containing blood vessels, lamellar corpuscles and nerves. A layer of coarse elastic fibers, reinforced by collagen and smooth muscle, separates the dermis from subcutaneous tissue.In contrast to the ventral apterium, the incubation patch is featherless and visibly hypervascular and edematous. Its epidermis is both hypertrophic and hyperplastic. Large spaces separate cells in the stratum germinativum. The visible hypervascularity is due to hyperemia and increased number and size of blood vessels in the dermis. Visible edema is due to the accumulation of fluid interstitially. Although no histological differences exist among various regions of the ventral apterium, such differences are present in the incubation patch.
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    Cell death and optic fiber penetration in the optic stalk of the chick (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 67-75 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of dying cells in the optic stalk in relation to retinal fiber migration was investigated in the chick embryo. Cell death was analysed at various stages of development by counting pycnotic nuclei and also by the Gomori acid phosphatase reaction, while nerve fibers were visualised by the Bodian method. A wave of cell death, beginning in the neural retina at stage 18 and advancing with time through the stalk towards the diencephalon, occurred simultaneously or slightly prior to differentiation and migration of ganglion cell axons. Cell death stopped and gliogenesis occurred in the stalk after penetration by retinal fibers. Cell death occurred in the stalk even when fiber penetration was prevented by optic cup ablation. In this case, necrosis ensued until almost complete degeneration of the stalk, usually within three days after the operation, and gliogenesis did not occur. As the stalk degenerated, its cells became heavily pigmented. These observations suggest that the onset of cell death in the optic stalk is determined prior to and independently of retinal fiber penetration. On the other hand, cessation of cell death and subsequent gliogenesis occur only in the presence of ingrowing optic fibers.
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    Ultrastructure of an exocrine dermal gland in the gills of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio: Occurrence of transitory ciliary axonemes associated with the sloughing and reformation of the ductule (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 281-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Exocrine dermal glands, comparable to the class 3 glandular units of insects, are found in the gills of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. The dermal glands are composed of three cells: secretory cell, hillock cell and canal cell. Originating as a complex invagination of the apical cytoplasm of the granular secretory cell, a duct ascends through the hillock and canal cells to the cuticular surface. The duct is divisible into four regions: the secretory apparatus in the granular secretory cell, the locular complex, the hillock region within the hillock cell and the canal within the canal cell. A tubular ductule is contained within the latter two regions. As the ductule ascends to the cuticular surface, its constitution gradually changes from one of a fibrous material to one which possesses layers of epicuticle. During the proecdysial period, the ductule is extruded into the ecdysial space and this is followed by the secretion of a new ductule. Temporary ciliary structures, located near the secretory apparatus of the secretory cell, are associated with the extrusion and reformation of the ductule. Characterized only by a basal body and rootlets throughout most of the intermolt cycle, the ciliary organelles give rise to temporary axonemic processes which ascend through the ductule toward the ecdysial space at the onset of proecdysis. Subsequently, the old ductule is sloughed off and a new ductule is reformed around the ciliary axonemes. Following this reformation, the ciliary axonemes degenerate. The function of cytoplasmic processes, derived from the apical cytoplasm of the secretory cell, is also discussed.
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    Ordered membrane particles in rhabdomeric microvilli of the housefly (Musca domestica L.) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 309-321 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Rhabdomeric microvilli of the housefly were freeze-fractured (FF) and thin sectioned (TS) for ultrastructural examination. Ordered files of closely packed membrane particles (82 Å wide, 250 Å long) were seen (FF) on the microvillar membrane (usually E face). The long axis of each particle was canted about 45° to that of the microvillus. Occasionally particles in this array appeared on the P face. It is hypothesized that ordered particles may represent either a photopigment precursor stock, a second photolabile pigment, or the newly discovered sensitizing, UV-absorbing, photostable visual pigment. In the underlying membrane leaflet (P face) were found spherical (85 Å diameter) unoriented particles in a concentration of about 6,000/μm2. The size, shape and density of these structures are compatible with those of rhodopsin particles. These particles also covered the basal area of each microvillus. The findings from TS material were difficult to correlate with those from FF replicas. At high magnification the former showed that the plasma membrane of the transected microvillus is composed of spherical, hollow subunits (averaging 43 Å diameter), sometimes fused to form double, 86 Å units. These substructures were closely packed and continuous around the microvillus. This beaded plasma membrane, in rare cases, was doubled around the microvillus. In other instances the plasma membranes were continuous between neighboring microvilli. The physiological implications of these ultrastructural features are discussed.
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    Interactions between Tectal Radial Cells in the Red-Eared Turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans: An Analysis of Tectal Modules (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 17-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The optic tectum is a major subdivision of the visual system in reptiles. Previous studies have characterized the laminar pattern, the neuronal populations, and the afferent and efferent connections of the optic tectum in a variety of reptiles. However, little is known about the interactions that occur between neurons within the tectum. This study describes two kinds of interactions that occur between one major class of neurons, the radial cells, in the optic tectum of Pseudemys using Nissl, Golgi and electron microscopic preparations.Radial cells have somata which bear long, radially oriented apical dendrites from their upper poles and short, basal dendrites from their lower poles. They are divided into two populations on the basis of the distribution of their somata in the tectum. Deep radial cells have somata densely packed in the stratum griseum periventriculare. Their plasma membranes form casual appositions. Middle radial cells have somata scattered throughout the stratum griseum centrale and stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale and do not contact each other. The apical dendrites of both populations of radial cells participate in vertically oriented, dendritic bundles. The plasma membranes of the dendrites in these bundles form casual appositions in the deeper tectal layers and chemical, dendrodenritic synapses within the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. The synapses have clear, round synaptic vesicles and slightly asymmetric membrane densities. Thus, radial cells interact via both casual appositions and chemical synapses.These interactions suggest that radial cells may form a basic framework in the tectum. Because both populations of radial cells extend into the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale and stratum opticum, they may receive input from some of the same tectal afferent systems. Because the deep radial cells alone have somata and dendrites in the deep tectal layers, they may receive additional inputs that the middle radial cells do not. Neurons in the two populations interact via chemical dendrodendritic synapses, thereby forming vertically oriented modules in the tectum.
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    The telotrophic-meroistic ovary of megaloptera. I. The ontogenetic development (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 37-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sialis flavilatera L. (Sialidae, Megaloptera) has telotrophic-meroistic ovarioles. The germ cells of the tropharium are organized into two distinct tissues, the central syncytium and the germ cell tapetum. The central syncytium consists of nurse cell nuclei embedded in a common cytoplasm which is rich in ribosomes and mitochondria. Cell membranes are totally absent. The germ cell tapetum surrounds the syncytium and consists of a monolayer of cells, each of which is connected with the central syncytium by an intercellular bridge. The oocytes differentiate from basal tapetum cells by previtellogenic growth. Their nutritive cords remain connected to the central syncytium by the intercellular bridge.Ovariole development starts soon after hatching with the immigration of germ cells into the ovariole-anlagen and is finished during pupal stages 23 months later. In apical regions of each tropharium, mitoses occur throughout larval life. The descendants enter the prophase of meiosis which lasts until pre-vitellogenesis; thus, a differential gradient of position and time is established. About 12 months after hatching, the central syncytium arises at the base of the tropharium from a membrane labyrinth in which intercellular bridges are entangled. Evidence is presented that endopolyploidization does not occur during germ cell differentiation.Finally, the results are compared with those found in Hemiptera and polyphage Coleoptera. The great diversities are interpreted as an indication for a polyphyletic origin of the telotrophic ovary.
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    Sense organs on the antennal flagellum of the mimosa webworm, Homadaula anisocentra (Lepidoptera, Glyphipterygidae) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 163-173 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Five different types of sense organs were found on the antennal flagellum of Homadaula anisocentra. These were (1) tactile hairs; (2) thick-walled chemoreceptors; (3) thin-walled chemoreceptors of several kinds; (4) styloconic chemoreceptors and (5) small chemoreceptor pegs in shallow depressions. No coeloconic sense organs were seen.
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    Growth and differentiation of secondary malpighian tubules in the cockroach, Periplaneta americanaThis work was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology at Northwestern University and was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health under Research Grants AM 14993, AM 14993, AM 19189, and FR 7028 to James L. Oschman and Betty J. Wall.An abstract of this work was published in J. Cell. Biol., 75: 32a, 1977. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 389-411 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four differentiated Malpighian tubules (primary tubules) extend from the junction of the midgut and hindgut in newly hatched Periplaneta americana. Secondary tubules begin to develop near the base of the primary tubules before hatching and successive nymphal molts. The newly initiated tubules undergo cell division and extensive elongation through the middle of the following intermolt period. During this time, the cells of the distal, middle, and lower middle tubule regions are surrounded by a cellular sheath, have few cytoplasmic processes extending along their basal surfaces, have a small or nonexistent lumen, and contain extremely dilated cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The cellular sheath differentiates into the muscle which coils around the mature tubule. Tubules which begin development toward the end of one intermolt period begin to undergo cytodifferentiation toward the end of the next intermolt period. By the middle of an additional intermolt period, the basal infoldings and microvilli of cells in the distal, middle, and lower middle regions have the conformations typical for those regions in differentiated tubules; granular concretions and stellate cells are present within the middle region of the tubule.
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051590101
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    The structure and distribution of external sense organs in newly hatched and mature earthworms (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 1-15 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fully mature adult Eisenia foetida sensory buds are abundant on the prostomium and the first segment. In subsequent segments they are restricted to the anterior half where they form a single row aligned with the setae and encircling the worm. In the more posterior regions of the worm the buds are widely separated and fewer. The surface of each bud is a raised circular or oval area from which 15 to 100 so-called sensory hairs arise, being cylindrical and apparently flexible. The number of these projections decreases toward the posterior end of the worm.In worms newly emerged from egg cocoons, the general pattern of distribution and external form of sensory buds resembles that of adults, but the buds are much fewer and smaller than in adults. Although these worms emerge with their definitive adult number of segments, new buds and additional sensory projections are formed during post hatching development.
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    Morphology and distribution of Type II supraependymal cells in the third ventricle of the guinea pigSupported in part by NIH Grant RR-05387-13. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 67-79 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution and morphology of phagocytic (Type II) supraependymal cells residing within the third ventricle of the guinea pig were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Type II supraependymal cells were restricted to nonciliated regions of the ventricle. They were most numerous on the choroid plexus, abundant within the infundibular recess and were present on the ventricular floor in the region of the median eminence. Morphologically, they were characterized by a soma from which pseudopodia-like processes extended to the subjacent ependyma. Type II cells varied in configuration according to their location. Those residing on the choroid plexus typically had irregular somas and possessed processes that generally terminated in finger-like extensions. In contrast, cells on the ventricular floor and within the infundibular recess were stellate and possessed processes that terminated in fan-like cytoplasmic expansions. There were no differences noted in the frequency, distribution or morphology of Type II supraependymal cells in male and female animals. Furthermore, cell frequency did not appear to vary in relation to the estrous cycle. The data suggest that the pleomorphism exhibited by Type II supraependymal cells may reflect adaptations to diverse environmental conditions present within different regions of the third ventricle.
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    The intranuclear helices of Euplotes: Their substructure, localization, and apparent migration to the cytoplasm (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 81-87 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of the fine structure of the macronucleus in Euplotes eurystomus, a ciliate protozoon, during various stages of the cell division cycle has yielded new information about intranuclear helices. They are frequently observed at the periphery of chromatin bodies or next to the nuclear envelope, and they appear to be a constituent of nucleoli. The fibril that forms a helix is about 11-15 nm thick, and torus profiles of helices cut in cross section are about 35 nm in diameter. In substructure the helix is composed of a thin strand 3-5 nm thick which is coiled to form the 11-15 nm fibril; so the helix is a super-coiled structure. The intranuclear helices are present in the macronucleus throughout the cell cycle. They do not show obvious changes of relative abundance nor changes of relative localization in the nucleus, with one exception: they were never observed in the diffuse zone of replication bands. Evidence is presented indicating that nuclear helices migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores. Although the chemical composition of the Euplotes intranuclear helices is unknown, information in the literature on similar helices in Amoeba indicates that they contain RNA and not DNA. The observations on Euplotes helices are consistent with a concept of “packaged” RNA for transport to the cytoplasm.
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    Structure of the shell and tertiary membranes of eggs of softshell turtles (Trionyx spiniferus) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 131-143 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eggs of the turtle Trionyx spiniferus are rigid, calcareous spheres averaging 2.5 cm in diameter. The eggshell is morphologically very similar to avian eggshells. The outer crystalline layer is composed of roughly columnar aggregates, or shell units, of calcium carbonate in the aragonite form. Each shell unit tapers to a somewhat conical tip at its base. Interior to the crystalline layer are two tertiary egg membranes: the outer shell membrane and the inner shell membrane. The outer shell membrane is firmly attached to the inner surface of the shell, and the two membranes are in contact except at the air cell, where the inner shell membrane separates from the outer shell membrane. Both membranes are multi-layered, with the inner shell membrane exhibiting a more fibrous structure than the outer shell membrane. Numerous pores are found in the eggshell, and these generally occur at the intersection of four or more shell units.
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    Afferent and efferent components of the facial nerve in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)This work was supported by grants from the National Aeronautics and Sapace Administration: NAS 9-15213 and NSG 7441. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 245-252 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The afferent and efferent components of the facial nerve were traced within the brain stem of Rana catesbeiana, using three different neuroanatomical techniques. Primary afferent fibers could be traced to the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve and to fasciculus solitarius as far caudally as the first or second spinal segment, using silver degeneration methods. Cobalt filling of the entire nerve showed the same distribution of afferent fibers, as well as the filling of the cells within the mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal, indicating the origin of a proprioceptive component of the facial nerve. Cobalt iontophoresis and horseradish peroxidase experiments showed that the motor nucleus of the facial nerve was located just ventral to the fourth ventricle, and caudal to the motor nucleus of trigeminal. The distribution of afferent fibers to fasciculus solitarius and the spinal tract of trigeminal is similar in some respects to the distribution of afferent fibers from the trigeminal and vagal nerves in the bullfrog. The afferent fibers from the three cranial nerves are found as far caudally in the brain stem as the second spinal segment.
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    Tooth crown morphology in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 331-341 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of tooth crowns is variable inter-specifically among caecilians. Cusp number and shape, crown dimensions, and crown curvature characterize various species and have both functional and phylogenetic implications. Ichthyophis, Uraeotyphlus, Hypogeophis, and Geotrypetes have bicuspid teeth; Dermophis, Gymnopis, Caecilia, and Typhlonectes monocuspid. Crown morphology as revealed by scanning electron microscopy is associated with prey grasping and, in one case, possible specialization of prey type.
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Chemoreceptors in the cibario-pharyngeal pump of the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 7-15 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of contact chemoreceptors in the cibariopharyngeal pump of the moth Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is described. Two types of receptors designated A and B are located on the floor of the pump. Two groups of 9-12 A receptors are located in the anterior part of the pump, and two groups of two B receptors are in the posterior part of the pump. Five sensory dendrites extend to the tip of each A receptor and four to each B receptors. Available evidence indicates that these receptors are contact chemoreceptors and do not serve as mechanoreceptors. The receptors are compared to those of other insects.
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051590301
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    Changes in the fat body and oocysts during starvation and vitellogenesis in a mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.)Scientific article number A2465 and contribution number 5495 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 185-203 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When Aedes aegypti females first emerge as adults, their oocytes possess no yolk. The abdominal fat body cells contain large quantities of lipid, protein, and glycogen, and possess many free ribosomes, but have very little rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). When the females are starved for four days, their oocytes form fine lipid and protein yolk endogenously, the latter being located mainly around the nucleus. The adipocytes in these fasted mosquitoes have greatly reduced amounts of lipid, protein and glycogen and contain many cytolysosomes. Seven hours after 4-day-starved females had fed on blood, their oocytes begin filling with exogenous protein yolk at the oolemma, and lipid arises endogenously throughout the ooplasm. At this hour, the fat cells have synthesized more RER than is seen in unfed controls. Twenty-four hours post blood meal, the follicle cells have secreted discrete endochorionic plaques onto the oolemma. At this period, the adipocytes are densely filled with RER, and show for the first time many Golgi bodies and protein inclusions. They have noticeably less glycogen than at seven hours. Within 48 hours after mosquitoes have fed on blood, the endochorion forms a continuous layer around the steadily enlarging egg which is synthesizing additional protein and lipid yolk. Concurrently, the adipocytes show a greatly increased amount of glycogen and a significant reduction of RER. By the sixtieth hour after the blood meal, the follicle cells are attenuated, and the fat cells have less RER and more glycogen than at 48 hours. The nurse cells steadily decrease in size during vitellogenesis and release material onto the micropyle.
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    The timing of the onset of osteogenesis in the tibia of the embryonic chick (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 453-463 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Haematoxylin, Alcian Blue-Chlorantine Fast Red (ABCR) and the Ralis osteoid-specific stain were employed to closely follow the histogenesis of the tibia of the embryonic chick so as to provide an accurate description of the onset of ossification.An overview of the major cytological events preceding osteogenesis in the tibia was obtained from hindlimbs of embryos of H. H. (Hamburger and Hamilton, '51) stages 16-26 (2.5-5 days of incubation) stained with ABCR. A description of the cytological changes in the periosteum as it develops from the perichondrium and an analysis of the timing of the onset of osteoid deposition was obtained from the tibiae of accurately aged and staged embryos of H. H. stages 28-32 (5.5-8 days). These tibiae were stained specifically for the detection of osteoid:the freshly-secreted, unmineralized product of fully-differentiated osteoblasts. The perichondrium transformed into a bi-layered periosteum at H. H. late stage 29 (6.5 days) while osteoid was first detected adjacent to the hypertrophic cartilage of H. H. stage 30 (6.5-7 days) tibial diaphyses.These results, correlated with the immunoflourescent studies of Von der Mark et al. ('76a,b), which revealed the presence of Type I (bone-type) collagen-synthesizing cells in the perichondria of tibiae from embryos of H. H. stage 28 (5.5-6 days), demonstrated that the onset of determination of cells for osteogenesis and the cytodifferentiation of the periosteum are not temporally coupled.
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    Ultrastructure of the somatic portion of the gonads in asteroids, with emphasis on flagellated-collar cells and nutrient transportSupported by Sigma Xi Grant-in-Aid (Cornell University); Central University Research Fund and Hubbard Fund (University of New Hampshire) to C. W. Walker. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 127-161 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Somatic portions of gonads in two phanerozonian sea-stars, Ctenodiscus crispatus and Hippasteria phrygiana, were similar in all aspects of gross structure and histology seen previously in both forcipulate and spinulosan asteroids. For the first time, detailed ultrastructural observations have been made of cells and tissues that reveal several features believed to be of universal occurrence in the gonads of asteroids. These include flagellated-collar cells in the visceral peritoneum and other coelomically derived epithelia, muscular-flagellated-collar cells in the visceral peritoneum and genital coelomic (perihaemal) sinus, the digestion of collagen fibers by cells in the connective tissue layer, and the intimate relationship of the genital haemal sinus and the entire germinal epithelium.Structural and functional compartmentalization are discussed in relation to major activities of the gonad throughout the annual reproductive cycle. The distinctive ultrastructure and current generation of flagellated-collar cells found in the visceral peritoneum are analyzed relative to their role in nutrient transport to gonadal tissues. The single flagellum of each flagellated-collar cell beats in coordination with those on neighboring cells to produce extremely rapid, oriented currents of coelomic fluid. The form of beating in an individual flagellum is planar, and the resulting synchronized activity of many adjacent flagella is non-metachronal; both of these characteristic aspects of current production have, thus far, been encountered together only in the Echinodermata. Flagellated-collar cells are efficient in generating currents which mix contents of the coelomic fluid, and they can presumably supply themselves with nutrients. It is concluded that nutrients so obtained are generally not passed through the wall of the gonad to the germinal epithelium and, as a result, have little to do with nutrition of somatic and germinal cells of the germinal epithelium. Alternatively, well-developed genital portions of the haemal system of the sea-star are advanced as the major channels supplying nutrients to germinal epithelia during gametogenesis.
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    The structural organization of the pineal complex in the domestic goose (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 221-247 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The light and electron microscopic structure of the pineal complex of the domestic goose was studied. The complex is tubulofollicular but there is no direct connection between the constituent system of ducts and the third ventricle of the brain. Within the pineal, blood vessels accompanied by sympathetic nerve bundles are confined to the connective tissue. Other nerve fibers and occasional nerve cell bodies, however, do occur among the pineal cells.Three basic pineal cell types were distinguished: (1) elongate epithelial cells which are arranged around follicles and ducts and resemble degenerate photo-receptor cells; (2) intramural supportive cells which are interspersed with elongate epithelial and intramural supportive cells; and (3) small supportive cells which lie between the bases of the elongate epithelial and intramural supportive cells. The follicular structure, vascularization, presence of secretory granules, and the nature of the elongate epithelial cells indicate that the pineal complex is primarily endocrine though a possible photoreceptive function cannot be ignored. Vesicles, 100-300 and 40-100 nm wide, were found within nerves and intramural supportive cells. The larger vesicles, present in pineals collected in the night, probably contain peptidic hormones. The smaller vesicles present in both day and night samples probably contain aminergic hormones.
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    Nature and cellular origin of the adhesive coats of the lamprey egg (Petromyzon marinus)Supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Grant A0657 to D. B. McMillan. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 313-325 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cell surface coats are important in adhesion and other cellular activities. The lamprey egg possesses a surface coat that has been divided into two morphologically and functionally distinct regions. The amorphous apical tuft forms a cap over the animal pole, while the elaborately-textured adhesive coat covers the ventral two-thirds of the egg. This latter area is composed of saccules that form rosettes over the egg surface and is derived from the remains of specialized follicular cells which break down during ovulation. The adhesive qualities of these coats may be inhibited or abolished by various proteins and sulphydryl-blocking agents, thereby implicating, as a possible source of this adhesion, classes of acid and sulphated glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans which occur on the egg surface.
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    The wrist joint of two-toed sloths and its relevance to brachiating adaptations in the hominoidea (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 413-424 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two-toed sloths have evolved a wrist complex that includes the following traits: (1) diminution and distal migration of the pisiform, with a loss of contact with the ulna; (2) reduction of the distal end of the ulna to a styloid process; and (3) extremely reduced contact between the ulna and triquetrum. These traits were proposed by Lewis ('65, '74) to be indicative of brachiating habits and to be a unique adaptation of the Hominoidea. Cartmill and Milton ('77) recently found a similar complex in the wrists of the lorisines. Very similar adaptations of the wrist among the Hominoidea, lorisines, and two-toed sloths clearly refute contentions of Lewis and strengthen the hypothesis of Cartmill and Milton that the traits common to those animals are due to similar slow, cautious, but acrobatic locomotion.
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    Effects of germanium on the morphology of silica deposition in a freshwater sponge (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 343-353 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of germanium on the secretion of siliceous spicules by the freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris was investigated by exposing germinating and hatching gemmules to varying concentrations of germanium (Ge) in the presence of silicon (Si). Results were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively and demonstrate that a [Ge]/[Si] (= molar ratio) of 1.0 completely inhibits silicon deposition. Intermediate ratios (0.5, 0.1, 0.01) which are permissive to spicule appearance result in fewer, shorter, and thinner spicules, in proportionately fewer microscleres, and in short bulbous megascleres. The size of the bulb increases with increasing [Ge]/[Si], while the length of the bulbous megascleres decreases with increasing [Ge]/[Si]. Microscleres do not demonstrate these graded responses suggesting that they are secreted in an all or none manner. Swellings produced in pond water and bulbs produced in germanium appear to decrease in size with time indicating a spreading of the accumulated silica. The effect of germanium on spicule secretion can be partially explained by its ability to uncouple the growth in length of the axial filament from the growth of the surrounding silicalemma. Under these conditions excess silicalemma is produced in which silica accumulates as bulbs in short spicules. Continuous exposure to Ge is necessary to produce this altered morphology. It is conjectured that the bulbs may be retained due to an inhibition of spreading. which in turn may be caused by the incorporation of germanium into the silica.
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    Partial regeneration of the above-elbow amputated rat forelimb. I. Innate responsesSupported by the Veterans Administration Medical Research Program, Project Number 7004-04 and a Medical Investigatorship Award to P.P. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 427-437 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Although a number of recent studies describe the facilitation of limb regeneration by electrical and other forms of stimulation, little is known of innate regenerative capacity in the mammalian limb. The present report describes spontaneous regenerative responses following subtotal forelimb amputation in the young white rat. In one group of animals the forelimb was amputated through the lower humerus and the skin sutured closed. In a second group, adjacent muscle tissue still attached to bone at its origin(s) was interposed between the cut surface of the humerus and the skin. Among animals of the first group (skin closure only) bone growth and limb regenerative responses were generally not observed. Animals of the second group displayed significant elaborations of cartilage and bone at the limb terminus. The appearance and subsequent modification of these tissues suggest that some capacity for limb regeneration exists innately in the young rat and can be more readily evoked than has been recognized heretofore. It is concluded that extant and forthcoming reports of electrically stimulated skeletal tissue growth, repair and regeneration among eutherial mammals should be examined to determine whether reported responses to stimulation represent advances beyond what might be expected from innate replacement processes alone.
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    Establishment of a rat hepatoma cell line which has ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity and grows continuously in arginine-deprived medium (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The epithelial cell line, H4-II-E derived from Reuber hepatoma H35 has no significant activity of ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT, EC 2.1.3.3) and is not able to grow in arginine-deprived medium.A multi-step selection procedure is described which selects from H4-II-E populations, cells with OCT activity which can grow in arginine-deficient, ornithine-supplemented media.
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    Requirements for RNA and protein synthesis in the induction of several differentiation-markers in a myeloid leukemia cell line (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 167-175 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a myeloid leukemia cell line, the inducibilities of the Fc receptor, phagocytosis and cell motility were compared. Thymidine analogues such as BUdR, BCdR and IUdR blocked the induction of phagocytosis and motility but not induction of the Fc receptor. This BUdR susceptibility in the induction of phagocytosis and motility was lost in a BUdR resistant line which was isolated for its growth capability in a high concentration of BUdR. Actinomycin D and puromycin brought about a marked decrease in the inducibility of phagocytosis but not in that of the Fc receptor.This led us to the following conclusion: There is a genetic control in the inducibility of phagocytosis and motility in this cell line, and the incorporation of BUdR into cellular DNA results in the DNA becoming unresponsive to a differentiation-stimulating factor. In contrast, gene activation does not seem to be necessary for induction of the Fc receptor.The order of induction of several differentiation markers was also discussed.
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    The initiation and elongation steps in protein synthesis: Relative rates in chinese hamster ovary cells during and after hyperthermic and hypothermic shocks (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 185-192 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relative rates of the initiation and elongation phases of protein synthesis have been determined in heat- and cold-shocked CHO cells from measurements of the incorporation of 35S-methionine into N-terminal and internal positions of growing peptides by a modified Edman degradation. When the cells are shifted from 37°C to temperatures between 10°C and 34°C, the rate of initiation is at first reduced more extensively than that of elongation. After 20 to 30 minutes at the lower temperature, however, the cells undergo a metabolic adjustment which includes increasing the rate of initiation until it corresponds to the rate of elongation at that temperature. Calculated apparent energies of activation for initiation and elongation are in reasonable agreement with those determined in other mammalian cells. When the cooled cells are returned to 37°C, the rates of initiation and elongation recover immediately but do not exceed the control values. Exposure to elevated temperature (43°C) causes an immediate cessation of initiation and thus a delayed inhibition of elongation; upon return to 37°C, the rate of initiation is transiently elevated above the control rate, and the rate of elongation returns to the control rate after a 2- to 3-minute delay. Hence, a factor which leads to supranormal rates of initiation may accumulate at high but not at low temperatures.
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    Patterns of peptide synthesis in senescent and presenescent human fibroblastsThis work was supported by Grant PCM 76-80500 from the National Science Foundation. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Peptide production in senescent and presenescent human foreskin fibroblasts was measured using 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This procedure permits the visualization of a cohort of the major peptides being produced. Among this cohort of over 500 peptides only two were found to differ in relative amount in that more was being produced in senescent cells. This difference was confirmed by measurements of the relative intensity of the peptide spot. This difference was senescent cell-specific and not due to the differences in rate of growth of senescent and non-senescent cells.
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    Evidence for a high molecular weight factor(s) in serum which increases alkaline phosphatase specific activity in HeLa (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 213-224 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HeLa (substrain Ho) grown in serum free medium showed an increase in the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase when fetal calf serum (10%) was added to the medium (9.7 nmoles/sec/mg protein to 86.8). Under the same conditions, eight intracellular enzymes showed no increase in activity. Similar results were obtained using a different serum or medium, and with a second strain of HeLa (substrain ATC).For a given set of growth conditions, the effect of serum was dependent on its concentration and required one or more culture generations to develop. The type of isozyme expressed did not change. Neither zinc nor a total serum lipid extract would substitute for serum. The enzyme expressed by HeLaHo was not induced by prednisolone, while that in HeLaATC was. However, for cells grown in excess prednisolone without serum, the specific activity was 25% of that found for cells grown with prednisolone and serum. Cortexolone, an antagonist of prednisolone, was without effect for HeLaHo grown in A3 medium with or without serum.The serum factor had the following characteristics. It was not lost on dialysis, treatment with DNase and RNase, or removal of lipoproteins. It was reduced after heating by 65% and after treatment with Pronase by 82%.The data are interpreted to indicate the presence of a factor (s) in serum, probably a protein, which is involved in stimulating alkaline phosphatase specific activity.
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    Elevation of HeLa cell 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase activity by glucocorticoids: Possible relationship to the cell cycle (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 199-211 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Elevation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) activity by glucocorticoids was shown to be dependent on the concentration of hormone in the medium over a range of 5 × 10-10 to 1 × 10-8 M, although the presence of steroid in the assay at 10-5 M elicited no increase in activity. There was a demonstrated time dependence for the addition of dexamethasone i.e., from zero to six hours after serum removal, addition of hormone resulted in the same peak activity; addition at 12 hours gave slight elevation but resulted in an extended maintenance of the peak level of activity; addition at 24 hours showed no effect. When cycloheximide was added at the above times, subsequent kinetics showed identical decay of the enzyme activities from control and treated cultures at 6 and 24 hours, but at 12 hours the activity from dexamethasone treated cells exhibited an extended lag before the onset of decay, which then proceeded at the same rate as the control. The continuous presence of the hormone was not necessary for the induction to continue and the addition of Actinomycin D to cultures incubated in the presence of hormone resulted in an immediate decay of catalytic activity without evidence of “superinduction”. The addition of progesterone at the same time as dexamethasone resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of the augmentation, suggesting the involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor in the aug-mentation, suggesting the involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor in the elevation of HMG-CoA reductase activity. Flow microfluorometric (FMF) analysis of hormone treated cells indicated a delayed entrance into the DNA synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle. The temporal relationships between this cell cycle perturbation and HMG-CoA reductase elevation are discussed.
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    Sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity of human lymphocyte membrane vesicles: Kinetic parameters, substrate specificity, and effects of phytohemagglutinin (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 100 (1979), S. 109-117 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have prepared human blood lymphocyte membrane vesicles of high purity in sufficient quantity for detailed enzyme analysis. This was made possible by the use of plateletpheresis residues, which contain human lymphocytes in amounts equivalent to thousands of milliliters of blood.The substrate specificity and the kinetics of the cofactor and substrate requirements of the human lymphocyte membrane Na+, K+-ATPase activity were characterized. The Na+, K+-ATPase did not hydrolyze ADP, AMP, ITP, UTP, GTP or TTP. The mean ATPase stimulated by iptimal concentrations of Na+ and K+ (Na+, K+-ATPase) was 1.5 nmol of Pi hydrolyzed, μ g protein-1, 30 min-1 (range 0.9-2.1). This activity was completely inhibited by the cardiac glycoside, ouabain. The Km for K+ was approximately 1.0 mM and the Km for Na+ was approximately 15 mM.Active Na+ and K+ transport and ouabain-sensitive ATP production increase when lymphocytes are stimulated by PHA. Na+, K+-ATPase activity must increase also to transduce energy for the transport of Na+ and K+. Some studies have reported that PHA stimulates the lymphocyte membrane ATPase directly. We did not observe stimulation of the membrane Na+, K+-ATPase when either lymphocytes or lymphocyte membranes were treated with mitogenic concentrations of PHA. Moreover, PHA did not enhance the reaction velocity of the Na+, K+-ATPase when studied at the Km for ATP, Na+, K+ or Mg++, indicating that it does not alter the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate or cofactors. Thus, our data indicate that the increase in ATPase activity does not occur as a direct result of PHA action on the cell membrane.
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    Regulation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor activity during the modulation of protein synthesis (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 101-106 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The capacity of cultured human fibroblasts to bind 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor (EGF) was measured during protein synthesis inhibition and reinitiation. Protein synthesis was inhibited by incubation of human fibroblasts in histidine-free medium supplemented with L-histidinol to produce a stringent amino acid starvation. Under these conditions 125I-EGF binding activity decreased with a half-life of 14.5 hours. Protein synthesis could be rapidly reinitiated by the addition of L-histidine to human fibroblasts which had been preincubated in histidinol containing media for 36 to 48 hours. 125I-EGF binding activity rapidly increased upon the reinitiation of protein synthesis. In the presence of serum 100% of the original binding capacity was recovered ten hours after the renitiation of protein synthesis, while 70% of the binding capacity was recovered in 12 hours in serum-free media. The recovery of 125I-EGF binding activity after the reinitiation of protein synthesis, was not blocked by the presence of Actinomycin D, indicating that the messenger RNA for the EGF receptor may accumulate during the period of histidinol-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis. The time course of recovery of 125I-EGF binding activity after the reinitiation of protein synthesis is very similar to that observed during the recovery of receptor activity following “down regulation” of EGF receptor activity. Recovery from down regulation, however, was markedly sensitive to Actinomycin D.
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    Ultrastructural localization of wheat germ agglutininbinding sites on surfaces of chick embryo cells during early differentiation (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 107-123 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The objective of this work was to examine changes in a surface component of cells from the chick embryo during morphogenetic migrations of gastrulation. Two electron microscope techniques were used to localize cell-bound wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), a lectin which specifically binds N-acetyl glucosamine residues. One technique involved conjugation of peroxidase to WGA before reaction with the cells; the other technique used glucose oxidase to mark WGA which was already cell-bound. In both cases, binding was revealed using diaminobenzidine. Before formation of the primitive streak, all surfaces of the two-layered embryo bound WGA. After migration of cells through the streak, to form the three-layered embryo, not all cell surfaces bound WGA equally. Epiblast cells generally bound WGA lateral to the primitive streak but not during passage through the streak. Mesenchyme cells, after passage through the streak, bound WGA increasingly as they migrated away from the streak. A WGA-binding matrix was observed in the vicinity of the mesenchyme cells and on the dorsal surface of the endoblast. The ventral surface of the endoblast bound the lectin very poorly. In some instances, a peroxidase reaction product was consistently seen on certain surfaces which was not removable by addition of the simple hapten N-acetyl glucosamine. In these cases, the density of the deposit was lessened by use of diacetyl chitobiose as a hapten. This result, together with the reduction of reaction product following certain hyaluronidase treatments, suggests that WGA may be binding to hyaluronic acid as well as membrane glycoproteins.
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    Enhanced sterol synthesis in concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes: Correlation with phospholipid synthesis and DNA synthesis (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 100 (1979), S. 147-157 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Incorporation of (14C)choline and (3H)myo-inositol into the total lipid fraction, incorporation of (14C)acetate into the sterol fraction and incorporation of (3H)thymidine into DNA were studied in human lymphocyte cultures. Concanavalin A induced an increase in the incorporation of these labels with the following features: (a) Phospholipid synthesis was increased promptly. The lag time for the increase in sterol synthesis and DNA synthesis were 5 hours and 27 hours respectively; (b) The increase in phospholipid synthesis and sterol synthesis was proportional to ConA concentration initially. Cells treated with a high concentration of ConA showed very low levels of DNA synthesis; (c) The increase in phospholipid synthesis could be abolished immediately by α-Methyl-Mannoside. α-Methyl-Mannoside blunted but did not abolish the increase in sterol synthesis. α-Methyl-Mannoside enhanced DNA synthesis of those cells which had been treated by a high concentration of ConA; and (d) Selective inhibition of sterol synthesis with 25-hydroxycholesterol did not prevent the increase in phospholipid synthesis, but it blocked the increase in DNA synthesis. Supplement of LDL, HDL or total lipoproteins to lymphocyte cultures was effective in preventing the inhibition of DNA synthesis by 25-hydroxycholesterol. These results suggest that in lymphocyte activation by ConA phospholipid synthesis, sterol synthesis and DNA synthesis were sequentially increased. The rate of cellular commitment to mitogenesis was proportional to ConA concentrations. High concentrations of ConA arrested the cell growth at a postcommitment point in the G1 phase. Enhanced phospholipid synthesis was a precommitment event. Enhanced sterol synthesis was a postcommitment event and reflected the requirement of an increased cholesterol supply for the passage of cell growth through G1.
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    The effect of homologous localanesthetics of the 4-alkoxy- and 4-alkylamino-benzoicacid-diethylamino-ethylester-hydrochloride-series on the glucose transport in human erythrocytes (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 100 (1979), S. 169-174 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The homologous compounds of the 4-alkoxy- and 4-alkylamino-series inhibit the exchange transport of glucose in human erythrocytes; they show a competitive inhibition with one or two inhibitor molecules which become bound to a singular site of the transport system for glucose. The importance of length of hydrocarbon chain of the localanesthetics for the mode of their action is discussed.
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    Regulation of surface antigen expression in Paramecium primaurelia. II. Role of the surface antigen itself (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 383-393 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the wild-type strains, 156 and 168, of Paramecium primaurelia, the alleles G156 and G168 expressed at medium temperature specify two immunologically distinguishable surface antigens 156G and 168G, whose phenotypic expression shows allelic exclusion, the majority of heterozygotes being phenotypically [156G] while a small minority is phenotypically [156G-168G]. At high temperature, the antigens coded by another locus, generally the D locus, are expressed. This system, displaying both intergenic and interallelic exclusion, provides favourable material to analyze the respective roles of the genome, of the antigens expressed and of the environmental conditions, in particular temperature, on the regulation of the expression of surface antigens.This analysis was carried out by studying the variations of the expression of surface antigens as a function of temperature, culture medium and previously expressed antigens in different genetic situations (a) in homozygotes: the wild-type strains 156 and 168, and the isogenized strains “G156 isogenic 168” carrying the G156 allele in a 168 genetic background; (b) in heterozygotes of the two phenotypic classes of heterozygotes, [156G] and [156G-168G]. The results show that (1) the thermal stability of the expression of a given surface antigen and its rate of re-appearance at the cell surface depend on its own specificity: (2) in heterozygotes [156G-168G], the stability of the expression of the antigen 156G is modified and “adjusted” to that of the less stable surface antigen 168G, and (3) the surface antigen itself exerts a positive control on the maintenance of its own expression.An interpretative model of “transmembranous control” is proposed to account for the regulation of the expression of surface antigens in Paramecium.
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    Early decrease of 2-deoxy glucose and α-amino isobutyric acid transport are among the first events in differentiating synchronized murine erythroleukemia cellsPart of this work was performed while the author was a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Dr. Paul A. Marks, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 407-416 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Murine erythroleukemic cells were induced to differentiate along the erythroid pathway by Me2SO and HMBA. These inducers caused an early decrease in the transport of glucose and amino acids, both in non-synchronized and in synchronized cultures. Careful analysis of the transport parameters in synchronized cultures showed a cyclic fluctuation of the Vmax but no significant change of the Km. In the presence of the inducers, however, a modification of the Km and Vmax of both carriers was observed which was not dependent on cell cycle. This modification is very early and precedes the transient arrest of the cells in G1 reported previously. In addition, a Me2SO-resistant cell line (DR10) does not show any changes in the transport of glucose and amino acids when incubated with Me2SO. However, there is an effect on the transport when incubated with HMBA which induces differentiation of 50% of the cells.These data support the hypothesis that an early effect of the inducers on the plasma membrane may be a necessary prerequisite for initiation of differentiation in murine erythroleukemic cells.
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    Pyridine nucleotide synthesis in 3T3 cells (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 417-425 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The biosynthesis of NAD has been examined in 3T3 cells. The net synthesis of pyridine nucleotides does not occur when cells are cultured in the absence of performed pyridine ring compounds; however, growth continues normally for up to four cell doublings resulting in cells with a total pyridine nucleotide content that is reduced by as much as 12-fold. The mechanism that adjust the relative amounts of NADP and NAD are also altered such that the amount of NADP relative to NAD increases 5-fold. Both nicotinate and nicotinamide can be used as a precursor for NAD biosynthesis, however nicotinate is utilized less efficiently than nicotinamide. The presence of functional pathways for the biosynthesis of NAD from nicotinate via nicotinate mononucleotide and nicotinate adenine dinucleotide and from nicotinamide via nicotinamide mononucleotide has been demonstrated by identification of biosynthetic intermediates following short term exposure of cells to radiolabelled precursors. When cells are grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium which contains 33 μM nicotinamide the biosynthesis of NAD proceeds by a single pathway with nicotinamide mononucleotide as the only intermediate. Nicotinamide ribonucleoside which previously has been postulated to be an intermediate in the conversion of nicotinamide to NAD is not an intermediate in NAD biosynthesis.
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    Interactions between purified GM-CSF, purified erythropoietin and spleen conditioned medium on hempoietic colony formation in vitroThis work was supported by the Carden Fellowship Fund of the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria, the National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra and the National Cancer Institute, Washington, Contract No. NOIC74148. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 159-174 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Preincubation of C57BL adult marrow cells or CBA fetal liver cells with a 250-fold excess concentration of purified GM-CSF failed to reduce the frequency of cells forming eosinophil, megakaryocyte or erythroid colonies in subsequent agar cultures. When excess concentrations of purified GM-CSF were added to agar cultures stimulated by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen conditioned medium (SCM), no reduction was observed in the frequency of eosinophil, megakaryocyte or erythroid colonies. Addition of 4 units of purified erythropoietin (EPO) to cultures of fetal liver or adult marrow cells stimulated by SCM increased the number of erythroid colonies but did not reduce the number of non-erythroid colonies or the non-erythroid content of mixed erythroid colonies.Although neither GM-CSF nor EPO alone was able to stimulate erythroid colony formation in agar cultures of fetal liver cells, small numbers of large erythroid colonies were stimulated to develop in cultures containing both purified regulators. Purified GM-CSF was also able to support the survival in vitro of a small proportion of erythroid colony-forming cells in fetal liver populations cultured initially in the absence of SCM and the survival of some eosinophil and megakaryocyte colony-forming cells in similar cultures of adult marrow cells.The results do not support the hypothesis that GM-CSF and EPO compete for a common pool of uncommitted progenitor cells. On the contrary, the data indicate that GM-CSF and EPO are able to collaborate in stimulating the proliferation of some erythropoietic cells. Furthermore, purified GM-CSF appears to be able to support temporarily the survival and/or initial proliferation of at least some cells forming erythroid, eosinophil and megakaryocyte colonies, even though GM-CSF is unable to stimulate the formation of colonies of these types.
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    The effects of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin on morphology, viability, and macromolecular synthesis in vero cells (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 191-199 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Vero (African green monkey kidney) cells grown in tissue culture monolayer were sensitive to Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Within 30 minutes of exposure to the enterotoxin gross morphological damage was observed and within 40 minutes approximately 75% of the cells had detached. Nearly half of the cells were nonviable following 35 to 40 minutes incubation with the enterotoxin. Doses as low as 0.1 ng caused small but detectable inhibition of plating efficiency of the cells while more than 100 ng caused the inhibition to approach 100%. Total inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis occurred within 30 minutes exposure to enterotoxin. Heat inactivated enterotoxin had no apparent effects upon cellular morphology, detachment, viability, plating efficiency, or incorporation. We propose that the enterotoxin induces structural damage to the cytoplasmic membrane which results in loss of electrolytes and other essential substances from the cells. The outcome of this process is shut down of macromolecular synthesis, gross morphological damage, and eventual death of the cell.
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    Sulfated mucopolysaccharides from normal and virus transformed rodent fibroblastsAided by grants from FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo á Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo), FINEP (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos) and C.N.R., Rome, Italy. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 201-206 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sulfated mucopolysaccharide composition of normal and virus transformed Balb 3T3 and BHK21 cell lines is reported. It is shown that normal 3T3 cells contain mainly chondroitin sulfate B and heparitin sulfate. Relatively higher amounts of chondroitin sulface AC were observed in polyoma virus transformed 3T3 cells, besides an absolute increase of all the three sulfated mucopolysaccharides in the polyoma and SV 40 transformed cells. It is shown also that the three sulfated mucopolysaccharides are at least in part at the cell surface. Similar differences in sulfated mucopolysaccharide composition of normal and virus transformed BHK cell lines were also observed.
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    Electrophysiology of differentiating mouse spermatozoa (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 223-231 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphological aspects of spermatogenesis are well described in many mammalian species, but functional changes are not completely understood. Electrophysiological parameters were investigated in primary spermatocytes and early and late spermatids isolated from the seminiferous tubules of the mouse. Substantial changes were not detected in membrane potential between different developmental stages. Membrane potential was dependent on both potassium and sodium ion concentration gradients, but not on chloride gradients. The ratio of the permeabilities PNa/PK varied according to the extracellular concentrations of sodium and potassium. Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of Na+, K+-activated ATPase, produced a maximal reduction in membrane potential of 20% Comparisons were drawn between differentiating germ cells and previously determined properties of mature spermatozoa.
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    Regulation of DNA replication by serum and the transforming function in cultured rat fibroblasts transformed by Rous sarcoma virus (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 207-216 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The onset and rate of semiconservative DNA replication were measured in stimulated cultured rat fibroblasts and their Rous sarcoma virus-transformed derivatives after a period of serum deprivation. Rat-1 (tsLA24/RSV) cells initiated DNA synthesis following a shift to the permissive temperature or addition of serum at the non-permissive temperature. Their rate of DNA replication was unaffected by the presence of serum at the permissive temperature, however, there was a serum requirement at the non-permissive temperature. The transition probability was less at the permissive temperature, independent of serum, than at the non-permissive temperature in the presence of serum. The amount of DNA induced to replicate by addition of serum at the non-permissive temperature or by a shift to the permissive temperature was similar. Using the untransformed Rat-1 cells and these cells transformed by wild-type RSV (Rat-1 (wt/RSV)), it was confirmed that the rate of entry into S phase (transition probability) was always lower in the transformed cell line at both 39° and 35°. In both cell lines the rate of DNA replication was independent of temperature, but the onset was delayed at the lower temperature. These results indicate that in the cell lines examined, (1) serum was able to commit the cells to replicate DNA (alter the transition probability) in both transformed and untransformed cells, but the transforming function was able to supplant a serum-dependent process during G1 necessary for the initiation of DNA replication, and (2) the effects of the transforming function and serum factor(s) on the alteration of the transition probability are not additive, suggesting that the transforming function initiates a process which acts at the level of the commitment to DNA replication which may render the normal serum-related control mechanisms ineffective in the regulation of growth.
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    Erythroid and granulocytic colony growth in cultures supplemented with human serum lipoproteins (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 233-238 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ability of human serum to support erythroid an dgranulocytic colony formation has been investigated. It was found that normal human serum could replace fetal calf serum in the cultures and was able to support the growth of these hemopoietic colonies. Serum fractions enriched for low density lipoproteins, either by precipitation with Heparin-Mn++ or by ultra-centrifugation, was found to contain this growth supporting activity of human serum.
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    Pyrimidine nucleoside, pseudouridine, and modified nucleoside excretion by growing and resting fibroblastsResearch sponsored by the Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research, U.S. Department of Energy, under contract W-7405-eng-26 with the Union Carbide Corporation.By acceptance of this article, the publisher or recipient acknowledges the right of the U.S. Government to retain a nonexclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering the article. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979), S. 217-222 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We are examining the relationship of RNA metabolism and de novo pyrimidine synthesis as parameters of malignant transformation. These initial experiments on normal hamster embryo fibroblasts have shown that excreted nucleosides are markers for intracellular RNA metabolism. We employed affinity chromatography to concentrate the nucleosides in the medium and sensitive column chromatographic procedures to quantitatively measure them. The excretion of pyrimidine nucleoside from hamster embryo fibroblasts in culture was found to be dependent on the growth stage of the cells, with the greatest accumulation occurring during cell quiescence. The major nucleoside excretion products, uridine and cytidine, were both normal end products of RNA metabolism and the major nucleoside excretion products from cultured cells. The modified nucleosides N-1-methylguanosine, N-2-methylguanosine, N-2-dimethylguanosine, N-4-acetylcytidine, N-1-methylinosine, pseudouridine, N-1-methyladenosine, N-3-methylcytidine, and 5-methylcytidine were found, as were several unidentified nucleosides.
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 99 (1979) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Coordinate control of balb/c3T3 cell survival and multiplication by serum or calcium pyrophosphate complexes (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 81-94 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Balb/c3T3 cells in crowded cultures detach from the dish when deprived of serum, and the survivors incorporate 3H-thymidine at a reduced rate. The detachment becomes pronounced two hours after removal of serum, and reaches its maximum rate between two and four hours. Cells in sparse culture are not detached by serum removal, and their rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation is only slightly reduced. As the sparse cultures grow into more crowded cultures, and the serum is depleted, increasing numbers detach. The detached cells are incapable of reattaching when placed in a new dish with ample fresh serum. The cells are leaky to cellular constituents and appear to be dead. Detachment is a consequence rather than the cause of cell death, and can be produced by agents which inhibit cellular energy metabolism. The cells on the dish which survive serum deprivation are fully viable and grow rapidly when serum is added. When they become crowded they are as sensitive to serum deprivation as was the original population. They are therefore not selected for a low serum requirement but apparently survive because they spread into the space vacated by the detaching cells and then behave as sparse cultures in response to serum variations. Insoluble complexes of Ca2+ and pyrophosphate (Ca2+-PPi) show the same concentration dependence in promoting cell survival as in stimulating 3H-thymidine incorporation, showing that a single substance can be responsible for both activities. It is concluded that survival and growth are part of the coordinate response of 3T3 cells to single external effectors. The results are discussed in terms of a simple model in which the coordinate response is regulated by the availability of Mg2+ for transphosphorylation reactions within the cell, and the availability depends on the binding affinity of cellular membranes for Mg2+. The difference between survival and multiplication is postulated to be in the intensity and duration rather than the kind of stimulus.
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    Rate of potassium-sodium exchange by human lymphocytes: Prediction of the cooperative adsorption model (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 107-112 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The equilibrium parameters of potassium-sodium distribution in human lymphocytes, determined experimentally in the preceding study (Negendank and Shaller, '79), were incorporated into a stochastic treatment of the cooperative adsorption model in order to predict the kinetics of “active” potassium-sodium exchange. The rate of uptake of potassium, in potassium-depleted, sodium-loaded cells, is complex and deviates markedly from simple exponential functions. The sigmoid form of the exchange data closely followed the predicted curve. This result enhances one's confidence in the usefulness and applicability of the cooperative adsorption model, and adds further support to the association-induction hypothesis as a coherent theory of cell physiology.
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    Tuftsin-macrophage interaction: Specific binding and augmentation of phagocytosis (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 100 (1979), S. 55-62 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The binding of [3H]tuftsin to normal and in vivo stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophage populations was studied at 22°C. The [3H]tuftsin binding to thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages was shown to be rapid and saturable, with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) (calculated from a Scatchard plot) of 5.3 × 10-8 M. The calculated number of binding sites per macrophage amounts to approximately 72,000. Binding competition studies with unlabelled tuftsin yielded a KD of 5.0 × 10-8 M. [3H] [N-Acetyl-Thr1]tuftsin, an inactive analog of tuftsin, failed to bind specifically to thioglycollatestimulated macrophages. [N-Acetyl-Thr1]tuftsin and the tripeptide [Des-Arg4]tuftsin failed to compete for tuftsin binding sites, while [D-Arg4]tuftsin, an analog with small tuftsin-like activity, exhibited a low degree of inhibition of [3H]tuftsin binding. Thus a rather high degree of specificity is involved in the binding of the tetrapeptide.Normal as well as six different macrophage populations induced by stimulation with thioglycollate, concanavalin-A, starch, mineral oil, glucan and Bacillus Calmette Guerrin (BCG), exhibited a similar degree of binding of [3H]tuftsin. Corynebacterium parvum (CP)-stimulated macrophages, on the other hand, showed a 6- to 10-fold-lower capacity for tuftsin binding.See Note added in proof on p. 62. Under similar experimental conditions, mouse fibroblast and lymphocyte preparations revealed no detectable specific binding.Tuftsin augmented the phagocytic response of normal and stimulated macrophages assessed both for phagocytosis mediated via the Fc-receptor and via non-specific receptors. CP-stimulated macrophages did not exhibit an increased phagocytic response upon treatment with tuftsin.
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    Erythropoietin responses and physical characterization of erythroid progenitor cells in rauscher virus infected BALB/c mice (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 100 (1979), S. 77-86 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Infection of BALB/c mice with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) gives rise to pronounced erythrocytopoiesis manifesting in splenomegaly and is associated with progressive development of anemia. In the spleen erythroid colony forming units (CFU-E) increase exponentially up to 800-fold that of normal levels by the third week of infection. In vitro these CFU-E are dependent on erythropoietin for colony formation, their erythropoietin requirements being higher than that of CFU-E from normal mice. Numbers of CFU-E in spleen and degree of splenomegaly in anemic RLV infected mice were also shown to be modified by red blood cell transfusion, but progression of the disease was not stopped. Erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E) were also responsive to erythropoietin. However, a small proportion of cells also formed BFU-E colonies at concentrations which did not support growth of normal marrow BFU-E.When compared to normal, CFU-E found in RLV-infected spleen have similar velocity sedimentation rates. However, buoyant density separation of leukemic spleen cells indicated that CFU-E were more homogeneous (modal density 1.0695 g/cm3) than CFU-E from normal spleen. Analysis of physical properties of CFU-E and the nonhemoglobinized erythroblast-like cells, which accumulate in the spleen showed that they differed mainly in their distribution of cell diameter.Our findings show that erythroid progenitor cells in RLV infected mice are responsive to erythropoietin in vitro. Also in vivo erythropoiesis appears to be under control of erythropoietin but other factors which lead to progression of RLV disease apparently exist. Most proerythroblast-like cells, which are characteristic of this disease, apparently lack the potential to form colonies and may be more mature than CFU-E.
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    Long acting cAMP analogues enhance sulfate incorporation into matrix proteoglycans and suppress cell division of fetal rat chondrocytes in monolayer cultureSupported by NIH Research Grant AM16930 from the Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Disease and a grant from the Human growth foundaction.Presented, in part, at the 7th Annual ICN-UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Transmembrane Signaling, and published, in part, as an abstract, J. Supramolecular Structure, Suppl. 2, 1978. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 100 (1979), S. 63-76 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationship between replication and the synthesis of matrix sulfated proteoglycans was investigated with fetal rat chondrocytes grown in monolayer culture. The effect of N6 O2′ dibutyryl adenosine 3′, 5′ cyclic monophosphate (DBcAMP), adenosine 3′, 5′ cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), 8 Bromo adenosine 3′, 5′ cyclic monophosphate (8 Br-cAMP), sodium butyrate and hydroxyurea was examined. Between 0.05 and 0.5 mM DBcAMP, a dose related inhibition of cell division and stimulation of [35SO4=] incorporation into matrix proteoglycans was demonstrated. At the higher concentrations of DBcAMP, cell division was completely inhibited and the enhancement of [35SO4=] incorporation into matrix proteoglycans ranged between 40 and 120% (P 〈 0.01). Utilizing 14C-glucosamine and photometric determination of proteoglycans with Alcian Blue, it was demonstrated that the increase in sulfate incorporation reflected enhanced accumulation of extracellular matrix. The effects of DBcAMP were mimickled by 8 Br-cAMP, suggesting they were mediated by the adenylyl cyclase system. cAMP (0.05-0.5 mM), sodium butyrate (0.1-0.5 mM) and hydroxyurea (0.5-5 mM) partially or fully inhibited cell division, but either failed or only slightly enhanced sulfate incorporation. The enhanced sulfated proteoglycan deposition promoted by DBcAMP began 8 to 12 hours after serum stimulation, its onset occurred prior to thymidine incorporation and the effect persisted for 28 hours. Determination of cell volume demonstrated an increase in size of DBcAMP treated chondrocytes between 8 and 12 hours, coincident with the onset of increased sulfate incorporation. These results are consistent with a model where matrix sulfated proteoglycan deposition by chondrocytes is mediated by intracellular cAMP levels and occurs in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
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    Bromodeoxyuridine-induced reversion of transformed characteristics in BHK21 cells: Changes at the plasma membrane level (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 100 (1979), S. 95-107 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When BHK21 cells transformed by hamster sarcoma virus aregrown in the presence of 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdr), several in vitro properties of the transformed cells such as morphology, adhesiveness, and alignment, revert towards a state close to that of untransformed cells. We have studied plasma membrane changes associated with this phenotypic reversion by several different biochemical methods. Reversion is accompanied by a reappearance of Fibronectin, an increase in a membrane-associated protein of M. W. 195,000, a decrease in glycosylation and exposure of a glycoprotein M. W. 100,000 which is increased in transformed cells and a decrease in Con A-agglutinability. On the other hand, several membrane changes associated with malignant transformation namely, the increase in an integral membrane protein M. W. 177,000, the higher rate of hexose uptake, the increase in high molecular weight surface glycopeptides and, to some extent, the increase in the density of intramembrnous particles, did not revert under BUdr treatment. Thus, membrane properties of transformed cells may be dissociated into two main groups by BUdr treatment. In addition, the exposure and glycosylation of a growth-regulated membrane protein M. W. 160,000 was highly sensitive to BUdr.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041000110
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    Early inhibition of phospholipid synthesis in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treated friend erythroleukemia (FL) cells (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 101 (1979), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Phosphate metabolism in Friend erythroleukemia cells undergoing DMSO-induced differentiation was studied. Thirty minutes after the cells were exposed to DMSO in medium at pH 7, an inhibition of 39% in the incorporation of phosphate into phospholipids was observed. This decrease was not due to a change in the precursor pools since phosphate uptake and the phosphorylation of the organic soluble compounds were only inhibited 13%.Inhibition of phospholipid synthesis preceded inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis and reached a maximum after 24 hours of DMSO treatment. At this time, the phospholipid content of the cells was also decreased as compared to that of the control untreated cells. Phospholipid synthesis remained at a level significantly lower than in the controls over the 4-day observation period, at which time 85% of the treated cells were benzidine positive.Separation of the different phospholipids by chromatography on thin layer silicate gel plates showed that, after one hour of DMSO treatment, more than 80% of the radioactivity was in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Phosphatidylethanolamine was the most inhibited. Incorporation of inositol into phospholipid was also significantly decreased. However, there was little variation in the phospholipid composition of the treated and non-treated cells other than a decrease in the percent of sphingomyelin after 48 hours of DMSO treatment.These changes in phospholipid metabolism may initiate the first step in the complex differentiation process. The phospholipids are important components of membranes and the inducers are known to influence their fluidity.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041010105
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    Trace element uptake by L-cells as a function of trace elements in a synthetic growth medium (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 101 (1979), S. 57-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The concentration of trace elements in L-cells has been studied as a function of the trace metal content of the growth medium. Cells were cultured in synthetic media which contained varying trace amounts of the elements manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc and molybdenum. The cellular concentration of the elements potassium, iron, copper and zinc were then determined. It was found that the cell accumulates trace metals at a different rate than they are made available. Deficiencies in zinc could be “induced” in the cell by increasing the concentration of iron, manganese and cobalt; cellular iron deficiencies were observed at larger medium concentrations of zinc, manganese, copper and cobalt. Trace metal uptake by the cell was seen to parallel the utilization by multicellular organisms.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041010108
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  • 94
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    Effect of cell density on energy-dependent calcium uptake by Balb/c 3T3 membranes is independent of protein synthesis and attachment to substratum (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 101 (1979), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Membranes isolated from subconfluent cultures of Balb/c 3T3 cells have low energy-dependent calcium uptake activity. Replating confluent cells at low density results in a prompt fall of energy-dependent calcium uptake by membrane fractions. The level to which uptake activity falls is a function of the density at which the cells are plated (Moore and Pastan, '77b). To determine if regulation of energy-dependent uptake of calcium by membrane fractions is dependent upon attachment to a substrate and to further characterize conditions that regulate the process, we examined calcium uptake activity of membranes isolated from cells in suspension. With cells in suspension energy-dependent calcium uptake activity of isolated membranes falls promptly if cells are diluted to a low density (〈105 cells/ml) and is a function of cell density. When cells in suspension at low cell densities are concentrated to high cell densities (〉2 X 106 cells/ml), calcium uptake activity of the isolated membrane fraction is increased as a function of cell density. These changes of membrane calcium uptake activity occur promptly and do not require protein synthesis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041010113
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  • 95
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    Effect of cytosine arabinoside triphosphate on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in mitochondria isolated from HeLa cells (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 101 (1979), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HeLa cell mitochondria were allowed to incorporate 3H-thymidine in a cell free system and the effect of ethidium bromide, cytosine arabinoside and cytosine arabinoside triphosphate on the labeling of mitochondrial DNA was studied. The labeled products, isolated by sedimentation velocity in CsCl-ethidium bromide two-step gradients, showed similar sedimentation profiles as in vivo labeled mtDNA. Cytosine arabinoside triphosphate and ethidium bromide strongly inhibited the labeling of mitochondrial DNA, whereas cytosine arabinoside appeared to be much less effective. Tritiated deoxycytidine was found to be incorporated by isolated mitochondria, whereas cytosine arabinoside was shown to enter the mitochondrial acid-soluble pool but not to be incorporated in acid-insoluble form. These results are in agreement with the previously reported findings of in vivo experiments.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041010104
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    Spontaneous, mutagen-induced and adenovirus-induced anchorage independent tumorigenic variants of mouse cells (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 101 (1979), S. 33-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Normal C57 Black mouse embryo cells did not form colonies in agarose, but rare variant (ar+) cells able to grow in agarose were detected. Fluctuation analysis showed that ar+ variants arose by spontaneous mutation in the cultured cells. The frequency of ar+ variants was increased by treating cells with N-methyl-N'nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or ethyl methane sulphonate, or by abortive infection by human adenovirus type 5. Induced ar+ cells were fibroblastic; most grew slowly and had slightly reduced saturation density and increased serum requirement, but formed colonies in agarose. Fourteen of twenty ar+ clones induced by Ad5 were T antigen negative and two of these were also negative when tested for viral DNA. Six clones contained a few cells that were T antigen positive when first tested, but were negative when retested later. The ar+ variants were tumorigenic in athymic and in normal syngeneic mice. The results suggest that the ar+ phenotype can arise by spontaneous or chemically-induced mutation, and can be induced by adenovirus by a process different from classical transformation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041010106
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  • 97
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    A calcium requirement for movement of cultured cells (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 101 (1979), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When calcium is removed from culture medium, motility of cultured cells is decreased. The effect is rapid, reversible and pronounced. Decreased motility is observed with normal mouse Balb/c 3T3 cells, mouse L929 cells, rat kidney fibroblasts and chick embryo fibroblasts. The calcium dependence of movement can be observed both with individual cells and with the movement of the margin of a monolayer into a wound. Magnesium will not substitute for calcium to maintain motility. Strontium will substitute, but is not as effective as calcium for maintaining cell movement. Low concentrations of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 (0.5-1 μm) partially reverse the reduced migration observed at low calcium concentrations. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that movement of non-muscle cells occurs through mechanisms similar to those important in the contraction of muscle.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041010112
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    Potassium fluxes and ouabain binding in growing, density-inhibited and rous sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo cells (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 101 (1979), S. 89-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Potassium fluxes, ouabain binding, and Na+ and K+ intracellular concentrations were determined for cultures of growing normal, density-inhibited and Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts. No significant differences in K+ influx or ouabain binding were detected between growing normal cells and Rous sarcoma virus-transformed cells; however, ouabain binding and ouabain-sensitive K+ influx were 1.5- to 1.8-fold lower in density-inhibited cells. Thus, potassium influx in this system can be classified as a growth-related, but not transformation-specific change. As determined by both flame photometry and radioisotopic (42K) equilibration, growing normal and density-inhibited cells had similar potassium contents, whereas transformed cells exhibited 1.4-fold higher potassium levels. Sodium ion levels, as measured by flame photometry, were also 2- to 4.5-fold higher in transformed than normal or density-inhibited cells. Complementary studies of potassium efflux showed a 1.3- to 1.5-fold higher rate (based on the percentage of pool exiting the cell) in growing normal versus density-inhibited or transformed fibroblasts. Because of the larger potassium pool in transformed cells, efflux based on absolute number of potassium ions is similar in normal and transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041010111
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  • 99
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    The cyclic AMP-dependent initiation of DNA synthesis by T51B rat liver epithelioid cellsIssued as NRCC No. 17785. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 101 (1979), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The brief rise in the cellular cyclic AMP content which occurs late in the prereplicative phases of rat hepatocytes in vivo and T51B rat liver epitheloid cells in vitro seems to be necessary for the initiation of DNA synthesis. Thus, the extracellular calcium-deprivation in T51B rat liver cells in culture which induces a late G-1 block is rapidly reversible (cells surge into S phase within one hour) either by creating a cyclic AMP surge by the addition of calcium or 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (a cyclic 3′, 5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor) or by the exogenous addition of low concentrations of cyclic AMP itself (i.e., 10-8-10-5 M). On the other hand, prevention of the calcium-induced cyclic AMP surge by imidazole (a cyclic 3′, 5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activator) blocked the initiation of DNA synthesis by the calcium-deprived T51B cells.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041010116
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    Isolation and characterization of tunicamycin resistant mutants from Chinese Hamster ovary cellsAbbreviations used: TM, tunicamycin; TMR, tunicamycin-resistant; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; EMS, ethylmethanesulfonate; VSV, Vesicular stomatitis virus; PHA, phytohemagglutinin from phaseolus vulgaris; ConA, concanavalin A; NTE, 0.13 M NaCl, 50 mM Tris-hydrochloride and 0.01 M ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 101 (1979), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Stable clones selected for resistance to tunicamycin (TM) have been isolated from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The TMR phenotype is stable for more than nine months in the absence of the drug. The morphology of TMR mutant varies from epitheloid to abnormally elongate. The mutants do not display cross-resistance for ConA but are slightly cross-resistant to PHA. Biochemically labeled membrane proteins and glycoprotein of Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) grown in the TMR mutants revealed that the incorporation of radioactive glucosamine was markedly reduced in the mutants. The results indicate that TMR cells are a novel type of membrane mutant.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041010117
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