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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (15,623)
  • 2020-2024  (13)
  • 1975-1979  (15,610)
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  • 1
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    Optimised use of data fusion and memory‐based learning with an Austrian soil library for predictions with infrared data (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-12
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Infrared spectroscopy in the visible to near‐infrared (vis–NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) regions is a well‐established approach for the prediction of soil properties. Different data fusion and training approaches exist, and the optimal procedures are yet undefined and may depend on the heterogeneity present in the set and on the considered scale. The objectives were to test the usefulness of partial least squares regressions (PLSRs) for soil organic carbon (SOC), total carbon (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉), total nitrogen (N〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) and pH using vis–NIR and MIR spectroscopy for an independent validation after standard calibration (use of a general PLSR model) or using memory‐based learning (MBL) with and without spiking for a national spectral database. Data fusion approaches were simple concatenation of spectra, outer product analysis (OPA) and model averaging. In total, 481 soils from an Austrian forest soil archive were measured in the vis–NIR and MIR regions, and regressions were calculated. Fivefold calibration‐validation approaches were carried out with a region‐related split of spectra to implement independent validations with n ranging from 47 to 99 soils in different folds. MIR predictions were generally superior over vis–NIR predictions. For all properties, optimal predictions were obtained with data fusion, with OPA and spectra concatenation outperforming model averaging. The greatest robustness of performance was found for OPA and MBL with spiking with 〈italic toggle="no"〉R〈/italic〉〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 ≥ 0.77 (N), 0.85 (SOC), 0.86 (pH) and 0.88 (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) in the validations of all folds. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of OPA for vis–NIR and MIR spectra with MBL and spiking has a high potential to accurately estimate properties when using large‐scale soil spectral libraries as reference data. However, the reduction of cost‐effectiveness using two spectrometers needs to be weighed against the potential increase in accuracy compared to a single MIR spectroscopy approach.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; data fusion ; independent validation ; infrared spectroscopy ; MBL ; nitrogen ; outer product analysis ; pH ; soil organic carbon ; spiking ; total carbon
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Importance of catchment hydrological processes and calibration of hydrological‐hydrodynamic rainfall‐runoff models in small rural catchments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In recent years, many two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models have been extended to include the direct rainfall method (DRM). This allows their application as a hydrological‐hydrodynamic model for the determination of floodplains in one model system. In previous studies on DRM, the role of catchment hydrological processes (CaHyPro) and its interaction with the calibration process was not investigated in detail. In the present, case‐oriented study, the influence of the spatiotemporal distribution of the processes precipitation and runoff formation in combination with the 2D model HEC‐RAS is investigated. In a further step, a conceptual approach for event‐based interflow is integrated. The study is performed on the basis of a single storm event in a small rural catchment (low mountain range, 38 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) in Hesse (Germany). The model results are evaluated against six quality criteria and compared to a simplified baseline model. Finally, the calibrated improved model is contrasted with a calibrated baseline model. The results show the enhancement of the model results due to the integration of the CaHyPro and highlight its interplay with the calibrated model parameters.〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; 2D hydrodynamic modeling ; calibration ; direct rainfall modeling ; hydrological processes ; radar data ; runoff formation
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Redoxtrons – An experimental system to study redox processes within the capillary fringe (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: Spatiotemporal characterisation of the soil redox status within the capillary fringe (CF) is a challenging task. Air‐filled porosities (ε), oxygen concentration (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) and soil redox potential (EH) are interrelated soil variables within active biogeochemical domains such as the CF. We investigated the impact of water table (WT) rise and drainage in an undisturbed topsoil and subsoil sample taken from a Calcaric Gleysol for a period of 46 days. We merged 1D (EH and matric potential) and 2D (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) systems to monitor at high spatiotemporal resolution redox dynamics within self‐constructed redoxtron housings and complemented the data set by a 3D pore network characterization using X‐ray microtomography (X‐ray μCT). Depletion of O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was faster in the organic matter‐ and clay‐rich aggregated topsoil and the CF extended 〉10 cm above the artificial WT. The homogeneous and less‐aggregated subsoil extended only 4 cm above the WT as indicated by ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–EH data during saturation. After drainage, 2D O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 imaging revealed a fast aeration towards the lower depths of the topsoil, which agrees with the connected ε derived by X‐ray μCT (ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉) of 14.9% of the total porosity. However, small‐scaled anoxic domains with O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation 〈5% were apparent even after lowering the WT (down to 0.25 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in size) for 23 days. These domains remained a nucleus for reducing soil conditions (E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〈 −100 mV), which made it challenging to characterise the soil redox status in the CF. In contrast, the subsoil aeration reached O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation after 8 days for the complete soil volume. Values of ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉 around zero in the subsoil highlighted that soil aeration was independent of this parameter suggesting that other variables such as microbial activity must be considered when predicting the soil redox status from ε alone. The use of redoxtrons in combination with localised redox‐measurements and image based pore space analysis resulted in a better 2D/3D characterisation of the pore system and related O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 transport properties. This allowed us to analyse the distribution and activity of microbiological niches highly associated with the spatiotemporal variable redox dynamics in soil environments. Highlights: The time needed to turn from reducing to oxidising (period where all platinum electrodes feature E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〉 300 mV) condition differ for two samples with contrasting soil structure. The subsoil with presumably low O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 consumption rates aerated considerably faster than the topsoil and exclusively by O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 diffusion through medium‐ and fine‐sized pores. To derive the soil redox status based upon the triplet ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 is challenging at present in heterogeneous soil domains and larger soil volumes than 250 cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉. Undisturbed soil sampling along with 2D/3D redox measurement systems (e.g., redoxtrons) improve our understanding of redox dynamics within the capillary fringe.
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; environmental monitoring ; incubation experiments ; redox processes ; soil reducing conditions ; undisturbed soil ; X‐ray microtomography
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    The dilemma of analytical method changes for soil organic carbon in long‐term experiments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-1003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Long‐term experiments (LTEs) have provided data to modellers and agronomists to investigate changes and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under different cropping systems. As treatment changes have occurred due to agricultural advancements, so too have analytical soil methods. This may lead to method bias over time, which could affect the robust interpretation of data and conclusions drawn. This study aims to quantify differences in SOC due to changes in dry combustion methods over time, using soil samples of a LTE established in 1963 that focuses on mineral and organic fertilizer management in the temperate zone of Northeast Germany. For this purpose, 1059 soil samples, collected between 1976 and 2008, have been analysed twice, once with their historical laboratory method right after sampling, and a second time in 2016 when all samples were analysed using the same elementary analyser. In 9 of 11 soil sampling campaigns, a paired 〈italic toggle="no"〉t〈/italic〉‐test provided evidence for significant differences in the historical SOC values when compared with the re‐analysed concentrations of the same LTE sample. In the sampling years 1988 and 2004, the historical analysis obtained about 0.9 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 lower SOC compared with the re‐analysed one. For 1990 and 1998, this difference was about 0.4 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Correction factors, an approach often used to correct for different analytical techniques, could only be applied for 5 of 11 sampling campaigns to account for constant and proportional systematic method error. For this particular LTE, the interpretation of SOC changes due to agronomic management (here fertilization) deviates depending on the analytical method used, which may weaken the explanatory power of the historical data. We demonstrate that analytical method changes over time present one of many challenges in the interpretation of time series data of SOC dynamics. Therefore, LTE site managers need to ensure providing all necessary protocols and data in order to retrace method changes and if necessary recalculate SOC.〈/p〉 〈/sec〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-0003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈title〉Highlights〈/title〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉〈list list-type="bullet" id="ejss13362-list-0001"〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0001"〉〈p〉A total of 1059 LTE soil samples taken between 1976 and 2008 were re‐analysed for SOC in 2016〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0002"〉〈p〉Several methodological changes for SOC determination led to significant different SOC concentration in the same sample〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0003"〉〈p〉Interpretation and time series of LTE soil data suffer from consideration of analytical method changes and poor documentation of the same〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0004"〉〈p〉Soil archive establishment, thorough method protocols and diligent proficiency testing after soil method changes ameliorate the dilemma〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉〈/p〉 〈/sec〉
    Description: Brandenburger Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004581
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004937
    Description: https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-acge-b683
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; Bland–Altman ; carbon stocks ; data trueness ; Deming regression ; method bias ; soil archive ; soil survey
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Toward an adequate level of detail in flood risk assessments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Flood risk assessments require different disciplines to understand and model the underlying components hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Many methods and data sets have been refined considerably to cover more details of spatial, temporal, or process information. We compile case studies indicating that refined methods and data have a considerable effect on the overall assessment of flood risk. But are these improvements worth the effort? The adequate level of detail is typically unknown and prioritization of improvements in a specific component is hampered by the lack of an overarching view on flood risk. Consequently, creating the dilemma of potentially being too greedy or too wasteful with the resources available for a risk assessment. A “sweet spot” between those two would use methods and data sets that cover all relevant known processes without using resources inefficiently. We provide three key questions as a qualitative guidance toward this “sweet spot.” For quantitative decision support, more overarching case studies in various contexts are needed to reveal the sensitivity of the overall flood risk to individual components. This could also support the anticipation of unforeseen events like the flood event in Germany and Belgium in 2021 and increase the reliability of flood risk assessments.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: BMBF http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Federal Environment Agency http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010809
    Description: http://howas21.gfz-potsdam.de/howas21/
    Description: https://www.umwelt.niedersachsen.de/startseite/themen/wasser/hochwasser_amp_kustenschutz/hochwasserrisikomanagement_richtlinie/hochwassergefahren_und_hochwasserrisikokarten/hochwasserkarten-121920.html
    Description: https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/germany.html
    Description: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSN024
    Description: https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/id-0054
    Description: https://oasishub.co/dataset/surface-water-flooding-footprinthurricane-harvey-august-2017-jba
    Description: https://www.wasser.sachsen.de/hochwassergefahrenkarte-11915.html
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; decision support ; extreme events ; integrated flood risk management ; risk assessment
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    BODIUM—A systemic approach to model the dynamics of soil functions (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The increasing demand for biomass for food, animal feed, fibre and bioenergy requires optimization of soil productivity, while at the same time, protecting other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffering, carbon storage, habitat for biological activity and water filter and storage. Therefore, one of the main challenges for sustainable agriculture is to produce high yields while maintaining all the other soil functions. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soils that generate those functions. We developed a soil model to simulate the impact of various agricultural management options and climate change on soil functions by integrating the relevant processes mechanistically and in a systemic way. As a special feature, we include the dynamics of soil structure induced by tillage and biological activity, which is especially relevant in arable soils. The model operates on a 1D soil profile consisting of a number of discrete layers with dynamic thickness. We demonstrate the model performance by simulating crop growth, root growth, nutrient and water uptake, nitrogen cycling, soil organic matter turnover, microbial activity, water distribution and soil structure dynamics in a long‐term field experiment including different crops and different types and levels of fertilization. The model is able to capture essential features that are measured regularly including crop yield, soil organic carbon, and soil nitrogen. In this way, the plausibility of the implemented processes and their interactions is confirmed. Furthermore, we present the results of explorative simulations comparing scenarios with and without tillage events to analyse the effect of soil structure on soil functions. Since the model is process‐based, we are confident that the model can also be used to predict quantities that have not been measured or to estimate the effect of management measures and climate states not yet been observed. The model thus has the potential to predict the site‐specific impact of management decisions on soil functions, which is of great importance for the development of a sustainable agriculture that is currently also on the agenda of the ‘Green Deal’ at the European level.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://git.ufz.de/bodium/bodium_v1.0
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agriculture ; computational model ; simulation ; soil microbiology ; soil structure ; sustainable soil
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Temperature and soil moisture change microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-18
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Temperature and soil moisture are known to control pesticide mineralization. Half‐life times (DT〈sub〉50〈/sub〉) derived from pesticide mineralization curves generally indicate longer residence times at low soil temperature and moisture but do not consider potential changes in the microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (C). We aimed to determine carbon use efficiency (CUE, formation of new biomass relative to total C uptake) to better understand microbial utilization of pesticide‐derived C under different environmental conditions and to support the conventional description of degradation dynamics based on mineralization. We performed a microcosm experiment at two MCPA (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid) concentrations (1 and 20 mg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) and defined 20°C/pF 1.8 as optimal and 10°C/pF 3.5 as limiting environmental conditions. After 4 weeks, 70% of the initially applied MCPA was mineralized under optimal conditions but MCPA mineralization reached less than 25% under limiting conditions. However, under limiting conditions, an increase in CUE was observed, indicating a shift towards anabolic utilization of MCPA‐derived C. In this case, increased C assimilation implied C storage or the formation of precursor compounds to support resistance mechanisms, rather than actual growth since we did not find an increase in the 〈italic toggle="no"〉tfdA〈/italic〉 gene relevant to MCPA degradation. We were able to confirm the assumption that under limiting conditions, C assimilation increases relative to mineralization and that C redistribution, may serve as an explanation for the difference between mineralization and MCPA dissipation‐derived degradation dynamics. In addition, by introducing CUE to the temperature‐ and moisture‐dependent degradation of pesticides, we can capture the underlying microbial constraints and adaptive mechanisms to changing environmental conditions.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Changing environmental conditions alter the MCPA degradation dynamics and the allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon to anabolic or catabolic metabolism.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="ejss13417-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:13510754:media:ejss13417:ejss13417-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Collaborative Research Center 1253 CAMPOS (DFG)
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: DFG Priority Program 2322 “Soil System”
    Description: Ellrichshausen Foundation
    Description: Research Training Group “Integrated Hydrosystem modeling”
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5081655
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; anabolism ; carbon use efficiency ; catabolism ; effect of soil moisture and temperature ; gene‐centric process model ; MCPA biodegradation
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Small lateral air pressure gradients generated by a large chamber system have a strong effect on CO2 transport in soil (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Gas transport in soils is usually assumed to be purely diffusive, although several studies have shown that non‐diffusive processes can significantly enhance soil gas transport. These processes include barometric air pressure changes, wind‐induced pressure pumping and static air pressure fields generated by wind interacting with obstacles. The associated pressure gradients in the soil can cause advective gas fluxes that are much larger than diffusive fluxes. However, the contributions of the respective transport processes are difficult to separate. We developed a large chamber system to simulate pressure fields and investigate their influence on soil gas transport. The chamber consists of four subspaces in which pressure is regulated by fans that blow air in or out of the chamber. With this setup, we conducted experiments with oscillating and static pressure fields. CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations were measured along two soil profiles beneath the chamber. We found a significant relationship between static lateral pressure gradients and the change in the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 profiles (R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 = 0.53; 〈italic toggle="no"〉p〈/italic〉‐value 〈2e‐16). Even small pressure gradients between −1 and 1 Pa relative to ambient pressure resulted in an increase or decrease in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations of 8% on average in the upper soil, indicating advective flow of air in the pore space. Positive pressure gradients resulted in decreasing, negative pressure gradients in increasing CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations. The concentration changes were probably caused by an advective flow field in the soil beneath the chamber generated by the pressure gradients. No effect of oscillating pressure fields was observed in this study. The results indicate that static lateral pressure gradients have a substantial impact on soil gas transport and therefore are an important driver of gas exchange between soil and atmosphere. Lateral pressure gradients in a comparable range can be induced under windy conditions when wind interacts with terrain features. They can also be caused by chambers used for flux measurements at high wind speed or by fans used for head‐space mixing within the chambers, which yields biased flux estimates.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; advective flux ; chamber flux measurements ; static air pressure fields ; wind‐induced pressure pumping
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Vertical SOC distribution and aromatic carbon in centuries old charcoal‐rich Technosols (2022)
    Bonhage, Alexander ; Raab, Thomas ; Schneider, Anna ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-21
    Description: Charcoal‐rich Technosols on century‐old relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are the subject of ongoing research regarding potential legacy effects that result from historic charcoal production and subsequent charcoal amendments on forest soil properties and forest ecosystems today. RCHs consist mostly of Auh horizons that are substantially enriched in soil organic carbon (SOC), of which the largest part seems to be of pyrogenic origin (PyC). However, the reported range of SOC and PyC contents in RCH soil also suggests that they are enriched in nonpyrogenic SOC. RCH soils are discussed as potential benchmarks for the long‐term influence of biochar amendment and the post‐wildfire influences on soil properties. In this study, we utilised a large soil sample dataset (n = 1245) from 52 RCH sites in north‐western Connecticut, USA, to quantify SOC contents by total element analysis. The contents of condensed highly aromatic carbon as a proxy for black carbon (BC) were predicted by using a modified benzene polycarboxylated acid (BPCA) marker method in combination with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy‐based partial least square regression (r2 = 0.89). A high vertical spatial sampling resolution allowed the identification of soil organic matter (SOM) enrichment and translocation processes. The results show an average 75% and 1862% increase in TOC and BPCA‐derived carbon, respectively, for technogenic Auh horizons compared to reference soils. In addition to an increase in aromatic properties, increased carboxylic properties of the RCH SOC suggest self‐humification effects of degrading charcoal and thereby the continuing formation of leachable aromatic carbon compounds, which could have effects on pedogenic processes in buried soils. Indeed, we show BPCA‐derived carbon concentrations in intermediate technogenic Cu horizons and buried top/subsoils that suggest vertical translocation of highly aromatic carbon originating in RCH Auh horizons. Topmost Auh horizons showed a gradual decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) contents with increasing depth, suggesting accumulation of recent, non‐pyrogenic SOM. Lower aliphatic absorptions in RCH soil spectra suggest different SOM turnover dynamics compared to reference soils. Furthermore, studied RCH soils featured additional TOC enrichment, which cannot be fully explained now. Highlights BC to TOC ratio and high resolution vertical SOC distribution in 52 RCH sites were studied. RCH soils non‐BC pool was potentially different to reference soils. RCH soils feature TOC accumulation in the topmost horizon. There is BC translocation into buried soils on RCH sites.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; benzene polycarboxylated acid marker (BPCA) ; black carbon ; charcoal degradation ; charcoal kiln ; pyrogenic carbon ; relict charcoal hearth ; biochar
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Potential erodibility of semi‐arid steppe soils derived from aggregate stability tests (2022)
    Koza, Moritz ; Pöhlitz, Julia ; Prays, Aleksey ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-26
    Description: Erosion is a severe threat to the sustainable use of agricultural soils. However, the structural resistance of soil against the disruptive forces steppe soils experience under field conditions has not been investigated. Therefore, 132 topsoils under grass‐ and cropland covering a large range of physico‐chemical soil properties (sand: 2–76%, silt: 18–80%, clay: 6–30%, organic carbon: 7.3–64.2 g kg−1, inorganic carbon: 0.0–8.5 g kg−1, pH: 4.8–9.5, electrical conductivity: 32–946 μS cm−1) from northern Kazakhstan were assessed for their potential erodibility using several tests. An adjusted drop‐shatter method (low energy input of 60 Joule on a 250‐cm3 soil block) was used to estimate the stability of dry soil against weak mechanical forces, such as saltating particles striking the surface causing wind erosion. Three wetting treatments with various conditions and energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and wet shaking) were applied to simulate different disruptive effects of water. Results indicate that aggregate stability was higher for grassland than cropland soils and declined with decreasing soil organic carbon content. The results of the drop‐shatter test suggested that 29% of the soils under cropland were at risk of wind erosion, but only 6% were at high risk (i.e. erodible fraction 〉60%). In contrast, the fast wetting treatment revealed that 54% of the samples were prone to become “very unstable” and 44% “unstable” during heavy rain or snowmelt events. Even under conditions comparable to light rain events or raindrop impact, 53–59% of the samples were “unstable.” Overall, cropland soils under semi‐arid conditions seem much more susceptible to water than wind erosion. Considering future projections of increasing precipitation in Kazakhstan, we conclude that the risk of water erosion is potentially underestimated and needs to be taken into account when developing sustainable land use strategies. Highlights Organic matter is the important binding agent enhancing aggregation in steppe topsoils. Tillage always declines aggregate stability even without soil organic carbon changes. All croplands soil are prone to wind or water erosion independent of their soil properties. Despite the semi‐arid conditions, erosion risk by water seems higher than by wind.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; climate change ; land use ; soil organic carbon ; soil texture ; water erosion ; wind erosion
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Non‐exchangeable stable hydrogen isotope ratios in clay minerals and soil clay fractions: A method test (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-20
    Description: Stable hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H values) in structural hydroxyl groups of pedogenic clay minerals are inherited from the surrounding water at the time of their formation. Only non‐exchangeable H preserves the environmental forensic and paleoclimate information (δ2Hn value). To measure δ2Hn values in structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions, we adapted a steam equilibration method by accounting for high hygroscopicity. Our δ2Hn values for USGS57 biotite (−95.3 ± SD 0.9‰) and USGS58 muscovite (30.7 ± 1.4‰) differed slightly but significantly from the reported δ2H values (−91.5 ± 2.4‰ and −28.4 ± 1.6‰), because the minerals contained 1.1%–4.4% of exchangeable H. The low SD of replicate measurements (n = 3) confirmed a high precision. The clay separation method including destruction of Fe oxides, carbonates and soil organic matter, and dispersion did not significantly change the δ2Hn values of five different clay minerals. However, we were unable to remove all organic matter from the soil clay fractions resulting in an estimated bias of 1‰ in two samples and 15‰ in the carbon‐richest sample. Our results demonstrate that δ2Hn values of structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions can be reliably measured without interference from atmospheric water and the method used to separate the soil clay fraction. Highlights We tested steam equilibration to determine stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay. Gas‐tight capsule sealing in Ar atmosphere was necessary to avoid remoistening. Our steam equilibration method showed a high accuracy and precision. The clay separation method did not change stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; controlled isotope exchange technique ; deuterium ; montmorillonite ; soil clay separation ; soil organic matter removal ; steam equilibration ; structural H ; USGS57 biotite ; vermiculite ; δ2H
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Reducing tillage intensity benefits the soil micro‐ and mesofauna in a global meta‐analysis (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Soil fauna drives crucial processes of energy and nutrient cycling in agricultural systems, and influences the quality of crops and pest incidence. Soil tillage is the most influential agricultural manipulation of soil structure, and has a profound influence on soil biology and its provision of ecosystem services. The objective of this study was to quantify through meta‐analyses the effects of reducing tillage intensity on density and diversity of soil micro‐ and mesofaunal communities, and how these effects vary among different pedoclimatic conditions and interact with concurrent management practices. We present the results of a global meta‐analysis of available literature data on the effects of different tillage intensities on taxonomic and functional groups of soil micro‐ and mesofauna. We collected paired observations (conventional vs. reduced forms of tillage/no‐tillage) from 133 studies across 33 countries. Our results show that reduced tillage intensity or no‐tillage increases the total density of springtails (+35%), mites (+23%), and enchytraeids (+37%) compared to more intense tillage methods. The meta‐analyses for different nematode feeding groups, life‐forms of springtails, and taxonomic mite groups showed higher densities under reduced forms of tillage compared to conventional tillage on omnivorous nematodes (+53%), epedaphic (+81%) and hemiedaphic (+84%) springtails, oribatid (+43%) and mesostigmatid (+57%) mites. Furthermore, the effects of reduced forms of tillage on soil micro‐ and mesofauna varied with depth, climate and soil texture, as well as with tillage method, tillage frequency, concurrent fertilisation, and herbicide application. Our findings suggest that reducing tillage intensity can have positive effects on the density of micro‐ and mesofaunal communities in areas subjected to long‐term intensive cultivation practices. Our results will be useful to support decision making on the management of soil faunal communities and will facilitate modelling efforts of soil biology in global agroecosystems. HIGHLIGHTS Global meta‐analysis to estimate the effect of reducing tillage intensity on micro‐ and mesofauna Reduced tillage or no‐tillage has positive effects on springtail, mite and enchytraeid density Effects vary among nematode feeding groups, springtail life forms and mite suborders Effects vary with texture, climate and depth and depend on the tillage method and frequency
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://doi.org/10.20387/bonares-eh0f-hj28
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agricultural land use ; conservation agriculture ; conventional agriculture ; soil biodiversity ; soil cultivation
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Defining Hydrogeological Site Similarity with Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Hydrogeological information about an aquifer is difficult and costly to obtain, yet essential for the efficient management of groundwater resources. Transferring information from sampled sites to a specific site of interest can provide information when site‐specific data is lacking. Central to this approach is the notion of site similarity, which is necessary for determining relevant sites to include in the data transfer process. In this paper, we present a data‐driven method for defining site similarity. We apply this method to selecting groups of similar sites from which to derive prior distributions for the Bayesian estimation of hydraulic conductivity measurements at sites of interest. We conclude that there is now a unique opportunity to combine hydrogeological expertise with data‐driven methods to improve the predictive ability of stochastic hydrogeological models.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic〉Article impact statement〈/italic〉: This article introduces hierarchical clustering as a method for defining a notion of site similarity; the aim of this method is to improve the derivation of prior distributions in Bayesian methods in hydrogeology.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/geostatDB
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/exPrior
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/siteSimilarity
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; hydrogeological sites ; hydrogeological modeling
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    PROVINCIAL BANK LENDING: YORKSHIRE AND MERSEYSIDE, 1826–60 (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1979.tb00143.x
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    ON TARIFF BARGAINING (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1979.tb00148.x
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  • 16
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    THE INFLUENCE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM'S PUBLIC SECTOR DEFICIT ON ITS MONEY STOCK, 1963–76 (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1979.tb00134.x
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  • 17
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    SOME EVIDENCE OF THE SPEED OF FILLING REGISTERED JOB VACANCIES (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1979.tb00139.x
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  • 18
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    INTERTEMPORAL SUBSTITUTABILITY AND THE KEYNESIAN CONSUMPTION FUNCTION (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1979.tb00146.x
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  • 19
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    A NOTE ON THE SHORTER WORKING WEEK (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1979.tb00150.x
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  • 20
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    A DYNAMIC MODEL OF THE DEMAND FOR LABOUR SERVICES (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1979.tb00136.x
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  • 21
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    AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF INCOME DETERMINATION AND DISTRIBUTION (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1979.tb00141.x
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  • 22
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    EXPECTED INFLATION AND THE RATE OF INTEREST (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 23
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    SEARCH AND CONSUMER SURPLUS: A GENERALIZATION (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 24
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    THE IMPACT OF TAXES ON PRICE INFLATION IN U.K. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1979.tb00135.x
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  • 25
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    THE PRICE-QUALITY RELATIONSHIP: A REPLY (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1979.tb00138.x
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  • 26
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    A NOTE ON CONSUMER SEARCH AND CONSUMER SURPLUS (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1979.tb00142.x
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  • 27
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    Introduction (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 9 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1979.tb01295.x
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  • 28
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    The effects of leadership on the relationship between the size of research groups and their scientific performance (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 9 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 29
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    Observations on the planning of research activity based on an international comparative study (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 9 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 30
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    Transdisciplinarity, methodological paradigms and research dynamics in organizational context (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 9 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 31
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    Scientific productivity and accumulative advantage: a thesis reassessed in the light of international data (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 9 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1979.tb01302.x
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  • 32
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    Comparison of patterns of research effectiveness and output and their stability across six countries (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 9 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The focus of the study is an exploration of the stability of relationships between characteristics of research groups and various dimensions of the effectiveness of research activities across different national settings. The analysis is based on data collected by a Unesco coordinated international research team in six European countries. Data were collected by means of a survey of research groups engaged in research and experimental development activities in a variety of scientific disciplines, primarily in the natural and technological sciences. The total sample consists of 1,222 research groups. From a wide variety of data a set of indices describing the age, patterns of communication, management, diversity, morale and inter-personal relations in the unit, etc., were selected on the basis of observed correlations to measures of effectiveness in the samples of each of the six countries. By means of a residualization procedure the indices were adjusted for the effect of the type of institution end scientific field of research groups to eliminate differences with respect to these two structural dimensions in the samples of the different countries. Stepwise regression analyses were performed separately for each country to explore the relationships of the ‘adjusted’ indices to seven different measures of effectiveness. The common pattern of relationships of certain indices to give effectiveness measures is described and discussed. The recurrent relevance of certain variables in the individual countries across a variety of effectiveness measures is analysed. On the basis of these analyses a few ‘universal’ indices are isolated such as quality of research planning, communication with users of the research results, and the research morale as perceived by unit heads and scientists. These seem to have consistent, systematic and additive relationships across countries to most of the specific dimensions of research group effectiveness. In conclusion the theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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  • 33
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    Technology transfer planning (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 9 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper describes a process of technology transfer planning evolved in a government research establishment to help get research results adopted by government, professions and industry. The process involves close co-operation between the research team and specialists in communications and marketing to plan and undertake an active application campaign. The essential ingredients of a campaign are described and several practical examples quoted. Since employment of technology transfer planning should be reflected in improved return on research investment the process, although evolved in a government research organization, may be of wider interest.
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    From lead compound to product (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 9 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The process of turning a promising chemical compound into a safe and effective drug is both expensive and risky. Effective strategic planning is vital to ensure that investment in staff and equipment is used productively and that an acceptable output of products can be maintained. But methods of planning in common use do not deal satisfactorily with the uncertainties. This paper sets out an analysis of the process and describes the use of a simple model to establish a strategic plan. The model allows the output, resource efficiency and robustness of a plan to be examined. Important conclusions about the relative distribution of resources between different activities are drawn and the effects of possible changes in regulatory requirements are explored.
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  • 35
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    Activity of a ‘Soft Science Group’ in Mitsubishi Electric Corp. (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 9 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: ‘Soft Science’ is defined by the Science and Technology Agency of the Japanese Government as a new methodology to forecast, plan. control and evaluate. This paper describes the activities of the Soft Science Group (SSG) which has been established in the Mitsubishi Electric Corporation. SSG presently consists of 13 members and has issued in excess of 300 reports in 5 years. Its basic activities are concerned with setting new research themes, information exchange meetings, and work on specific projects involving also engineers seconded from operating divisions. The paper summarizes these activities and presents a case example of planning a new product which has already been developed and commercialized.
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  • 36
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    Problem–solving and idea-generation in R&D: the role of informal communication (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 9 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper is a part of the study on the pattern and role of communication in small R&D projects which was carried out on two ongoing projects in one of the national laboratories of C.S.I.R. Here an attempt has been made: (i) to examine the types of problems solved and ideas generated by the scientists; (ii) to investigate the role of formal and informal communication channels actually used for problem-solving and idea-generation and the association, if any, between the type of channel used and the type of problem solved or idea generated; and (iii) to study the role of technological gatekeepers in the processes of idea-generation and problem-solving.
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    Industrial innovation in a changing society; opportunities and limitations 12th International TNO Conference (co-sponsored by VNCI and FME), Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 22–23 February 1979 (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 9 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
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    Topics: Economics
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    Research & Development management system and profitability method used at Sumitomo Electric (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 9 (1979), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In order to increase R&D efficiency, it is important to establish an R&D management system best suited for the particular enterprise. This paper presents the outline of the R&D management at Sumitorno Electric Industries, the organization of the R&D Group, the project evaluation method used, and the Sumitorno model of the profitability method as applied to project assessment.
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    Information on the Interdisciplinary Conference on SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND CHANGE MANAGEMENT: Scientific Discussion of Actual Technical and Sncin-Economical Issues (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Book Reviews (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Re-charging the costs of R&D: when is it appropriate? (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 9 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A scheme of recharging the costs of individual R&D projects to internal ‘customers’ in a company is described and its possible advantages discussed. A particular case, recharging in a nationalized industry, is examined and it is concluded that most of the advantages would be difficult to realize; other measures, more suited to individual circumstances, are likely to improve the effectiveness of such corporate R&D. The discussion is generalized to consider which methods of R&D funding are appropriate to different contexts.
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    Marketing research for new product ideas arising from R&D departments (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 9 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: R&D departments often develop products, processes or ideas which they consider might have potential as new products. Such products may have arisen as a result of fundamental research or as a by-product of research into specific problems rather than as solutions to needs already identified in the market place.This paper discusses the problems involved in identifying and assessing the needs for product ideas originating within R&D. It indicates the need for understanding and co-operation between R&D and marketing departments in this particular form of new product development.
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    Professional tensions in science and technology: the case of the Colleges of Advanced Technology (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Two possible patterns for the organization of advanced technological education can be detected in Britain since 1945. The dominant assumption links training closely to fundamental advances in the sciences, and centralizes teaching at a small number of specialist institutions. The influence of such a policy is seen in the decisions which limited the numbers of Colleges of Advanced Technology in 1956, and in the continuing pressure from science advisory circles for the establishment of a few high-level training centres. The alternative pattern seeks to respond to the diverse range of industrial demands at local level in a decentralized system of technological training whose goals and standards are readily influenced by the technical and manpower demands of neighbouring industry. Neglect of this alternative can be explained from persistent trends in British professional organization, but the economic consequences may well be momentous.
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    The implications of research on the R&D manager's role to the selection and training of scientists and engineers for management (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: A methodology for improving the process of selection and development of scientists and engineers for management is presented. This involves (1) specifying the R&D management role in terms of both behavior and style; (2) utilizing such a specification to estimate ‘probabilities of trainability’ and (3) employing the probabilities as criteria for the allocation of resources among managerial selection efforts versus training and development.
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    Modular risk management: an applied example (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A major problem for managers is to effectively manage the high risks inherent in moving a new product from idea to market introduction. An example is presented in which a company effectively manages the process of developing a new product by effectively managing risk. The process is characterized by a modular approach to risk and timely review points built into each risk management module. Explicit recognition is made of the major uncertainties at the end of each module and specific actions taken to reduce these uncertainties and therefore reduce risk.
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    Innovation among suppliers to automobile manufacturers: an exploratory study of barriers and facilitators (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper reports on an exploratory study of the barriers and facilitators that affect technological innovation by suppliers to the automotive industry and the adoption of such innovations by the industry. The specific focus in the study was on key decision and action points in the life of specific innovations or potential innovations (ideas for new products) which may affect their successful development and marketing. The major source of data for this study was in the form of brief cases obtained from interviews of managers and technical personnel in suppliers to the automotive industry. These cases related to specific projects engaged in or ideas proposed by the responding firms or others in their sector of the industry which were aimed at the introduction of new or improved products, components, systems, materials, designs, etc., to the automotive industry.The information and data for this study were collected by means of structured interviews with 15 managers in 13 first level supplier firms to the automotive industry. A total of 32 innovations were investigated and a corresponding number of 32 cases and additional information on barriers and facilitators were generated for these 32 innovations.In general it was found that the most important barriers and facilitators to innovating were federal laws and regulations. Overall, the two types of decisions that are made in the automotive supplier's environment which appear consistently throughout these cases are (1) the automotive customer's decision to accept, encourage development of, or adopt innovations, and (2) the government's decision to mandate changes in safety, environment or energy-relatedregulations or legislation. The policy implications of the results of this study are discussed as they relate to an evolving model of the effects of potential federal intervention in the R&D/innovation process.
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    International seminar on technology assessment for development (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    An analysis of R&D objectives in Indian manufacturing companies (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The need for R&D has been well recognized by the manufacturing companies in India, but it is felt that R&D has not been generally effective in having a marked impact on the growth of their business. One of the reasons for this could be discrepancies in their R&D objectives. This paper presents the results of an empirical study of the R&D objectives of a few manufacturing companies in India viewed against the background of their environments. The analysis points to the discrepancies observed in R&D objectives and hints at suitable corrective measures.
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    The structure and management of government research institutes: some problems and suggestions (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The open system model is applied to examine government industrial research institutes. Their observed ineffectiveness is in part accounted for by a growing discrepancy between organizational structure and activities and rapidly changing task environments. A number of suggestions for reorganizing the research institutes are offered. It is, however, indicated that in a change program aimed at promoting organizational effectiveness: (a) the focal organization's management could assume a more active role; (b) relevant parts of the environment should also be considered as targets of change.
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    Rewarding the employee inventor and the Patents Act (1977) (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The new Patents Act which came into force on June 1st 1978 contains radical provisions on the remuneration of employee inventors who are now under certain conditions entitled to a share of the benefits flowing from any outstanding inventions they may make. The reaction of industry has in general been unfavourable and as a questionnaire survey of a sample of British industry taken mainly from the Times Top 1000 companies suggests, there appears to have been some lethargy in taking adequate steps to meet the requirements of the new Law. This short note outlines the changes with regard to the reward for employee inventions, examines the possible effects of the new legislation, and discusses the actions that companies should make and are making.
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    Interdisciplinary research groups: An international comparison of their organization and management (1979)
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    The ecology of organizations and the concept of acceptance change (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We see in analogy an effective and creatively led organisation as a thriving and successful tree. To understand a'successful tree' we need to study the ecology of the tree—the tree's own fundamental characteristics and how they relate to the total environment. We also need to understand how the tree adapts and renews itself in the continual battle for survival. We see some possible adaptations as being readily accepted by the tree while others as being resisted to the extent that if forced will result in its death. Relating our analogy back to organisations we have developed a system by which senior managements can study the ecology of their own organisations and give priorities to particular courses of adaptive action for survival. We also consider two methods by which managers can assess the acceptability of particular changes in their organisations.
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    Steady progress with Hazard and Operability Studies (1979)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The use of Hazard and Operability Studies is slowly spreading in the production areas of the chemical industry. Not only are applications more widespread within the originating company (ICI), but other companies both in the UK and in continental Europe, are starting to use this approach. The value of the technique in detecting operability problems as well as hazards is starting to be appreciated.Applications in the R&D area are also developing along similar lines although well behind the production area and possibly still confined to ICI.Various forms of training are becoming available and increasing interest is being shown by the regulatory authorities concerned with planning permission for chemical plants.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1979)
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    A NOTE ON PRICE DISCRIMINATION AND THE LABOUR MANAGED FIRM (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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    A MACRO-ECONOMIC GROWTH MODEL OF THE GREEK ECONOMY: 1954–1972 (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    THE PRICE-QUALITY RELATIONSHIP: SOME COMMENTS (1979)
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    ON OPTIMUM TARIFFS, RETALIATION AND INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 31 (1979), S. 0 
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    THE MANAGEMENT OF RESEARCH GROUPS (1979)
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    The utility of using different typologies of research units to understand their functioning and management (1979)
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    Patterns of influence in research work: the problems of autonomy and democracy (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    A study of coordination in three research settings (1979)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The present paper reports findings from a study on coordination in three research settings—academic, cooperative-government, and industrial—and discusses their implications for research management. The study ascertains the relationship between coordination and research effectiveness, and examines how coordination operates and is attained in research settings. Two hypotheses regarding the relationship between coordination, research effectiveness, and integration of research staff are advanced and tested on research groups in the three research settings mentioned above. The results support the hypotheses and indicate that the relationships occur very generally regardless of the setting in which the research is conducted. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for research management and in particular the attainment of coordination in research settings.
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    Some recent methodologies in futures studies: A personal view (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Everyone wishes to know what the future holds; to understand the problems ahead so that they may be able to effectively manage possible future adverse events. This need to know and to understand the future is no less real now than it has ever been, and this is particularly true of groups, organizations and institutions, which, in a world of considerable flux, feel particularly vulnerable if they are not aware of the vital forces at work affecting their own fortunes.Consequently, a number of attempts have been made in the recent past to develop ways to become better informed about particular futures for specific needs. These improvements in ways of looking at the future will inevitably continue to develop. Organizational plans will become increasingly dependent upon such studies, and management, particularly R&D management, will need to be able to judge the value of such studies carried out on its behalf just as informed management attempts to assess, for example, the value of economic, market, manpower or raw materials forecasts.The intended purpose of this paper is to reduce some of the ‘futures studies’ mystique and to provide management with a feel for what can be done now as a result of forward thinking.That is, the intention is:—to introduce the concept of a futures study (why forecast?);—to suggest what it should encompass (what to ask for);—to describe some of the more useful methods together with suggested advantages and disadvantages (what are the tools?);—to recommend the type of analysis of a futures study which generates maximum effectiveness in the planning process.It is worth repeating that the emphasis in this paper is placed upon the use to which a good futures study can be put, if effectively commissioned, analysed and implemented.
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    Academic interdisciplinary research: problems and practice (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Evaluation of the research management literature identified key issues relevant for managing academic interdisciplinary research projects. Based on these issues, a nationwide survey of American academic interdisciplinary research projects was made to determine the extent and form of these literature issues in practice. Similarities and differences between literature claims and research findings are presented, together with comparisons between academic interdisciplinary research and other forms of group research.
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    Some aspects of the present-value criterion in research planning (1979)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The classic analysis of a potato harvester by Grossfield and Heath is reworked. The present value of the benefits is shown to depend on the way capital costs are handled and on the way the benefits are identified. It is concluded that, by 1965, the harvester had not, in fact, yet generated positive benefits. Attention is drawn to the ambiguities of interpretation which can arise from the choices of discount rate and base year. Finally, some difficulties in extending the analysis to incorporate social effects are mentioned.
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    Technological innovation in tyre manufacture (1979)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses key factors in starting up local production of radials ahead of most other manufacturers, and how this affected comparative profitability. This led to the build-up of a viable capability for adapting basic overseas innovations to suit local conditions. It will be shown how this capability, in combination with independence in decision-making, compensated the Australian manufacturer relative to resources available to those manufacturers with overseas affiliations.
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    Some comments on S. Pruthi and P. S. Nagpaul (1979)
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    Management Control Systems (1979)
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    Projecting Regional Population with an Input-Output Model (1979)
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Community Selection and Equilibrium Spatial Structure of Communities (1979)
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Cost of Air Pollution Control for Users of Electricity: Comment (1979)
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The following observations were made at the conference on a paper presented by Robert M. Statnick of the US. Environmental Protection Agency. The editors regret that they were unable to obtain a copy of Dr. Statnick's conference manuscript for publication.
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    Taxes as a Substitute for Regulation (1979)
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    Severance Taxes on Energy Resources in the United States: Comment (1979)
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    National and Regional Energy Models: Comment (1979)
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    Methods for Calculating Regional Industry Impact Multipliers (1979)
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    A Model for the Evaluation of Filtering (1979)
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    The Grapevine (1979)
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This quarter, our grapevine runneth over as we present what we normally would have used in our January issue plus the usual load for April. If you would like to contribute to this part of the journal, please send your news to the Grapevine Editor, 644 Maxwelton Court, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506.
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    On Growth and Change (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1979.tb00816.x
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    Book Reviews (1979)
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    Growth and change 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in this Article.Lawrence B. Burrows, Growth Management: Issues, Techniques, and Policy Implications.Dennis L. Meadows, ed., Alternatives to Growth–I: A Search for Sustainable Futures.Mark Harrison Moore, Buy and Bust: The Effective Regulation of an Illicit Market in Heroin.W. R. Derrick Sewell and J. T. Coppock, eds., Public Participation in Planning.Dennis A. Rondinelli and Kenneth Ruddle, Urbanization and Rural Development: A Spatial Policy for Equitable Growth.Charles Pearson and Anthony Pryor, Environment: North and South–An Economic Interpretation.Alan A. Brown and Egon Neuberger, eds., Internal Migration: A Comparative Perspective.Boris S. Pushkarev and Jeffrey M. Zupan, Public Transportation and Land Use Policy.Stephen P. Dresch, An-loh Lin, and David K. Stout, Substituting a Value-Added Tax for the Corporate Income Tax: First-Round Analysis.Cornelis P. A. Bartels, Economic Aspects of Regional Welfare, Income Distribution, and UnemploymentDean T. Jamison and Emile G. McAnany, Radio for Education and DevelopmentHenry End, Interiors Second Book of Hotels.Harvey M. Rubenstein, Central City Malls.George Sternlieb and James W. Hughes, Current Population Trends in the United States. Perspectives on State Demographic Activities. David J. Borchert and James D. Fitzsimmons, Recent Population Change in the United States: A Series of Maps.Brian J. L. Berry and Quentin Gillard, The Changing Shape of Metropolitan America: Commuting Patterns, Urban Fields, and Decentralization Processes, 1960-1970.
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    Taxation of Crude Oil, Gasoline, and Related Fuels and Commodities: Comment (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1979.tb00829.x
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    Taxes as a Substitute for Regulation: Comment (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The Energy Conference—A Commentary (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1979.tb00838.x
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    Modeling Growth and Change in the American Coal Industry (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Some Thoughts on Energy Modeling (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The future of collective bargaining (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Kevin Hawkins argues that collective bargaining, long regarded as the most effective method of controlling industrial conflict, is no longer in accordance with accepted norms of behaviour. He contends that this is the most important single factor which should influence the future development of collective bargaining.
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    Compulsory impasse procedures: recent American experience (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: According to Ronald Miller, impasse procedures for public sector negotiations in the United States have produced mixed results. While most unions in the public sector do accept arbitration, this outcome may have been achieved by a pattern of arbitration awards which are largely favourable to the unions.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BRITISH INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS G. S. Bain and G. B. Woolven CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Arthur Marsh Gower Press TRADE UNION HANDBOOK Arthur Marsh Gower Press THE WORKING CLASS IN THE LABOUR MARKET R. M. Blackburn and Michael Mann MacMillan THE CONTROL OF WORK J. Purcell and R. Smith (eds.) Macmillan THE CODETERMINATION MOVEMENT IN THE WEST S. Pejovich (ed.) Lexington Books MANAGEMENT UNIONISATION IN WESTERN EUROPE by the European Association for Personnel Management Institute of Personnel Management
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    Other publlcatiom received (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1979.tb00291.x
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    NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Participation of women in trade union activities: some research findings and comments (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    “The awful truth about strife in our factories”: A case study in the production of news (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1979.tb00266.x
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    Research note: union-management collusion and Schedule II awards (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1979.tb00272.x
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    Shop stewards’ attitudes towards industrial democracy (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Given that the success or failure of attempts to establish industrial democracy will be dependent on the commitment of management and stewards to particular schemes, Gill Ursell and her colleagues have documented shop stewards’ attitudes towards industrial democracy. These are compared with their earlier findings on managers’ attitudes which were reported in the IRJ in Autumn 1978.
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    Industrial relations law commentary (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The commentary, a new feature of the IRJ, aims to keep readers informed of major developments in the law affecting industrial relations. To set the scene for forthcoming issues, Karl Mackie examines the nature of the legal role in the British industrial relations system.
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    Industrial relations and the IRJ (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Brian Towers reviews the industrial relations changes which have taken place over the last few years and offers an agenda for the discussion of reform. He also discusses the aims of the Industrial Relations Journal in the context of the decision to expand the number of issues per year which makes it possible to increase the number of articles published and add new features.
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    Some reflections on industrial relations (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: James Prior, Secretary of State for Employment, argues that, although the responsibility for improving industrial relations in Britain rests primarily with employers and trade unions, limited legal changes can achieve a more balanced framework of legal rights and obligations within which trade unions can operate, improve the operation of industrial relations.
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    Managerial and supervisory custom and practice (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The term ‘custom and practice’ is more usually associated with the behaviour of workers rather than managers and supervisors. In addition, previous studies have been of large plants with strong workplace organisation. Peter Armstrong and John Goodman discuss managerial and supervisory custom and practice in the context of a study in a medium-sized factory in England.
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    Research note: the relationship between industrial accidents and absenteeism (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this research note, Phil Beaumont takes another look at the issue of the relationship between accidents and absenteeism and reports the findings of a study undertaken in four depots of a large road transport company in Scotland.
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    Work creation programmes: participant responses (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1979.tb00278.x
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: OCCASIONAL PAPERS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS DEVELOPING EMPLOYEE RELATIONS by Peter Warr, Stephen Fineman, Nigel Nicholson and Roy Payne A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF A MULTINATIONAL COMPANY: Attitudinal responses to participative management by Dietrich L. Schaupp POWER, INNOVATION AND PROBLEM-SOLVING IN PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT by Karen Legge A PARTICIPATIVE APPROACH TO COMPUTER SYSTEMS DESIGN F. H. M. Blackler and A. A. Brown JOB REDESIGN AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL: STUDIES IN BRITISH LEYLAND AND VOLVO by David Pace and John Hunter DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN ACTION: THE NEW BUREAUCRACY By Enid Mumford and Don Henshall THE CASE FOR WORKERS CO-OPS by Robert Oakeshott Routledge and Kegan Paul SOCIALISM AND SHOP FLOOR POWER by Alan Fox Fabian CONFLICT AND DEMOCRACY Studies in Trade Union Government by John Hemingway
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