ALBERT

Notes: Intermolecular potentials for Ar and Kr interacting with HBr are obtained by least-squares fitting of potential parameters to data obtained from the molecular-beam microwave spectra of the Ar–HBr and Kr–HBr van der Waals complexes. The equilibrium geometry is linear Rg–H–Br in each case, but there are substantial secondary minima at the linear Rg–Br–H geometries; for Ar–HBr, the secondary minimum is only about 5 cm−1 shallower than the primary minimum. This potential feature is found to explain the anomalous H/D isotope effects in centrifugal distortion constants that have been observed for the Rg–HBr complexes. It is predicted that Ar–HBr will have a very low-energy bending state, only 11 cm−1 above the ground state, arising from the secondary minimum.

Notes: Excited rotational level dependence of the external magnetic field effects both on intensity and on decay of fluorescence of pyrazine vapor has been carefully examined for the zero-point vibrational level in S1 with a field strength of 0–170 G. The magnetic quenching of the slow fluorescence becomes more effective with increasing rotational quantum number J' of the excited level, and the field strength at which the amount of fluorescence quenching becomes one-half of the total amount of quenching at the saturated fields is roughly proportional to (2J'+1)−1. The magnetic quenching is also found to depend on K' of the excited level. The rotational level dependence of the magnetic quenching of the slow fluorescence is related to a difference in the number of the triplet levels coupled to the optically excited singlet rovibronic level, based on the spin decoupling mechanism of the singlet–triplet mixed level.

Notes: We have observed many collision-induced-dipole (CID) absorption bands arising from the transitions between quasimolecular ground and high-lying (n≤10) states in the strontium–rare-gas systems. For each absorption band, we have measured the energy shift of the absorption peak from the energy of the correlating atomic forbidden transition and the effective oscillator strength per unit perturber density fCID/Np. The shift is roughly proportional to the electron scattering length L0 for each rare-gas atom, whereas the fCID/Np is roughly proportional to L20. The shift decreases in general as the principal quantum number n increases, and increases as one goes from the s state to the d state, and to the degenerate manifold state with l≥3. These general features of the shift and fCID/Np are consistent with the predictions by a simple Fermi-potential model, suggesting the important role of the interaction between a Rydberg electron and a rare-gas atom in the CID absorption processes.

Notes: The ν2 band of the silylene SiH2 molecule in X˜ 1 A1 was observed for the first time in the gas phase by using infrared diode laser kinetic spectroscopy. Silylene molecules were generated by the photolysis of phenylsilane at 193 nm. The observed spectrum was analyzed to determine the rotational and centrifugal distortion constants in the ground and v2 =1 states and the band origin ν0 =998.6241(3) cm−1 with one standard deviation in parentheses. The significance of the derived parameters is discussed in detail.

Notes: Using translational spectroscopy we have studied the d 1Πg and C 3 Πg Rydberg states of O2 . The dissociation of the vibrational levels v=0–2 to all energetically accessible dissociation limits has been followed. The dissociation pathways directly reflect the predissociation mechanisms involved. For the d 1 Πg Rydberg state competition between predissociation by a 3 Πg valence state, due to singlet–triplet mixing, and by a 1 Πg valence state has been observed. Using the Fermi golden rule the observed vibrationally dependent competition is reproduced, corroborating the positions of the lower 1 Πg and 3 Πg valence state curves and yielding various coupling strengths.

Notes: Rotationally inelastic scattering of carbon dioxide by translationally hot H, D, and Cl atoms was studied by time-resolved diode laser absorption. The high J rotational distribution falls off quite rapidly between J=60 and J=80. D atom collisions have roughly twice the excitation cross section versus H atom collisions, with the H*/D* ratio decreasing with increasing J. These results are consistent with a constraint on the total reagent orbital angular momentum available for rotational excitation. Transient Doppler profiles measured immediately after hot atom/CO2 collisions indicate that CO2 molecules excited to high J levels have a larger recoil velocity than molecules excited to lower J levels. This result is consistent with predictions based on a simple model which treats the CO2 potential as a hard shell ellipsoid.

Notes: The molecular dynamics simulation method is extended to study a model of diffusion-controlled reactions. This allows a molecular description of solvent at an equal footing of reactants. Nondiffusional dynamic behavior of reactive molecules is found at short times. It enhances the rate of reactive encounter in comparison to the prediction of Smoluchowski theory. The model studied in this work can be regarded as a theoretical prototype of fluorescence quenching. In this context it is shown that the nondiffusional dynamics is mainly responsible for the discrepancy between Stern–Volmer plots measured in a continuous excitation experiment or obtained by integrating the time resolved fluorescence intensity. The other aspects such as the long-time behavior of survival probability, solvent effect as well as competing effect from finite concentration of one reactive species are also studied in some detail.

Notes: The reactions of neutral iron clusters Fe7–27 with water are studied in a laser-vaporization cluster source coupled to a continuous-flow reactor. Reaction products are detected via laser ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The reactions of room-temperature clusters with H2O show adsorbate decomposition and hydrogen desorption, as do the reactions with D2O at elevated temperatures. The room-temperature reaction with D2O appears not to involve any decomposition, and is at equilibrium under the conditions of these experiments. The dependence of reaction extent on D2O pressure yields equilibrium constants for the addition of the first and second D2O molecules. The analysis is complicated by the presence of two-photon ionization processes that are treated quantitatively with a rate-equation model. This treatment also yields estimates for cluster photoabsorption cross sections, which are found to be approximately linear in cluster size, having a magnitude of 2.3×10−17 cm2 per iron atom. From the derived equilibrium constants and estimated adsorption entropies, approximate D2O–cluster binding energies are determined. They range from 0.42 to 0.59 eV, and their dependence on cluster size shows a remarkable similarity to the dependence of the rate constants for reaction of iron clusters with H2. The implications of this similarity are discussed.

Notes: Relativistic effect Erel upon the total electronic energy of an atom is discussed with particular reference to obtaining the nonrelativistic total energy Eexact from the experimental total energy. Numerical values of this effect obtained by various authors by different nonempirical methods are compared for neutral atoms of rare-gas elements. It is shown that methods either of a Hartree–Fock-type or of a Dirac–Hartree–Fock-type give much the same Erel value for He through Ar. It is pointed out that Erel calculated with Hartree–Fock wave functions is not adequate for use in obtaining Eexact from the experimental total energy and that the Erel value calculated with wave functions including electron correlation should work well, although an actual demonstration can be done only for two-electron systems for lack of data. A semiempirical formula is therefore proposed, which is useful for least-squares fit of experimental total energies of isoelectronic series of atoms to extract nonrelativistic total energies along with the relativistic effect. From nonrelativistic energies thus derived, semiempirical values of correlation energies of atoms are obtained. The results thus obtained are in reasonable agreement with correlation energies derived by Clementi along somewhat different lines. The power series expansion in Z of the fitted formula for the He series shows that numerical values of expansion coefficients agree reasonably well with the corresponding values obtained by accurate relativistic and nonrelativistic Z expansion-type calculations.

Notes: The ground and low-lying states of CuF2 and CuCl2 have been studied using the single and doubles configuration interaction (SDCI) and coupled pair functional (CPF) methods in a large Gaussian basis set including up to g-type functions. The results include a determination of the bond distances for all the ligand field states (the three states with one hole in the 3d shell) and charge transfer (CT) states, and force constants for the ligand field states. Overall the SDCI (with or without the Davidson correction for higher excitations) and CPF results are in good agreement. The CPF results, which we believe to be the most accurate, can be summarized as follows. The computed value for the asymmetric stretching frequency in the 2Σ+g ground state of CuF2 is 740 cm−1, compared to the experimental value of 765 cm−1. The d–d transition energies for CuF2 are 2500 and 10 800 cm−1. The two lowest charge transfer states are at 31 200 and 33 900 cm−1, respectively. CuCl2 has been found to have a ground state which is an almost equal mixture of 2Σ+g and 2Πg when an estimate of the spin–orbit interaction is included. Three d–d transitions are found: 1600 cm−1 ( J=1/2), 7500 cm−1 (J=3/2), and 9700 cm−1 (J=5/2). The lowest charge transfer states have been computed to lie at 16 700 and 19 600 cm−1. Two bands have been found in the gas-phase spectrum of CuCl2 at 9000 and 19 000 cm−1, in good agreement with the present results. The computed f value for the CT band is 0.017, to be compared to the experimental value of 0.014.

Notes: The dissociation equilibrium AlBr=Al+Br was studied by effusion beam mass spectrometry over the range 1970 to 2260 K and the dissociation energy D00(AlBr) was derived as 4.41±0.06 eV. This value is in general agreement with other fragmentary thermochemical results, but it is lower than a value derived from a short extrapolation of vibrational levels in the excited 1π state, doubtless because of a potential maximum of about 0.22 eV in that state. A Birge–Sponer extrapolation of the ground state vibrational levels, when corrected for degree of ionicity, yields a D00 value in close accord with the experimental result, but an electrostatic model calculation falls short by 0.45 eV.

Notes: A new scheme of experimental criterion is proposed for estimating the carrier mobility and main-chain conformation of an electroactive polymer chain by the technique of transient electric birefringence (TEB). The rise response Δnr (t) and the decay response Δnd (t) in the TEB satisfy in the Kerr regime (i) Δnr (t)=Δnst -Δnd (t) for a polymer molecule of arbitrary conformation with an induced dipole moment alone arising from carriers highly mobile along the main chain, (ii) Δnr (t)=Δnst -(3/2)Δnd (t/3)+(1/2)Δnd (t) for a rodlike polymer molecule with a permanent dipole moment alone originating from carriers with low mobility, and (iii) Δnr(t)=Δnst-2Δnd (t/2)+Δnd (t) for a random-coiled polymer with a permanent dipole moment alone due to low-mobility carriers, where Δnst =limt→∞ Δnr(t) . Then, comparison of the TEB rise and decay responses gives us information on the carrier mobility and main-chain conformation. This criterion is valid also for polydispersed polymer samples. By applying the criterion to the exemplifying data of the TEB responses for soluble urethane-substituted polydiacetylenes, it is found that the polydiacetylene molecules take a random-coil conformation with a permanent dipole moment in a good solvent, while in a poor solvent the carrier mobility depends crucially on the solvent condition.

Notes: The rate of catalytic carbon monoxide oxidation on a Pt(100) single crystal surface under isothermal, low-pressure conditions exhibits for certain ranges of parameters (O2 and CO partial pressures, temperature) sustained temporal oscillations whose mechanism had been explored in previous work. Coupling between reaction and diffusion leads to spatial pattern formation as manifested by patches with different work function on the intrinsically homogeneous surface. Imaging is performed by means of the novel technique of scanning photoemission microscopy. Typically, nuclei with dimensions of a few microns, as determined by the instrumental resolution, are formed spontaneously and expand with sharp fronts and velocities of about 0.5 mm/min (at 480 K) up to sizes ≥1 mm. Waves with even more extended fronts propagating with somewhat higher velocities across the sample surface are responsible for the occurrence of large amplitude temporal oscillations of the integral reaction rate.

Notes: Carbon K edge near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra of adsorbed acetonitrile and reactive intermediates derived therefrom on Ag(110) were studied in order to determine their orientation and bonding to the surface. For both the multilayer and the adsorbed monolayer there is excellent agreement between the spectra of the adsorbed acetonitrile and the gas phase species. For the multilayer coverage the orientation of the acetonitrile molecules is not completely random; the molecules prefer an orientation with their bond axes closer to parallel than perpendicular to the surface. At monolayer coverage acetonitrile bound to the surface is unrehybridized. It is bound with its linear molecular skeleton parallel to the surface and randomly oriented azimuthally. Annealing molecular CH3 CN to 325 K in the presence of coadsorbed atomic oxygen produces a linear CH2 CN surface intermediate, the molecular axis of which is parallel to the surface and perpendicular to the close-packed direction. The C–C and C–N bond lengths are essentially unperturbed from their values in gas phase CH3 CN. Bonding appears to occur between the methylene carbon and the metal, as expected. A broadening of the π* resonance for transition into the π* orbital perpendicular to the surface is interpreted in terms of π-donor bonding.

Notes: Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) from principal faces of orthorhombic (and higher symmetry) crystals in spectral regions including strongly polar optic modes is considered. A detailed, quantitative comparison between experimental and calculated ATR infrared (IR) spectra of orthorhombic sodium nitroprusside dihydrate (SNP), Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]⋅2H2O, single crystals in the 500–3800 cm−1 region is presented. Calculated ATR spectra are generated employing the dielectric tensor of SNP obtained from Kramers–Kronig analysis of external reflectance data. The dependence of intensities, profiles, and locations of bands in the spectra upon the relative refractive index of the sample against the ATR prism and the polarization state of the reflected IR beam will be discussed. Both theoretical and experimental evidence of the coupling of the TM-polarized evanescent wave with strong in-plane-polarized optic modes at about their LO frequencies will be given with reference to the case of the strong NO stretching mode of SNP. Finally, the computed and experimental ATR results in SNP single crystals will be critically compared with powder ATR data and reported polarized IR transmittance spectra of SNP single crystals plates.

Notes: X-ray diffraction data for liquid n-butane near the triple and boiling points are presented. The data are analyzed using scattering factors for −CH3 and −CH2 groups which permits extraction of structure and distribution functions for carbon sites. An intramolecular carbon–carbon distance at approximately 3.1 A(ring) is assigned to a short end-to-end distance in a near-gauche conformation, which is in agreement with the electron diffraction results for gaseous n-butane. The intermolecular pair distribution functions show a large difference in the liquid structure for the low and high temperature states, similar to that found in liquid propane.

Notes: We report studies of the kinetics of thermal desorption of In from Ga-stabilized GaAs(100) in ultrahigh vacuum. The relative coverage of In was monitored by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), while the substrate temperature was accurately measured using infrared laser interferometric thermometry. The In was deposited on GaAs by dosing, at room temperature, to saturated monolayer coverage with trimethylindium, yielding In ∼2×1014 cm−2. Subsequent heating to 400 °C desorbs all hydrocarbon species without affecting the In coverage. Further heating leads to first-order desorption of In, as confirmed by exponential decay of In(3d 5/2) XPS signal in isothermal desorption experiments at 473 and 503 °C. From temperature programmed desorption studies through the range 450 to 530 °C, differentiation of the In coverage vs time yielded desorption rates from which Arrhenius parameters were extracted. The unit-weighted average values of the preexponential factor and the desorption energy, obtained from three experiments with heating rates from 0.6 to 3.2 °C/min, are: log10A(s−1)=12.2±0.5 and Ed=53.5±1.2 kcal/mol, where the uncertainties are 1σ sample standard deviations. The Arrhenius parameters of desorption of In from Ga-stabilized GaAs(100) are found to be similar to those of vaporization of pure In. This is consistent with the known tendency of In to form islands on GaAs surfaces, but could also reflect the similarity of the local environments of an In atom adsorbed on an In island and an In atom adsorbed on a Ga-terminated surface. The observed first-order kinetics and the constancy of the In(3d 5/2) XPS signal up to the temperature where desorption occurs indicates that if islands are formed they are small (〈10 A(ring) diameter) at the low coverage used here.

Notes: Cooperative diffusion D of polyacrylamide gels in water was investigated by quasielastic light scattering both under the isotropically swollen state and under the uniaxially stretched and swollen state. The concentration (Ce) dependence of D for the isotropic gels having equilibrium degrees of swelling was measured by systematically changing crosslinking density of gels. The results yielded D=(3.4±0.5)×10−6 C0.76±0.03e cm2/s, in accord with a scaling prediction. For each of the gels prepared and having a given Ce, the uniaxial stretching was applied, and the values D were investigated as a function of extension ratio α and direction β with respect to the stretching direction. The results gave D (α,Ce)=(3.4±0.5)×10−6 αx Cye cm2/s, where x=2/3 for β=0° and −1/4 for β=90°, and y=0.76, independent of α and β. The results clearly indicate that upon increasing α, D increases and decreases, respectively, in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the stretching direction, implying suppression and enhancement of the concentration fluctuations as a result of the network being stiffened and softened in the respective directions.

Notes: The discrete chain representation of multiple scattering theory of the concentration dependence of the hydrodynamics of polymer solutions is applied to the calculation of the leading concentration correction to the dynamic structure factor S(k,t) and its first and second cumulants of individual labeled Gaussian chains in theta solutions at nonzero concentrations. Contributions are separated into those from overall translational and internal chain motions as well as couplings between different internal modes and between translation and internal modes, coupling that are introduced by interchain hydrodynamic interactions. The separate contributions are analyzed as a function of k and of t in order to isolate regions where certain contributions are dominant. As expected, short times and larger k tend to favor contributions from internal chain dynamics, while longer times and smaller k make concentration dependent translational effects predominate. Computations for shorter chains are extrapolated to provide the asymptotic long chain behavior.

Notes: The interconversion tunneling frequencies for (HCl)2 and (DCl)2 are obtained from near-infrared absorption spectra of the H(D)Cl stretching transitions, to spectroscopic precision for the mixed 35Cl–37Cl dimers. A phenomenological model of the interconversion process explains several experimental observations, and provides good estimates of the splittings expected for the 35Cl–35Cl and 37Cl–37Cl species.

Notes: The dissociation energy of boron hydride has been calculated ab initio using a very accurate theoretical model, with an expected accuracy of ±0.2 kcal mol−1. The values of 85.7 and 82.4 kcal mol−1 for De and D0, respectively, confirm the conclusion of Curtiss and Pople [J. Chem. Phys. 90, 2522 (1989)], that the predissociation limit of 82.6±0.4 kcal mol−1 might be close to the actual dissociation energy, and that an earlier proposed De of 78.9 kcal mol−1 is in error.

Notes: The ultrafast photodynamics of four-coordinate nickel(II) porphyrins in noncoordinating solvents has been studied using femtosecond time resolved optical spectroscopy. Unambiguous evidence has been found for the formation of a metastable metal (d,d) excited state in less than 350 fs following excitation of the macrocycle. However, the transient absorption spectrum of this ligand-field electronic excited state continues to evolve and reaches the steady-state form only after about 20 ps. This spectral behavior and the attendant complex kinetics can be modeled phenomenologically in terms of a broad distribution of the (d,d) excited states evolving to a narrower distribution. The dynamics are associated with vibrational relaxation. Intramolecular and intermolecular contributions to this process are considered.

Notes: A new method for the calculation of bound state eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Schrödinger equation is presented. The Fourier grid Hamiltonian method is derived from the discrete Fourier transform algorithm. Its implementation and use is extremely simple, requiring the evaluation of the potential only at certain grid points and yielding directly the amplitude of the eigenfunctions at the same grid points.

Notes: The evaluation of free energy differences using the perturbation method or thermodynamic integration method requires special caution if multiple rotational isomeric states may exist in the system under investigation. In this article a recently suggested procedure to properly treat rotational isomeric states is illustrated with a molecular dynamics simulation of an aqueous solution of uncomplexed 18-crown-6 crown ether, as an example of a system in which large numbers of isomeric states may exist. By using very long molecular dynamics simulations, thermodynamic perturbation methods and symmetry arguments, the free energy of host organization into the conformation required to form the complex with K+ is estimated to be 2.6 kJ mol−1. It has also been found that the lowest energy conformations of 18-crown-6 in vacuo do not necessarily correspond to the most populated conformations in aqueous solution.

Notes: Pulsed neutron diffraction measurements have been made on liquid 1,2-dichloroethane-d4 (DCE). The wide momentum-transfer range (∼0.3–50 A(ring)−1) available has been used to further refine previously measured molecular structure parameters as well as to test the validity of the inelasticity corrections applied. A measurement using chlorine isotopes on a steady (reactor) source served to partially separate the chlorine–chlorine and the chlorine–carbon plus chlorine–deuterium correlations. The isotopic difference curves were then analyzed and the relevant features of the distribution of internal dihedral angles [P(τ)] obtained by adequate inversion of the experimental difference–functions. The intermolecular pair correlation function was then derived and both sets of functions (from pulsed and steady sources) are compared and tentatively assigned.

Notes: Brownian dynamics computer simulations are used to investigate the shape of the mean-squared end-to-end distance distribution function in the three regimes: (1) excluded volume; (2) θ; (3) collapsed. It is found that Mazur's function fits regime (1), that the Gaussian function fits regime (2), and that neither of these appear to describe the collapsed state. The implications of these results to theories of ring formation during polymerization is pointed out.

Notes: Using a purely ab initio minimum energy path for the trans-tunneling motion in the HF dimer, the energy levels for the K-type rotation and trans-tunneling motion for (HF)2 and (DF)2 are calculated with a one-dimensional semirigid bender Hamiltonian and no adjustable parameters. The transition moments for rotation-tunneling transitions are calculated, using our ab initio value for the dipole moment of an isolated HF molecule, and we also calculate B¯ values. The energy levels we obtain are in close agreement with experiment; for example, the K=0 tunneling splitting in (HF)2 is calculated as 0.65 cm−1 compared to the experimental value of 0.658 69 cm−1. As well as showing that our ab initio minimum energy path is very good, the calculation demonstrates that the semirigid bender formalism is able to account quantitatively for the unusual K dependence of the rotational energies resulting from the quasilinear behavior, and that the trans-tunneling motion is separable from the other degrees of freedom. We use the results to predict the locations, and transition moments, of the ΔK=0 and ±1 subbands in the tunneling spectra of (HF)2 and (DF)2, many of which have not yet been observed.

Notes: The problem of classical vs nonclassical structure of protonated acetylene (vinyl cation) C2H+3 has been studied using high resolution infrared spectroscopy. The spectrum has been observed in the 3.2 μm region in air-cooled and water-cooled plasmas using C2H2:H2:He mixtures and in liquid nitrogen-cooled plasmas using CH4:H2:He mixtures. The difference frequency spectrometer with the velocity modulation method has been used to conduct the Doppler-limited, high sensitivity spectroscopy.The observed vibration–rotation pattern with the band origin at 3142.2 cm−1 has been identified as due to the antisymmetric CH stretching ν6 band of the C2H+3 ion with the nonclassical (bridged) structure. The observed spectral pattern was anomalous, but definitive assignments could be made for a part of the spectrum using the ground state combination differences which fit to the usual asymmetric rotor pattern. The discrimination between the classical and nonclassical structures is based on the observed spectral intensity pattern due to spin statistical weights. Agreement of vibrational band patterns and the rotational constants with ab initio values gives supporting evidence. The anomaly of the spectrum is at least partly ascribed to the small energy difference between the classical and nonclassical structures and possible rearrangement between them, the idea used by organic chemists over the years in wet chemistry. Systematic splittings with the intensity ratio of 2:1 have been noticed in some parts of the spectrum indicating that the protons tunnel between the apex and the two end equilibrium positions of the bridged structure. Using a simplified internal rotation model proposed by Hougen, the barrier height of the tunneling has been estimated. Chemical kinetics in plasmas related to C2H+3 is also discussed.We conclude that (1) the nonclassical structure is lower in energy than the classical structure, and (2) the apex proton and the two end protons exchange their positions with a measurable time scale.

Notes: The inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectra of some ammonium halides and ammonium nitrate are analyzed in terms of the internal vibrations of the NH+4 ion convoluted with multiphonon lattice modes up to the eighth term. Due to the low mass of this ion, most of the intensity of the internal-mode region of the INS spectra is in the "phonon wings,'' differences between the salts in this spectral region being mainly due to differences in their lattice-mode spectra. Refinement of the lattice Debye–Waller factor is included in the profile refinement of interatomic force constants.

Notes: A new upper bound for the dissociation energy of acetylene, D00(HCC–H) =529.89(±0.01) kJ/mol, has been determined by Stark anticrossing spectroscopy. The zero-pressure extrapolated (unimolecular) decay rates of levels of S1 (A˜ 1Au) v'3=2 and 3 (quanta of the trans-bending vibration) increase upon application of an electric field of 113 kV/cm. We attribute this increase in molecular decay rate to predissociation rather than any other Stark-induced nonradiative or radiative phenomenon. The lowest level (v'3 =2, J'=2, K'=1) from which we have observed an increase in decay rate (i.e., predissociation) has an internal energy of 44 295.65 cm−1 relative to v=0, J=0 of S0 (X˜ 1∑+g). This corresponds to a value about 24 kJ/mol lower then the consensus upper bound result from four different recent experimental determinations (including one of ours) as well as current ab initio results. The new value agrees, however, with earlier work and with recent modeling studies of acetylene pyrolysis kinetics.

Notes: Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies performed at room tempertaure in Mn2+ doped Cs2NaYCl6 single crystals (elpasolite) showed that the Mn2+ ion occupies a tetragonal symmetry site in the cubic crystalline lattice. In contrast with previous results on elpasolite, where trivalent rare earth impurities occupy Oh sites, and divalent europium impurities occupy trigonal sites, this work reports, the first evidence of an impurity in a tetragonal symmetry site in this host with principal axes along 〈100〉 crystallographic directions. The unusually large total splitting of the EPR spectrum (∼10 000×10−4 cm−1) is discussed in order to establish a tentative model for the site.

Notes: Novel rigorous upper and lower bounds, at primitive level, to general electron-repulsion integrals (ERIs) involving Gaussian basis sets have been derived and interconnections with the earlier works in the literature are brought out. New optimal strategies for a preemptive elimination of insignificant ERIs at atom and contraction levels are discussed and tested, resulting in a significant reduction in CPU time. Similar analysis is carried out for the computation of the molecular electrostatic potential for the first time in the literature, leading to a marked savings in computer time.

Notes: Multiphoton ionization spectra have been obtained and analyzed for excitation in the 215–360 nm region from the X 3Σ−g, a 1Δg, and b 1Σ+g states of O2. The 0–0 band of the C 1Πg state is reported for the first time. Measurements of other vibrational bands terminating in the C 3Πg and d 1Πg states are in good agreement with determinations by other groups. Several vibrational levels (v'=0–5) of the 3dπg Rydberg complex have been assigned on the basis of (1) an analysis of the spin–orbit couplings between the (Λ,S) basis-set states, (2) spectral simulation, and (3) the behavior of the states when the excitation radiation is changed from linear to circular polarization.

Notes: Diode laser transient absorption/gain spectroscopy is used to monitor time-dependent populations of high rotational levels in OD (v=0) produced in the reaction of O(1D)+D2. Pure rotational transitions on species with large dipole moments offer good sensitivity, full state resolution and μs time resolution in the present apparatus. Measured nascent populations of OD in the four highest rotational levels thermodynamically accessible in this reaction are in reasonable agreement with the reported results of earlier laser-induced-fluorescence measurements, in which corrections for transition moments and predissociation introduce increasing uncertainties at high rotational levels. The relaxation kinetics of the highest rotational levels are not hopelessly complex, and evidence is presented for strong, but not complete propensity for conservation of Λ doublet symmetry during rotational relaxation.

Notes: A consistent simulation of ionic or strongly polar solutes in polar solvents presents a major challenge from both fundamental and practical aspects. The frequently used method of periodic boundary conditions (PBC) does not correctly take into account the symmetry of the solute field. Instead of using PBC, it is natural to model this type of system as a sphere (with the solute at the origin), but the boundary conditions to be used in such a model are not obvious. Early calculations performed with our surface constrained soft sphere dipoles (SCSSD) model indicated that the dipoles near the surface of the sphere will show unusual orientational preferences (they will overpolarize) unless a corrective force is included in the model, and thus we implemented polarization constraints in this spherical model of polar solutions. More recent approaches that treated the surface with stochastic dynamics, but did not take into account the surface polarization effects, were also found to exhibit these nonphysical orientational preferences. The present work develops a surface constrained all-atom solvent (SCAAS) model in order to consistently treat the surface polarization effects in all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. The SCAAS model, which was presented in a preliminary way in previous works, introduces surface constraints as boundary conditions in order to make the necessarily finite system behave as if it was part of an infinite system. The performance of the model with regard to various properties of bulk water is examined by comparing its results to those obtained by PBC simulations. The results obtained from SCAAS models of different sizes are found to be similar to each other and to the corresponding PBC results. The performance of the model in simulations of solvated ions is emphasized and a comparison of the results obtained with spheres of different sizes demonstrates that the model does not possess significant size dependence. This indicates that the model can be used with a relatively small number of solvent molecules for convergent simulation of structure, energetics, and dynamics of polar solutions. The much simpler fixedcenter Langevin dipoles (FCLD) model is also examined and found to provide a powerful tool for estimating solvation free energies. Finally, a preliminary study of the dielectric properties of the SCAAS model is reported and the potential of this model for exploring the correct implementation of the solvent reaction field is discussed.

Notes: The first-order phase transition of the ferromagnetic Ising model driven by the magnetic field at temperatures below criticality is studied by Monte Carlo methods for a two-dimensional thin film geometry, L×M with two free boundaries of length M(very-much-greater-than)L, at which boundary fields act. This model study is relevant, in particular, for phase transitions in monolayers adsorbed at stepped surfaces. While in the bulk geometry (L→∞) this transition occurs for zero field in the present model, with the system "jumping'' from a state with uniformly positive magnetization to a state with uniformly negative magnetization, in the thin film geometry the transition occurs at a critical field H*∼L−1, and the two states between which the transition occurs are characterized by strongly nonuniform magnetization profiles across the film. These findings are in agreement with the scaling theory of Fisher and Nakanishi.

Notes: A simplified stability condition for the Hartree–Fock (HF) solution giving the self-consistent field crystal orbitals (SCF-CO) of the infinite one-dimensional system is derived. Since the present formulation, particularly for the systems having nearly or entirely degenerated highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied COs, contains only two physical parameters, that is, the density of states and the Coulomb repulsion integrals both at the Fermi level, it is tractable to examine the stability of the HF solutions of such polymers as well as the ordinary molecular systems. An example of its application to metallic trans-type polyacetylene is also shown.

Notes: An ensemble of distributed donor molecules that undergoes rotational transitions into a discrete excimer state has been analyzed, in an attempt to model distributed electronic relaxation and nonexponential fluorescence of aromatic polymers in presence of rotational sampling processes. In case of irreversible trapping, the donor survival function has been formulated in terms of the one-sided Laplace transform and specified for a modified Gaussian distribution to yield a closed-form expression for the donor decay. The formalism permits a time-dependent rate function to be derived that makes possible the construction of the excimer excitation function by means of the convolution theorem. In case of reversible constraints, a generalized treatment based upon time-dependent transition and transform matrices has been given which applies a perturbation technique for approximately solving the system of nonautonomous differential equations in the time domain. In the limit of weak coupling, the method develops approximate Mth order expressions (M=2,4,6, and 8) to the fluorescence response functions of donor and excimer. The perturbational solutions are well behaved up to relatively long time scales and they prove useful for providing the typical nonexponential time behavior of such a system affected by dispersion and dissociation. The physical restriction of this mathematical analysis (weak reversibility) has been addressed and the implications of distributed event times in future analyses of polymer fluorescence have been discussed.

Notes: 5,6-Dihydro-2H-thiopyran, CH2CH2CH=CHCH2S, has been synthesized and its far-infrared and Raman spectra recorded. Two series of sharp bands were observed originating from 139 and 235 cm−1 in the infrared spectrum for the out-of-plane ring-bending and the ring-twisting vibrations, respectively. A detailed energy level diagram including numerous excited states was determined for the two coupled vibrations. The two-dimensional potential energy surface, which satisfactorily fits more than two dozen observed transitions, was calculated to be V=2.431×104 x41 −0.383×104x21 +2.258×104x42 −1.966×104 x22 +1.026×105x21 x22 , where x1 is the ring-bending coordinate and x2 is the ring-twisting coordinate. The minimum energy on the potential surface corresponds to a twisting angle of 37.8° (the half-chair conformation). The lowest energy bent (boat) conformation corresponds to a saddle point 4130 cm−1 above the twisted conformation on the potential energy surface. The results are compared to analogous molecules and to molecular mechanics calculations.

Notes: Photoabsorption cross sections of thiirane and thietane vapors have been studied in the 110–240 nm region using synchrotron radiation. A number of peaks from thiirane and thietane are arranged into four and five Rydberg series, respectively, converging to the first ionization potential. Many Rydberg peaks from both molecules are observed to possess vibronic structures. The vibrational progressions from thiirane are assigned to the CH2 wagging (ν4) and CS symmetry stretching (ν5) modes. For thietane, the CH2 wagging (ν5) and CS symmetry stretching (ν7) modes of the excited states are found to be active. Molecular geometries and vibrational frequencies for the excited states are discussed on the basis of ab initio calculations.

Notes: Exact close-coupling calculations are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the coupled states approximation in the interpretation of low energy, noble gas methane collisions. The effect of the higher order angle dependent terms of the potential on the inelastic rotational transition was investigated. Calculations using only open channel basis functions were clearly different from converged calculations, but the differences were small enough to be negligible in comparison with experiment. It was shown that open channel coupled states calculations are of sufficient accuracy to evaluate the agreement of the potential model with experiment. The use of the coupled states approximation does not fully account for discrepancies between theory and experiment observed earlier.

Notes: A modified general model for radiationless energy transfer is examined. The model does not rely on selection criteria and is intended to apply over the range of diffusion and resonance energy transfer parameters normally encountered in quenching experiments. Experimental data is compared with theoretical predictions and found to confirm the model's validity for a wide range of physical conditions.

Notes: The photodissociation of aluminum clusters, Al+n (n=7–17), has been studied over a broad energy range (1.88–6.99 eV). Measurements of the lifetimes of the photoexcited clusters are described. Dissociation energies have been determined by comparing the measured lifetimes with the predictions of a simple RRKM model. The dissociation energies show an overall increase with cluster size, but there are substantial oscillations around n=7–8 and n=13–15. Cluster cohesive energies are derived from these results and from previous measurements of the dissociation energies of the smaller clusters. The cohesive energies of the larger clusters (n〉6) are in good agreement with the predictions of a simple model based on the bulk cohesive energy and the cluster surface energy. However, the cohesive energies are substantially larger than the results of recent ab initio calculations. The photodissociation spectrum of Al+8 has been measured and shows a broad absorption feature with a maximum ∼470 nm.

Notes: The microwave spectrum of dichlorosilylene SiCl2 has been observed to characterize this molecule of chemical interest. The molecule was generated by the thermal reaction between silicon powder and tetrachlorosilane at about 1000 °C. The rotational constants and the centrifugal distortion constants were determined for the three isotopic species Si35Cl2, Si35Cl37Cl, and Si37Cl2. The nuclear quadrupole coupling constants were determined from triplet hyperfine splittings observed for several transitions. The asymmetry of the Cl nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor was found to be very large and was accounted for by π electron backdonation from Cl to Si.

Notes: The structures and stabilities of N2 and its 15 possible first-row isoelectronic analogs (CO, BF, BeNe, NO+, CF+, BNe+, O2+2, NF2+, CNe2+, OF3+, NNe3+, ONe4+, F4+2, FNe5+, and Ne6+2) have been examined using ab initio molecular orbital theory. Equilibrium structures have been obtained at a variety of levels of theory including MP3/6-311G(d) and ST4CCD/6-311+G(2df ) and dissociation energies determined at the MP4/6-311+G(3d2f ) level. Full potential energy curves for dissociation, including dissociation barriers, have been obtained at the CASSCF/6-311G(d) level. Spectroscopic constants have also been determined at this level. For the neutral and monocation analogs of N2, the calculated equilibrium geometries, dissociation energies, and spectroscopic constants are in good agreement with the experimental values. The dication analogs of N2, namely O2+2, NF2+, and CNe2+, are all found to be kinetically stable species lying in deep potential wells. In particular, the hitherto unobserved NF2+ dication is predicted to have a short equilibrium bond length (1.102 A(ring)) and a large barrier (445 kJ mol−1) to dissociation to N++F+. Thus NF2+ should be experimentally accessible in the gas phase. The (experimentally known) O2+2 dication is predicted to contain the shortest bond between any two heavy atoms, our best estimate of the bond length being 1.052 A(ring). The first excited state (A 3Σ+u) of O2+2 is predicted to be unbound, and observed metastable decomposition processes are reinterpreted in terms of the ground-state (X 1Σ+g) potential surface. In agreement with previous theoretical studies, we find that CNe2+ is a kinetically stable species, albeit with a relatively long C–Ne bond length. The OF3+ trication is calculated to have a relatively short bond but lies in a well of depth only 23 kJ mol−1. The potential energy curves of the other highly charged species are found to be purely repulsive.

Notes: The relative efficacy of using low order trucations with large reference space vs high order methods with small reference space is tested by comparing quasidegenerate many-body perturbation theory (QDMBPT) calculations of potential curves for the five lowest electronic states of LiH with the multireference coupled cluster calculations of Ben-Shlomo and Kaldor [J. Chem. Phys. 89, 956 (1988)]. The infinite order coupled cluster calculations use two configurational reference spaces involving the 2σ, 3σ, and 1π orbitals, while the QDMBPT computations are truncated at either second or third orders and employ the full active reference space formed either from the 2σ, 3σ, and 1π or from the 2σ, 3σ, 4σ, and 1π orbitals. This gives us the opportunity of testing the dependence of QDMBPT computations on the size of reference space, the available freedom in choosing valence orbitals and orbital energies, and the order of truncation. Second order, four valence orbital space QDMBPT calculations provide good agreement with the repulsive portion of the coupled cluster potentials, but yield a separated atom limit that is too high and that therefore distorts the remainder of the potential. Third order improves the separated atom limit considerably, providing good agreement with the coupled cluster calculations. The "full chemical'' five orbital reference space, on the other hand, yields very good agreement with coupled cluster potentials when using only the simpler second order QDMBPT calculations, and third order corrections in this case are very small but generally improve agreement with coupled cluster potentials. The five orbital reference space calculations are quite insensitive to a wide range of different choices of valence orbitals and orbital energies, demonstrating a robustness to the QDMBPT formalism used.

Notes: The hypernetted-chain (HNC) approximation is solved for fluids of dipolar hard ellipsoids and the structural, thermodynamic, and dielectric properties of the isotropic phase are discussed in some detail. Both prolate and oblate particles are considered and the isotropic–nematic transition is investigated using density functional theory (DFT). For fluids of prolate particles dipolar forces are found to have a significant effect upon the isotropic–nematic transition which occurs at lower densities as the dipole moment is increased. For the oblate case the dipolar interactions have only a very small, if any, influence upon the isotropic–nematic transition density. For both prolate and oblate particles the present HNC/DFT calculations do not predict ferroelectric nematic phases.

Notes: The ν3 (O–Si stretch) fundamental bands of the HOSi+ and DOSi+ molecular ions in the 9 μm region have been detected for the first time, using a tunable infrared diode laser spectrometer and a hollow cathode discharge cell. Analysis of the results yielded accurate values for the molecular rotational and centrifugal distortion parameters, as well as for the band origins, which are 1127.009 cm−1 for HOSi+ and 1103.112 cm−1 for DOSi+ . The ground vibrational state parameters are in excellent agreement with those determined from the ν1 bands of the two isotopes.

Notes: Fragment ions from N2 in the states of (K)−1(nl)1 have been measured at 54.7° with respect to the polarization direction of the incident photon by using a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. Simulation fitting calculation to the measured TOF spectra gave distributions of the kinetic energy for these ions. Ion yield spectra observed showed that no singly charged molecular ion was produced from the states of (K)−1(nl)1 in contrast to that of (K)−1(1πg)1. These results are discussed in connection to the dissociation pathway of N2 in these states.

Notes: Dissociation of O2 stimulated by soft x-ray absorption has been studied by using a monochromatized synchrotron radiation and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The parent molecular ion O+2 was formed only at 531 eV (excitation of 1s→1πg), and a fragment ion O+ had the highest intensity in all the energies giving core–hole states. The measured time-of-flight spectra were reproduced by a simulation calculation, which provided kinetic energy distributions of O+ and O++. The dissociation pathways from the core–hole states of O2 were discussed using the obtained kinetic energy distribution and ion intensity ratios as well as Auger electron spectra in the literature.

Notes: The general theory for inelastic scattering of molecules 1Δ electronic states is outlined and applied to the specific case of 1Δ states arising from a π2 electron occupancy, e.g., NH(a 1Δ). Integral cross sections for rotational transitions out of the lowest rotational level (J=2) of NH(a 1Δ) v=0 are reported for several targets. A pulsed beam of rotationally cold NH(a 1Δ) was produced by 193 nm photolysis of a dilute mixture of hydrazoic acid in nitrogen seed gas at the tip of a nozzle. The target beam was also prepared as a pulsed supersonic beam. The final rotational state distribution was measured in the collision zone by laser fluorescence excitation. The state-to-state cross sections were found to decrease significantly with increasing final rotational quantum number J'. The magnitude of the J=2→J'=3 cross sections were compared for the different targets. Isotopic scrambling in NH(a 1Δ)–D2 collisions was also searched for but not observed.

Notes: The yield of metastable oxygen atoms through dissociative recombination of O+2 ions with electrons has been studied using a plasma flow tube experiment. For O+2 with high vibrational excitation (around v=9) it was found that half of the oxygen atoms are formed on the O(1D) state and that the branching ratio toward O(1S) is large (∼0.4). Using Xe+ instead of Ar+ as precursor ions, it was shown that the O(1S) yield is much less for ions with low vibrational excitation. However, the present experimental results are not compatible with the extremely low theoretical value of this yield which was reported recently for O+2 (v=0).

Notes: Quenching and vibrational energy transfer in the B2Π state of the NS free radical have been studied using temporally and spectrally resolved laser-induced fluorescence in a low-pressure discharge flow reactor. The collision partners were He, Ar, H2, N2, O2, SF6, CO2, and N2O. Total removal cross sections show an oscillatory behavior with v' in the range of unperturbed levels, v'=4–7, for all colliders studied save O2 where a nearly monotonic increase is seen. Vibrational transfer occurs for H2 and the polyatomics; the rates vary little with v'. Δv=2 transfer occurs with the polyatomic colliders for v'=5. Fluorescence decay traces from the perturbed v'=3 and 8 levels differ from the unperturbed levels and from each other. v'=3 is perturbed by quartets and shows "gateway'' level behavior whereas v'=8 is perturbed by a doublet and shows efficient interelectronic transfer for all rotational levels.

Notes: State-to-state charge–transfer cross sections have been computed for N+2(X;v=0,1,2) +Ar at 12 collision energies between 1.2 and 320 eV. A classical path method is used, whereby the vibronic degrees of freedom are treated quantum mechanically as the system moves along a classical trajectory. The calculations use the potential energy surfaces computed by Archirel and Levy. Comparison is made with experimental results for this system, including the recent work from Ng's laboratory. In most cases the agreement is quite good. There is, however, a significant difference in the charge–transfer branching ratios to produce Ar+(2P3/2) or Ar+(2P1/2) products. Possible explanations of the discrepancy are discussed. As expected, the cross sections obey the Franck–Condon principle at energies above 200 eV.

Notes: Second virial coefficients as function of temperature are computed for the title molecular systems interacting with He, Ne, and Ar. The relevant anisotropic forces are obtained via accurate potential functions tested earlier through the analysis of several, different properties of the various systems. The relevant quantum corrections are also computed, in addition to the classical results, and their effects analyzed vis à vis the available experimental data. The influence of such corrections on the very low-T behavior of the virial coefficients and on the determination of the Boyle temperatures is also shown and discussed. All examined potential functions are found to yield B(T) values in rather good accord with experiments, in spite of their marked differences in anisotropic behavior and in the shape of their potential well regions.

Notes: The reaction between ground state atomic oxygen and acetylene was studied using the crossed molecular beam method with an average collision energy of 6 kcal/mol. The two major primary reaction channels are (a) formation of CH2 and CO and (b) formation of HCCO and H. Product angular distributions and time-of-flight spectra were measured and the translational energy release was determined for each channel. The reaction proceeds primarily on the triplet surface through a long-lived intermediate. For both channels the translational energy distributions were found to peak at about 30% of the total available energy, indicating the existence of an exit channel barrier in each case. The branching ratio between channel (a) and (b) was found to be 1.4±0.5.

Notes: A pump-and-probe technique is utilized to yield a population distribution over the rotational quantum states of the nascent product MgH in the reaction of Mg(1P1) and H2. The resulting normalized profile of the MgH bimodal distribution at 693 K coincides with that at 733 K, as well as with the results obtained at 380 K by Breckenridge and co-workers. This temperature dependence demonstrates that the bimodality actually results from the insertive reaction alone. This conclusion is consistent with the isotopic effect.

Notes: Oscillations with large amplitudes (〉500 K), high frequencies (〉8 Hz), and good reproducibility are observed in methylamine decomposition on electrically heated Pt, Rh, and Ir wires at pressures of 0.25–8.0 Torr and temperatures between 900 and 1500 K. The major reaction involves formation of HCN which is endothermic by 37 kcal/mol, so that the reaction strongly cools the wire, which counteracts resistive heating. A photodiode array was used to monitor spatial and temporal oscillations with resolutions of 1 mm and 30 Hz, respectively. On Pt, the frequency increased with increasing pressure and with decreasing wire diameter, while amplitude was a weak function of these parameters. On Ir, oscillations were more complex with regions of the wire often oscillating independently and more variability between experiments. However, the overall behavior resembles that on Pt. On Rh, frequencies were much lower (〈0.03 Hz), oscillations occurred over a smaller temperature range and halves of the wire frequently oscillated out of phase with each other. Oscillatory behavior of methylamine decomposition on Pt was modeled by a simple lumped model which gives semiquantitative agreement with observations. The model assumes a simple unimolecular reaction with CH3NH2 adsorption blocked at low temperatures by formation of a strongly adsorbed CN which is known to be very stable on Pt (Ed (approximately-equal-to)50 kcal/mol). Calculated frequencies, pressure dependencies, amplitudes, and temperature range of oscillations agree quite well with experiments using reasonable values for adsorption and reaction rate parameters, and wire geometry and properties.

Notes: A method to deconvolute experimental differential cross sections is presented. The procedure removes the effect of the angular divergence of the primary beam, the finite size of the detector, and multiple scattering. The resulting cross section is the optimal experimental result. The method also determines ε=nlQ0, the average number of times each beam particle is scattered. Here n is the number density of scattering gas, l is the length of the scattering region, and Q0 is the true absolute cross section. If the product nl is known, Q0 can be determined. Since the effect of the finite angular resolution of the apparatus has been removed, this method should yield accurate total cross sections. This, in turn, allows the differential cross section to be put on an absolute scale.

Notes: Quenching of highly excited vibrational states of NO2 in baths of CO2, N2O, and CO has been investigated. Dilute NO2 mixtures were excited by a pulse from an excimer pumped dye laser operating at 495 nm. The ν3 antisymmetric stretching modes of CO2 (2349 cm−1) and N2O (2223 cm−1) and the v=1 level of CO (2143 cm−1) were probed with continuous wave IR diode lasers. The amount of energy transferred from excited NO2 to the ν3 modes of both CO2 and N2O was found to be 3%±1% of the original excitation energy. On the other hand, a smaller amount of energy (0.9%±0.3%) was deposited into the CO vibrational mode for NO2 contained in a dilute CO bath. These results support a picture of very inefficient transfer from high energy states of donor molecules to the high-frequency vibrational modes of small bath molecules. Differences in the efficiency of energy reception by the high-frequency modes of these three molecules scale roughly as the infrared transition moments for the bath states indicating the importance of resonance effects in the energy transfer process, but a combination of short- and long-range force mechanisms is probably necessary to account for the observed differences.

Notes: The rate constant of a bimolecular gas-phase chemical reaction is determined by the energy distribution of the reactants and the cross section for the reaction. Systems in which photolysis and other nonequilibrium processes occur may have energy distributions which differ significantly from the equilibrium distribution. Analytical solutions are derived for the rate constant as a function of temperature for certain systems in which nonequilibium processes occur. The analytical solutions are compared with the numerical solutions and the agreement is found to be excellent, confirming the validity of the approximations that were made. Chemical reactions are simulated with the Monte Carlo method and the results again confirm the validity of the analytical solutions. Under certain nonequilibrium conditions, it is shown that the complex expression for the rate constant as a function of temperature reduces to a simple form, which resembles the Arrhenius equation. In this special case, the dependence of the results on the shape of the reaction cross section is investigated.

Notes: In a recent paper it was shown that rare gas ions form bound molecular states which decay by emission of radiation in the VUV. They are potential candidates as storage media for VUV lasers. In the present investigation the ions Kr+K, Kr+Cs, Xe+K, and Xe+Cs are produced by electron beam excitation of suitable gas mixtures with He as buffer gas. Studies of the reaction kinetics were performed for Kr+K. The rate constant for the reaction Kr++K+He was determined to be 2.8×10−30 cm3 s−1. Kr+K is strongly quenched by plasma electrons and by reaction with Kr. The fluorescence yield at intense excitation was determined to be about 5×10−2 VUV quanta per He+ ion.

Notes: Raman scattering in liquid (and in some cases in solid) isotopic mixtures of HC1 and DC1 is analyzed to prove recent theories by Bratos and Tarjus [Phys. Rev. A 32, 2431 (1985)], Logan [Mol. Phys. 58, 97 (1986)], and Knapp [J. Chem. Phys. 81, 643 (1984)] on vibrational line broadening in liquids. The concentration and temperature dependencies of isotropic [Ji(ω)] and anisotropic [Ja(ω)] line shapes have been studied between triple point (Tt) and critical temperature (Tc). It has been found that in accordance with the Bratos–Tarjus theory, Ji (ω) is much more sensitive of isotopic composition of the liquid than Ja(ω). An analysis of the concentration dependence of the broadening parameters near Tt illustrates the importance of cross correlations between the environmental broadening and the resonant intermolecular coupling. The spectral activity of three-particle resonant transfer also becomes significant. From the change of the maximum of Ji(ω) with isotopic dilution, which is a linear function of mole fraction, the dipole moment derivative δμ/δq is estimated to be more than twice that of its gas phase value. The asymmetry of the isotropic bands of both HC1 and DC1 changes with concentration at constant temperature. With increasing temperature, Ji(ω) of pure and diluted samples narrows as T−0.5 and T−0.3, respectively. Ji(ω) has been found to be intermediate between the slow and the fast modulation limit. From the high frequency wing of Ji (ω) the time constant of the zeroth order memory function was obtained. Its activation energy increases with increasing T. This is in qualitative agreement with the temperature dependence of the Enskog collision time and the spin–rotational correlation time. Taking into account the results of the Bratos–Tarjus theory, orientational correlation times τ(2) are determined from Ja (ω). The Raman method yields τ(2) values which are twice as long as those determined from NMR relaxation.

Notes: Theoretical investigations of the outer valence doubly ionized states of ethylene are presented using ab initio Green's function and configuration interaction methods. The vertical double ionization potentials computed by the Green's function method using the ADC(2) scheme are discussed in connection with the Auger spectrum of ethylene and found to reproduce the experimental spectrum quite accurately. Another main purpose of the present work is the investigation of the potential energy surfaces of selected states via ADC(2) and the study of the nuclear dynamics on them. It is shown that only the ground state of the dication is nonplanar with a torsional angle of 90°. The investigation of the topology of the surfaces reveals a low energy conical intersection of the dicationic ground and first excited states. The associated vibronic coupling problem turns out to include, additionally, the second excited state and thus, we encounter here a three-state problem. In the approximation of linear vibrational and vibronic coupling the static and dynamic aspects of the vibronic interaction are investigated by a model Hamiltonian comprising three nonseparable nondegenerate vibrational modes. The input data for the model are extracted from the ADC(2) results. With the aid of this Hamiltonian we have computed a hypothetical "sudden'' double ionization spectrum of ethylene whose complex structure is analyzed stepwise and by cuts through the pertinent adiabatic and diabatic surfaces. The analysis exhibits that the conical intersection of the two lower lying states dominates the vibronic dynamics and leads to strong vibronic mixing between them. This mixing is indirectly reinforced by the interaction between the intermediate and the upper states. As a consequence, strong nonadiabatic effects occur in the ethylene dication. Furthermore, two of the three surfaces involved in the conical intersection are also involved in a multidimensional avoided crossing. A more detailed analysis presented earlier has exhibited that the states belong to an interesting class where two potential energy surfaces are likely not to coincide although plenty of nuclear degrees of freedom exist, in principle, to allow for an intersection to occur.

Notes: The recently introduced annihilated unrestricted Hartree–Fock (AUHF) wave function—in which the first spin contaminant in an unrestricted Hartree–Fock (UHF) wave function has been annihilated self-consistently—is discussed in some detail with particular attention to its use as a basis for a perturbation expansion. A series of calculations are presented highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of a second-order Møller–Plesset (AUMP2) perturbation treatment.

Notes: A study is made of the vibrational energy levels and the corresponding oscillation dynamics of the clusters Xe4He2, Xe3He2, and I24He. XeHe2 is a representative of the "three ball'' clusters, while I2He is a prototype of the "stick and ball'' systems. The treatment is based on the vibrational self-consistent field (SCF) method, which introduces an approximate separation of the modes involved. Success of the method depends on an adequate choice of the coordinates that are being mutually separated. We use physical arguments, based on mass ratios and potential function considerations, as well as comparative SCF calculations in different coordinate systems, to determine the appropriate modes for each system. Numerically exact results are also obtained by configuration interaction (CI) calculations using a basis of SCF states. The SCF and CI calculations include all modes and employ realistic potentials. Several states that are both rotationally and vibrationally excited are also calculated. The main conclusions are: (1) Hyperspherical coordinates are the best modes for XeHe2; ellipsoidal coordinates are best for I2He. In each case, the "good modes'' SCF gives energies in remarkable agreement with the exact (CI) ones. (2) XeHe2 resembles a quantum liquid drop: Even in the ground state, it is delocalized over and between the (two) classical equilibrium structures. (3) Structural distributions, rather than rigid geometry, are essential for the description of such floppy clusters. The single-mode SCF wave functions offer a highly accurate description of the structural distributions. (4) There is a sequence of bound, excited rotational states of I2He in which the He precesses around the I2 axis. The amplitude of the I2He bending vibrations are very large (θA〈20°), but none of the bound states involves a full rotational motion around the I2 stick (with angular momentum normal to the axis). The SCF method with the "good coordinates'' proposed here is expected to yield results of similar high accuracy for any cluster of the "three balls'' or "stick and ball'' types.

Notes: A new implementation of the complex coordinate method is presented. It is a combination of the stabilization method with the partitioning technique, supplemented with the idea of dilation-adapted basis sets. This method is designed to handle large scale calculations of many-electron resonant states, as to minimize the amount of complex arithmetics and in particular to avoid the diagonalization of the complex eigenvalue problem. Both a resonant eigenvalue and a corresponding eigenvector are obtained. An application to the lowest doubly excited autoionizing states of helium is presented.

Notes: We use the mean field theory of Pink et al. with the ab initio calculations of the density of states of Tevlin et al. to calculate various features of the main phase transition of a lipid bilayer using fewer fitting parameters than in previous models. Good agreement with experiment is obtained for the calculated transition temperature, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and average number of gauche rotations per acyl chain. The average chain area is poorly predicted; we expect this to be corrected once cooperative packing of the acyl chains is taken into account. The nematic order along the chain is also calculated and found to agree qualitatively with experiment.

Notes: The photoreduction of CH3Cl was used to detect the transmission of electrons through layers of H2O and Xe on Ni(111) under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. At a laser wavelength of 248 nm with H2O spacers, the electron intensity exhibited a nearly exponential decay to zero signal with the 1/e point at about 2 monolayers. At 193 nm with H2O spacers, the signal decayed with the 1/e point at about 4 monolayers to a constant value due to the direct photofragmentation of the CH3 Cl possible at this wavelength. At 248 nm with Xe spacers, the signal decayed by a factor of 4 in the first 2 monolayers, after which the signal was nearly constant and nonzero for at least 64 monolayers, indicating a long electron mean free path. CH3Br is shown to behave similarly with H2 O spacers at 248 nm.

Notes: We observed for the first time in an optical high resolution experiment (fluorescence line narrowing) the coupling of low frequency adsorbate motions to vibronic bands of the electronic transition of quinizarin adsorbed on γ-alumina. These motions may provide an important dephasing mechanism for the electronic excitation of absorbed molecules. The increased hole width of adsorbed dyes which is several times larger than in amorphous hosts is thought to be caused by these low frequency modes.

Notes: Oxalic acid can produce oscillations in the Belousov–Zhabotinsky-type reaction in a closed batch system without a mechanism for bromine removal. The stirring rate has a significant effect on the reaction.

Notes: In this paper we explore the interrelationship between the energetics and the thermodynamic properties of molecular clusters. We advance simple models for the energy spectrum, which are used to derive analytical results for the thermodynamic properties of these clusters. The energy spectrum is characterized by the distribution of the energies of the local minima of the nuclear potential energy hypersurface, i.e., the inherent structures. On each of these energy levels the vibrational density of states of the particular inherent structure is superimposed. The energy spectra were specified in terms of the energy gap, Δ, between the (single) ground state and the excited-state inherent structures, the number, R, of the inherent structures and their energetic spread W. Four classes of energy spectra were considered. (1) A large energy gap with nearly degenerate excited-state manifold, i.e., Δ(very-much-greater-than)W. (2) A large energy gap with a considerable spread of the excited-state manifold, i.e., Δ(very-much-less-than)W and W/R(very-much-less-than)Δ. (3) A gapless spectrum with W/R(approximately-greater-than)Δ. (4) A multiple bunched spectrum with several energy gaps. Explicit analytical relations for the temperature dependence of the internal energy were derived for energy spectra of types (1), (2), and (3) both for the canonical and for the microcanonical ensembles. For energy spectra of types (1) and (2) the caloric curve exhibits a single inflection, which marks the "transition''. A unified description of multistate isomerization with large R, which corresponds to rare-gas clusters, and of molecular isomerization with R(approximately-equal-to)1, which prevails for alkali-halide clusters, was provided. For energy spectra of type (3) the transition disappears, while for energy spectra of type (4) hierarchical isomerization is exhibited. Our analytical models have established the ensemble dependence of the transition for types (1) and (2), which is manifested by a considerable broadening of the transition range for the canonical ensemble, reflecting the role of energy fluctuations in the finite system.

Notes: The photopolymerization properties and the surface pressure dependence of excitonic absorption of polydiacetylene (PDA), i.e., poly-(heptacosa-10,12-diynoic acid), are investigated by in situ reflection spectra of a monolayer at a N2 gas–water (pure water, CdCl2 aqueous solution) interface. The electronic structure of the initially appearing PDA is strongly dependent on the packing condition of diacetylene monomer, the blue- and red-form PDAs that initially appear in loose and close packing conditions, respectively. A reversible color change induced by a change in surface pressure is found for the first time in a partially polymerized PDA monolayer on pure water, in which blue and red form PDAs appear predominantly at low and high surface pressures, respectively. Further, two metastable phases, observed at wavelengths about 40 nm longer than those of the blue form, are thought to be induced by the rheological process of the substitutional sidegroups. Our results suggest that these color changes are closely related to a strain on the acetylenic backbone structure which is induced by the deformation of substitutional alkyl sidegroups.

Notes: The adsorption of NO on Ag(111) at 80 K has been studied by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). At low exposures (≤0.05 L) NO is adsorbed in part dissociatively and in part molecularly in two different threefold bridge states (in upright and bent or tilted orientation with respect to the surface normal). The NO molecules in the threefold bridge position are desorbed at 100 K. With increasing exposure the desorption temperature shifts gradually to 110 K. At medium exposures (∼0.13 L) additional NO is adsorbed molecularly in an atop position with an upright orientation in admixture with atomic N and O and molecular NO adsorbed in threefold bridge states. The NO molecules adsorbed in atop position are weakly bonded on the surface and are desorbed at about 90 K. Simultaneously, N2O is formed and adsorbed on the surface. At saturation a new bent or tilted NO species in atop position appears on the surface and the amount of N2O significantly increases. The N2O molecules are desorbed at 90, 110, and 190 K. At saturation all the NO and NO-derived species (the threefold bridge and atop states, N2O and atomic oxygen and nitrogen) coexist on Ag(111).

Notes: Nonrelativistic and relativistic Hartree–Fock (HF) and configuration interaction (CI) calculations have been performed in order to analyze the relativistic and correlation effects in various diatomic gold compounds. It is found that relativistic effects reverse the trend in most molecular properties down the group (11). The consequences for gold chemistry are described. Relativistic bond stabilizations or destabilizations are dependent on the electronegativity of the ligand, showing the largest bond destabilization for AuF (86 kJ/mol at the CI level) and the largest stabilization for AuLi (−174 kJ/mol). Relativistic bond contractions lie between 1.09 (AuH+) and 0.16 A(ring) (AuF). Relativistic effects of various other properties are discussed. A number of as yet unmeasured spectroscopic properties, such as bondlengths (re), dissociation energies (De), force constants (ke), and dipole moments (μe), are predicted.

Notes: Geometry optimizations and band structure calculations are reported on two polymeric vinylene derivatives of pyrene: poly(1,6-pyrenylene vinylene) and poly(2,7-pyrenylene vinylene). The results are indicative of a dramatic sensitivity of the electronic structure on the mode of connection of the two vinylene units to the pyrene rings, in agreement with the chemist's intuition. An analysis of the atomic π orbital contributions to the one-electron wave functions shows that the HOMO–LUMO characteristics of both compounds are markedly different. The 1-6 mode of connection leads to an electronic structure similar to that of polyparaphenylene with a bandgap of 2.9 eV. The 2-7 mode of connection results in a significantly lower bandgap, around 1.7 eV, due to the stabilization of quinoid resonance structures.

Notes: A theoretical study of the relationship between interatomic distances and the spectral positions of valence- and K-shell σ* photoionization resonances is reported for a selected series of molecules. Three-dimensional graphical representations of the occupied and virtual-valence σ-symmetry orbitals of these compounds reveal their striking similarity to the wave functions of a particle in a cylindrical well, substantiating qualitative notions long employed in free-electron molecular orbital (FEMO) approximations. Accordingly, the molecular potential along the symmetry axis in these compounds is modeled after a finite square well, with a depth approximately equal to the energy of the lowest σ-symmetry valence molecular orbital and a width determined from analogies to FEMO theory. Calculated minimal-basis-set molecular-orbital energies for both occupied and virtual states are seen to correlate accurately with the simple square-well energy level formula (π2 /2)(n2/l 2 ) when measured in Hartree atomic units from the bottom of the well. The calculated σ* orbital energies are furthermore in excellent agreement with experimentally and theoretically determined valence-shell photoionization resonance positions, the latter consequently also satisfying the square-well correlation formula. A similar situation obtains for experimentally and theoretically determined K-shell resonance positions, although energy shifts from minimal-basis values are evident in these cases. These circumstances are clarified quantitatively on basis of Feshbach–Fano considerations, in which minimal-basis-set virtual-valence σ* orbitals play the roles of zeroth-order states subject to modification by interactions with nonresonant background continua. Concluding remarks contrast and compare molecular-orbital and square-well approaches to photoionization resonances with those based on multiple-scattering and barrier models. The present results appear to clarify the origins of recently reported empirical correlations of bond lengths with resonance positions, and help to determine their range of applicability.

Notes: The viscosity of a suspension of spherical Brownian particles is determined by Stokesian dynamics as a function of the Péclet number. Several new aspects concerning the theoretical derivation of the direct contribution of the Brownian motion to the bulk stress are given, along with the results obtained from a simulation of a monolayer. The simulations reproduce the experimental behavior generally observed in dense suspensions, and an explanation of this behavior is given by observing the evolution of the different contributions to the viscosity with shear rate. The shear thinning at low Péclet numbers is due to the disappearance of the direct Brownian contribution to the viscosity; the deformation of the equilibrium microstructure is, however, small. By contrast, at very high Péclet numbers the suspension shear thickens due to the formation of large clusters.

Notes: The nature of long-range many-body interactions in metallic fluids is examined with emphasis on their possible role in the unique features of these systems observed near the liquid–vapor critical point. A reexamination of recent theoretical results demonstrating the existence of van der Waals forces between "pseudoatoms'' (ion cores and associated screening electrons) reveals a direct correspondence with dispersion forces in insulating systems. In the limit of high conduction electron number densities ρ, pseudoatoms have an effective frequency-dependent polarizability α(ω)=α(0)ω2p/(ω2p−ω2), where α(0)=z/4πρ, with z the ion valence, and ωp is the classical electron gas plasma frequency (4πρe2/m)1/2. It is the dynamic nature of the interactions (arising from fluctuations of the pseudoatoms) that permits such a long-range interaction to exist. The dimensionless parameter α(0)ρ which in insulating fluids characterizes the relative importance of triplet (Axilrod–Teller) to pair dispersion interactions is thus system independent and significantly larger than in nonmetallic fluids. The nature of this dynamic polarizability is further examined in the context of a transport theory for a classical plasma based on the Boltzmann equation. The statistical mechanics of fluctuating pseudoatoms at finite temperature is studied both for the metallic fluid and in the Wigner crystal. These various approaches suggest that the pseudoatom interaction may be viewed as a potential mediated by the exchange of plasmons, just as conventional van der Waals forces arise from the exchange of virtual excitations of atomic levels. A description of the critical point in terms of pseudoatom interactions appears to explain qualitatively the extreme liquid–vapor asymmetry of the coexistence curves of cesium and rubidium as arising from the magnitude of three-body interactions. Additionally, it suggests that the thermal energy at the critical point scales with the plasmon energy, consistent with experiment.

Notes: A simple matrix method is given that generates the probability distribution for the coordinates of the end of a polymer chain (modeled as a random walk on a regular lattice with a finite range of intrachain correlation). From this information the exact end-to-end distance distribution can be constructed. The method can be applied to specific sequence copolymers and to the distance distribution for arbitrary points within a polymer chain.

Notes: Recollision kinetic theory (RcKT) is applied to the calculation of the rotational friction coefficient of a hard nonspherical convex body in a dense fluid of hard spheres. The ratio of the rotational friction, fR , to its Enskog value, fER , is determined to be fR/fER(approximately-equal-to)1+1.06ρ* exp(5ρ*2), where ρ* is the packing fraction of the hard sphere solvent. RcKT accounts for the effect of caginglike correlated recollisions on molecular rotation. The above equation brings kinetic theory predictions of rotational friction and orientational correlation times into closer accord with experimental and molecular dynamics derived values.

Notes: Molecular angular momentum polarization produced in molecule–surface interaction is investigated by studying the magnetic field effect on a Knudsen flow at temperatures between 78 and 695 K. The effects for H2, D2, HD, N2, and CH4 scattered from LiF (001) are found to be 2–3 orders of magnitude larger than previously observed for other surfaces. This is attributed to the large corrugation of the LiF crystal face, since the polarization type involved depends entirely on the existence of in-plane forces. The production matrix elements are found to be on the order 10−1–10−2. Both "alignment'' and "orientation'' type of polarization are produced. The data indicate that the production of alignment primarily stems from purely reorienting collisions (i.e., ΔmJ transitions with ΔJ=0) while orientation tends to be produced from rotationally inelastic collisions (i.e., transitions with ΔJ≠0). The off-center rotation of HD is found to play only a minor role in the nonspherical part of the interaction producing these polarizations.

Notes: This work investigates the rotational dynamics of rigid and partially flexible macromolecules in solution by means of Brownian dynamics simulation techniques. In a previous study by Diaz et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 87, 6021 (1987)] on the rotational correlation functions of rigid models, the effect on rotational dynamics from pure rotations of the model's elements has been neglected due to the difficulty of introducing rotational constraints in the simulations. We present expressions for rotational constraints in a rigid dimer system, which makes it possible to completely describe the translational, rotational, and coupled translational–rotational motions for interacting spherical Brownian particles by employing the generalized algorithm of Dickinson et al. [J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2 81, 591 (1985)]. Theoretical studies indicate, and our simulation calculations confirm, that the pure rotational effects are appreciable. The torque constraint expressions are verified by comparison of the simulation results to the exact analytical results for the rigid dimer system. The torque constraint expressions also allow us to examine the effects of flexibility on the rotational correlation functions for a dimer system.

Notes: We have measured the rotational state distribution and the angular momentum alignment and orientation of N2 scattered from Ag(111) at 540 K. Using resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI), we are able to probe the scattered flux as a function of the exit angle θexit. For a modestly glancing incident beam (θi =30°) and incident translational energy, Ei =0.3 eV, the angular momentum alignment (tumbling vs helicoptering) at both quasispecular detection (θexit=35°) and superspecular detection (θexit=50°) is only weakly dependent upon the surface temperature. However, the angular momentum orientation (clockwise vs counterclockwise rotation) is strongly affected by the surface temperature. Raising the surface temperature from Ts =90 K to Ts =540 K causes the orientation to decrease substantially. Stochastic trajectory calculations were carried out in conjunction with the experiments. They reveal that at low temperature there is an averaging over two important initial conditions: the two-dimensional impact parameter and the molecular orientation geometry. At high temperature there is also an averaging over the instantaneous positions and momenta of the surface atoms. Hence, a given two-dimensional impact parameter and molecular orientation geometry results in a greater range of final J states, angular momentum polarizations, and velocities (exit angles) at high temperature than at low temperature. The resulting "smearing'' accounts for the changes in rotational state distribution and polarization as a function of exit angle observed at high temperature. The major effect of averaging over the positions of the surface atoms (thermal roughening) upon the orientation of the scattered N2 is to increase the exit angle averaging rather than to increase the in-plane forces.

Notes: By employing the computational methods of Jones and Muthukumar, and the hydrodynamic scattering formalism of Muthukumar and Freed, we have computed the rotational friction coefficients for a dilute suspension of spheres to first order in concentration. These results are compared with previous calculations.

Notes: The growth and decay of radiation pressure induced (concentration) gratings (RPIGs) have been monitored by diffraction of a probe beam. In all cases the growth of diffracted intensity in the presence of radiation pressure followed a curve of the form I=I0 [1−exp(γt/τD )]2 where γ is a constant and τD is the characteristic time for diffusion. When the writing laser pulse was terminated, the decay of diffracted intensity was described by exp(−2t/τD ). The fitting parameter γ is equal to unity at low intensities and becomes linear in radiation intensity at high intensities. A simple equation relating γ to the ratio of the potential energy of a microsphere in the radiation field to its average kinetic energy has been derived. Diffusion coefficients can be determined from τD values even for turbid samples; however, errors were found when short path lengths (0.1 mm) were used. This is thought to result from particle-surface interactions under the influence of the scattering force.

Notes: The infrared spectra of the ν3, ν4, and ν6 bands of formaldehyde in the region from 890 cm−1 to 1580 cm−1 have been obtained at high resolution using tunable diode laser (TDL) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The transition frequencies have been analyzed using a Hamiltonian including terms through sextic in centrifugal distortion and including five interstate vibration–rotation coupling terms. Excited state pure rotational transitions are also included in the data, and their frequencies are reproduced well. Individual measured line intensities are used to determine dipole derivatives and band strengths using the fully coupled, asymmetric top eigenvectors.

Notes: Visible laser excitation (460–725 nm) of dilute rare gas/I2 (2000:1) matrices resulted in emission from the I2A 3Π(1u) state. Reanalysis of the A→X spectra provided revised molecular constants for matrix isolated I2. A state lifetimes of 70±20, 80±20, and 110±30 μs were observed in Ar, Kr, and Xe hosts, respectively. Excitation spectra for the A state closely followed the I2 continuum absorption spectrum, indicating that transfer from the B 3Π(0+u) and 1Π(1u) states was effective in populating I2(A). At dilution ratios of 600:1 or lower the I 2P1/2–2P3/2 transition was observed in conjunction with the A–X bands. Excitation studies showed that isolated I atoms, trapped during the deposition process, were excited by energy transfer from nearby I@B|2 molecules. A vibronic progression, similar to the A–X bands, but shifted to longer wavelengths, was noted in concentrated Rg/I2(300:1) matrices. This system, which was emitted with a lifetime of about 10 ms, most probably originated from perturbed I2 A' 3Π(2u). Intermolecular energy transfer was observed in matrices that contained I2 codeposited with O2. Electronic excitation of I2 resulted in a long-lived emission from O2 a 1Δg. Matrices containing high concentrations of iodine also exhibited O2(a)→I(2P1/2) transfer.

Notes: Energies and equilibrium geometries have been calculated for different structures of the C6 molecule, using multiconfiguration self-consistent-field (MCSCF) and multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) methods with large basis sets of ANO type. The ground state is linear with a cumulene-like electronic structure of 3Σ−g symmetry. This result is consistent with recent experimental findings, but disagrees with other recent ab initio calculations using perturbation methods.

Notes: Correlated, ab initio effective valence shell Hamiltonian (Hν) calculations of CH2 are used to test the pairwise additivity assumption of semiempirical electronic structure methods in which it is assumed that the one- and two-center semiempirical integrals in an atomic basis are independent on the molecular environment (except for the one-electron, one-center Coulomb integral). Computed ab initio Hν matrix elements are transformed into a molecule independent atomic basis and are analyzed as a function of bond length and bond angle. Large departures from the pairwise additivity assumption emerge for several classes of Hν matrix elements. The computed behavior is well represented by a spectator model for the influence of molecular environment on correlation contributions to individual Hν matrix elements. Tests are also made of the applicability of Mulliken type approximations to Hν integrals.

Notes: A theoretical scheme to evaluate the long-time effects of hydrogen bond fluctuations on water dynamics is carefully reexamined in the light of recent experimental results of quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS). A molecular dynamics computer simulation is also carried out on a fairly large (343 TIP4P molecules) sample and for a total time of (approximate)100 ps. at three temperatures. The length of the runs has allowed to obtain good results for a number of properties. Also the temperature dependence of the static dielectric constant agrees with the experimental data. Further, some crucial predictions of our theoretical model have been carefully checked. The prediction on the deviation from Fick's law is found to be in a satisfactory accord with the results of our computer simulation. The reasons for the less satisfactory agreement with the low-temperature results of QENS are discussed.

Notes: The log-derivative method of Johnson is generalized to calculate matrix elements of multichannel Green's functions—second-order transition amplitudes—which arise from description of a variety of physical processes involving weak interactions of initial and final (bound) states with a set of strongly coupled continuum and/or bound intermediate states. A purely approximate-solution algorithm and two hybrid approximate-solution approximate-potential versions, based on the use of piecewise constant reference potentials, are presented and tested on problems concerning investigations of nonadiabatic effects in the spectroscopy of H2. A comparison with the renormalized Numerov method, extended to calculation of considered transition amplitudes, is made and superior efficiency of the hybrid log-derivative algorithms is demonstrated. It is shown both practically and theoretically that discretization errors of the hybrid algorithms grow linearly with increasing energy in calculations, whereas cubic growth of errors with energy is characteristic for the purely approximate-solution log-derivative and Numerov algorithms.

Notes: The predicted dependence of the bimolecular rate constant for outer-sphere electron exchange kex upon the longitudinal relaxation time τL for Debye solvents is examined numerically on the basis of a suitably combined rate formulation in order to examine the manner and extent to which the rate-solvent friction dependence, of particular experimental significance, should be sensitive to the degree of donor–acceptor electronic coupling and related factors. The treatment accounts for the contributions to kex from a spatial distribution of reactant pairs as well as for the effects of donor–acceptor interactions upon the unimolecular rate constant, ket (s−1), for each encounter geometry. The latter include the influence of electronic interactions as prescribed by the matrix coupling element H12 upon the effective frequency for adiabatic barrier crossing νn, as well as upon the electronic transmission coefficient κel (i.e., the degree of reaction nonadiabaticity). The anticipated dependence of the free-energy barrier, as well as νn and κel, upon the donor–acceptor separation is accounted for in the kex calculations. The form of the resulting log kex −log τ−1L plots exhibit, as expected, a marked dependence on the value of H12 for reactant contact, H(open circle)12. Over the τ−1L range appropriate for common solvents at ambient temperatures, ∼1×1011 to 5×1012 s−1, the log kex −log τ−1L slopes, x, are significantly (or substantially) below unity for H(open circle)12(approximately-less-than)0.5 kcal mol−1; x decreases markedly with increasing τ−1L and/or for decreasing H(open circle)12. The approach to the solvent inertial limit (for large τ−1L) also tends to decrease x further. Numerical comparisons are made with corresponding log kex −log τ−1L plots obtained using the simple "encounter preequilibrium'' treatment which presumes that only a fixed narrow range of encounter-pair geometries contribute to kex. While the form of theplots are not greatly different, former more sophisticated treatment generally yields smaller slopes. Some corresponding numerical calculations for electrochemical-exchange reactions are also included.

Notes: Classical mechanics is used to compute the low resolution spectrum of Na3 in the chaotic regime. The regularity in the spectrum is shown to be due to a family of C2v symmetry tori involving a high amplitude breathing mode and a high amplitude bending mode. These tori are the two mode survivors of the three mode tori whose quantization gives the four assignable lower energy vibrational levels.

Notes: Studies of the photoisomerization of 4,4'-dimethylstilbene in n-alkane solvents are reported. As with similar studies it is possible to identify an activation barrier to isomerization and the viscosity dependence of the isomerization is not adequately explained by a one-dimensional hydrodynamic Kramers equation. Comparison of the isomerization rates with those of other stilbenes suggests that the use of a frequency dependent friction for the solvent does not consistently explain the data. These results and those of other stilbenes can be explained by a two-dimensional isomerization coordinate where the reaction trajectory is linked to the solvent viscosity.

Notes: The rate constants for the three-dimensional H+H2 reaction on the Liu–Siegbahn–Truhlar–Horowitz (LSTH) surface are calculated using Pack–Parker hyperspherical (APH) coordinates and a C2v symmetry adapted direct product discrete variable representation (DVR). The C2v symmetry decomposition and the parity decoupling on the basis are performed for the internal coordinate χ. The symmetry decomposition results in a block diagonal representation of the flux and Hamiltonian operators. The multisurface flux is introduced to represent the multichannel reactive flux. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the J=0 internal Hamiltonian are obtained by sequential diagonalization and truncation. The individual symmetry blocks of the flux operator are propagated by the corresponding blocks of the Hamiltonian, and the J=0 rate constant k0(T) is obtained as a sum of the rate constants calculated for each block. k0(T) is compared with the exact k0(T) obtained from thermal averaging of the J=0 reaction probabilities; the errors are within 5%–20% up to T=1500 K. The sequential diagonalization–truncation method reduces the size of the Hamiltonian greatly, but the resulting Hamiltonian matrix still describes the time evolution very accurately. For the J≠0 rate constant calculations, the truncated internal Hamiltonian eigenvector basis is used to construct reduced (JKJ) blocks of the Hamiltonian. The individual (JKJ) blocks are diagonalized neglecting Coriolis coupling and treating the off-diagonal KJ±2 couplings by second order perturbation theory. The full wave function is parity decoupled. The rate constant is obtained as a sum over J of (2J+1)kJ(T). The time evolution of the flux for J≠0 is again very accurately described to give a well converged rate constant.